The Dynamics of Household Livelihood Transformation in the Gold Ring Circle Bombana Regency

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 The Dynamics Of Household Livelihood Transformation In The Gold Ring Circle Bombana Regency

Irfan Ido, Usman Rianse, R. Marsuki Iswandi, Bahtiar

Abstract: This research was conducted to analyze the dynamics of the livelihood change of the head of the gold mine circumference in Bombana County. This research was conducted in North Rarowatu district of Bombana District with consideration is the center of mining Activities area managed by the community and by private companies. The population of this research is all households in North Rarowatu district totalling 1,716 households and research samples amounting to 325 households. The analysis of the data used is percentage and descriptive analysis. The results showed that: a) the management of gold mining by the public encouraged the change of livelihoods of 40 households from the agriculture and non-agricultural sectors to the gold mining sector caused by of land conversion and the attractiveness of mining sector revenues. And there are 284 households who do not change their livelihoods because they do not want to risk and do not have the skills to mine gold, b) management of gold mining business by private companies encourages the occurrence of 35 livelihood changes of household heads from gold mining sector returned to agriculture and non-agricultural sectors caused by limited access from private mining companies. And there are 5 heads of households who can work in gold mining owned by private companies.

Index Terms: Livelihood, Household, Ring Circle, Gold, Bombana Regency ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION Research aims at analyzing the dynamics of the livelihood Regional economic development is a process whereby local change of household head of the gold mine circumference governments and their communities manage existing before mining activities, gold mining is managed by the resources and form a pattern of partnership between the local community and gold mining managed by private companies. government and the private sector to create a new employment and Stimulate economic growth in the region 2. LITERATURE REVIEW (Arsyad, 1999). Some economic development efforts to According to Mosher (1966), agriculture in the broad sense encourage labor absorption include the management of (agriculture) is a distinctive form of production, which is based agricultural resources and mining resources. Indonesia is a on the growth process of plants and animals. Farmers developing country that at the beginning of its economic manage and stimulate the growth of plants and animals in an development has a high dependence and is oriented to the agricultural business, where production activities are agricultural sector (Todaro, 2006). Bombana Regency is part business, so spending and revenue are very important of Southeast Sulawesi province and is a regency formed from meaning. While agriculture in the narrow sense (agronomy) the results of the expansion of Buton District on 18 December is the study of the application of science of land management 2003 based on LAW No. 29 year 2003. Bombana District and crop production (Kipps, 1970). The agricultural sector is administratively consists of 22 sub-districts, one of which is intended to be agricultural people, plantations, forestry, Rarowatu Utara Sub-district. The agricultural sector is a base livestock, and fisheries where the villagers depend on fulfilling sector that contributes supreme to the region's economy. their life needs (Mubyarto, 1995). According to Law No. 4 of This means that the agricultural sector is the livelihood space 2009 on Mineral and coal mining are part or all of the and the focus of community life. In addition, the continuity of activities in the framework of the research, management and people's life in Bombana Regency can also be supported by administration of minerals or coal which include general the availability of natural resources both biotic and abiotic investigation, exploration, study Construction, mining, which can be utilized to meet the needs and welfare of the processing and purification, transport and sales, and post- community. Gold minerals are one type of natural resources production activities. The change of livelihood or (abiotic) that can be utilized to fulfill the needs, welfare and transformation of the job is a shift or change in the sustainability of the community in Bombana Regency. The fundamental work that man committed to the life and gold minerals in Bombana County are categorized as resources available for improved living standards. This secondary gold deposits or on a 26.5-ton reserve estimate change of livelihoods is characterized by a change in public and concentrated in ancient river deposits which are usually orientation about livelihoods. Changes in the orientation of at relatively shallow depths (3-6 meters) (Kisman, 2011; livelihoods are interpreted as a change in community thinking Zulkarnain, 2010). The dynamics of the existence and that will determine and influence its actions in the days management of gold mines in Bombana district of course despite the determination of the symptoms of a symptom of directly impacts on the social change of gold mine the shift or change has occurred in the Reality in society circumference households, one of which has changed the (Fajar Hatma, 2003). Individuals in determining a choice of structure of the livelihood system (Soerjono Soekanto 2006). livelihood will choose one among rational alternatives that The gold mine circumference in Bombana District is located can provide the maximum usability for themselves as in North Rarowatu district. The change in household determined by the motivation related to wages and risk livelihoods in research is defined as a change in the head of differences Each livelihood (Becker, 1986; Davis, 2003). the household that will determine and influence the action, Changes in livelihoods due to internal factors, external, or a from the livelihood before and after the gold mining activities. combination of the two, such as: income level, ownership and

626 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 land area, as well as job opportunities (Khaafidh and Village, Hukaea Village, and Wumbubangka village which is a Poerwono, 2013: Haris Prabowo, 2011; Davis, 2003). non coastal area. Furthermore, the main livelihood as farmer pond of 52 people or 16.00 percent and fishermen livelihoods 3. METHOD of 41 people or 12.62 percent spread over coastal areas his research was conducted in North Rarowatu subdistrict of include: Tunas Baru village, Lantowua Village, Watumentade Bombana Regency. The determination of the research site is village and Tembe village. The dominant livelihood of done purposive sampling in consideration that in Sub district household head in the agriculture sector showed that Rarowatu Utara is the center of mining activities that are sociological households in North Rarowatu district before the managed by the community and by private companies. The existence of gold mining were agricultural households instead population of this research is all households in North of miners. The overview of livelihood domination in the Rarowatu district, amounting to 1,716 households. The agricultural sector shows North Rarowatu district including sampling was done by stratified random sampling method rural areas where the community relies heavily on agriculture using the formula Slovin with a precision of 95 percent in fulfilling its life needs (Pujiastuti, 2009). In the non- (Rianse and Abdi, 2009), resulting in research samples of agricultural sector, there are 57 people or 17.54 percent who 325 households type and data collection techniques are as work in the dominant work as a trader and entrepreneur Following points: (1). Primary data is data obtained from (12.00 percent) spread in the Marga Jaya village, Tembe research objects using data collection techniques through live village and Aneka Marga village. Aneka Marga village which interviews with the head of the household to which the is the capital of North Rarowatu District respondent, (2). Secondary data is data obtained not from objects Research using data collection techniques through 4.2. Gold Mining is managed by the Society literature techniques sourced from institutions, books and People's mining is an activity that consists of the use of other scientific literature. The analysis method used is a adequate tools to extract mineral resources (Hentschel et al., descriptive percentage analysis. The results of research and 2002; Banchirigah and Hilson, 2010). Gold mining by the analysis of data are presented in the form of drawings and public from September 2008 to March 17, 2009. The appeal tables. of the gold mining economy encouraged tens of thousands of local residents and migrants to manage gold mines after 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION obtaining a mining Entry Permit card (KIMP) from Bombana Livelihoods are the whole activity to exploit and utilize County Government (Bolay, 2014; Reuters, 2015; Dillon et resources in physical, social and cultural environments that al., 2012). There are a total of 63,800 registered people have materialize as production, distribution and consumption KIMP as a gold miner. Of these, 23,930 people were miners activities. This research will discuss about the dynamics of from Bombana Regency, 35,896 miners from south East the livelihood changes in household head due to gold mining Sulawesi Province, and 4,034 were miners from outside of when managed by the community and when managed by southeast Sulawesi province. The KIMP fee charged to the private companies. community miners varies, the cost of miners from Bombana amounted to Rp. 300.000, miners from south East Sulawesi 4.1. Before Gold Mining IDR. 500.000 and miners from outside South East Sulawesi Before the gold mining activities in North Rarowatu Sub- amounting to Rp. 750.000. After having a KIMP, the miners district, the main livelihood of the household head in the gold People are also charged to pay the mining retribution every mining circumference region is dominant in the agriculture month for 6 months with magnitudes also varied. Bombana sector. There are 268 people or 82.46 percent working in the miners pay Rp. 100,000 every month, while miners from agriculture sector, while 57 people or 17.54 percent work in outside Bombana amounting to Rp. 300.000 per month. non-agricultural sectors.

Table 4.1 Livelihhod at Before Mining Activity

Before Mining Activity Main Livelihood Person Persen Agriculture 268 82,46 Farmers 154 47,38 Paddy Rice Farmers 20 6,15 Fish farmers 52 16,00 Fisherman 41 12,62 Breeder 1 0,31 Non Agriculture 57 17,54 Trader 22 6,77 Figure 1. Mine Entry Permit Card (KIMP) Entrepreneur 17 5,23 Driver 4 1,23 Source: LIPI Team Docs Labor 3 0,92 Others 11 3,38 Gold mining in Rarowatu North Sub-district is carried out on Non Gold Mining 325 100,00 Gold Mining - - the river basin because the gold deposits (placer) There are Source: Results of Data Analysis, 2019 many around the river and the gold management requires river water. Suparyanto (2010) stated that the location of gold In the agriculture sector, the dominant main livelihood is the mining is located in the former transmigration site of farmer, where there are 154 people or 47.38 percent of the residential units (SP) 8 and SP 9 which is overall located at farmers scattered in Marga Jaya village, Aneka Marga the Wuku-Wuku river basin and belongs to the

Wumbubangka sub-district. The mining technique used by Figure 4. Typology: Spraying Technique the community is the surface mining which includes 3 (three) Source: Bombana Regency Environmental Agency, 2009 typologies (Augustine, 2010). Firstly, mining and gold turnover will be done by individuals by means of artisanal The existence of gold mining by the community implicates the using a dulang made of wood and a frying pan made of changes in the main livelihood of the household head of 40 metal. The artisanal performed on a river body (Fig. 2). people or 12.31 percent of agriculture and non-agricultural sectors to the mining sector. Agricultural sector livelihoods are changing more than non-farms. Changes in the livelihoods of the head of the household can be said to be a rational choice with the motivation of the appeal of greater income levels and reduced/loss of agricultural land (Becker, 1986; Revelation, 2007; Khaafidh and Poerwono, 2013: Haris Prabowo, 2011; Davis, 2003). Changes in the livelihood of the household head of agricultural households as much as 36 people or 9.85 percent and non-agricultural households are only 9 people or 2.77 percent. The change in agricultural sector livelihoods is dominated by the livelihoods of farmers as many as 15 people or 4.62 percent are caused by the view Figure 2.Typology: Panning Technique that the gold mine for farmers is an opportunity to achieve a better livelihood, where Can provide an income that is far Source: Bombana Regency Environmental Agency, 2009 from food outcomes (Cartier and Burge, 2011; Soemarwoto Second, mining is done by the group (3-5 people) by digging and Ellen, 2009, Zulkifli, 2013). Changes in the livelihoods of the form of wells/trench and gold turnover with the mini non-agricultural heads of households are dominated by Sluicebox and the alignment with the equipment used are entrepreneurs of 5 people or 1.54 percent. The change of hoe, crowbar and shovel as a digging tool. Mini sluiceboxes livelihood to gold mining was 40 people or 12.3 percent), and and Dulang are made of wood and wok made of metal. The 1 person changed from Labour to farmer. make-up of the river, a paritan on the riverbank to acquire mini sluicebox and gold panning bait (Fig. 3) Table 4.2 Livelihood at Gold Mining is managed by Society Mining by Society Main Livelihood Person Persen Agriculture 236 72,62 Farmers 139 42,77 Paddy Rice Farmers 19 5,85 Fish farmers 44 13,54 Fisherman 32 9,85 Breeder 2 0,62 Non Agriculture 49 15,08 Trader 21 6,46 Entrepreneur 12 3,69 Driver 2 0,92 Labor 3 0,62 Others 11 3,38 Figure 3. Typology: Excavation Technique (Well / Ditch) Non Gold Mining 285 87,69 Gold Mining 40 12,31 Source: Bombana Regency Environmental Agency, 2009 Source: Results of Data Analysis, 2019 Thirdly, mining by the group (5-10 people) by way of spray mines, gold gains will be with Sluicebox, longtoms and gold Gold mining by the public shows the existence of the panning with water pump equipment, water hoses and phenomenon "Gold Rush" has occurred and affects the monitors, sluice boxes, and longtoms. Spraying with high economic change in the context of livelihoods in Bombana pressure water to obtain sluice box bait, longtoms and Regency in a fairly large scale. According to data that takes Pendulangan. Conceptually, this third type of mining typology care of mining entry Permit (KMIP), the Bombana community is a common mining technique and is ideal for use in the of 23,930 people who become miners gold or 22 percent of process of exploitative gold rush (Fig. 4) the population of the year 2008 (109,883 people). The phenomenon of "Gold Rush" had occurred in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851, the discovery of a rich gold mine led to the Eastern Australians experiencing a socioeconomic revolution. Socio-economic change from agriculture, livestock and wool industry to gold mining. Gold minerals are the main drivers of a successful revolution in society, "Gold Revolution" is greater than "Wool Revolution" (Ratna, 2010). However, there are 285 households that are not affected by the "Gold Rush" phenomenon because they are integrated with the culture of livelihood in the non-mining sector. So they consider it very risky to make a livelihood transformation into the mining sector. It shows that when the strong appeal of

628 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 gold mining in North Rarowatu district, there are many Table 4.3 Livelihhod at Mining by Private Companies households that remain in their livelihoods. The condition is Mining by Private Companies Main Livelihood because the head of the household has no mining skills, and Person Persen also because it does not want to take risks that can threaten Agriculture 263 80,92 the sustainability of his life (Ress, 1990; Scott, 1982). Farmers 150 46,15 Paddy Rice Farmers 20 6,15 Fish farmers 53 16,31 4.3. Gold mining is managed by private companies Fisherman 38 11,69 The community's gold mining activities were closed by the Breeder 2 0,62 Bombana County government on 17 March 2009. Since then, Non Agriculture 57 17,54 gold mining management was carried out by private Trader 23 7,08 companies after receiving business license for mining Entrepreneur 17 5,23 Driver 3 0,92 production from Bombana Regency government. Until the Labor 3 0,92 year 2014, there are 19 private companies in North Rarowatu Others 11 3,38 district that have been granted Mining business license (IUP) Non Gold Mining 320 98,46 by Bombana Regency Government. The 19 IUP consists of Gold Mining 5 1.54 10 IUP exploration covering an area of 6,285.68 hectares Source: Results of Data Analysis, 2019 (35.81%) and 9 IUP production covering an area of 11,268.93 hectares (64.19%) With a total area of 17,554.61 hectares of The limitations of local community access to the management mining area. The company which owns IUP production with of gold mineral resources in Bombana District are influenced the largest IUP is PT. Bahtera Sultra Mining with an area of by the paradigm or perspective of social injustice focused on 3,020.87 hectares of IUP. Meanwhile, the company that owns distributional challenges (Redi Ahmad, 2017). The paradigm the lowest IUP is PT. Anugrah Alam Buana Indonesia with an refers to the fact that there is a social injustice especially on area of 109.19 hectares. For IUP Exploration, the company the challenge of distribution of natural resources in Bombana that owns the widest IUP is PT. Cahaya Gemilang Sentosa Regency. The social injustice was influenced by the mastery with an area of 2,221.31 hectares. Meanwhile, the company and possession of the gold mining of capitalism in Bombana that has the lowest exploration IUP is PT. Niagatama County. The entry of corporations conducting massive gold Makmursemada with an area of 2.74 hectares. The private mineral exploitation resulted in limited local community company's gold mining technique is Spraying Techniqu, the access to the management of gold mineral resources. As a same as spray techniques on gold mining managed by the business entity, the corporate perspective of exploiting the community. The difference is that the mineral excavation golden mineral resources is affected by the paradigm of activities use the machine type excavators, spraying activities concern about rising costs referring to gold minerals as using a larger water pump (fig. 5). commodities have economic value only for the profit Maximum profit oriented

5. CONCLUSION The existence of gold mining management encourages the occurrence of major livelihood changes from the head of household: a) The management of gold mining by the Community encourages the change in the livelihoods of 40 households from agriculture and non-agricultural sectors to the gold mining sector caused by land conversion and the attraction of income Mining sector. And there are 284 heads of households who do not change their Figure 5. Typology: Spraying Technique livelihoods because they do not want to risk and do not Source: Bombana Regency Environmental Agency, 2009 have gold mining skills. When mining extraction is handed in the corporate grasp, it b) The management of gold mining business by private triggers the change of livelihoods of 35 gold miners. Out of companies encouraged the change of livelihoods of 35 the 35 people above, there are 30 people who decide to households from gold mining sector returned to return their livelihood before gold mining such as farmers, agriculture and non-agricultural sectors caused by farmer and fishermen. 5 other people decided to change to a limited access from Private mining companies. And new livelihood such as: self-employed, merchants, farmers there are 5 heads of households who can work in gold and farmer farms. Extraction of gold mining in corporate mining owned by private companies. power, only 5 people or 1.54 percent who have access to gold mining managed by private companies owner of Mining REFERENCES Business License (IUP) production operations. The [1] Agustinus, 2010, Strategi Pengembangan Wilayah phenomenon of limitations of local community access to gold Pertambangan Rakyat di Bombana: Dampak mineral resources occurs in North Rarowatu sub-district. Penambangan Emas di Bombana: Tipologi dan Where there is a shift of property rights of natural resources Dampaknya. Tim Kajian Tambang LIPI. Jakarta. from the private group (community) to private individuals [2] Arsyad, Lincolin. (1999). Pengantar perencanaan dan (private sector) that implicates the limitation of local pembangunan ekonomi daerah. BPFE Yogyakarta. community access and leads to social conflict [3] Banchirigah, S.M. and Hilson, G. (2010), “De- agrarianization, re-agrarianization and local economic

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