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Climate Change and African Forest and Wildlife Resources CLIMATE CHANGE AND AFRICAN FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES The AFRICAN FOREST FORUM – a platform for stakeholders in African Forestry Emmanuel Chidumayo, David Okali, Godwin Kowero, Mahamane Larwanou Editors Copyright © African Forest Forum 2011. All rights reserved. African Forest Forum P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, KENYA Tel: +254 20 722 4203 Fax: +254 20 722 4001 www.afforum.org Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the African Forest Forum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the African Forest Forum. Correct citation Chidumayo, E., Okali, D., Kowero, G. and Larwanou, M. (eds.). 2011. Climate change and African forest and wildlife resources. African Forest Forum, Nairobi, Kenya. Printed in Gävle, Sweden, in 2011. ISBN 978-92-9059-296-9 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AFRICAN FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES Emmanuel Chidumayo, David Okali, Godwin Kowero, Mahamane Larwanou Editors CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 7 CONTRIBUTORS .......................................................................................................................... 8 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction CHAPTER 1: Climate change and African forests and tree resources: the stakes are enormous ....................................................................................................... 12 Godwin Kowero Section 1: Climate change: global and African context introduction ........................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 2: Climate change processes and impacts ...................................................... 18 Alfred Opere, Daniel Olago, Emmanuel Chidumayo, Balgis Osman-Elasha CHAPTER 3: Adaption to and mitigation of climate change in forestry ......................... 34 Mahamane Larwanou, Balgis Osman-Elasha, Godwin Kowero CHAPTER 4: Forests in international arrangements on climate change: the African experience and perspective ........................................................................... 47 Macarthy Oyebo Section 2: Climate change and African forests INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 5: Climate change and African moist forests .................................................... 68 David Okali CHAPTER 6: Climate change and the woodlands of Africa ............................................ 85 Emmanuel Chidumayo CHAPTER 7: Climate change in the West African Sahel and savannas: impacts on woodlands and tree resources ...................................................................... 102 Mahamane Larwanou 4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AFRICAN FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES Section 3: Climate change and African wildlife INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................121 CHAPTER 8: Climate change and wildlife resources in West and Central Africa ........ 123 Paul Donfack CHAPTER 9: Climate change and wildlife resources in East and southern Africa ....... 135 Emmanuel Chidumayo CHAPTER 10: Responding to climate change in the wildlife sector: monitoring, reporting and institutional arrangements .....................................................151 Emmauel Chidumayo, Paul Donfack Section 4: Socio-economic and policy considerations INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 159 CHAPTER 11: Community-based adaption to climate change in Africa: a typology of information and institutional requirements for promoting uptake of existing adaption technologies .........................................................................161 Thomas Yatich, Brent Swallow, Oluyede Ajayi, Peter Minang, Jaffer Wakhayanga CHAPTER 12: Socio-economic and gender related aspects of climate change in Africa ...................................................................................................................................176 Balgis Osman-Elasha, Emmanuel Chidumayo, Paul Donfack CHAPTER 13: African forests and trees in the global carbon market ............................ 192 Willy Makundi CHAPTER 14: Climate change in African forestry; the broader policy context ............214 Godwin Kowero, Yonas Yemshaw Section 5: Key observations CHAPTER 15: Some key observations and issues on climate change and African forest and wildlife resources ................................................................................................ 232 Godwin Kowero, David Okali, Emmanuel Chidumayo, Mahamane Larwanou ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................ 245 5 6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AFRICAN FORESTS AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A lot of people and institutions helped in various ways in the process of writing this book. While it is not possible to acknowledge each individually, the editors wish to recognize at least the contributions made by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) that financed the work that supported writing this book, together with its production. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) also financed, together with Sida, two workshops at which some of the issues raised in the book were discussed. We also wish to thank participants in the workshops that were held in Nairobi, Kenya (November 18–20, 2009), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo (February 20–21, 2010) and Bamako, Mali (October 28–29, 2010) for their very useful feedback that helped in shaping the book chapters. We also thank several staff at the Royal Swedish Academy for Agriculture and Forestry (KSLA) for their support, and specifically to Ms. Ylva Nordin for careful editing of the manuscript and produc- tion of the book. The opinions expressed in this book are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Sida, FAO, KSLA and the African Forest Forum. 7 contRIBUtoRS Alfred Opere. Senior Lecturer, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, G.P.O, Nairobi. Kenya. Balgis Osman-Elasha. Climate Change Adaptation Expert, African Development Bank, P.O.Box 323-1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia. Brent Swallow. University of Alberta, 632 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G1, Canada Daniel Olago. Senior Lecturer, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, G.P.O, Nairobi. Kenya. David Okali. Emeritus Professor, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Emmanuel Chidumayo. Ecologist/Manager, Makeni Savanna Research Project, P.O. Box 50323, Ridgeway, Zambia. Godwin Kowero. Executive Secretary, African Forest Forum, United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Jaffer Wakhayanga. Chairperson, Kenya Alliance for Rural Empowerment, P.O. Box 3394, Kisumu, Kenya. Macarthy Oyebo. Chairperson, Governing Council of African Forest Forum, No. 3 Daniel Arap Moi Close, Off Maitama Sule Street, Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria. Mahamane Larwanou. Senior Program Officer, African Forest Forum, United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Oluyede Ajayi. Senior Scientist, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30798, Lilongwe 3, Malawi. Paul Donfack. Coordinator, Nature Information Tracks, BP 31 205 Yaoundé, Cameroon. Peter Minang. Global Coordinator ASB, World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Willy Makundi. Environmental Management Consultant, P.O. Box 974, Moshi, Tanzania. Yatich Thomas. Environment and Community Development, Social Affairs and Environment Section, Delegation of the European Union to Kenya, P.O. Box 45119-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Yonas Yemshaw. Senior Program Officer, African Forest Forum, United Nations Avenue. P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 8 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AFRICAN FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES PREFace Climate and ecosystems are mutually impacting on each other and this has been recognized in various African eco-zones. And more recently climate change has become the topical issue in forestry and other circles. Climate change and forests are related in functional and structural ways. Carbon sequestration increases in growing forests, a process that positively influences the level of green house gases in the atmosphere, which, in turn, may reduce global warming. In other words, the forests, by regulating the carbon cycle, play vital roles in climatic change and variability. Climate, on the other hand, affects the function and structure of forests. Understanding this vital relation is critical in developing appropriate policies and technology options that can contain the adverse effects of climate change and variability. In Africa, much as the forestry sector joined the debate on climate change fairly late, significant achievements for the sector have been made. These debates have succeeded in profiling the sector at all
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