The Contribution of the Paull Family to the Development of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula
Peter J Williams Graduate Diploma in Local and Applied History, University of New England (NSW)
P O Box 123, Morpeth NSW 2321, Australia [email protected] Cornwall Family History Society Member No 4931.
(c) 2018 - 2 - Contents Introduction...... 6 Michigan’s Upper Peninsula...... 8 The 1840s...... 11 The 1850 US Census...... 20 The 1850s...... 23 The 1860 US Census...... 27 The Early 1860s ...... 30 The Civil War ...... 32 Schoolmaster Hobart’s Diary...... 35 The Late 1860s...... 41 The 1870 US Census...... 46 The 1870s...... 50 The 1880 US Census...... 60 The Early 1880s ...... 70 The 1883 History of the Upper Peninsula...... 71 The 1883 Death of Captain Joseph PAULL ...... 74 The 1885 Death of Thomas PAULL...... 76 Later Events ...... 77 Conclusion ...... 78 Some Websites...... 79
List of Figures Figure 1 A 2015 Map of the Counties of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan...... 8 Figure 2 Map of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan...... 11 Figure 3 Map of mines near Eagle River...... 14 Figure 4 Plan of Cliff Mine, 1847...... 15 Figure 5 A blueprint from 1858 of the Pittsburgh & Boston Mining Company’s properties, including North Cliff Mine, and American Mining Company, in what was then Houghton County...... 16 Figure 6 Cliff Mine, 1848 ...... 17 Figure 7 Cliff Mine in 1849...... 18 Figure 8 The PAULL and BROCKWAY families on the 1850 Census of Eagle Harbor ...... 21 Figure 9 The PAULL family on the 1850 Census of Brady’s Bend...... 22 Figure 10 Cliff Mine ca 1857...... 24 Figure 11 Plan of part of Keweenaw County, showing Township 58N, Range 31W, and Sections 20-29...... 26 Figure 12 The Joseph PAULL family on the 1860 census ...... 28 Figure 13 The Thomas PAULL and Joseph STEPHENS families on the 1860 census ...... 29 Figure 14 Google Map showing the extent of Houghton Township on the Keweenaw Peninsula...... 29 Figure 15 Photograph of Eagle River, 1861 ...... 30 Figure 16 The headstone for Margaret PAULL, Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw...... 34 Figure 17 Map of Keweenaw Peninsula, 1862 ...... 35 Figure 18 Henry HOBART, about 1864...... 36
- 3 - Figure 19 Headstone of Mary Hannah PAULL in Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw...... 43 Figure 20 Cliff Mine refined copper output chart...... 44 Figure 21 The Thomas PAULL family on the 1870 census (page 16)...... 48 Figure 22 The Thomas PAULL family on the 1870 census (page 17)...... 48 Figure 23 The Joseph PAULL family on the 1870 census ...... 49 Figure 24 The GOTTSTEIN family on the 1870 census...... 49 Figure 25 The family of the late David PAULL on the 1870 census ...... 50 Figure 26 The Josiah PAULL family on the 1870 census...... 50 Figure 27 The Thomas PAULL farm on the 1870 agricultural census...... 50 Figure 28 Headstone of Catherine PAULL in Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw...... 54 Figure 29 An illustration of Ishpeming, ca 1871, showing opencast iron mines nearby ...... 55 Figure 30 Photograph of Thomas PAULL, taken about 1875...... 57 Figure 31 Photograph of Houghton, taken from Ruppe's warehouse and dock at the foot of Tezucco Street, Hancock, 1878...... 59 Figure 32 Captain Joseph PAULL on the 1880 census ...... 66 Figure 33 The GOTTSTEIN family on the 1880 census...... 66 Figure 34 The SMYTH family on the 1880 census...... 66 Figure 35 Joseph R PAULL (son of Capt Joseph) on the 1880 census ...... 66 Figure 36 Thomas PAULL on the 1880 census...... 67 Figure 37 Mary E PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census...... 67 Figure 38 Thomas PAULL (son of Thomas) on the 1880 census ...... 67 Figure 39 Joseph PAULL (son of Thomas) on the 1880 census ...... 67 Figure 40 Margaret PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census ...... 68 Figure 41 Sarah PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census...... 68 Figure 42 The family of the late David PAULL on the 1880 census ...... 68 Figure 43 The BARKELL family on the 1880 census ...... 68 Figure 44 Charles PAULL (son of David) on the 1880 census ...... 68 Figure 45 The Josiah PAULL family on the 1880 census...... 68 Figure 46 The SHELDEN family on the 1880 census...... 69 Figure 47 The Mary Knuckey PAULL family on the 1880 census...... 69 Figure 48 Thomas PAULL (son of the late Jonathan) on the 1880 census ...... 69 Figure 49 The BLAMEY family on the 1880 census...... 69 Figure 50 Thomas PAULL’s farm on the 1880 agricultural census...... 70 Figure 51 The 1883 Death Record for Joseph PAULL ...... 74 Figure 52 Headstone of Capt Joseph PAULL, 1883, Forest Hill Cemetery, Houghton ...... 75 Figure 53 The 1885 Death Record for Thomas PAULL ...... 76 Figure 54 The headstone for Thomas PAULL, 1885, Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw...... 77
List of Tables Table 1 Comparison of weather statistics for Michigan and Cornwall ...... 10 Table 2 Principal migrations of the PAULL family ...... 11 Table 3 Annual Output of the Cliff Mine from 1845 to 1848 ...... 17 Table 4 PAULL family births in the period 1853 to 1857...... 23 Table 5 PAULL family events in 1860 and 1861...... 30
- 4 - Table 6 Tax assessment records 1862 to 1866...... 31 Table 7 PAULL family events 1862 to 1863...... 33 Table 8 PAULL family births 1864 to 1867...... 42 Table 9 PAULL family events in the 1870s ...... 51 Table 10 Franklin Mine output 1875 to 1884 ...... 58 Table 11 PAULL family events 1880 to 1882...... 70 Table 12 PAULL family events 1883 to 1884...... 75
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Introduction Thomas PAULL, baptised 1758 at Camborne, was married at Camborne in 1784 to Sarah HARVEY, who was baptised 1754. About early 1787, they moved to Illogan Downs in the parish of Illogan. They had six children and Thomas was a tinner and yeoman. The children were: 1785, James (died 1803) 1787, Grace (died 1852) 1789, Thomas (died 1839), married Mary Ward COCKING 1791, Joseph Harvey (d 1829), married 1 st Elizabeth BALE, 2 nd Mary PAULL nee JEWELL 1793, Ralph Harvey (d 1819), married Mary JEWELL 1793, John (d 1865), married 1 st Jenifer PRIDEAUX, 2 nd Mary THOMAS Thomas PAULL probably leased a smallholding on Spar Lane, Illogan Downs, as this is where his sons were living in the 1830s and 1840s. Thomas and Sarah’s son, Joseph, migrated to Leicestershire for work in 1811, and he seems to have been the first member of the family to leave Cornwall. Thomas PAULL died in 1816 at Illogan Downs, aged 58 years. His widow was granted probate, and son Joseph returned from Leicestershire. Sarah PAULL died at Illogan Downs in 1829, and probate was granted to her son Thomas junior. Sarah and Thomas PAULL had 29 grandchildren, and a number of those families emigrated abroad from the 1840s. Destinations included South Africa, USA (Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, California and Wisconsin), England (Surrey and Northamptonshire), and Australia (South Australia and Victoria). Here I examine the lives of the PAULL family members who migrated to Michigan, USA. They were brothers Joseph (born 1822) and Thomas (born 1824), sons of Joseph Harvey PAULL and Mary JEWELL; their half-sister, Grace STEPHENS nee PAULL (born 1818), a daughter of Ralph Harvey PAULL and Mary JEWELL; and their first cousins David PAULL (born 1823) and Josiah PAULL (born 1831), sons of Thomas PAULL and Mary Ward COCKING; and Mary PAULL nee KNUCKEY (born 1823), widow of Jonathan PAULL (brother of David and Josiah). Their experiences in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, during a period of dramatic growth in the copper and iron mining industries there, demonstrate their contribution to the development of that harsh, remote territory.
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- 7 - Michigan’s Upper Peninsula Today’s state of Michigan was part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Michigan Territory was formed in 1805, with the Upper Peninsula added in 1836 after the so-called Toledo War 1, and was admitted into the Union in 1837 as the 26th state. During the early 1840s, large deposits of copper and iron ores were discovered on the Upper Peninsula. Michigan became the leading US source of these ores by the end of the century, thanks to the influx of experienced Cornish miners to supervise operations. Michigan remained a frontier society up until around the time of the Civil War. 2 The history of the creation of counties in Michigan is complex, with numerous boundary and name changes, as the population increased in various areas. The Upper Peninsula was encompassed by Chippewa County (organised in 1826). In 1843, Marquette and Ontonagon Counties were created out of Chippewa and Mackinac. In 1845, Houghton County was created out of parts of Marquette and Ontonagon Counties. Finally, in 1861, Keweenaw County was created out of Houghton County. These changes in county boundaries need to be kept in mind when considering genealogical evidence covering the period concerned.
Figure 1 A 2015 Map of the Counties of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan 3 The exploitation of the mineral wealth of the Upper Peninsula can be traced back to times prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area. Native tribes extracted accessible outcrops for metallurgical use and for trade. The French and British early explorers,
1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_War 2 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Michigan#From_1837_to_1860 , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Michigan , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan 3 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mcd-city-vill_up_20150_7.pdf
- 8 - trappers and venturers in the area made note of these mineral riches. The area’s mineral resources were surveyed in the late 1830s and early 1840s and described by Dr Douglas HOUGHTON 4. Large-scale exploitation soon followed: “... the Cornish... played a significant role in developing that other mineral frontier of the 1840s, ‘the Lakes’ copper country of Upper Michigan. As early as 1778, it is said, Cornish miners had been sent from Redruth to prospect for copper deposits along Lake Superior, but it was not until the summer of 1844 (sic) that serious attention was paid to that district by the newly formed Lake Superior Copper Mining Company. This company engaged an initial party of some 20 or so Cornish miners to begin the work. Some were recruited from Wisconsin, where the Cornish had already proved their worth... Indeed, extensive discoveries had been made in Michigan by the initial party of Cornish miners and those who came in their wake, leading shortly to the widespread exploitation of the Keweenaw Peninsula, that portion of land jutting out from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Superior... In the earliest mining days, the Keweenaw and the adjoining copper mining counties of Houghton and Ontonagon were almost inaccessible, the overland route restricted to ‘Indian trails’ and the maritime journey on the Lakes themselves... By 1844 there were two copper mining companies operating on the Keweenaw, with a stamp mill erected at Eagle River to crush and dress the ore. Two years later and a dozen ventures were in business, the result of a ‘copper rush’... A thousand immigrants had poured on to the peninsula by the end of 1844 and in 1845 some 25,000 lb of copper ore had been produced in Michigan... In the summer of 1844, for example, it was reported from the Lake Superior Mining Company’s operation at Eagle River that ‘one vein of copper, eleven feet wide and one mile long... will repay all the outlay of the company...’ 5 GOHMAN explains the legal position of ownership of these resources: “By 1843, the copper rush to the Keweenaw began in earnest. In February of that year, Congress ratified the Treaty of La Pointe, which finally ceded all Native lands from the Chocolay River (near Marquette MI) west to the head of Lake Superior (near Duluth MN) in exchange for promised annuities in equipment and improvements. The treaty’s ratification meant that the Keweenaw and its minerals were the property of the United States...” 6 The result was that: “The possibility of making a fortune in the copper country of Michigan lured men of all backgrounds to Copper Harbor in the mid 1840s. Rich and poor
4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Houghton 5 PAYTON, Philip, “The Cornish Overseas – The epic story of the ‘Great Emigration’, 1999, University of Exeter Press, 2005 edition, pp 139 et seq. 6 GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 26.
- 9 - alike traveled by land and boat in the hopes of staking a claim in this mostly unexplored wilderness.” 7 The history of the copper mining companies of the Upper Peninsula is complex, with mining properties changing hands, company organisations and closures, as well as amalgamations, and changes of names of the various mines and mining properties. Some details can be found in Butler and Burbank’s 1929 report on “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”. 8 The first mine, in what later became the County of Keweenaw, commenced operations on 7 June 1843 with the opening of the Phoenix Mine (owned by Lake Superior Mining Company which was organised on 22 February 1844). Nine months later, on 31 March 1844, the Pittsburgh and Boston Copper Company commenced operations at its Cliff Mine. The climate of the Upper Peninsula is quite harsh, influenced by the northern latitude and the Great Lakes. Winters are long, cold and snowy, with just eight daylight hours. Lake-effect snow results in up to 640cm of snow per year, with records of 990 cm or more in some communities. Storms howl across Lake Superior and cause dramatic amounts of precipitation. 9 Summers are rarely hot due to the moderating influence of Lake Superior. Some climate statistics for Copper Harbor 10 , on the Keweenaw Peninsula, compared with Truro 11 , Cornwall statistics, will illustrate: Table 1 Comparison of weather statistics for Michigan and Cornwall Statistic Copper Harbor Truro Average high temperature (23.1, -4.9) in January (46, 8) in January- (F, C) - minimum February - maximum (75.0, 23.9) in August (66, 19) in July-August Average low temperature (9.8, -12.3) in January (39, 4) in February (F, C) - minimum - maximum (56.9, 13.8) in August (57, 14) in August Average annual (29.99, 761.8) (29.22, 742) precipitation (in, mm) Average annual snowfall (124.7, 316.7) Negligible (in, mm) Months free of snowy days June to September All; frost and snow are very rare
7 GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 28. 8 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S – “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144. See also http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/mines1843.html. 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan 10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Harbor,_Michigan#Climate 11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cornwall#Climate
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Figure 2 Map of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan 12 The 1840s It was around this time, at the very beginnings of the establishment of the copper mines of the Upper Peninsula, that a member of the PAULL family of Illogan, Cornwall, arrived in USA. The principal family migrations were as follows:
Table 2 Principal migrations of the PAULL family Date From To Details 1844 about Cornwall Illinois and Captain Joseph PAULL Wisconsin iron mining districts 1845 about Illinois and Upper Peninsula, Captain Joseph PAULL Wisconsin iron Michigan, copper mining districts mining districts 1846.07.14 Cornwall New York and on Thomas, David and to Iowa County, Joseph PAULL (sons of Wisconsin Thomas) 1846.08.22 Cornwall New York and on Thomas PAULL (brother to Brady’s Bend, of Captain Joseph Armstrong County, PAULL) Pennsylvania
12 From MATHEWS, Natiffany R - “Public Values and Perceptions of Industrial Heritage in the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michgan”, thesis, 2012, Michigan Technological University, p 2.
- 11 - Date From To Details 1847.05.26 Cornwall Iowa County, Mary Ward PAULL nee Wisconsin COCKING and family 1847 Michigan Brady’s Bend, Captain Joseph PAULL Armstrong County, Pennsylvania 1848 about Cornwall Brady’s Bend, Mary PAULL nee Armstrong County, JEWELL (mother of Pennsylvania Captain Joseph and Thomas) 1849.05 Brady’s Bend, Upper Peninsula, Captain Joseph PAULL Armstrong County, Michigan, copper Pennsylvania mining districts 1850 late Brady’s Bend, Upper Peninsula, Thomas PAULL (brother Armstrong County, Michigan, copper of Captain Joseph) Pennsylvania mining districts 1860 before USA Cornwall Mary PAULL nee JEWELL 1858.05.13 Cornwall New York and on Grace STEPHENS and to Upper Peninsula, family (sister of Captain Michigan, copper Joseph PAULL) mining districts 1863 late Iowa County, Upper Peninsula, David PAULL and family Wisconsin Michigan, copper (son of Thomas) mining districts 1868 about Iowa County, Upper Peninsula, Josiah PAULL (son of Wisconsin Michigan, copper Thomas) mining districts 1870 before Upper Peninsula, Cornwall Grace STEPHENS and Michigan, copper family mining districts 1873 late Iowa County, Ishpeming, Mary PAULL nee Wisconsin Marquette County, KNUCKEY (widow of Michigan, iron Jonathan) and family mining districts
Twenty-two-year-old Captain Joseph PAULL migrated from Cornwall about 1844. He “spent a year in the lead mines of Illinois and Wisconsin” and then “came to Lake Superior and engaged with the Boston Copper Mining Company.” 13 He could very well have had ten years’ experience of mining in Cornwall upon his arrival in USA. His arrival in the Upper Peninsula commenced an intimate association between
13 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317.
- 12 - members of the PAULL family and the development of copper mines there. Mines mentioned in records associated with the PAULL family include, in no particular order:
Lake Superior Mining Company No 1
Boston and Pittsburgh Copper Harbor Mining Company
North American Mine
Cliff Mine
South Cliff Mine
Northwest Mine (later known as Delaware)
Manhattan Mine
Garden City Mine (also known as Hill Mine) owned by Chicago Mining Company (later also known as Caton Mine, Phoenix Mine)
Phoenix (a new mine there in 1863)
Albion Mine
Atlas Mine
Copper Falls Mine
Concord Mine
Victoria Mine
Franklin Mining Company
Eureka
Calumet and Hecla Mining Company
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Figure 3 Map of mines near Eagle River 14
14 http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CCEMAP4-FINAL0.jpg
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Figure 4 Plan of Cliff Mine, 1847 15 The Cliff Mine, in Keweenaw County, was the property of the Pittsburg & Boston Copper Harbor Mining Company, which was organised 18 March 1848. It was worked from 31 March 1844 until its closure in June 1870. The company paid its first dividend in 1849. It was the first property in the district to pay a dividend and paid regular semi-annual dividends from 1850 to 1857. The property was sold to Cliff Copper Company in 1871, and operations were resumed in April 1872. 16
15 Sam W. Hill’s, Topographical and Underground Plan of the Cliff Mine Situated on Keweenaw Point, for Charles T. Jackson, U.S. Geologist, 1847. Shaft’s No. 1 and 2 (with whim) lying within the cleft at center. (HD181G8-1849-Pt-3-02, MTU Stacks Book Collection. Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections) in GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 40. 16 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 83.
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Figure 5 A blueprint from 1858 of the Pittsburgh & Boston Mining Company’s properties, including North Cliff Mine, and American Mining Company, in what was then Houghton County During the period 1844 to 1847, when Joseph PAULL was working at the Cliff Mine, annual output grew dramatically 17 :
17 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 83.
- 16 - Table 3 Annual Output of the Cliff Mine from 1845 to 1848 Year Rock Rock Refined Refined Refined Silver sold Silver sold treated treated copper copper copper (ounces) (kg) (tons) (tonnes) (pounds) (tons) (tonnes) 1845 19,891.0 9.9 9.0 290.0 8.2 1846 37,609.0 18.8 17.1 390.0 11.1 1847 410,771.0 205.4 186.3 975.0 27.6 1848 1,940.0 1,759.9 996,464.0 498.2 452.0 297.0 8.4
Figure 6 Cliff Mine, 1848 18
18 Robert S DUNCANSON’s “Cliff Mine, Lake Superior”, 1848 (F Ward PAINE, owner) from GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 1.
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Figure 7 Cliff Mine in 1849 19 A later newspaper item mentioned that Joseph PAULL was at the Cliff Mine in the period 1846 to 1847: Pioneer Letters - The Cliff Mine, under Captain JENNINGS, of Cornwall, England has divided among its stockholders, as net earnings, the sum of $2,250,000 (this in the winter of 1846-7). We remember Eagle River as a thriving village, Mr JOHNSON, now residing at Ontonagon, kept the principal hotel, Capt John ATWOOD, now of Hancock, built and conducted a large warehouse there. Dr CLARK, physician at Cliff mine, afterward a prominent copper operator... We also remember as copper men, Messrs HEMSTEAD, MCGILL, Phil MORRISON, BERNARD, the elder, and son, Capt John HOAR, John HAY, Dr PETTIT, MCCARTY and TAILER. Among US Surveyors, Messrs HUBBARD, Jacob HOUGHTON, Burt HIGGINS, IVES and HILL. Among the prominent men who have held the reins at the old Albion and the Medora, were W A STEVENS, Capt RICKARD, and Capt Richard EDWARDS. Capt EDWARDS, well known to us all, eventually made the village of Houghton his home. Having acquired considerable wealth, he died nearly two years ago... Most of us remember the efficient cashier of those mines, Tom TAYLOR, talented, genial, and a bon vivant. Capt Joseph PAULL was in the area in 1847. 20 The North American Mining Company was quick to commence operations in 1846 at a property adjoining the Cliff Mine. This company was organised in 1848 when 6000 shares were issued, raising $300,000 capital. Also in 1846, on 1 April, the Northwestern Mining Company commenced its operations.
19 Sketch of the Cliff Mine, 1849. From right to left are seen: the No.’s 1 and 2 Shafts with horse whims, the mineral shed (with crane and a wagon leaving loaded with mass copper), the blacksmith shop, the stamp mill, an men barreling newly separated copper. Behind the shafts can be seen the earliest exposure of the Cliff Vein. (MTU Neg 02619. Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections) in GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 35. 20 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 17 Mar 1870, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1870_1.txt
- 18 - Perhaps Joseph PAULL had written letters home to Cornwall, urging his younger brother to join him. Thomas PAULL arrived in New York on 22 August 1846 per “Henry Claye” from Liverpool. His movements are not as well documented as Joseph’s, but it can be safely assumed that they met up. In 1847, Joseph “went to Pennsylvania, and was employed at the Great Western Iron Works” for a couple of years. The Great Western Iron Works was located at Brady’s Bend, Armstrong County in Pennsylvania. Considering that Thomas, and the brothers’ mother, Mary PAULL, were living at Brady’s Bend at the time of the 1850 census, it seems safe to assume that the brothers went there together, and their mother joined them. The Great Western Iron Works opened at Brady’s Bend, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania in December 1839, manufacturing “strap rails” for railways. In 1844, the iron works was acquired by the Brady’s Bend Iron Company, which added a second, third and fourth blast furnace along with additional forges and rolling mills. In 1846, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company became the first iron works west of the Alleghenies to produce T-Rails, using the Bessemer process, which became the industry standard. The company had been known for its innovations since its foundation and built the first vertically integrated rolling mill in the United States. This pioneering time- and labour-saving design would eventually be adopted by all rolling mills 21 . Joseph PAULL left Brady’s Bend in May 1849 and accepted a position with the Northwestern Mining Company, in the Upper Peninsula, where he was in charge for one and a half years. The Northwestern Mining Company was organised in April 1845, and reorganised as Northwestern Mining Company of Detroit on 16 March 1848, with capital of $300,000. A stamp mill was erected in 1852, but work was suspended in 1857, and resumed again in 1863 for two years. It was later absorbed into nearby Central Mine. 22 A year after starting with the Northwestern Mining Company, Joseph, then aged 27 years, married 23 . The wedding took place at the mine, on 4 May 1850. His bride was 23-year-old widow, Mary Hannah OLD or OLDS. Mary Hannah was the daughter of Cornish miner, Thomas RICHARDS (who died at St Ives, Cornwall in 1830), and Prudence MAJOR. Her first marriage was in 1847 at St Ives, Cornwall, to William Henry OLD, a miner. She had a son, William Henry junior, who was born in 1848 at St Ives. It is suspected that the OLD family migrated to the Upper Peninsula after July 1848, and that William Henry senior died there about 1849. Joseph and Mary Hannah’s marriage was registered in what was then Houghton County (prior to the creation of the County of Keweenaw): State of Michigan, County of Houghton. I, E H DAY, P Missionary do hereby certify that on this the fourth day of May one thousand eight hundred and fifty, I did join together in wedlock, Joseph
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleach_Burritt , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady%27s_Bend,_Pennsylvania , http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=913 . 22 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 91. 23 See M51843-2 Film 1008267, https://familysearch.org/s/recordDetails/show?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fpilot.familysearch.org%2Frecords %2Ftrk%3A%2Ffsrs%2Frr_309722314%2Fp1&hash=HloWXpZgU9zB10k5M56iYku8TUc%253D , http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#PHOENIX , and a transcript of the marriage record was kindly provided by Fred SMYTH in an email received 21 Mar 2011.
- 19 - PAULL aged twenty nine eight years and Mary H OLES aged twenty three years, in the Presence of D D BROCKWAY and Lucina BROCKWAY all residents of the Township of Eagle Harbor, County and State as above. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand this the day and year above mentioned. E H DAY P Missionary. In presence of D D BROCKWAY (signed) Lucina BROCKWAY. TODD mentioned this marriage in his book “The Cornish Miner in America”: “... the first real miners to reach this district... In July 1846... the Boston Copper Mining Company... More Cornish arrived within the next two years, for we know that in 1850 Joseph PAULL from Wisconsin, employed by the same company, married a Cornish girl, and that ‘this wedding was about the earliest in this region’.” 24 Later, Joseph’s published biographical sketch stated: “... was married at the Northwest Mine, in the spring of 1850, to Miss Mary H RICHARDS. This wedding was about the earliest known in this region.” 25 The witnesses at the marriage are of interest. Mr Daniel Dunbar BROCKWAY 26 was one of the earliest pioneers of the Lake Superior country. He was born in Vermont in 1815 and married in 1836 to Lucena, daughter of Dr James HARRIS. In August 1843, he was appointed blacksmith and mechanic to the Indian Department of Lake Superior, at L’Anse, under Indian Agent, Robert STEWART. On the journey to L’Anse, Dr Douglass HOUGHTON, the State Geologist, accompanied him. About 1846, BROCKWAY moved to Copper Harbor and built a hotel there (one of the first substantial buildings at that location). In 1849, he was employed at the Northwestern Mine as agent, a position he held for two years. He had a varied career, and was later superintendent of the Cliff Mine. 27 The officiating minister, Rev Eri Hubbard DAY 28 (1818-1894) was Primitive Methodist preacher who was married in 1842 to Harriet J BROCKWAY (ca 1819-1890). Harriet was a third cousin of Daniel Dunbar BROCKWAY. About June 1850, Mr William TONKIN arrived at the Northwest Mine from Canada, and was engaged in mining under Captain Joseph PAULL. He stayed for a few months but returned about 18 months later to work as copper washer at Northwest before being appointed as a mining captain at the same mine. 29
The 1850 US Census At the time of the 1850 US Census, Eagle Harbor was located in the County of Houghton. The PAULL and BROCKWAY families were enumerated as neighbours:
24 TODD, Arthur Cecil - “The Cornish Miner in America”, 1967, D B BARTON, pp 118-119, citing “A History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, pp 281, 317. 25 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317. 26 http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jb032c . Daniel Dunbar BROCKWAY died in 1899. 27 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#PHOENIX . 28 https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Day-5209 29 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 320.
- 20 - “Schedule I - Free Inhabitants in The Town of Eagle Harbor in the County of Houghton, State of Michigan enumerated by me, on the 31 day of July 1850. Edward ASHMAN, Ass’t Marshal. Dwelling 44, Family 44 - Joseph PAUL, 29, male, Agt N.W. Mg Co, real estate nil, born England, married within the year Mary Ann PAUL, 23, female, born England, married within the year Dwelling 45, Family 45 - Daniel D BROCKWAY, 35, male, blacksmith, real estate $2500, born Vermont Lucena BROCKWAY, 34, female, born New York Charlotte L BROCKWAY, 9, female, born New York, attended school within the year Delia F BROCKWAY, 7, female, born New York, attended school within the year Sarah L BROCKWAY, 6, female, born Mich, attended school within the year Albert A BROCKWAY, 2, male, born Mich WARREN, Susan A, 28, female, school mistress, born New York CHILDS, Daniel, 18, male, no occupation, born New York” 30 Joseph’s occupation is an abbreviation for “Agent, Northwestern Mining Company”, and all of the adults listed could read and write. It is interesting to note that the local schoolmistress was boarding with the BROCKWAYs.
Figure 8 The PAULL and BROCKWAY families on the 1850 Census of Eagle Harbor Joseph’s brother Thomas, and mother Mary PAULL, were enumerated at Brady’s Bend:
30 Film 443567 DGS No 4200026 Image 00413 Line 8 Dwelling House No 44 Family No 44 Page 3, ancestry.com.
- 21 - “Schedule I - Free Inhabitants in Brady’s Bend in the County of Armstrong State of Penna enumerated by me, on the 30th day of August 1850. Geo MONROE, Ass’t Marshal. Dwelling 350, Family 350 - Mary PAUL, 55, female, born England Thomas PAUL, 26, male, miner, born England” 31 Five dwellings away lived Thomas’s future wife, Margaret BEAMISH, and her parents and siblings: “Dwelling 355, Family 355 - BEMISH, John, 45, male, coaker, born England, cannot read and write BEMISH, Emmy, 45, female, born England, cannot read and write BEMISH, John, 16, male, labourer, born England BEMISH, Margaret, 15, female, born England BEMISH, Peter, 13, male, born England, attended school within the year BEMISH, George, 11, male, born Pa, attended school within the year BEMISH, Daniel, 5, male, twin, born Pa BEMISH, Emmy, 5, female, twin, born Pa”
Figure 9 The PAULL family on the 1850 Census of Brady’s Bend Details of Mary PAULL’s arrival in the US prior to 30 August 1850, her movements in the States, and her return to Cornwall prior to the 1860 US census, are not known. Thomas PAULL, then aged 26 years, was married, perhaps late in 1850, to Margaret BEAMISH, aged 15 or 16 years, of Brady’s Bend. The place of marriage is not known, but is likely to have been in Brady’s Bend. However, they must have left Brady’s Bend shortly afterwards, as their first child, Mary E PAULL, was born about 1851 in Michigan.
31 Film 20599 DGS No 4191072 Image 00112 Line 11 Dwelling House No 350 Family 350 Page 104, ancestry.com.
- 22 - The 1850s About 1851, both brothers, Joseph and Thomas PAULL, became fathers. Joseph and Mary Hannah’s daughter, Mary Hannah PAULL junior, was born at the Northwest Mine 32 . Thomas and Margaret’s daughter, Mary E PAULL, was born around the same time, but there is no record of the precise place of birth. Shortly afterwards, Captain Joseph PAULL ceased working at the Northwestern Mine and took a position as agent for the North American Mine, located near the Cliff Mine. 33 The North American Mine was organised in 1848 when 6000 shares were issued, raising $300,000 capital. The mine was worked from 1846 to 1853. In 1852, the company opened the South Cliff mine. In 1860, the company sold the entire property to Pittsburgh & Boston Mining Co. It was subsequently let on tribute for three years. 34 In April 1857, Mr Thomas DAVEY was engaged at the South Cliff Mine under Captain Joseph PAULL. DAVEY had previously worked on erection of the stamp mill at Copper Falls. He stayed at South Cliff Mine for three years, and then returned to the Cliff Mine to take charge of the washing department there. 35 More children were born to both families over the next few years: Table 4 PAULL family births in the period 1853 to 1857 Date Place Name Parents 1853.01.25 Clifton or North Sarah Hanna Joseph and Mary American Mine Hannah 1853 about Michigan Thomas Thomas and Margaret 1855.03 Probably at North Joseph R 36 Joseph and Mary American Mine (probably R for Hannah Richards) 1857.04 about Houghton County Elizabeth Joseph and Mary Hannah 1857.11.15 Clifton Joseph H Thomas and Margaret
A newspaper item, published in 1883, indicated that in 1858, Thomas PAULL moved to “a farm near the Manhattan mine, 5 miles this side of Eagle River, Keweenaw
32 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 280, states “Mrs GOTTSTEIN was born at the Northwest Mine, Keweenaw County.” 33 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317. 34 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 91. 35 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p316. 36 Mining Gazette, 9 Mar 1921, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/rossobits/rossobits-o-p.txt
- 23 - County”. 37 The Manhattan Mine, located less than two miles southwest of the Cliff Mine, was formerly known as the Albion Mine. It commenced operations in 1848, but the mine was suspended between 1857 and 1862. It resumed operation under the Manhattan Mining Company in January 1863, with 20,000 shares of $25 each. It was abandoned in 1865. 38
Figure 10 Cliff Mine ca 1857 39 In 1858, Captain Joseph PAULL completed his seven-year term as agent with the North American Mine. His next appointment was in charge of the Garden City Mine, where he remained for two years. 40 He commenced at the same time as the mine changed ownership. This mine, located east of Eagle River and north of Phoenix, was organised on 24 October 1855 by Mr S W HILL, with 20,000 shares of capital totalling $500,000, and was called the Hill Mine. It was located on Sections 20-29,
37 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 11 October 1883, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1883_1.txt 38 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 89. 39 Earliest known photo of the Cliff Mine, taken circa 1857.Structures visible in the foreground from left to right are: 150 ft. mineral house, possible wood frame shaft house, main engine house (housing vertical beam engine) with steam stack and support buildings attached to the front. Behind the engine house are the No’s 1 and 2 Shafts as well as the just begun Avery Shaft, which is marked by the wood framing (for the future shaft house that stood over it) and the large sheer (tallest A-Frame) that aided in lowering material during construction. At the top of the bluff is the No. 3 surface plant comprised of a shaft houses, steam stack, and engine house (only roof is visible). (MS042-040-999-T144, Reeder Photograph Collection. Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections) in GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 148. 40 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317.
- 24 - Town 58, Range 31, (see plan below), and comprised 280 acres. 41 He ceased operation in 1858 and sold to the Chicago Mining Company, who changed the name of the mine to Garden City Mine. The stamp mill was erected in 1858, and supplied with twenty-eight patent rotary Gates’ stamps. This was the first use of these stamps. Over two hundred tons of copper was taken out. Production resumed in 1859 and closed again in 1861, but no work was carried out after 1866. Later, Judge CATON, who formed the Caton Mining Company in 1879, acquired the mine (as mortgagee). It later became part of the Phoenix Mine. 42 The following description of the Chicago Mining Company was published in 1883: Chicago Mining Company, formerly the British American Mining Company, is located on Sections 1 and 2, embracing 440 acres. It was opened in 1856 by William PETHERICK, who explored for a London company. Capt PAULL afterward made some explorations with a few men, and drove a drift for a short time on the vein under the direction of the Garden City Mining Company. But little progress, however, was made until 1862, when Mr GATTIS was authorized to develop it, but only worked it for a short time. One shaft had been sunk and another one started when the company - The London City - suspended the work to devote their attention to the Garden City Mine. It was afterward purchased by William LILL, Joel ELLIS and J H GATTIS, and re-organized as the Chicago Mining Company - William LILL, President; Joel ELLIS, Secretary and Treasurer, and J H GATTIS, Resident Superintendent and Director. Some masses have been taken out, but no mill built. No work has been done on the property since 1871. 43
41 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-2.html 42 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 85. 43 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 327.
- 25 -
Figure 11 Plan of part of Keweenaw County, showing Township 58N, Range 31W, and Sections 20-29 About the same time as Captain Joseph PAULL took charge of the Garden City Mine for the Chicago Mining Company, his sister, Grace STEPHENS, her husband and their two children, joined the PAULLs in the Upper Peninsula. The STEPHENS family arrived at New York, per “SS City of Baltimore”, from Liverpool, England, on 13 May 1858. The family was recorded in the passenger list 44 as STEVENS, as follows: STEVENS, Joseph, 50, male, farmer STEVENS, Grace, 40, female STEVENS, Elizabeth, 6, female, child STEVENS, Joseph, 3, male, child Joseph STEPHENS was born at Penryn in the parish of St Gluvias, in Cornwall. He first married in 1833 at Falmouth to Alice WILLIAMS, and they had a child, but both must have died. He married Grace PAULL at Great Creaton, Northamptonshire,
44 http://www.immigrantships.net/v7/1800v7/baltimoreco18580513_01.html
- 26 - England on 5 September 1850, when he was described as an innkeeper resident at Worcester. In 1851, he was a victualler and they were living at Gwithian, Cornwall. Their three children were born at Gwithian, the youngest, Mary, died there in May 1857. Lacking mining experience, Joseph’s opportunities in Michigan were not to be found in the mining industry. Soon, he had a farm adjacent to Thomas and Margaret PAULL. In 1859, probably at the end of the year, Captain Joseph PAULL was relieved as agent at the Garden City Mine by Captain GATTIS. 45 He then engaged in mercantile business, near the Cliff Mine, until February 1869.46 Thomas and Margaret PAULL’s next child, Ellen, was born about 1859, probably at their farm near the Manhattan Mine. Also, on 18 April 1860, Joseph and Mary Hannah welcomed twin sons, Ralph and Thomas R PAULL.
The 1860 US Census The 1860 census shows all of the family members living in Houghton Township 47 , Houghton County. A “township” is a civil division of a “county” in administrative terms, and “Houghton Township” is not to be confused with the City of Houghton, which is the county seat of Houghton County. Unfortunately, the census does not give the precise locations of the dwellings, however, the nearest post office is shown as Clifton (the settlement at the Cliff Mine). The Joseph PAULL family is numbered 654 (enumerated 25 June), the Thomas PAULL family is 849 (enumerated 28 June), and the STEPHENS family is 850 (also enumerated 28 June). Joseph PAULL’s estate was recorded as $10,000, and he was employing two servants, a clerk and a teamster. He was obviously prospering. The value of the estates of Thomas PAULL and Joseph STEPHENS were not stated, but Thomas was doing well enough to employ a labourer. PAUL, Joseph, 38, male, merchant, $5000 real estate, $5000 personal estate, born England PAUL, Mary A, 37, female, born England PAUL, Mary A, 9, female, born Michigan PAUL, Sarah A, 7, female, born Michigan PAUL, Joseph, 5, male, born Michigan PAUL, Isabella (sic - Elizabeth), 3 PAUL, Ralph, 2/12, male, twin, born Michigan PAUL, Thomas R, 2/12, male, twin, born Michigan McGRATH, Mary, 34, female, servant, born Ireland MANNICIAN (?), Hellen, 24, female, servant, born Ireland van ALDEN 48 , William, 21, male, clerk, born New York TRELLEN, August, 20, male, teamster, born Baden 49
45 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-2.html 46 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317. 47 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Township,_Michigan 48 In other records, he is shown as van ORDEN, and he is mentioned again later. He was employed as a clerk in the Eagle River area from 1856 to 1865, the last six years of which were probably with Joseph PAULL. See http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/biographies/Van_Orden-William.html 49 Page 145 Family No 654 Film No 803544 DGS No 4232697 Image No 00722 NARA No M653.
- 27 - PAULL, Thomas, 35, male, farmer, born England PAULL, Margaret, 25, female, born Pennsylvania PAULL, Mary E, 9, female, born Michigan PAULL, Thomas, 7, male, born Michigan PAULL, Joseph, 3, male, born Michigan PAULL, Ellen, 1, female, born Michigan SHOEMAKER, John, 25, male, labourer, born Baden 50 STEPHENS, Joseph, 45, male, farmer, born England STEPHENS, Grace, 45, female, born England STEPHENS, Elizabeth, 9, female, born England STEPHENS, Joseph, 7, male, born England 51
Figure 12 The Joseph PAULL family on the 1860 census
50 Page 177 Family 849 Film 803544 DGS No 4232697 Image 00754 NARA No M653. 51 Page 177 Dwelling 808 Family 850 Film 803544 DGS No 4232697 Image 00754 NARA No M653 Roll M653_544 Page 750 Image 748 FHL Film 803544.
- 28 -
Figure 13 The Thomas PAULL and Joseph STEPHENS families on the 1860 census
Figure 14 Google Map showing the extent of Houghton Township on the Keweenaw Peninsula 52
52 https://goo.gl/maps/eeaYPFAEAFo
- 29 - The Early 1860s Family events that occurred about 1860 and 1861 were: Table 5 PAULL family events in 1860 and 1861 Date Place Event Name Parents 1860 about Probably near Birth Margaret Thomas and Manhattan Margaret Mine 1861 about Hancock 53 Birth William Joseph and Mary Hannah 1861 about, Houghton Death Twins Ralph Joseph and before 1864 Township and Thomas Mary Hannah R 1861 about Probably near Birth Sarah Thomas and Manhattan Margaret Mine
Figure 15 Photograph of Eagle River, 1861 54 US Federal Government Tax Assessment records for the period 1862 to 1866 are available, and give further detailed information about place of residence and
53 He gave Hancock as his birthplace when he married in 1899 in Montana, but perhaps he was just giving the name of a nearby town rather than the precise place. 54 Cliff Mine dock at Eagle River. All copper removed from the mine arrived at the dock via team- drawn wagon. Here, awaiting steamers were loaded with Cliff copper and then left for the smelters of Baltimore, Boston, and Pittsburgh. (Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections) in GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 123.
- 30 - occupation for brothers Joseph and Thomas PAULL in Keweenaw County. 55 Daniel Dunbar BROCKWAY was the local Assistant Assessor for 1862 and 1863. The records are as follows:
Table 6 Tax assessment records 1862 to 1866 Date Name Location Details Total 1862.09.01 Thomas PAULL Houghton Hotel (5.00), Retail Liquor 25.00 Township dealer (20.00) 1862.09.01 Joseph PAULL Eureka Retail dealer (10.00), Retail 30.00 liquor dealer (20.00) 1863.05 Joseph PAULL Vaughnsville Retail dealer (6.67) 6.67 (see below) 1864.05 J & A PAULL Atlas Mine, Wholesale dealer (50.00), 95.00 E River (ie wholesale liquor dealer Eagle River) (25.00), retail liquor dealer (20.00) 1864.05 Joseph PAULL Eagle River Income (1,000) at 3%, ad 30.00 valorem duty 1865.05 Joseph PAULL Eagle River Wholesale liq dealer 95.00 (60.00), retail liq dealer (25.00), retail dealer (10.00), sales 60,000.00 1866.12 Joseph PAULL Eagle River Wholesale liq dealer, 9 37.50 months
The location “Vaughnsville” (shown on present day maps as “Vaughsville” and perhaps known locally as “Vansville”) is probably the same as or very close to Eureka. The following information is from another researcher: “On Feb 1, 1849 Joel A Vaughn was notified that he was the owner of 8 acres of land, one half mile from Phoenix, Michigan in Keweenaw County. Vaughn and his wife Polly built a log cabin. He worked at the Cliff Mine which had 130 employees. As people populated the area he divided his acres and 5 buildings were situated on them. It was named Vaughnville in his honor. Joel died Oct 18,1862 and was buried in the Eagle River Cemetery. His widow sold the property to Morris G Hanover on Aug 3,1864. Then Morris sold it to James Prideau who set up a grocery store which he lived in until he died in 1901.” 56 Another source gives the following extra information: “In 1855, Joel VAUGHAN opened up a small fissure on his property which was said to be rich in copper and silver. The Cliff Mining Company offered to buy his property, but was refused. In 1864, the property was sold to the Atlas Mining Company.” 57
55 US IRS Tax Assessment Lists 1862-1918, ancestry.com. 56 https://www.ancestry.com/boards/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=30&p=localities.northam.usa.states.michig an.counties.ontonagon 57 https://www.mindat.org/loc-124969.html
- 31 - So, from these tax records, we can see that Thomas PAULL was also involved in the sale of liquor while he had his hotel in Houghton Township, and that Joseph PAULL had a prosperous business during this period.
The Civil War On 11 March 1861, Keweenaw County was created out of part of Houghton County. 58 The settlement at Eagle River became the seat of the new county. This occurred just before the outbreak of the Civil War. The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 12 April 1861 to 9 May 1865: “As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after US President Abraham LINCOLN was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the US Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states’ rights to expand slavery... The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years. The Union finally won the war when General Robert E LEE surrendered to General Ulysses S GRANT... The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and 4 million slaves were freed.” 59 “Michigan made a substantial contribution to the Union during the American Civil War. While the state itself was far removed from the combat theaters of the war, Michigan supplied a large number of troops and several generals... The first volunteers from Michigan were mustered into the Army as the 1st Michigan Infantry on May 1, 1861... Over the course of the war, some 90,000 Michigan men (about 23 percent of the 1860 male population of the state) served in the Union forces... a total of 14,753 officers and men from Michigan died during the war.” 60 There is no evidence that PAULL or STEPHENS family members participated in the Civil War. However, Joseph’s and Thomas’s names were recorded in the draft registration in June 1863 (Joseph STEPHENS was then too old): 61 “Schedule II - Consolidated List of all persons of Class II, subject to do military duty in the Sixth Congressional District, consisting of the Counties of Clinton etc, State of Michigan, enumerated during the month of June, 1863, under direction of R STRICKLAND, Provost Marshal. Keweenaw County Residence - Paull’s Saw Mills Line number – 12 Name - PAULE Thomas Age at 1st July, 1863 – 38 White or colored – white Profession, occupation of trade – farmer
58 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_County,_Michigan 59 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War 60 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War 61 US Civil War Draft Registration Records 1863-1865, NAI 4213514, ancestry.com.
- 32 - Place of birth – England Former military service - (none stated) Remarks - (none) Residence - ...w Road Clifton Line number – 13 Name - PAULE Joseph Age at 1st July, 1863 – 40 White or colored – white Profession, occupation of trade – mechanic Place of birth – England Former military service - (none stated) Remarks - (none) To Colonel James B FRY, Provost Marshal General US, Washington, D C. Station Headquarters 6th Congr Dist of Michigan. Date August 20th 1863. (signed) R STRICKLAND, Captain and Provost Marshal.” Unfortunately, the page is tightly bound, and the column for “Residence” is partly obscured in the gutter. In addition to farming, Thomas PAULL seems to have been operating a sawmill at the time, while Joseph gives his occupation as “mechanic” (“mining engineer” could be intended, although “mechanic” is probably in error for “merchant”). The ages quoted are both in precise agreement with the Cornish baptism records for both Joseph and Thomas. PAYTON commented on the effects of the war and its aftermath on the Upper Peninsula: “Of course, the Civil War brought disruption and dislocation to the Lakes but the victory of the North, and with it the safeguarding of the Union, precipitated a short boom of increased demand for copper and for mining labour, the resultant scarcities prompting high copper prices and high wages. This renewed prosperity was fleeting, however, the declining international copper prices of the late 1860s catching up with the American producers...” 62 So, the war disturbed the usual patterns of copper supply and demand, and the labour market in the mining industry. 63 Family events that occurred during this period included: Table 7 PAULL family events 1862 to 1863 Date Place Event Name Parents 1862.04 Clifton or Birth Rebecca Thomas and near the Margaret Manhattan Mine
62 PAYTON, p 154. 63 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michigan
- 33 - Date Place Event Name Parents 1862.04.15 Same Death Margaret Aged 26 PAULL nee years, cause BEAMISH, of death wife of probably in Thomas relation to PAULL childbirth, buried at Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River 1863 about Probably in Marriage Thomas He was 39, Keweenaw PAULL to she was about County or Catherine 21, a Cornish Houghton HOSKING immigrant. County
Figure 16 The headstone for Margaret PAULL, Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw 64
64 Findagrave memorial # 41117648, photo by Dale Safford 2 September 2008.
- 34 -
Figure 17 Map of Keweenaw Peninsula, 1862 65 Schoolmaster Hobart’s Diary We are lucky to have some detailed information about the PAULL family of Clifton for the years 1863 to 1864, when local schoolmaster, Henry HOBART, wrote about them in his diary. Philip P MASON has published the diary in an edited version, with an introductory essay 66 . The jacket notes give the following summary: “Henry HOBART was twenty-one when he travelled to Clifton in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. He wrote extensively about the joys and frustrations of teaching all twelve grades and attempting to educate the children of the Cornish, German, and Irish immigrants. Located on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Clifton was also home to the Cliff Mine, one of the leading producers of copper in the world and the primary employer in the town. HOBART’s diary provides firsthand accounts of the workers and their families, the unsafe working conditions in the mines, and the impact of the mine on the employees and the community.” MASON, in his essay, discussed the Cornish miners at the Cliff Mine, saying, “Cornish miners also contributed management skills in the daily operation of the Cliff. Most of the mine captains were Cornish, with the families of VIVIAN, HALL, BENNETTS, GEORGE and PAULL playing prominent roles at the Cliff Mine. The mine engineer, machinists and other skilled personnel involved in the design and installation of mining engines and other equipment were also Cornish”. He also commented on the various job opportunities underground, at surface, and in connection with mining:
65 Charles Whittlesey’s, “Outline Map Showing the Position of the Ancient Mine Pits of Point Keweenaw, Michigan. (F572C8W45-01-01, Book Collection. Michigan Tech Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections) in GOHMAN, Sean M - “A More Favorable Combination of Circumstances Could Hardly Have Been Desired: A bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company’s Cliff Mine”, thesis, 2010, Michigan Technological University, p 15. 66 MASON, Philip P (ed) - “Copper Country Journal - The Diary of Schoolmaster Henry Hobart, 1863- 1864” (Wayne State University Press Detroit Michigan, 1991, ISBN 0-8143-2341-3).
- 35 - “In 1860, the year for which the US Census provided accurate information on the inhabitants of Clifton, most of the miners, laborers and other workers were between the ages of twenty and forty. Some of the mine captains, mechanics and engineers, like Joseph W RAWLINGS and Samuel BENNETTS, were in their forties and others, like Thomas PAULL, a hotel keeper and merchant, were in their fifties.”
Figure 18 Henry HOBART, about 1864 67
67 From MASON, Philip P – “Copper Country Journal”, p.16, with credit to Mrs Violet HOBART, Underhill, Vermont.
- 36 - HOBART was from Vermont, and found the conditions at Clifton rugged. He had some disdain for the Cornish with the exception of a few, one being Captain Joseph PAULL (brother of Thomas), who played a key role in mining there. He told of horrible bed bugs and said there were enough lice to make a Cornish pasty. He commented that goods were hard to get, especially in the winter, and that mail deliveries were unreliable. He found the conditions awful, and revealed a degree of arrogance and frustration with the conditions he experienced in Michigan, as compared to his home state of Vermont. HOBART’s diary commences on 1 January 1863. Children in the families who would have attended school were as follows: Joseph & Mary Hannah PAULL’s children - Mary Hannah, 11 Sarah Hannah, 9 Joseph R, 7 Thomas & Margaret PAULL’s children - Mary E, about 11 Thomas, 8 Joseph H, 5 Joseph & Grace STEPHENS’s children (if still in Michigan) - Elizabeth, 11 Joseph, 8 In his diary entry for 24 January 1863, HOBART described a visit on the previous evening with the family of Captain Joseph PAULL: “The weather since last Tuesday has been very mild & comfortable & last night it commenced snowing and is much colder. The wind is blowing quite hard this morning & snow fell about one foot. Last night it looked very cold & rough and I expect a small school which is always the case Saturdays. Last night my scholar Josiah PENBERTHY & myself made a visit to Captain PAULL’s & passed a very pleasant evening. The Captain is a fine old Fellow. His wife is a noble looking woman & they have a family of five children – one little boy & two girls who attend my school. The oldest is twelve. The other little girl has a very large head and is one of the class of children who live only until about fourteen years of age on account of possessing too large a brain. She is a fine little scholar. In visiting Captain PAULL’s I am reminded of the comfort of families in Vermont. The Captain’s new house furnished in good style [is] quite a contrast with the miners’ houses. The sitting room is decorated with Paintings & Profiles etc. The Captain has made his money out of a small store in selling Goods & Double refined Liquors.” The Captain, “a fine old Fellow” was then age 41 years, and no doubt seemed old to the young schoolmaster. The five children were Mary Hannah 11 (almost 12, known as Anna or Annie or Maryann), Sarah Hannah 9, Joseph R 7, Elizabeth 5 and William 3 months. HOBART’s information on the children confirms that twins Ralph and Thomas R, who were born on 18 April 1860, must have died in infancy. Elizabeth might have commenced school after the following summer. The remarks about Sarah’s head are curious. She lived to the age of 71 years and bore nine children! The details about the Captain’s mercantile trade are also of great interest. The
- 37 - demand for “double refined liquors” would have been constantly high in such a remote frontier mining settlement. HOBART described a second visit to the family in his entry for 20 March 1863: “I went down to Captain PAULL’s last night and passed the evening very pleasantly in their comfortable sitting room engaged in conversation with the family. They are fine people and have 3 bright little girls and 2 little boys. 2 of the girls and one boy come to my school.” In his entry for 10 May 1863, HOBART describes a fishing excursion up Silver Creek in company with six of the boys from his school: “We started on the road for the place where Tom PAULL lives about three miles distant toward the Portage. We pass the Albion Mine which is just commencing business. Many predict that it will equal the Cliff. We reached the mill pond near Mr PAULL’s which is said to be filled with large speckled trout. This pond is on Silver Creek, a stream as large as the one that flows through the New Hampshire corner in Vermont.” This gives much more precise information about the location of Thomas PAULL’s farm, on the south side of Clifton. HOBART made further mention of Captain Joseph PAULL and his family on 4 June 1863: “It has not been very cloudy today although it was foggy in the morning. It is a dark night, the frogs are singing, and the roar of the stumps and rock breakers of the mine breaks upon the ear. There can always be heard that same noise night and day except Sundays. I walked down to Captain PAULL’s after school. He has just come up with a large stock of goods. Van ORDEN, his clerk, is going to make a visit to Washington and the army. He is a fine young man and belongs to the Society of Odd Fellows. I had a good spelling school last night. Annie PAULL & the large girls were in & we had a fine time. Josiah P spelt them all down. My scholars are first class spellers and we will have amusing times this summer. I shall defy anyone to spell them down. Samuel JAMES intends to try it. He was inspector of the school a short time and has great faith in his ability to do something handsome. I am confident that he will make an easy antagonist in the spelling line. Fini .” In this passage, we see that the Captain has “just come up” with a “large stock of goods”. Evidently, he had been “down” to southern parts of the state to purchase goods wholesale to retail in his store. His clerk, shown on the earlier census as van ALDEN, is here correctly called van ORDEN. Annie PAULL who is mentioned, is Mary Hannah. Another visit to the PAULL home occurred on 7 October 1863: “Went down to Capt PAULL’s this evening and spent an hour very pleasantly. The Captain came home in the evening. He has been below and brought a stock of goods. They are fine people and have a family of five children, four attend my school.” The Captain had been away obtaining further supplies for his store, and youngest daughter Elizabeth had commenced school.
- 38 - A couple of weeks later, on 20 October 1863, HOBART reported on a visit he made to see the Northwestern mine: “Saturday about ten AM I started for the North Western to visit Captain Halls. It was quite pleasant but the roads were muddy and having only a pair of shoes I did not expect to find it very agreeable for the feet. I pursued my way calling at Captain PAULL’s and also at the new mine at the Phoenix and the Bay State mine. I then turned off into a path through the thick bush. The rest of my way, six miles lay through the woods along the foot of the Bluff on where a road is to be made called the mineral range road. The bush is composed of thick under brush and heavy timber. Now and then a few men could be seen digging in the side of the Bluff in search of copper.” The “new mine at the Phoenix” is probably a reference to the Atlas Mine. Another visit to the PAULL’s was dated 14 November 1863: “I am now attending to distribution of the Books of the Public Library. I have not taught school today. I took a list of the books in the Sabbath School Library at the Methodist church and marked the new books preparatory to giving them out tomorrow. It took me until noon. I shall go down to Captain PAULL’s this evening for recreation. I wish I could do as I used to when Saturday came – go and visit home and friends. Such an opportunity would be a great pleasure.” HOBART seemed to have been experiencing homesickness, and the PAULL family was like a surrogate family for him. He returned to see them again on 18 December 1863: “The severe snowstorm that I spoke about in my last sketch still continues with unabated fury. It is colder and the wind is as strong as ever and the snow falls very fast at times. It is piled up like waves of the ocean or small hills. On one side of my school house it is about seven feet deep and under this is the woodpile. ‘A sweet place I don’t think.’ I have twenty-five pupils seated near the stove busily engaged in study. Very quiet times inside but very rough outside... A little boy going home from here last evening got into a snow drift where he was found by a man passing by. If he had not been he would have perished as he was in up to his head. I pulled out one or two this morning on their way here... I shall go down to Captain PAULL’s tonight and buy a pair of shoe packs for my feet for I have no boots. My pocket handkerchiefs are all worn out so I bought a silk one this morning. Went to the Captain’s in the evening but did not find any shoe packs that would fit me.” A good proportion of the twenty-five pupils could have been PAULL family members. On 13 January 1864, HOBART wrote a special paragraph about the Captain’s daughter: “This little girl living about one mile from here is a daughter of the Captain and for a girl of thirteen years living in a (manner?) like a true lady. I never saw any of that romping and silly actions about her that are the main characteristics of girls her age. She is a fine scholar & works very hard. She has a younger sister who is one of the remarkable little girls. She has a very large head projecting in front. Learns quick yet is quite unhealthy. I shall always remember these little girls as 2 of my best scholars here. Always trying to be right in everything. I trust they may receive good educations for
- 39 - they are very serious to learn. Their parents are equally anxious to have them.” Captain PAULL and his daughter Sarah were mentioned on 3 March 1864: “Mrs SOUDEN was in last night & said she did not know what would be done if I did not come back next summer. The children all love their teacher. Little Sarah PAULL was quite unwell yesterday with a sore throat. She was not at school today. Mrs CARNSEW, wife of Captain Will, was here last night. She lives at the Portage. Mr William TREWARTHER has come down to work at the Phoenix Mine also John CARNSEW. Mr William BENNEY of this place has moved to ‘Eureka’ or Captain PAULL’s Mine...” HOBART clearly had great admiration for the PAULL family. He had cause to mention the Captain again, on 17 March 1864: “As it is a mild pleasant day and there is nothing of importance transpiring I will give an account of a pleasure trip I took last week Saturday with eighty of my scholars to Eagle Harbor. To provide for this trip three teams would be necessary in order to take the whole school. I went to Mr ANDERSON & engaged the teams for five dollars apiece. The day was set twice & the first time he failed to be ready. The scholars were sadly disappointed. The next time he told me that I could not have them for he could make a little more & I suppose that he thought that he could put me off until he had nothing to do. But I was not to have everything ready & then another disappointment. I was told told this Friday evening at five o’clock & I started on foot without supper for the River four miles distant, hired two teams for thirteen dollars & Captain PAULL lent me his so everything was in readiness for a fine time...” Captain PAULL was evidently impressed with HOBART as schoolmaster, as we learn in an entry dated 9 June 1864: “In the evening William and I went to Captain PAULL’s. Captain is doing all he can to have me remain here. He is well pleased with the school and wishes me to come back anyway.” A couple of weeks later, on 25 June 1864, HOBART mentions Captain PAULL’s clerks: “I saw Willam Van Orden’s sister pass last night. She is up on a visit from New York City to see her brothers who are stopping at Captain PAULL’s as clerks. They are relatives of Kennedy who stands at the head of the ‘Police Force’ of New York City. William Van Orden is a very smart young man having a thorough knowledge of most kinds of business”. The last mention of the PAULL family in HOBART’s diary was on 13 July 1864: “I went to Captain PAULL’s last night and spent the evening having a dish of bread & milk according to promise. William Van ORDEN’s sister is there on a visit. I received a paper last night from home bringing the news of nomination of ‘Father’ as State Senator. I am glad to hear the news. I trust he will be elected and do justice in his office. I am in hopes to receive one or two letters before leaving this place.” HOBART closed his school on 16 July 1864 and returned home to Vermont, where he married and had appointments at schools there. He later lived in Wisconsin, and in
- 40 - 1882 returned to Michigan to live for five years at Calumet. He then returned to Wisconsin, and died there in 1920. During HOBART’s stay in Clifton, Captain Joseph and Mary Hannah PAULL had another son, Thomas Hart PAULL, born on 3 March 1863. The Atlas mine commenced operations on 24 November 1863. It was located between the Cliff Mine and the settlement at Phoenix. This mine had numerous other names, including St Clair, Bay State, Robbins, Phoenix Ashbed, and most recently Phoenix Fissure Mine. 68 In 1883, Daniel BROCKWAY was the principal owner of the Atlas Mine. 69 It is possible that Captain Joseph PAULL also had a financial interest in this venture.
The Late 1860s Late in 1863, another member of the PAULL family arrived in the Upper Peninsula. 70 He was David PAULL, born 1823 in Camborne, Cornwall, and was first cousin of Captain Joseph PAULL, Thomas PAULL and Grace STEPHENS. David had been living in Dodgeville, Iowa County, Wisconsin for about 17 years. His migration to Michigan was noted in a published family history: “David PAULL and family moved to the copper mining district of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, about four hundred miles north of Dodgeville, Wisconsin, in the early 1860s.” 71 Brothers Thomas, David and Joseph PAULL, sons of Thomas PAULL and Mary Ward COCKING, arrived on 14 July 1846 at New York, per “Liverpool” from Liverpool, England, and settled at Dodgeville, Iowa County, Wisconsin. Their mother, siblings and extended family departed Falmouth, Cornwall, on 26 May 1847 per “Roslin Castle” and joined the three young men. David PAULL married in 1847 in Dodgeville to Mary Ann BRAY, another Cornish immigrant. The first six of their children were born in Wisconsin – John 1849, Joseph 1851, Elizabeth 1854, Charles 1856, William 1859 and Henry Bray 1861. David was farming in Dodgeville at the time of the 1860 census. He appeared in the draft registration records in June 1863 in Dodgeville, and was then described as a farmer aged 39 years. 72 A descendant of David’s brother Charles PAULL, provided the following information 73 : “David, one of the three young PAULL brothers to come to the US in 1846, and a son of Thomas and Mary Cocking PAULL, married Mary Bray, daughter of Joseph, in 1847 or 1848 at Dodgeville, Wisconsin. She was born in Cornwall also, but parish of birth is not known. The family lived near Dodgeville on a farm until the early 1860’s when they moved to Copper Falls Mine in Keweenaw County on the tip of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
68 https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10082616 69 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html 70 The year of arrival is given in a biographical sketch of son Charles PAULL, http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#CENTRAL 71 Tregonning, Henry and Susan Davies - “Some Stalwart Cornish Emigrants”, p92. 72 Page 249, US Civil War Draft Registration Records, ARC 4213514 vol 3 of 3, ancestry.com. 73 Posted by Ronda (Leigh) Forseth on 29 January 2002, https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/paull/88/
- 41 - David PAULL died there on January 8, 1864, cause of death not known. He is buried in the cemetery of Eagle Harbor, a town about three miles north of Copper Falls Mine on the shore of Lake Superior. By 1870 his widow, Mary Bray PAULL, and their seven children had moved about fifteen miles south in Calumet township of Houghton county. Mary PAULL operated a miners’ boarding house and had six young men, all born in England, as part of the household in 1870. Later Mary Bray PAULL moved a few miles to the southeast, to Lake Linden, Michigan, Houghton County, to the home of her only daughter, Elizabeth Paull Barkell, and died there in 1913, at the age of 87. Mary Bray PAULL is buried in the Maple Hill cemetery at Lake Linden, Michigan.” Eleanor M TREGONNING, in her work from the 1960s, stated that David PAULL died of typhoid fever. 74 David and Mary Ann’s last child, David junior, was born in 1864, probably after the death of his father. The Copper Falls Company was organised on 16 October 1845, and reorganised in 1848 as Copper Falls Mining Company. It was one of the earliest mining companies in the district and conducted several operations at different times. The most prosperous period was in the late sixties. 75 Several more births occurred in the PAULL family during this period: Table 8 PAULL family births 1864 to 1867 Date Place Name Parents 1864.08 Keweenaw Ralph Thomas & Catherine 1865 about Keweenaw Unknown Joseph & Mary Hannah (the child must have died in infancy before 1867) 1866.03 about Keweenaw William Thomas & Catherine 1867.05.17 Clifton James Thomas & Catherine
On 1 September 1865, Captain Joseph PAULL was appointed US Postmaster stationed at Phoenix, Keweenaw County. 76 On 2 or 3 April 1867, Captain Joseph PAULL’s wife, Mary Hannah (formerly OLDS, nee RICHARDS), died at the Atlas Mine, aged 39 or 40 years 77 . The cause of death
74 Ted VINSON, ancestry user tevinson, tree 2014-Vinson Family Tree(1)(1)(3), citing Eleanor M TREGONING – “Some Stalwart Cornish Emigrants”, the author, Evanston IL, ca 1963. However, this information might not be trustworthy. David’s son, Charles, was known to have died of typhoid, and Mr VINSON may have made an error. 75 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144. 76 US Appointments of US Postmasters 1832-1871, ancestry.com.
- 42 - was dropsy. The place of death lends weight to the hypothesis that Captain Joseph PAULL had some interest in the Atlas Mine. Mary Hannah was buried at the Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River. Around this time, perhaps, Captain Joseph PAULL became acquainted with Mr William J EVANS, whose 1883 biographical sketch made the following statements: In 1863, he emigrated to America, and located at Copper Harbor, and engaged as engineer at the Star Mine, Keweenaw Point. He went from there to the Madison Mine, and set up machinery and additional stamps. From there he went to the Phoenix Stamp Mill in charge of machinery. He was a contractor in timber with Capt Joseph PAULL. He was also in charge of the machinery of the Pewabic & Franklin Mines several years, and subsequently of the stamp mills of the same mines for a while. He went to Copper Falls, and was in charge of the mine and mill there. He then returned to the Pewabic Stamp Mill, and refitted it. In 1872, he accepted his present situation with the Atlantic Mining Company... 78
Figure 19 Headstone of Mary Hannah PAULL in Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw 79 About 1868, another member of the Wisconsin branch of the family relocated to the Upper Peninsula. 80 He was Josiah PAULL, brother of the late David PAULL. Josiah was born in 1831 at Illogan, Cornwall, and arrived in Wisconsin with family members in 1847. He married at Dodgeville in 1855 to Anne THOMAS (daughter of Henry
77 Michigan Deaths, 1867-1897, familysearch.org 78 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 319. 79 findagrave memorial 14454461, photo by Dale Safford 2 September 2008. 80 Tregonning, Henry and Susan Davies - “Some Stalwart Cornish Emigrants”, p90.
- 43 - THOMAS and Elizabeth ROGERS, and an immigrant from Camborne, Cornwall). They had two children in Dodgeville – Cordelia Ann “Cora” in 1856 and Henry T in 1861. In Wisconsin, Josiah first followed a career in mining, and was noted as the leader of the first town band organised in 1855. 81 He also served in local government, and was appointed Marshal and Street Commissioner in Dodgeville in 1867. 82 Josiah’s mother, Mary Ward PAULL nee COCKING, died on 3 Jan 1868 at Dodgeville, and this sad event may have had a bearing on Josiah’s decision to relocate. Josiah and his family settled at Houghton, where he commenced in work as a tinsmith. In February 1869, Captain Joseph PAULL ceased mercantile business, and for “an interval of a few years following, he was not in active business”. 83 He was 46 years of age at the time of this “retirement”. This change was no doubt due to the situation at the Cliff Mine, which is dramatically evident in the following mine output chart:
Figure 20 Cliff Mine refined copper output chart In this chart, we can see the small beginnings at the mine while it was being developed in the mid-1840s; the rapid growth in output up to 1849, when no doubt the gold rushes in California depleted the local labour supply; the peak in production in 1857, followed by a dramatic slump; then the increased demand during the Civil War; and then the dramatic decline in the late 1860s, when the international price of copper slumped. The first of the PAULL children to marry was Mary Hannah (Anna or Annie), daughter of Captain Joseph and Mary Hannah PAULL. She was married 2 October 1869 at the Phoenix Mine, to Peter R GOTTSTEIN, a candle and soap maker, and an immigrant from Baden in Germany. The marriage took place at “the residence of the
81 “History of Iowa County, Wisconsin”, 1881, page 754. 82 “History of Iowa County, Wisconsin”, 1881, page 734-6. 83 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317.
- 44 - bride’s father, Phoenix Mine, Keweenaw County” by the Rev Edward SEYMOUR. Peter was about 13 years older than his 17-year-old bride. Peter GOTTSTEIN arrived in America in May 1850, and spent his first year in Cleveland, Ohio. About October 1851, he arrived at Eagle Harbor, where he was first employed as a copper washer in the Cliff Mine, and later, in the same capacity, at the North American Mine. In 1854, he went to Ontonagon, where he was employed as a merchant’s clerk until 1860. He then owned a paint shop business in Houghton for two years. In October 1862, he enlisted in the Michigan Lancers, but his regiment was disbanded by order of the War Department before being actively engaged. Afterwards, he worked as a merchant’s clerk in Detroit until about 1864, when he returned to the Upper Peninsula to take a position in charge of John Hoar & Brothers’ store. In June 1865, he established his own mining candle manufacturing business in Portage, Houghton County. His factory turned out 300 tons of mining candles per year in the early 1880s. 84 He also had a financial interest in the North American, Concord and Victoria Mine leases. 85 Joseph PAULL was mentioned in the press on 22 July 1869: “Eureka Encampment, IOOF, Eagle River, have the officers - Joseph PAULL, CP, R C SATTERLEE, HP, George CHAPMAN, SW, Samuel J SLOAN, Secy, Wm B WRIGHT, Treas, Wm VANORDEN, JP.” 86 This cryptic item relates to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a friendly society, founded in 1819. 87 The society’s local lodge was located at Eureka on Eagle River. An “encampment” is a branch of the society. The acronyms after the names of the office bearers have the following meanings: 88 CP – Chief Patriarch (Presiding Officer) HP – High Priest (Chaplain) SW – Senior Warden (Deputy Presiding Officer) Secy – Secretary Treas – Treasurer JP – Justice of the Peace R C SATTERLEE was Assistant Tax Assessor in 1864, and William van ORDEN was Joseph PAULL’s clerk. On 30 Sep 1869, Captain Joseph PAULL’s name was listed as postmaster at Phoenix, Keweenaw, with compensation of $390.00. 89 In 1869, the late David PAULL’s son Charles, then aged 13, began working as a copper washer with the Schoolcraft Mining Company. 90 He held this position for three years.
84 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 280. 85 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 280. 86 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, Houghton, Michigan, Thu 22 Jul 1869, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1869_2.txt 87 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows 88 http://www.ioof.org/IOOF/About_Us/Acronyms/IOOF/AboutUS/acronyms.aspx?hkey=df5014ff- 1e3f-493a-83e5-4b43b897c0c1 89 US Register of Civil Military and Naval Service 1863-1959, ancestry.com. 90 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#CENTRAL
- 45 - The Schoolcraft Mining Company, in Houghton County, was organised in 1863, and work commenced in a small way in 1866. It operated without profit from 1868 and was abandoned in 1875. The property was leased from about 1873. The company went into bankruptcy and a new company, Centennial, was organised about 1878. 91
The 1870 US Census Grace and Joseph STEPHENS and family returned to Cornwall prior to the 1870 census, and were enumerated on the1871 UK census at Trennick, St Clement, Cornwall. The PAULL family members in the Upper Peninsula were living at five locations: At Clifton, Clifton Township, Keweenaw County(enumerated 15 June 1870): all born Michigan parents foreign born except as noted, all white PAULL, Thos, 46, male, keeps hotel, $400 real estate, $500 personal estate, born England parents foreign born PAULL, Catherine, 28, female, keeping house, born England parents foreign born PAULL, Mary E, 17, female, at home PAULL, Thos jr, 14, male, at home PAULL, Joseph, 13, male, at home PAULL, Ellen, 11, female, at home PAULL, Margaret, 10, female PAULL, Sarah, 9, female PAULL, Rebecca, 7, female PAULL, Ralph, 6, male PAULL, William, 5, male PAULL, James, 3, male TRESSIDDA, Maria, 71, female, domestic servant, born England GRAFF, Christian, 22, male, farm laborer, born Prussia 92 At Phoenix, Houghton Township, Keweenaw County (enumerated 23 June 1870) all born Michigan parents foreign born except as noted, all white PAULL, Jos, 48, male, dry goods mer (ret), $1000 real estate, $500 personal estate, born England parents foreign born PAULL, Sarah, 17, female, keeping house, attended school within the year PAULL, Elizabeth, 13, female, at school, attended school within the year PAULL, Wm, 10, male, attended school within the year PAULL, Thos, 6, male, attended school within the year 93 At Houghton, Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 20 June 1870) GOTTSTEIN, Peter, 32, male, white, candle manufctr, $5000 real estate, $1000 personal estate, born Baden parents foreign born, married October 1869 GOTTSTEIN, Mary A, 19, female, white, keeping house, born Michigan parents foreign born, married October 1869
91 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 82. 92 Dwelling 157 family 111 line 29, page 16, post office Clifton, Reel M593_683, Page 670B & 671, film 552182, ancestry.com 93 Dwelling 152 family 144 line 1, page 22, post office Phoenix, Reel M593_683, page 709B, filim 552182, ancestry.com
- 46 - PAULL, Joseph, 14, male, white, at school, born Michigan parents foreign born, attended school within the year HEBBARD, Minnie, 22, female, white, domestic servant, born Hessen (sic) parents foreign born 94 At Hancock, Calumet Township, Houghton County (enumerated 18 July 1870): all white, all have parents foreign born, all born Wisconsin except as noted PAUL, Mary, 43, female, keeping house, born England PAUL, John, 21, male, runs an engine PAUL, Joseph, 19, male, laborer PAUL, Elisabeth, 15, female, at home PAUL, Charles, 13, male, works in stamp mill PAUL, William, 11, male, at home, attended school PAUL, Henry, 8, male, attended school PAUL, David, 6, male, attended school HODGES, Joseph, 23, male, miner, born England SMITH, John, 16, male, miner, born England HILL, George, 23, male, miner, born England WILLIAMS, Richard, 23, male, miner, born England ELLINGS, Samuel, 23, male, miner, born England HARRIS, Benjamin, 32, male, laborer, born England 95 At Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 18 June): all white PAULL, Josiah, 38, male, tin smith, no real estate, $700 personal estate, born England PAULL, Ann, 34, female, keeping house, born England PAULL, Cordelia A, 14, female, at school, born Wisconsin, attended school within the year PAULL, Henry T, 9, male, born Wisconsin, attended school within the year McGINNIS, Margaret, 25, female, domestic servant, born Ireland EMERY, Lavina, 30, female, at home, born England EMERY, Mary, 8, female, born Michigan, attended school within the year EMERY, George W, 6, male, born Michigan, attended school within the year 96 In addition, Thomas PAULL is listed in the agricultural census, enumerated on 6 September 1870, at Clifton: PAULL, Thos, 37 acres improved land, 7 acres woodland, farm value $400, 2 horses, 1 milch cow, $350 worth of stock, 150 bushels of oats. 97 It is interesting to note that Thomas PAULL is now farming and keeping a hotel in Clifton, and while not as prosperous as his brother, is nonetheless able to support a domestic servant and a farm labourer. Joseph PAULL’s estate ($1,500) is considerably less than it was in 1860 ($10,000). This can be explained only partially
94 Dwelling 62 family 68 line 11, page 10, post office Houghton, Reel M593_674, page 714B, film 552173, ancestry.com 95 Dwelling 319 family 397 line 1, Page 65, Page 626A, reel M593_674, film 552173, ancestry.com 96 Dwelling 37 Family 39 Line 13, Page 6, Reel M593_674 Page 712B Film 552173, ancestry.com 97 Line 1 Schedule 3 Page 1, Post Office Clifton, US Selected Federal Census Non-Population Schedules 1850-1880, ancestry.com.
- 47 - by the closure of his mercantile business a few years before. Perhaps he had speculated unwisely in mining ventures in the mean time. The GOTTSTEIN’s seemed well established, with a domestic servant, and also looking after Mary’s brother Joseph. David PAULL’s widow appears to be operating a boarding house, with six English miners residing in her household.
Figure 21 The Thomas PAULL family on the 1870 census (page 16)
Figure 22 The Thomas PAULL family on the 1870 census (page 17)
- 48 -
Figure 23 The Joseph PAULL family on the 1870 census
Figure 24 The GOTTSTEIN family on the 1870 census
- 49 -
Figure 25 The family of the late David PAULL on the 1870 census
Figure 26 The Josiah PAULL family on the 1870 census
Figure 27 The Thomas PAULL farm on the 1870 agricultural census The 1870s The 1870s brought a dramatic change in the mining industry in the Upper Peninsula. PAYTON explains: “In earlier days, especially in the larger, richer and more productive mines, there had been little thought given to efficiency or conservation of either effort or reserves. In effect, many mines had been managed badly, or at least extravagantly, because they had been developed swiftly in boom times when the pickings were easy and the demand for a quick return irresistible. In the
- 50 - end, the fortunes of the Keweenaw and surrounding copper country were restored only through the new life breathed into the Calumet and Hecla mines by the discovery of new conglomerate reserves at depth, and through the skilful application of the latest technology to achieve the maximum exploitation of these new resources. The rise of Calumet and Hecla – soon amalgamated into one vast company – as an industrial giant was indicative of the changing nature of mining on the Upper Peninsula, the smaller, more intimate workings having long since disappeared or been incorporated into larger concerns. The surviving mines had become big, heavily capitalised, sternly paternalistic – even authoritarian – organisations, their workforce increasingly ‘proletarian’ in terms of their distance from the sources of management and decision-making. The Cornish, with an individualism and independence born of their tribute and tutwork system, resented being treated like pawns, especially over issues like the length of the working day or wage rates. During the spring and summer of 1872 there was the first sign of trouble, two Cousin Jacks, GROSE (a Methodist class teacher) and VIVIAN, emerging ringleaders in a strike that lasted a month. The demand for an eight-hour day was heard first at Calumet and Hecla, and from there the strike spread to the Pewabic, Quincy and other mines. GROSE and VIVIAN were arrested on two occasions, and on the latter a thousand miners demonstrated peaceably for their release. There was little or no violence... and it is significant that the Cornish had persuaded the Irish to claim common cause on this occasion... the strike on the Upper Peninsula seemed to herald a new industrial culture... the growing divide between capital and labour serving to dent if not undermine ethnic solidarity.” 98 The PAULL families were intimately connected with the mining industry at this time, and these developments must have had an impact on the family. Even though the men in the family had been moving away from work as underground miners and towards independent suppliers of goods and services to mines and mining communities, the dependence of all of the inhabitants of the area were inextricably linked to the mining industry. Family events that occurred during this period included: Table 9 PAULL family events in the 1870s Date Place Event Name Details 1870.07.03 Houghton Birth Mary Peter and GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1871.01.08 Keweenaw Death Catherine About 29 PAULL years, 2 nd wife of Thomas, buried at Evergreen Cemetery
98 PAYTON, pp 154-155.
- 51 - Date Place Event Name Details 1872.04.09 Portage, Birth Frederick Peter and Houghton GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1873.08.22 Houghton Marriage Cordelia Ann To Ransom “Cora” Bird PAULL SHELDEN 99 1873 about Houghton Death Frederick Peter and GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1874 Marriage Elizabeth To PAULL (dau Bartholomew of David) BARKELL 1874.04.06 Portage, Birth Paul Peter and Houghton GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1874.08.19 Clifton, Marriage Sarah Hannah To David C Keweenaw PAULL SMYTH, salesman 100 1874.11.10 Houghton Marriage Capt Joseph To Mary PAULL Hannah “Mamie” RICHARDS 101 1874 Birth Ransom Paull Ransom and SHELDEN Cora 1875.08.26 Forestville, Marriage John S To Linnie A E Sanilac PAULL (son SWAYZE of David) 1875.09.13 Ishpeming Marriage Lavinia To Joseph PAULL (dau BLAMEY of Jonathan) 1875.11 Truro, Death Mary PAULL Mother of about Cornwall nee JEWELL Grace, Ralph, Capt Joseph, Thomas and Mary
99 Ransom Bird SHELDEN was born in 1852 at Portage Entry, Houghton. His father, Ransom SHELDEN 1814-1878, was one of the earliest pioneers in the Upper Peninsula. His mother, Theresa M DOUGLAS, was a cousin of Dr Douglas HOUGHTON, the geologist who explored and reported on the copper deposits in the early 1840s; ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, pp 285-286. 100 http://www.mifamilyhistory.org/keweenaw/marriages/marriagerecord.aspx?id=kew1p6r50 , the witnesses were Albert BROCKWAY and Elizabeth PAULL. 101 Joseph PAULL’s second wife’s name was the same as his first wife’s maiden name. Joseph was described as mining captain of Cliff Mine, and the witnesses were Peter GOTTSTEIN and R M HOAR, both of Houghton. See http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/rosshoughtmarr-l-z.htm and familysearch.org , also, Michigan Marriage Records 1867-1952, ancestry.com.
- 52 - Date Place Event Name Details 1876.06.04 Ishpeming Birth John Henry Joseph and BLAMEY Lavinia 1876.07 Birth Irwin S John and about PAULL Linnie 1876.08.28 Ishpeming Death John Henry Joseph and BLAMEY Lavinia 1876 about Houghton Birth Robert Peter and GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1877.05.07 Houghton Birth Anna Mary David and SMYTH Sarah Hannah 1877.09.10 Ishpeming Birth William Joseph and Jarvis Lavinia BLAMEY 1877.12.02 Houghton Birth Elizabeth Peter and GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1878 Birth Elmer Paull Bartholomew BARKELL and Elizabeth 1879.07.28 Franklin, Death Mamie Wife of Capt Houghton PAULL Joseph PAULL, aged about 45 years 102 1879.09.19 Franklin, Birth Fred Coleman David and Houghton SMYTH Sarah Hannah 1879.11.06 Houghton Marriage Joseph To Catherine J PAULL (son BENNETTS of David)
102 The record gives her age as 40 years. The burial might have been in Forest Hill Cemetery, Houghton.
- 53 -
Figure 28 Headstone of Catherine PAULL in Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw 103 We have seen, on the 1870 census, that Captain Joseph PAULL’s son, Joseph junior, was living at Portage with his sister Mary Hannah GOTTSTEIN. His obituary stated that “his childhood days were spent in Keweenaw County and when a young man he came to Houghton, where he worked as clerk in the Hennes store. The greater part of his life was spent in the mercantile business and his rise from clerk to manager was rapid. For several years he managed the Winona store.” 104 On 9 May 1871, Captain Joseph PAULL was succeeded as US Postmaster at Phoenix, Keweenaw, by Julius FREND. 105 A newspaper item dated 14 Dec 1871 mentioned William PAULL, son of the late David PAULL: Schoolcraft Graded School Roll of Honor - William PAULL, William HOSKING, Lizzie WILCOX. 106 About 1872, Charles PAULL left the Schoolcraft Mining Company and took a position as copper dresser at the Phoenix Stamp Mills. The first stamp mill in the district was built in 1845 at the Phoenix Mine, but it proved a failure. The Bay State company acquired the property in 1871, and during the period to 1883, copper output
103 findagrave memorial 41117658, photo by Dale Safford 2 September 2008. 104 Mining Gazette, 9 Mar 1921, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/rossobits/rossobits-o-p.txt 105 US Appointments of US Postmasters 1832-1871, ancestry.com. 106 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 Dec 1871, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1871_2.txt
- 54 - peaked. Charles stayed with Phoenix for about a year. 107 He then gained a position as copper dresser with the Franklin Mills for five years. The stamp mill at Franklin Mine was completed in 1861. The company was leased between 1870 and 1874 108 , and it is probably after the expiry of the lease when Charles PAULL took employment in the Franklin Mills, where he spent five years as copper dresser. 109 More members of the PAULL family arrived in the Upper Peninsula between 8 Mar 1873 and 13 Sep 1875. They were the widow and children of Jonathan PAULL of Iowa County, Wisconsin. Jonathan was born in 1822 at Camborne, Cornwall, and migrated to Wisconsin with his wife, two children, mother and extended family in 1847. He had married in 1843 at Illogan, Cornwall, to Mary KNUCKEY. They had eight children – Thomas 1845, Lavinia 1846, Elizabeth Jane 1848, Sarah Ann about 1852, Eliza 1854, Mary Ellen 1856, Rosina 1859 and Jonathan Charles “John” 1867. Jonathan died 8 Mar 1873 at Ridgeway, Iowa County Wisconsin, aged just 51 years. Daughter Elizabeth Jane had married in 1867 to George TRENHAILE, and they remained in Ridgeway until about 1876 when they went to Nebraska. Daughter Eliza had also married, in 1871, in Ridgeway, to Thomas Hawk TRENHAILE (brother of George). They went to Nebraska at the same time. Mary PAULL (nee KNUCKEY) and her other children settled at Ishpeming, Marquette County, Michigan.
Figure 29 An illustration of Ishpeming, ca 1871, showing opencast iron mines nearby 110
107 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 94; http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883- 5.html#CENTRAL . 108 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 85. 109 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#CENTRAL 110 Bird’s-eye view, looking south, of the iron mining town of Ishpeming, Michigan, circa 1871. At the east edge of town, to the left, are the adjacent open pits of the Cleveland mine and the New York mine. At the west edge of town, to the right, are the open pits of the Lake Superior Mine and the Barnum mine. From REYNOLDS, Terry S, "‘The Miners Dread to Use It’: A Comparative Study of the
- 55 - A newspaper item dated 12 Feb 1874 mentioned a group of “old settlers” of the copper region, including brothers Thomas and Captain Joseph PAULL, and some of their friends and associates, such as BROCKWAY, van ORDEN, and HOAR: Argonauts in Council... old settlers of the copper region of Lake Superior met to plan for an Old Settlers party. D D BROCKWAY was called to the chair and W P RALEY appointed secretary... the following list of managers were selected - Floor Managers - Jos RETALLACK jr, Wm HOAR, J N SCOTT, Arthur BROCKWAY, Carlos D SHELDEN, Wm van ORDEN. Committee of arrangements - D D BROCKWAY, Joseph RETALLACK jr, Johnson VIVIAN. Committee to procure orator - D D BROCKWAY, Wm A CHILDS, F G WHITE. Managers - Ontonagon County - James R (K?) PAULL, L M DICKENS, Edwin SALES, James E HOYT, Capt PARKER, James M HERRING, James MERCER, John CHYNOWETH. Houghton County - Ransom SHELDEN, John HOAR, Geo H FULLER, John ATWOOD, C E HOLLAND, F W ANTHONY, Richard UREN, Johnson VIVIAN, John DUNCAN, John Q McKERNAN, Frank G WHITE, Seth REES, Capt Wm HARRIS, Edwin J HULBERT, James A CLOSE, L G EMERSON, R H OSBORNE, George W SHEARS, Will H CHILDS, E L MASON, T W EDWARDS, J A DONALSON. Keweenaw County - D D BROCKWAY, John SENTER, Thos PAULL, A A BENNETT, Joseph RETALLACK sen, W E WRIGHT, Justin SHAPLEY, W P RALEY, Chas KUNZ, C B PETRIE, Perkins BARNHAM, Ed GUILDBAULT, Thos O'CONNER, James CRAWFORD, Joseph PAULL, O A FARWELL, John BATH, John ALEXANDER, John VIVIAN, Frank HOPKINS, John FOLEY, H H BOUCHER, Geo H SATTERLEE, Geo BAILEY, Jules DORIE. 111
Introduction of Nitroglycerin on the Lake Superior Copper and Iron Ranges, 1865-1880", The Mining History Journal, Vol 18, 2011, p 77, https://www.mininghistoryassociation.org , citing "Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute", 14 (1909) facing p 202. 111 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 12 Feb 1874, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1874_1.txt ; James CRAWFORD was the uncle of the van ORDEN brothers, William and Matthew.
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Figure 30 Photograph of Thomas PAULL, taken about 1875 112 An item in a local newspaper gives some information about Josiah PAULL on 30 September 1875: East Houghton cannot boast of all the fine residences built in this section this season, for Mr Josiah PAULL is putting up a very fine one on Shelden street above Pewabic. 113 Another newspaper item, dated 10 August 1876, gives some insight into the nature of women’s work, and mentions a number of PAULL family members: We, the undersigned, having in use the Perfect washing machine, introduced into the district by F W HEYN, take this method to inform the public that we consider it perfect in every respect ... Mrs John HOAR, Mrs Wm WAGNER, Mrs Wm STRUCKMEYER, Mrs Philip SCHEUERMAN, Mrs John F HUNT,
112 Ancestry family trees, username johnosheridan38, tree “James Wilmers Tree”. 113 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 30 Sep 1875, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1875_3.txt
- 57 - Mrs C HAFFENRAFFER, Mrs E HENNES, Mrs P R GOTTSTEIN, Mrs Seth REES, Mrs Jas P EDWARDS, Mrs Joseph RAWLINS, Mrs John FUNKEY, Mrs John HOSKING, Mrs R H BRELSFORD, Mrs Josiah PAULL, Mrs Fred KROLL, Mrs August HELMBACH, Mrs S E CLEAVES, Mrs Thos PEARCE, Mrs J R DEVEREAUX. 114 In 1876, Captain Joseph PAULL came out of retirement, at the age of 54 years, and engaged with the Franklin Mining Company near Hancock. 115 He held this position, acting as wood and timber contractor, until his death. The Franklin Mine, in Houghton County, was organised in April 1857, and commenced work in July that year. A stamp mill was built in 1861. The company leased the property from 1870 to 1874, but resumed work there in July 1874. During the period 1875 to 1884, when Joseph PAULL was associated with this mine, annual output grew dramatically: 116 Table 10 Franklin Mine output 1875 to 1884 Year Rock Rock Refined copper Refined Refined Silver sold treated treated (pounds) copper copper ($) (tons) (tonnes) (tons) (tonnes) 1875 1,167,633.0 583.8 529.6 1876 100,582.0 91,246.5 1,926,641.0 963.3 873.9 1877 2,339,817.0 1,169.9 1,061.3 1878 96,358. 0 87,414.5 2,599,073.0 1,299.5 1,178.9 1879 112,590.0 102,140.0 2,829,703.0 1,414.9 1,283.5 563.21 1880 2,336,466.0 1,168.2 1,059.8 1881 113,328.0 102,809.5 2,678,797.0 1,339.4 1,215.1 1882 118,370.0 107,383.5 3,264,120.0 1,632.1 1,480.6 880.04 1883 125,775.0 114,101.2 3,489,308.0 1,744.7 1,582.7 850.40 1884 128,878.0 116,916.2 3,748,652.0 1,874.3 1,700.4 2,399.83
On 8 March 1877, Josiah PAULL was elected to local office: The following village officers were elected in this place last Tuesday. President, Carlos D SHELDEN. Treasurer, August KRELLWITZ. Attorney, Thos M BRADY. Marshal, George OSBORNE. Trustees, Joseph CROZE, Joseph HENNES and Josiah PAULL. Assessors, Joseph P EDWARDS and Gottlieb HARTMAN.117 On 13 September 1877, a newspaper item mentioned Josiah PAULL of Houghton:
114 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 10 Aug 1876, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1876_2.txt 115 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317. 116 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, p 85. 117 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 1 Mar 1877, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1877_1.txt
- 58 - At a regular meeting of the common council of the village of Houghton, held Sept 6, 1877, had present C D SHELDON, president, Wm MILLER, Josiah PAULL, Joseph CROZE, trustees... 118
Figure 31 Photograph of Houghton, taken from Ruppe's warehouse and dock at the foot of Tezucco Street, Hancock, 1878 119 From about 1878, Charles PAULL was employed as copper dresser at the Central Mine. 120 The Central Mine, operating on the Central fissure, northeast of the Cliff Mine, commenced in 1854 and made its first shipment in 1856. It began to pay dividends in 1864. 121 Josiah PAULL was again mentioned in relation to the Houghton village council, on 14 Feb 1878: A regular meeting of the common council of the village of Houghton was held Thursday... Present Wm HARRIS president, R M HOAR, Wm MILLER, Jos CROZE, Jos HENNES, Josiah PAULL, trustees... 122 Josiah PAULL was advertising in the press on 18 April 1878: Josiah PAULL, Houghton, kitchen furniture. 123
118 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 13 Sep 1877, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1877_3.txt 119 Hancock City Archive Photo, http://www.cityofhancock.com/pictorials/45-1.jpg . 120 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#CENTRAL 121 BUTLER, B S & BURBANK, W S - “The Copper Deposits of Michigan”, US Government Printing Office, 1929, Issue 144, pp 63, 228. 122 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 Feb 1878, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1878_1.txt
- 59 - On 17 October 1878, a newspaper item mentioned Josiah PAULL of Houghton: The Houghton County Board of Supervisors allowed payment on the following bills... Josiah PAULL, repairs on stove... 124
The 1880 US Census In 1880, the PAULL family members were living at numerous locations, as some younger members of the family were finding work away from the homes of their parents. Firstly, Captain Joseph PAULL and his family: At Franklin Township, Houghton County (enumerated 17 June): all white PAULL, Joseph, male, 58, head, widower, wood, timber & c contractor, born England parents b England PAULL, William, male, 18, son, unmarried, teamster, born Michigan parents born England PAULL, Thomas, male, 16, son, unmarried, teamster, born Michigan parents born England DWYER, Mary, female, 20, servant, unmarried, servant, born Ireland parents born Ireland 125 At Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 9 June): all white GOTTESTEIN, Peter R, male, 42, head, married, soap maker, born Baden parents born Baden GOTTESTEIN, Mary Ann, female, 28, wife, married, keeping house, born Michigan parents born England GOTTESTEIN, Mary, female, 9, daughter, attended school, born Michigan parents born Baden & Michigan GOTTESTEIN, Paul, male, 6, son, born Michigan parents born Baden & Michigan GOTTESTEIN, Robert, male, 4, son, born Michigan parents born Baden & Michigan GOTTESTEIN, Elizabeth, female, 2, daughter, born Michigan parents born Baden & Michigan FITZGERALD, Mary, female, 22, unmarried, servant, born Ireland parents born Ireland 126 At Franklin Township, Houghton County (enumerated 17 June): all white, next door to Captain Joseph PAULL SMYTH, D C, head, married, 29, clerk in store, born Canada parents born New York SMYTH, Sarah A, wife, married, 27, keeping house, born Michigan parents born England
123 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 18 Apr 1878, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1878_2.txt 124 Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 17 Oct 1878, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1878_4.txt 125 Dwelling 294 Family 353 Line 43, Page 45, SD 4 ED 15, Page 378A, Reel 581, ancestry.com 126 Dwelling 217 Family 217 Line 48, Page 30 SD 4 ED 12, Reel 481, Page 448B, ancestry.com
- 60 - SMYTH, Anna Mary, daughter, 3, born Michigan SMYTH, Fred C, son, 9m, born Michigan 127 At Hancock, Houghton County (enumerated 5 June): all white NOBLE, Anna M, female, 46, married, keeping house, born New York parents born New York NOBLE, Arthur W, male, 20, son, single, druggist, born Michigan parents born New York NOBLE, Byron E, male, 15, son, single, at school, born Ohio parents born New York NOBLE, George A, male, 13, son, single, at school, born Michigan parents born New York NOBLE, Kittie M, female, 9, daughter, born Michigan parents born New York FINLEY, Mary J, female, 19, servant, single, born Ireland parents born Ireland GIBSON, Jerusha M, female, 39, sister, widow, born New York parents born New York GIBSON, Frank B, male, 14, nephew, at school, born Michigan parents born New York GIBSON, Harry, male, 1, nephew, born Michigan parents born New York KENDALL, David S, male, 51, boarder, single, book keeper, born New York parents born New York PAUL, Joseph, male, 23, boarder, single, clerk in store, born Michigan parents born England WHITNEY, Samuel E, male, 32, boarder, single, teacher, born Michigan parents New York 128 And Thomas PAULL and his family: At Clifton Township, Keweenaw County (enumerated 9 June): all parents born England, all born Michigan except as noted, all white PAULL, Thomas, male, 56, head, widower, farmer, born England PAULL, Ellen, female, 21, daughter, unmarried, at home PAULL, Rebecca, female, 18, daughter, unmarried, at home PAULL, Ralph, male, 16, son, unmarried, at home PAULL, William, male, 14, son, unmarried, at home PAULL, James, male, 12, son, unmarried, at home 129 At Houghton Village, Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 15 June): all white van ORDEN, Matt, male, 35, head, married, insurance agent, born New York parents born Scotland & New York van ORDEN, Emma A, female, 28, wife, married, keeping house, born Illinois parents born Indiana & England van ORDEN, Frank L, male, 5, son, born Michigan parents born New York & Illinois
127 Dwelling 295 Family 354 Line 47, Page 45, SD 4 ED 15, Page 378A, Reel 581, ancestry.com 128 Dwelling 70, family 92, line 42, pages 11-12 SD 4 ED 14, page 392C-D, reel 581 film 1254581 image 0461, ancestry.com 129 Dwelling 176 Family 176 Line 1, Page 22 SD 4 ED 5, Page 35A, Film 1254589 Image 0072, ancestry.com
- 61 - van ORDEN, William C, male, 8, son, born Michigan parents born New York & Illinois van ORDEN, Agnes, female, 3, daughter, born Michigan parents born New York & Illinois van ORDEN, Elizabeth, female, 1, daughter, born Michigan parents born New York & Illinois PAULL, Mary E, female, 24, servant, unmarried, born Michigan parents born England & Wales LYONS, Allice C, female, 53, grandmother (sic - mother-in-law?), widow, born Indiana parents born England & New York 130 At Houghton Village, Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 15 June): all white, all parents born England JENNINGS, Thomas, male, 58, head, married, miner, born England JENNINGS, Jane, female, 58, wife, married, keeping house, born England PENROSE, John, male, 19, boarder, unmarried, printer, born Wisconsin PAULL, Thomas, male, 26, boarder, unmarried, laborer, born Michigan 131 At Lake Superior Mine Location, Ishpeming, Marquette County (enumerated 22 June): all white MULLINS, Maria, female, 45, head, widow, boarding house, born Ireland parents born Ireland and two daughters, one servant, and 12 boarders including PAUL, Joseph, male, 23, boarder, unmarried, brakeman, born Michigan parents born England 132 At First Street, Red Jacket Village, Calumet Township, Houghton County (enumerated 2 June): all white BURGE, Richard J, male, 34, head, keeping hotel, born England parents b England and wife, mother-in-law, 12 boarders, and 2 servants including PAULL, Margret, female, 18, servant, unmarried, waiter in hotel, born Michigan parents born England & Wales 133 At First Street, Red Jacket Village, Calumet Township, Houghton County (enumerated 2 June): all white DYMOCK, John S, male, 41, head, married, keeping meat market, born Scotland parents born Scotland and wife and daughter, and PAULL, Sarah, female, 19, servant, unmarried, born Michigan parents born England 134
130 Dwelling 340 Family 344 Line 10, Page 5 SD 4 ED 12, Film 1254581 Page 456A, ancestry.com; and for a information on Mr M van ORDEN, see ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, pp 276 and 286. 131 Dwelling 348 Family 358 Line 29, Page 46 SD 4 ED 12, Reel 581, Page 456B, ancestry.com 132 Dwelling 366 family 491 line 26, Page 60 SD 4 ED 23, Reel 594, Page 299 D, ancestry.com 133 Dwelling 28 Family 37 Line 32, Page No 5 SD 4 ED 9, Page 520A, Reel 581, ancestry.com 134 Dwelling 13 Family 15 Line 4, Page 3 SD 4 ED 9, Page 519C, Reel 581, ancestry.com
- 62 - And the family of the late David PAULL: At 2 nd Precinct, Calumet, Houghton County (enumerated 1 June): all white, all born Wisconsin except as noted, all parents born England PAULL, Joseph, male, 29, head, married, teamster PAULL, Catherine, female, 20, married Nov 1879, wife, married, keeping house, born Michigan PAULL, Mary, female, 53, mother, widow, superannuated, born England PAULL, William, male, 21, brother, unmarried, miner PAULL, Henry, male, 19, brother, unmarried, laborer PAULL, David, male, 17, brother, unmarried, at home135 At Lake Linden, Schoolcraft Township, Houghton County (enumerated 7 June): all white BARKLE, Barth, male, 33, head, married, laborer, born Wisconsin parents born England BARKLE, Elizabeth, female, 25, wife, married, keep house, born Wisconsin parents born England BARKLE, Almer, male, 1, son, born Michigan parents born Wisconsin 136 At Franklin Township, Houghton County (enumerated 12 June): all white, all born England (sic) parents born England UREN, Samuel, male, 72, head, married, team jobbing UREN, Mary, female, 73, wife, married, keeping house GLASSON, Mary, female, 28, boarder, unmarried, without occupation PAULL, Charles, male, 25, boarder, unmarried, stamp mill laborer 137 And the Josiah PAULL family: At Houghton Village, Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 15 June): all white PAUL, Josiah, male, 49, head, married, tin smith, born England parents born England PAUL, Hanna, female, 44, wife, married, keeping house, born England parents born England PAUL, Henry T, male, 19, son, unmarried, tin smith, born Wisconsin parents born England THOMAS, Mary, female, 22 (?), servant, unmarried, servant, born Canada parents born England 138 At Houghton Village, Portage Township, Houghton County (enumerated 11 June): all white SHELDEN, Therasa, female, 62, head, widow, keeping house, born New York parents born Canada & Vermont SHELDEN, Carlos, male, 40, son, widower, foundry man, born Wisconsin
135 Dwelling 180 family 233 line 1, Page 29 SD 4 ED 10, NARA Film No T9-0581 Page 491A Entry 2300 Film 1254581, ancestry.com 136 Dwelling 5 family 5 line 32, Page 29 SD 4 ED 8, Page 578A, Reel 581, ancestry.com 137 Dwelling 193 family 230 line 32, Page 29 SD 4 ED 15, Page 370A, Reel 581, ancestry.com 138 Dwelling 331 family 334 line 4, Page 4 SD 4 ED 12, Reel 581, Page 455D, ancestry.com
- 63 - parents born New York SHELDEN, Bird G, male, 28, son, married, bookkeeper, born Michigan parents born New York SHELDEN, Cora A, female, 23, wife (ie of son), married, born Wisconsin parents born England SHELDON, Ransom P, male, 5, son (ie gs), born Michigan parents born Michigan & Wisconsin O’NEIL, Catherine, female, 22, servant, unmarried, servant, born Ireland parents born Ireland JONES, Robert, male, 23, servant, unmarried, servant, born Indiana parents born England SULLIVAN, Mary, female, 19, servant, unmarried, servant, born Michigan parents born Ireland 139 And the family of the late Jonathan PAULL: At New York Mine, Ishpeming, Marquette County (enumerated 15 June): all white, all b Wisconsin parents born England except as noted PAUL, Mary, female, 55, head, widow, keeping house, born England PAUL, Sarah A, female, 25, daughter, single, at home, heart disease PAUL, Mary E, female, 21, daughter, single, at home PAUL, Rosa, female, 19, daughter, single, dress making PAUL, John C, male, 14, son, at school 140 At Calumet, Houghton County (enumerated 22 June): all white, all born England parents born England EVANS, James, male, 45, head, married, miner and wife and seven children, and four boarders including PAULL, Thomas, male, 33, boarder, single, miner 141 At New York Mine, Ishpeming, Marquette County (enumerated 12 June): all white, all borne England parents born England except as noted BLAMEY, Joseph, male, 38, head, married, miner BLAMEY, Levania (sic), female, 33, wife, married, keeping house BLAMEY, William J, male, 2, son, born Michigan CURTLITT (?), William, male, 25, boarder, single, miner FARGEY (?), William, male, 27, boarder, single, miner 142 In addition, Thomas PAULL is listed in the agricultural census, at Clifton, Keweenaw County, enumerated on 9 June 1880: PAULL, Thomas, owner, 80 acres tilled, 40 acres permanent meadows or pastures or orchards or vineyards, 40 acres woodland and forest, 40 acres other unimproved (total 200 acres), farm value including land fences and buildings $1200, farming implements and machinery $100, live stock $370, no fences built or repaired in 1879, no fertilisers purchased in 1879, no farm labor wages paid in 1879, estimated value of all farm productions sold consumed or on
139 Dwelling 300 Family 301 Line 18, Page 40 SD 4 ED 12, Reel 581, Page 453D, ancestry.com 140 Dwelling 176 family 260 line 23, page 34B SD 4 Ed 22, reel 594 film 1254594 page 324B image 0110, ancestry.com 141 Dwelling 479 family 542 line 19, page 63 SD 4 ED 9, page 549C, reel 581, film 1254581 image 0774, ancestry.com 142 Dwelling 139 family 212 line 10, Page 28D SD 4 ED 22, reel 594 film 1254594 page 321D image 0104, ancestry.com
- 64 - hand for 1879 $800, 25 acres grass lands mown in 1879 , 35 acres grass lands not mown in 1879, 35 ton of hay harvested in 1879, 2 horses on hand at 1 June 1880, 2 working oxen, 1 milch cow, 1 other meat cattle on hand at 1 June 1880, 1 calf dropped in 1879, 1 slaughtered none sold or purchased or died, no milk sold, 150 pounds of butter made, no cheese made in 1879, no sheep, 3 swine on hand at 1 Jun 1880, poultry 14 on hand at 1 Jun 1880, 50 dozen eggs produced in 1879, 3 acres oats in 1879 with 95 bushels cropped, no other cereals, 3 acres Irish potatoes with 300 bushels cropped, no tobacco, no orchard, no nurseries, no vineyards, no market garden, no bees honey or wax, no forest products 143 One person in the family, Captain Joseph PAULL’s daughter, Elizabeth (born 1857), has not been found enumerated in this census. She was then still a single young woman, aged about 23 years, so perhaps she was also employed as a domestic servant, but omitted from her employer’s census return. Captain Joseph’s occupation – “wood, timber & c contractor” gives no indication of what the “c” could stand for, perhaps it is coal or copper. He probably employed his two teamster sons. Their young Irish domestic servant looked after the three of them at home. The GOTTSTEINs also employed a young Irish domestic servant. Determining which census schedules related to the two younger Joseph PAULLs (sons of each of Captain Joseph and his brother Thomas) was a little difficult, as they were listed with similar details. However, by careful consideration of location and occupation, the store clerk boarding with the NOBLE family at Hancock must be the Captain’s son, while the brakeman boarding with the MULLINS family at Lake Superior Mine, Ishpeming, must be the son of Thomas. Thomas’s two daughters, Ellen and Rebecca, must have performed housekeeping duties in his home at Clifton. His older daughter, Mary E, was a servant in the household of Matt van ORDEN (the brother of Captain Joseph’s clerk, William van ORDEN) at Houghton Village. Thomas junior was boarding with the JENNINGS family, also at Houghton Village. Daughters Margaret and Sarah were in service in households with address First Street, Red Jacket Village, Calumet. The agricultural census shows that Thomas PAULL had added to his farm property – in 1870 it was 40 acres, and in 1880 it was 200 acres. The greater detail in the latter return gives an excellent picture of the livestock and produce of the farm. Hay, butter, eggs, oats and potatoes were the main products. Since Thomas’s son Joseph was working as a brakeman at the Lake Superior Mine Location, Ishpeming, a brief description of that place’s history is necessary. The discovery of iron in the Marquette Iron District led to the settlement of Ishpeming. The earliest iron mining companies commenced operation in the mid 1840s. Mining in the area developed during the 1850s, and a new city was created in 1869. By 1873, the population was 6,000. Ishpeming was the terminus of the Chicago & North- Western Railroad. This company had large machine and repair shops. Communication with the copper region was via the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad. The Detroit, Marquette & Mackinac Railroad also had its terminus at Marquette. 144 A brakeman is a rail transport worker whose job was to assist the braking of a train by applying brakes on individual wagons. During the early days of railroading, one of the deadliest jobs in America was that of brakeman,
143 Page 2, SD 4 ED 5, line 1, US Selected Federal Census Non-Population Schedules 1850-1880, ancestry.com 144 http://www.mifamilyhistory.org/marquette/1883history/pages436-444.aspx
- 65 - where the work was carried out from the top of moving trains in all weather. 145 Joseph PAULL later advanced his career, becoming an engineer by 1884 and an electrician later. Some of the children of the late David PAULL had also started to venture forth. His son Joseph was a teamster, and two brothers living with him were a miner and a labourer. Son-in-law Bartholomew BARKELL was also labouring, and son Charles was developing his career in the stamp mills attached to the local mines. The late Jonathan PAULL’s family were settled in Ishpeming, Marquette County, with address “New York Mine”. This iron mine was opened in 1864 by the New York Iron Company, and was located on the east side of the town of Ishpeming. However, son Thomas PAULL was probably the miner of that name enumerated at Calumet, Houghton County.
Figure 32 Captain Joseph PAULL on the 1880 census
Figure 33 The GOTTSTEIN family on the 1880 census
Figure 34 The SMYTH family on the 1880 census
Figure 35 Joseph R PAULL (son of Capt Joseph) on the 1880 census
145 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakeman
- 66 -
Figure 36 Thomas PAULL on the 1880 census
Figure 37 Mary E PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census
Figure 38 Thomas PAULL (son of Thomas) on the 1880 census
Figure 39 Joseph PAULL (son of Thomas) on the 1880 census
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Figure 40 Margaret PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census
Figure 41 Sarah PAULL (dau of Thomas) on the 1880 census
Figure 42 The family of the late David PAULL on the 1880 census
Figure 43 The BARKELL family on the 1880 census
Figure 44 Charles PAULL (son of David) on the 1880 census
Figure 45 The Josiah PAULL family on the 1880 census
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Figure 46 The SHELDEN family on the 1880 census
Figure 47 The Mary Knuckey PAULL family on the 1880 census
Figure 48 Thomas PAULL (son of the late Jonathan) on the 1880 census
Figure 49 The BLAMEY family on the 1880 census
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Figure 50 Thomas PAULL’s farm on the 1880 agricultural census The Early 1880s Family events that occurred in 1880 and 1881 included: Table 11 PAULL family events 1880 to 1882 Date Place Event Name Details 1880.07.01 Central Mine Promotion Charles Promoted to PAULL foreman copper dresser 146 1880.08.26 Hancock, Marriage Charles To Rose Houghton PAULL BERRYMAN
146 http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/historyofup1883-5.html#CENTRAL
- 70 - Date Place Event Name Details 1880.08.30 Calumet, Birth Aletta Joseph and Houghton PAULL Catherine (Aletta died the next day) 1880.09.27 Portage, Birth Thomas Peter and Houghton GOTTSTEIN Mary Hannah 1881.05.10 Negaunee, Birth Mary E Joseph and Marquette “May” Lavinia BLAMEY 1881.07.16 Houghton, Marriage Elizabeth To Herman F Houghton PAULL (dau HEYN of Capt Joseph) 1881.10.14 Calumet, Birth Cora E Joseph and Houghton PAULL Catherine 1881.11 Birth Ernest R John and about PAULL Linnie 1881 Birth Howard Bartholomew BARKELL and Elizabeth 1882.02.12 Birth Thomas Paull David and SMYTH Sarah Hannah 1882.08.14 Ishpeming, Birth Howard A Herman and Marquette HEYN Elizabeth 1882 Birth Alferetta Charles and PAULL Rose 1883.06.26 Portage, Death Robert Son of Peter Houghton GOTTSTEIN and Mary Hannah, 8 years, drowned
The 1883 History of the Upper Peninsula In 1883, the Western Historical Company of Chicago published a comprehensive work on the Upper Peninsula. 147 The man behind the company was Captain Alfred T ANDREAS, book publisher and historian. He set up the company after the Civil War. 148 A digitised version of his book on the Upper Peninsula can be downloaded. 149 The title page of the 549-page work reads “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan containing a full account of its early settlement, its growth,
147 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883. 148 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_T._Andreas 149 http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wch/id/53088
- 71 - development and resources, an extended description of its iron and copper mines, also, accurate sketches of its counties, cities, towns and villages, their improvements, industries, manufactories, biographical sketches, portraits of prominent men and early settlers, views of count seats etc, illustrated, Chicago, The Western Historical Company. A T ANDREAS, Proprietor. 1883.” He begins with general chapters on geology, the Indians, early exploration and settlement, military history, copper mining, early navigation of Lake Superior, political and organic history, the great industries, the railroad system, religion, statistics and miscellaneous topics. He then gives histories for each of the counties, including Houghton (page 250), Keweenaw (page 323), and Marquette (page 379). Each county has subheadings and biographical sketches for each of the principal places. The biographical sketches were provided by and checked by locals, and sometimes include portrait illustrations. The following is a list of the biographical sketches relating to the PAULL family and associates: Houghton p 276 p 279, Peter R GOTTSTEIN p 281, Richard M HOAR, merchant p 285, Carlos D SHELDEN p 285, George C SHELDEN p 285, Ransom B SHELDEN p 285, Ransom SHELDEN (deceased) p 286, M Van ORDEN Red Jacket p 308, Richard J BURGE, proprietor of the Commercial House (hotel) Franklin Township p 317, Capt Joseph PAULL Adams Township p 319, William J EVANS (worked with Capt Jos PAULL) p 320, William TONKIN (worked with Capt Jos PAULL) Keweenaw p 323 p 340, Capt John H GATISS p 340, Samuel W HILL Central p 343, Charles PAULL Phoenix p 344, D D BROCKWAY Extracts for PAULL and GOTTSTEIN are presented below: CAPT JOSEPH PAULL, wood contractor for the Franklin Mine, P O Hancock, was born in Cornwall, England, in December 1822. He was brought up a miner, and came to America in 1844; spent a year in the lead mines of Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1845, he came to Lake Superior and engaged with the Boston Copper Mining Company. Two years later, he went to Pennsylvania, and was employed at the Great Western Iron Works till 1849;
- 72 - he then returned to Lake Superior in May of that year and engaged with the Northwest Mining Company, now the Delaware; was in charge of that mine one and a half years. From there, he went to the North American Mine as agent, and served in that capacity seven years. In 1858, he took charge of the Garden City Mine, and remained there two years. He then engaged in mercantile business, near the Cliff Mine, till February 1869. For an interval of a few years following, he was not in active business. In 1876, he engaged with the Franklin Mining Company, and has been connected with this company since. At this writing, Capt Jos PAULL is the wood and timber contractor; he was married at the Northwest Mine, in the spring of 1850, to Miss Mary H Richards. This wedding was about the earliest known in this region. Nine children were born to them, of whom six are living – Mary H, Joseph, Sarah H, Elizabeth, William and Thomas. The eldest, Mary H, is the wife of Peter R Gottstein, of Houghton. Sarah is the wife of David C Smyth, of Minnesota, Elizabeth is Mrs Herman Heyn, of Ishpeming. Mr Paull has never been an aspirant for office, but has served in various local offices. 150 P R GOTTSTEIN, manufacturer of mining candles; business established in 1865. Mr Gottstein was born in the Dukedom of Baden, Germany, March 4, 1838. He is the son of Peter and Mary Gottstein. He came to America in May, 1850, and spent the first year in Cleveland, Ohio. In the fall of 1851, he came to Lake Superior, landing at Eagle Harbor in October of that year. He was first employed as a copper washer in the Cliff Mine, and subsequently in the North American Mine in the same capacity. In 1854, he went to Ontonagon, where he was employed as merchant’s clerk till 1860. He then came to Houghton and started a paint shop, which he conducted till October, 1862, when he enlisted in the Michigan Lancers. His regiment was disbanded by order of the War Department before being actively engaged. He next employed as merchant’s clerk at Detroit till 1861, when he returned to Houghton and was in charge of John Hoar & Bros’ store. In June, 1865, he established his present business. He was also engaged in mining, operating the North American, Concord and Victoria Mines on lease. He was married at the Phoenix Mine, October 2, 1869, to Miss Mary Anna Paull, daughter of Capt Joseph Paull. Mrs Gottstein was born at the Northwest Mine, Keweenaw County. They have five children – May, Freddie (died aged one year), Paul, Robert, Lizzie and Thomas. 151 CHARLES PAULL, foreman copper dresser of the Central Mine, was born in Dodgeville, Iowa Co, Wis, September 5, 1856. In 1863, he came to Lake Superior and made his home at Copper Falls. In 1869, he began work with the Schoolcraft Mining Company, as copper washer. He spent three years in the mills of that company. He was next employed nearly a year as copper dresser at the Phoenix Stamp Mills. From there he went to the Franklin Mills, where he spent five years as copper dresser. From there he came to the Central Mine, and has been foreman copper dresser at these works since July 1, 1880. 152
150 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - "History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 317. 151 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore – “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 280. 152 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore – “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 343.
- 73 - Josiah PAULL also receives a brief mention: A list of the present village administration closes the sketch of Houghton. The following are its present officers - ... Trustees... Josiah PAULL... 153 Also, in relation to Calumet, the following note is made: The Methodist Episcopal Church... The present officers are: Trustees... Joseph PAULL... 154 It is unclear to which Joseph PAULL this relates, although likely to be son of Thomas PAULL and Margaret BEAMISH. On 11 October 1883, a brief item appeared in the Portage Lake Mining Gazette regarding Thomas PAULL: “NEWS ITEM- For 25 years Tom PAULL has resided on a farm near the Manhattan mine, 5 miles this side of Eagle River, Keweenaw County. He tried farming; mining for copper; operating a hotel but none of these worked out. He moved to Calumet finally and has 4 sons working at the Calumet and Hecla mine.” 155
The 1883 Death of Captain Joseph PAULL Captain Joseph PAULL died shortly before Christmas 1883 at Portage Township, Houghton County, aged 61 years. The death register gives the following details: Record Number – 174 Date of Death – Nov 26, 1883 Name – Joseph PAUL (sic) Sex – male Race – white Marital status – widower Age – 63 years Place of death – Portage Township Cause of death – kidney disease Birthplace – England Occupation – none Parents – unknown Date of record – June 16th, 1884 156
Figure 51 The 1883 Death Record for Joseph PAULL
153 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore – “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883, p 276. 154 ANDREAS, Alfred Theodore - “History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan”, The Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1883 p 301. 155 Portage Lake Mining Gazette , 11 October 1883, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/news/mg1883_1.txt . 156 Michigan Deaths 1867-1897, images 213-214 of 1507, p 276 rn 174, film 2363672, dfn 004207810, familysearch.org; also Michigan Deaths and Burials Index 1867-1995, ancestry.com and Michigan Death Records 1867-1950, ancestry.com
- 74 - His remains were interred at Forest Hill Cemetery, Houghton; however, the headstone gives the date of death as December 14, 1883, and the age as 61 years. The date on the death record does not match the date on the headstone, whereas the age is correct on the headstone and incorrect on the death record. The death register might be in error as to the date of death, as immediately above the row for Joseph’s entry is another death recorded as 26 November. Perhaps the County Clerk made an error when copying records for his return dated 16 June 1884.
Figure 52 Headstone of Capt Joseph PAULL, 1883, Forest Hill Cemetery, Houghton 157 Family events that occurred in 1883 and 1884 included: Table 12 PAULL family events 1883 to 1884 Date Place Event Name Details 1884.05.01 Hand, South Birth Mary May John and Dakota PAULL Linnie 1884.07.09 Quincy, Birth Fannie Thomas and Franklin, PAULL Elizabeth Houghton 1884.07.26 Calumet, Marriage Margaret To Peter R Houghton PAULL EBER
157 findagrave.com memorial ID 166600184, photo by Walter M Sands, 7 July 2016. Curiously, the headstone gives the date of death as 14 December 1883, but records clearly state 26 Nov 1883.
- 75 - Date Place Event Name Details 1884.07.31 Minnesota Birth Robert David and Ellsworth Sarah Hannah SMYTH 1884.10.25 Calumet, Marriage Joseph To Elizabeth Houghton PAULL (son A “Lizzie” of Thomas) GLASSON 1884 Calumet, Birth Eldred Joseph and Houghton PAULL Catherine
About 1883, Thomas PAULL’s son Ralph moved from the old PAULL farm in Keweenaw to Red Jacket, and was employed as railroad engineer at the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company. 158
The 1885 Death of Thomas PAULL Thomas PAULL died at the end of March 1885 at Calumet, Houghton, aged 60 years. The death register gives the following details: Record Number – 178 Date of Death – March 26, 1885 Name – Thomas PAULL Sex – male Race – white Marital status – widower Age – 62 years Place of death – Calumet Cause of death – softening of the brain Birthplace – England Occupation – farmer Parents – Joseph & Mary PAULL, deceased Date of record - June 12th, 1886 159
Figure 53 The 1885 Death Record for Thomas PAULL His remains were interred at Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw. Here too, there are record discrepancies. The death register gives the date of death as 26 March, whereas the headstone states 25 March. The register incorrectly records the age as 62 years, but the headstone correctly shows 60 years.
158 Daily Mining Gazette, 18 (sic - probably should be 19th Aug 1920, http://www.mfhn.com/houghton/rosscoll/rossobits/rossobits-o-p.txt ; Iron Ore, 21 Aug 1920, transcribed by Jan Neuman, email received 27 April 2011. 159 Michigan Death Records 1867-1950, ancestry.com
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Figure 54 The headstone for Thomas PAULL, 1885, Evergreen Cemetery, Eagle River, Keweenaw 160 Later Events The PAULL family continued to expand in Michigan after 1885. Some branches remained in the state, while others migrated elsewhere. The loss of the 1890 Federal census leaves a gap in the available records of the period, and by 1900, the number of PAULL family households had increased dramatically. Some of Captain Joseph PAULL’s progeny continued to be involved in the mining industry in Michigan. Peter GOTTSTEIN died in Houghton in 1892 and his wife Mary Hannah died in 1907 at Ishpeming. Their daughter Mary “May” was married in 1893 at Houghton to Richard M EDWARDS, superintendent of the Isle Royale Copper Company. He was a son of Thomas W EDWARDS, mine owner and immigrant from Devonshire, England, and grandson of Richard EDWARDS who had been in charge of the Albion and Manhattan mines in Keweenaw. Richard M EDWARDS was professor of mining at the Houghton College of Mines until 1889. He was later mining engineer for the Tamarack Mining Company. Mary Hannah’s sister, Sarah Hannah SMYTH and family moved to Minnesota and then to the west coast. Their brother, Joseph R PAULL, died at Atlantic, Adams, Houghton County in 1921 after a successful career managing mercantile businesses. Sister Elizabeth HEYN and family moved to California after 1910, while brother William PAULL moved to Montana where he married. Brother Thomas Hart PAULL remained in Michigan. He served on a coroner’s jury in 1905 to look into the accidental death of a miner at the Franklin Jr mine. One of his sons was a machinist with the Quincy Mining Company.
160 Findagrave memorial ID 14454464, photo by Dale Safford, 8 September 2008.
- 77 - Thomas PAULL’s family also grew. His son Thomas, who was a butcher, moved to Chicago, Illinois after 1910. Son Joseph H PAULL had a career as engineer and electrician at Houghton, and he died at Laurium in 1910. One of his sons married into the WAARA family (notable early pioneers in the Upper Peninsula). Sarah PAULL married William Coulson WATSON, who was surface captain at the Osceola Consolidated Mining Company. Son Ralph PAULL followed a career as locomotive and railroad engineer with the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company and died unmarried in 1920 in hospital at Ishpeming. Grace STEPHENS nee PAULL and her husband both died in Cornwall in the 1890s. Their daughter married Thomas Davey EVA in Cornwall in 1874. Thomas Davey EVA immigrated to Franklin, Houghton, probably prior to 1891, and his wife and family followed in 1903, to settle at Laurium. David PAULL’s widow, Mary Ann, died at Lake Linden in 1913. Her son John became a Methodist Episcopal minister and moved to Chicago. Son Joseph A PAULL settled on the west coast, while daughter Elizabeth BARKELL and family moved to Ontario, Canada. Charles PAULL died late in 1885 at Central, Keweenaw at the young age of 29 years, due to typhoid fever. He had a promising career as foreman copper dresser at the Central Mine. Son William moved to Iowa State. Josiah PAULL moved to California where he died in 1893. His daughter Cordelia Ann “Cora” had married Ransom Bird SHELDON, as noted above, and they also moved to California, where Ransom became a large fruit producer at Riverside. Josiah’s son, Harry PAULL also moved to California, and died at Los Angeles in 1932. Jonathan PAULL’s widow, Mary, died at Michigamme in 1901 and was buried at Ishpeming. Her son Thomas became a shift boss in the iron mines of Ishpeming, and died unmarried in Minnesota in 1912. Jonathan’s daughter Lavinia married Cornish immigrant Joseph BLAMEY, who worked in the mines at Ishpeming. Jonathan’s daughter, Rosina, married at Ishpeming in 1890 to Joseph ROSKILLY, a captain in the iron mines. He became superintendent of an iron mine in Minnesota later.
Conclusion The foregoing evidence amply demonstrates the contribution of the PAULL family to the development of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula from the early 1840s. The multiple migrations of various branches of this Cornish mining family, in frontier pioneering days, led to extensive involvement in both the copper and iron mining districts. The able mining men in the family were involved in mine exploration, speculation, management and supervision. They held responsible positions as mine agents, supervisors and contractors, including at underground mines, in surface management and at stamp mills, at the most important early mines and at the largest mines that developed later. They were also proprietors of important businesses servicing mines and mine communities, including mine supplies, lumber, candles, soap, paint, and boarding house accommodation. Their mercantile interests, wholesale and retail, included general supplies, liquor, butchery, kitchen furniture, and tin smithing. In farming, their chief produce supplied to the local community included hay, butter, eggs, oats and potatoes. Some family members also contributed to railroad and engineering developments. There is evidence of enthusiastic support of local education, in boarding and encouraging local teachers, such as Henry Hobart, and in adult and technical education in relation to the Houghton College of Mines. Other
- 78 - community activities included postal services, involvement on local councils and in religious circles. The dangers of frontier living are also evident in the untimely deaths of several family members (notably due to typhoid fever). The young women of the family also made their contribution in domestic service for family friends and business associates. Not to be forgotten are the extraordinary efforts of the women in raising their families in very challenging frontier communities in a remote and rugged territory. The PAULL family enjoyed a thriving social life with strong friendships and business association with other important local pioneer families, including the names BROCKWAY, EDWARDS, HOAR, SHELDEN, CRAWFORD, SATTERLEE, BURGE, EVANS, TONKIN, GATTIS, and HILL, even extending to more formal organisation with involvement in local friendly societies such as the IOOF. It is hoped that a small gap in the available literature on the history of the Upper Peninsula has thus been filled.
Some Websites USA MI Keweenaw County Mines http://www.mfhn.com/keweenaw/history/mines1843.html USA MI Keweenaw Houghton-Keweenaw Genealogical Society http://www.hkcgs.org/index.html USA MI Keweenaw Keweenaw County Historical Society http://keweenawhistory.org/ USA MI Keweenaw Houghton Township http://houghtontwp.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Township,_Michigan USA MI Map of Michigan Municipalities Upper Peninsula http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mcd-city-vill_up_20150_7.pdf USA MI List of Counties in Michigan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan USA MI Interactive Map of Michigan County Formation History and Old Antique Atlases & Maps of Michigan https://www.mapofus.org/michigan/ USA MI Michigan Copper Mines http://miningartifacts.homestead.com/Michigan-Copper-Mines.html USA WI List of Counties in Wisconsin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Wisconsin USA WI Iowa County History http://www.archive.org/details/historyofiowacou00chic USA PA Armstrong County, Brady’s Bend http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=913 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady%27s_Bend,_Pennsylvania http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleach_Burritt http://www.pa-roots.com/armstrong/beersproject/history/chapter38.html
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