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Index

Abbott, K. 63, 64, 126 balance of power 18, 34, 40, 42, 80, Abbott, Tony 197 123, 145 absolute gains 41 Bank for International Settlements accountability 103, 146 G20 211, 212 BankTrack 196 public 69–70 Barnett, M. 20 transparency and 10 Basel Committee on Banking Accountability Assessment of Supervision (BCBS) 23, 103, 2015 189 126, 147 Acharya, Amitav 98 Basel III Accords 68, 106, 147 Adler, E. 98, 104 Bayne, N. 23, 25, 27 African Development Bank 189 BCBS see Basel Committee on ahistoricism 82 Banking Supervision (BCBS) Alexandroff, A.S. 28 Bedford, Kate 161 ‘America First’ policies 31, 32, 85 Beeson, Mark 139 analytical eclecticism 100, 101 behavioral economics 61 Anarchical Society, The (Bull) 79 Behsudi, Adam 31 antiempiricist bias 96 Bell, Stephen 139 Argentina, women’s empowerment Bloomberg, Michael 195 171 Bourdieu, Pierre 98 Arrow’s impossibility theorem 60 Bradford, C.I. 28 Ashley, Richard 96 Bretton Woods systems 6, 16, 18, 24, Asian financial crisis 26, 56, 102, 68, 120 121–3, 128 Brexit 142 Brisbane Leaders’ Declaration in 2014 Association of Southeast Asian (G20 2014) 168 Nations (ASEAN) 172 Brisbane Summit 168, 196, 197, 200 austerity 161 Brown, Gordon 103, 120, 186, 210 measures 163 Brown, Mark Malloch 186 Australia Group 23 Bull, Hedley 79, 80, 84 Australian financial sector, risks in bureaucratization 70 194 Bush, George W. 28, 102, 121 authoritativeness 107 Business 20 50, 70, 87, 88, 163, 176 authority 95, 99, 110 Business Women Leaders Taskforce cognitive 102–4, 110 170 global governance 100–104, Buzan, Barry 81 106 political 102, 104 Cairns Group 24 strategic 102 Callaghan, Mike 150

217

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218 The G20 and International Relations theory

Campanale, Mark 196 constructivism 61–2, 100–101, 117, Cannes Summit 188 209, 211–12 Carin, B. 201 development in IR 96–8 Carney, Mark 194, 195 constructivist arguments 105 Carr, E.H. 38, 52 constructivist insights, on enhancing centralization 64 G20 108–10 Chatham House 176 consumption subsidies 192 China’s trade 31 contemporary constructivist civil society 86, 89, 123, 138, 140 approaches institutions 138 global governance 98–100 transnational 211, 214 international relations 98–100 Civil Society 20 50, 70, 86–8, 106, contemporary international order 80, 163, 197 civil society organizations (CSOs) 83, 84 101, 106, 135 contemporary international relations classical realism 39 64 climate change 164, 169, 185–7, 191, contemporary international society 87 192, 194, 196–8, 200 contemporary public diplomacy 173 trade and 48 contemporary realism 52 climate-related financial risks 194 contemporary world politics 50 climate risk 201 conventional institutionalist Clinton, Bill 22 approaches 119 closed-door official summits 174 Cooper, Andrew 104 clubness 109 cooperation 43, 53 cognitive authority 102–4, 110 in international relations 17–18 cognitive effects 119, 120 coordination effects 119, 130 G20’s institutional design 122–4 coordination problems 63 cognitive limits 61 Copenhagen climate conference 191 cognitive shortfalls 61 cosmopolitan 81–2 Cold War 16, 21 costs of trade 152 US leadership 20 Cox, Robert 136, 138–40 Coleman, Heather 196 crisis committee 11, 28, 29, 44, 48, collaboration 18 53 commercial treaty law 46 crisis of democracy 70, 142 Commission of Experts on Reforms crisis resolution committee 164 of the International Monetary critical constructivists 96–7, 108 and Financial System 102, 103 critical greens 195 Commission on Global Governance critical green scholars 196 5–6 critical green theorists 187 common sense 138 CSOs see civil society organizations communities of practice 104 (CSOs) complementary interests’ of states 46 concert diplomacy model 121, 123–4, debt-driven consumption 147 130 decentralized cooperation theory 63 Concert of Europe 18, 43, 122–3, 209 decision-making style 57 concert of states 44, 49–50 demand and consumption 143 consensus-based institution 127 19 consensus decision-making 128 democratic polities 19

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democratic states 19 order-centric 79 liberal 16, 18, 19, 26 pluralism 81–2 Der Derian, James 96 scholars 80 Deudney, Daniel 52 solidarism 81–2 developed countries 46, 47 sovereignty 81 developing countries 46 strength of 83 Development Working Group 9 Enloe, Cynthia 160 dialogue forum, Germany 30 environmental crisis 184, 187 diplomatic practices 104 197, 199–200 Dodd-Frank regulations 147 environmentally sustainable growth domestic constituencies 164 188–90 domestic politics 22, 24, 40, 103 environment and climate change 187 dominant hegemonic power 41 Erdogˇan, Recep Tayyip 168 dominant states 48 European Union 24, 178 Drezner, Daniel 28 Duvall, R. 20 Farrell, Henry 28 Federal Reserve, United States 29 Eckersley, R. 184, 200 female labor participation rates, China eclectic approach 100, 110 169 eclecticism 108 female leadership 160 economic autonomy, women 166 female participation in GDP 165 economic contribution, women 174–5 feminism 160, 162 economic equality, gender 164 feminist analysis 161 economic governance 167 feminist approaches, to global economic interdependence 41 governance 158 economic parity, women 159 feminist contributions 170 economic policies 162–4 feminist G20 agenda 171–8 ‘economic realist’ conception 151 public diplomacy 172–7 Elias, Juanita 161 feminist leadership, in G20 163–71 ‘Empirical Implications of Theoretical Women 20 163, 164, 166–71 Models’ movement 62 feminist scholarship 212 empiricism 83 feminist theoretical frameworks employment 162, 163 160–63 gender disparities in 171 feminist theory 211, 212 productive 166 see also green theory uncertain 143 Ferguson, Lucy 161 endogenous institutional dynamics 15th Conference of the Parties 121 (COP15) 197, 199 endorsement function 103 Financial Action Task Force on energy collaboration, nine principles Money Laundering (FATF) 23 on 193 financial governance 52 Energy Sustainability Working Group Financial Intermediary Fund 170 185 financial market regulation 121, 125 English School 78–84, 87, 89, 90, financial regulation 21 209–11 Financial Stability Board (FSB) 23, empiricism 83 89, 103, 125, 126, 129, 130, 147, methodological orientation 82 195

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220 The G20 and International Relations theory

Financial Stability Forum (FSF) 125, formation of 43 126, 128–9 G19 33, 48 Finnemore, Martha 100 G20 7–11 fiscal stimulus accountability 211, 212 Keynesian 186 in Antalya (2015) 189 programs 187 in Argentina (2018) 30, 85 fixed and known set of options 58 Australia 197 flexibility 24, 43, 56, 64–7, 70, 71, bureaucratization 70 102–3, 142, 143 challenges 10, 28, 30–33, 48–53, of constructivism 100 69, 71 concert of states 49–50 Fordist accumulation model 145 50 formal global governance 23, 46, 210 globalized economic system 50 formal intergovernmental growing institutionalism 51, 53 organizations (FIGOs) 24 informal concert of states 51 formal IOs 64–6, 70 in China (2016) 86, 89, 193 formal multilateral IOs 6, 20, 44 Communiqués 47, 175 fossil fuel subsidies 191–4, 199, 200 compliance and effectiveness 177 abolishing of 197 concert diplomacy 123–4, 130 consumption 191 constructivist insights on enhancing political economy of 192 108–10 sensitivity 193 crisis committee 28, 29 US and China 192–3 crisis diplomacy 70 Foucault, Michel 98 design feature 67 Framework for Strong, 7, 9, 66 and Balanced Growth 147, 150 Development Working Group 189 Frankfurt School 213 diplomatic activity 9 free trade agreement 21 emergence of 26 Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Employment and Labor Ministers Reform 193, 194 and the Employment Working FSB see Financial Stability Board Group 169 (FSB) Energy Ministers 193 FSF see Financial Stability Forum feminist agenda, promoting 171–7 (FSF) feminist leadership 163–71 Finance Forum 102 G6 17, 22, 25, 66, 71 Finance Ministers 192, 193 G7 23, 26, 32, 33, 45, 125, 128–9, finance ministers 66 138, 193, 194 flexibility 67, 71, 102, 103 global economic governance 145 fluidity 71 and global financial vulnerabilities and formals IOs 64 123 formation of 49, 209 informal forms of summitry 47 in Germany 30, 85, 198 leaders 25 and global financial crisis 26, 28–9, summits 124 31 in 2018 32 global governance see global G8 23, 67 governance Communiqués 47 global governance authority criticism of 66 100–104, 106

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global role of 28–30 rational choice and political global summitry 9, 12–13, 25–7, 30 significance 66–9 governance 86 rational future of 69–71 Hamburg Climate and Energy reforming 149 Action Plan for Growth 199 regulatory agenda, set-up effects Hamburg Summit 32, 33, 48, 85, 127–9 152, 190, 195, 197, 198 role 67 in Hangzhou 30, 175, 189 on climate change 196 historical institutionalism 120–22 in Saudi Arabia (2020) 86 History Study Group 27 scope of 10 impact and significance 11 as secondary institution 81, 84 informality of 8, 10, 45, 48, 210 and socialization 105–8 ‘in-group’ 71 institutional design, cognitive in South Africa 49 effects 122–4 steering committee 11, 29, 44, 48, in international society 83–7 70, 183 Leaders’ Declaration (2017) 32 strength 67 leaders’ forum formation 7 studies, future of 213–15 legitimacy of 13, 69–71, 110, 124, summit meetings 44, 67 198, 211, 212 transparency 69–70 liberal conception 49 limited membership of 188, 200 and accountability 10 in London (2009) 30 Washington in 2008 28 media role 175 women in see women member countries, women in 157 Working Groups 146 members 127–9 in world politics 209, 215 membership 10 G20 FMCBG 8, 121, 123 member states 48 G20 Leaders’ Summit 25, 27–9, 172 and non-state actors 197 in Brisbane 157 mission 66 in Hamburg 175 non-state actors in 86 in Istanbul 157 norms and practices 103, 105–8 in London 186, 187, 190 November 2008 summit 209 G20 Presidency in 2014, Australia obstacles 149–52 193 passive revolution response 145–9 policy issues 8, 10 G20 Presidency in December 2015, policy networks 8–9 China 189 policy reform 121 G20 Presidency in Germany 198 political controversies 10 G20 Sherpas 30 possible future of 11 G77 coalition 44 for post-GFC global economic game theory 64 governance 103 GATT see General Agreement on power 210 Tariffs and Trade (GATT) primacy of sovereignty 86 GDP see gross domestic product public accountability 69–70 (GDP) public audiences 174, 175 gender disparities 163, 171 public protests 173–4 gender equality 163–7, 170, 174 purpose of 7 gender gaps 159, 166

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gender inclusive economic coercive nature of 137 policy-making 167 contemporary constructivist gender inclusiveness 165–6 approaches 98–100 gender inequality 162, 170 counter-hegemonic potential of 140 gender mainstreaming 160, 162, 170 formal 46, 210 gender parity 165 function of 139 General Agreement on Tariffs and G20 authority in 100–104, 106 Trade (GATT) 17, 20, 24, 42 during the GFC 106 trade liberalization 21 historical institutionalism for geopolitical tensions 214 117–20 geopolitics 11, 13, 50 informal 43, 46–8, 53, 209–10, 215 Germain, Randall 161 and selective form of 50 German W20 Summit 170 legalized 64–5 GFC see Global Financial Crisis limited form 44, 49 (GFC) mode of 124–7 Gill, Stephen 145 non-state actors in 84 Gilpin, Robert 41 policy making 28, 29 Gini coefficient in China 144 rational choice and 59, 61 girls’ economic empowerment 165 role of G20 138, 139 Giscard d’Estaing, V. 25 stronger forms of 52 global capitalism 41, 137–9 ‘thin’ form of 45, 48, 53 global economic cooperation 101 global governance actors, legitimacy Global Economic Council (GEC) 200 of 102 global economic governance 66, 67, Global Governance Group 50 71, 99, 100, 103, 105, 107, global governance institutions 140 109–10 role 138 institutions 149 global greenhouse gas emissions 194, norms and practices 105 199 women in 212 Global Green New Deal proposal 190 global economic interdependence 210 global growth 141 global economy 46, 141, 152 Global Infrastructure Hub 148 global energy governance 193 global institutions 137 global environmental politics 183, 184 legitimacy and inclusiveness 145 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 28–9, globalization 26–30, 142, 214 31, 48, 51–2, 61, 65, 68, 84–5, Cold War and 20, 21 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, liberal internationalism of 21 120–24, 129, 130, 135, 143, 147, liberal international order and 150–53, 163, 186, 190, 214 19–22 crisis diplomacy 70 of production 144 overaccumulation 142, 143 globalized economic system 50 underconsumption 142, 143 globalizing production 142 global financial governance 106, 125 global leadership 48 global financial stability 49, 139 global markets 41 Global GDP 165 global public policy 214 global governance 5–7, 9–13, 20, Global South 22–4, 30–33, 41, 42, 48, 68, 85, neoliberal model of accumulation 86, 88, 98–101, 107–10, 121, 144 137, 142, 152, 161, 214 power 142, 144, 150

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Index 223

social forces 145 UK 42 global summitry 9, 12, 13, 43, US 42 208–11, 213 hegemonic consensus 139–40, 149–50 G20 25–7, 30 hegemonic power of US 49 Global Village 142 hegemonic stability theory 41–2 Goldsmith, J.L. 69 hegemonic state 44, 45 Goldstein, Judith 96, 97 security 42 Good Practices Guide/Toolkit 189 hegemony 137–40, 150, 152 governance feminism 162 of transnational capital 149, 153 governance gap 165 US and neoliberal 145 governance norms 105 Helleiner, Eric 28, 29, 146 and practices 106 HI see historical institutionalism (HI) governance power 131 historical institutionalism (HI) 209–11 Gramsci, A. 137, 138 cognitive effects 122–4 Great Depression 28, 29 endogenous sources of change 118 great powers 34, 37, 40, 47, 49–50, epistemological status 118 78, 80–85, 88, 89 for global governance 117–20 collaboration 18, 34 institutional contexts and feedback cooperation 122 119, 129 European 123 institutional development 119–21, of summitry 209 124, 129 green economy 187, 190 interaction effects, governance green growth 186–90 mode 124–7 policies 189 long-term development of greenhouse gas targets 197 institutions 118, 129 green infrastructure building 188 set-up effects, regulatory agenda green institutionalism 184 127–9 green institutionalists 184–6, 190, 195 using for G20 120–22 green market liberals 184, 186, 190, Historical Materialist (HM) scholars 192, 194–5 137–8 Green New Deal 151, 195 Historical Materialist (HM) tradition green recovery 186–8, 190 137 green stimulus 186–90 green theory 183–4, 191, 192, historical sociological institutionalism 200–201, 211–13 117 Gregory, Bruce 172 Hobbesian theory 79 gross domestic product (GDP) 142, Hockey, Joe 176 143, 161, 163 Hopf, Ted 97, 98, 107 Group of Ten (G10) 23 human rights 81, 164–6, 177 Guzzini, Stefano 97 Hurd, Ian 104 G-zero 37, 38, 48 identities 58, 61 Hajnal, Peter 25–7 IEA see International Energy Agency Halley, Janet 162 (IEA) Hamburg G20 Summit 32, 33, 48, 85, IIGO see Informal Intergovernmental 152, 190, 195, 197, 198 Organization (IIGO) hegemonic activity Ikenberry, John 16, 21, 22

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IMF see International Monetary Fund intergovernmental organizations 63 (IMF) formal 24 imperialism 137 informal 24, 56, 64, 65, 70 inclusive economic growth 96, 105, intermediaries 126 157, 163 International Accounting Standards inclusive green growth 189 Board (IASB) 125 inclusive minilateralism 200 International Chamber of Commerce independence 64 177 inequality 143, 144, 161, 166 international climate governance 199 informal concert of states 44, 45, 51, international community 162 53 international cooperation 4, 41, 63, informal ‘crisis committee’ 28, 29 110 informal global governance 6, 23, 24, 28, 46–8, 50, 53, 209, 210, 215 international corporation 21 benefits 43–4 International Energy Agency (IEA) see also formal global governance 191–3 informal IGOs 65, 70 International Financial Institutions informal institutions 17, 24, 116, 117, (IFIs) 162 139 reform 120 Informal Intergovernmental international institutions 17, 20, 21, Organization (IIGO) 24, 56, 64, 23, 37, 39, 42–3, 45, 59, 66, 72, 65, 70 83, 107, 116, 119, 130 informal IOs 64 formation of 43 informality 8, 10, 45, 47, 48 primary and secondary 78 informal organizations, rise of 22–4 rational choice in 62–4 informal structure 126 ‘internationalisation of the state’ 139 informal summitry 47 International Labour Organization infrastructure gap 148 (ILO) 166 institutional choices 122 international law 41, 45–7, 64, 65, institutional development 119–21, 68 124, 129 International Monetary Fund (IMF) institutional interaction effects 124–7, 20, 28, 42, 51, 66, 89, 103, 120, 130 121, 126, 137, 138, 158, 166, institutionalist approaches 117 191 institutional reform 119, 200 quota reforms 146, 150 institutional set-up effects 119 reform 120 G20’s regulatory agenda 127–30 rights 71 institutional structure 128 vote 58 interaction effects 119 Washington Consensus policies 47 G20’s mode of governance 124–7 International Organization of intergovernmental cooperation 7, Securities Commissions (IOSCO) 17–18 125 Intergovernmental Group of International Organizations (IOs) 39, Twenty-Four on International 44, 47, 59, 63–4, 89, 211, 214 Monetary Affairs and International Political Economy (IPE) Development (G-24) 23 4, 6, 161, 162, 213 intergovernmental institutions 16, 24 international politics 61, 63, 78, 82 liberalism and 16, 19–20 political structure 40

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Index 225

International Relations (IR) 17–18, Koch, Madeline 173 22, 59 Kokotsis, E. 188, 200 contemporary constructivist Korea summit 188 approaches 98–100 Koremenos, B. 63 development of constructivism in Krugman, Paul 188 96–8 Kyoto Protocol 197 theory 2–7, 12, 60, 62, 117, 208, 213 labor flexibility 142 assumptions 2–5, 7 Labour 20 50, 163 future of G20 208, 213–15 Lagarde, Christine 157 global governance 5–7 Lake, Tony 22 perspectives 3 large-scale multilateralism 44 political influences 4 leader-led informals 17, 23, 28, 32 as practical discourse 2 leadership 17, 20, 27–33 utopia and reality 5 leaders-level ‘L20’ 145 ‘three traditions’ of 79 League of Nations 18, 123 international socialization 107 legalized governance 64–5 international society 79, 85 legal rights, women 165 English School and 78–83 legitimacy 110, 171 G20 in 83–7 of Business 20 176 and networked governance 87–90 of G20 13, 69–71, 110, 124, 198, Westphalian model of 87 211–12 intersubjectivity 97 global governance actors 102 investment liberalization 152 legitimization function 138 IOs see International Organizations liberal arguments 105 (IOs) liberal democratic states 16, 18, 19, IPE see International Political 26 Economy (IPE) liberal global economic governance IR see International Relations (IR) 51 liberal global economy 46 Jinping, Xi 30 liberal institutionalism 19 Johnston, A.I. 109 liberal institutionalists 105 liberal internationalism 21 Kagan, Robert 31 liberal international order (LIO) Kantian revolutionists 86 16–17, 22–3, 29, 33, 215 Kantian theory 79 ‘America First’ policies and 31, 32 Katzenstein, Peter 97 globalization and 19–22 Keohane, Robert 96, 97 liberal sources 17–19 Keynesian fiscal stimulus 186 liberalism 38, 209 Keynesian state-led investment 190 Liberal Order see liberal international Kharas, H. 199 order (LIO) Khong, Y.F. 122 liberal solidarism 86 Kim, Jim Yong 170 liberal theory 21, 22 Kim Jong Un 32 peace and stability 18 Kirton, J. 28, 107, 124, 187, 188, 200 prosperity 17–19 Kissinger, Henry 43, 45 state and intergovernmental Klabbers, Jan 23 cooperation 17–18

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Lim, W. 28 multidisciplinary 95, 101, 110 LIO see liberal international order multilateral economic governance 170 (LIO) multilateral global economic London Summit of April 2009 103 governance 210 long-term development of institutions multilateral institutions 172 118, 129 multilateralism 44, 46, 47, 50 Los Cabos Leaders’ Declaration in multilateral public diplomacy 172 2012 (G20 2012) 168 Murphy, C.N. 139 Los Cabos Summit 188–9 Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) low-carbon development strategies 147 188 Myung-bak, Lee 188 Luckhurst, J. 70 nascent passive revolution 135 Machiavellian theory 79 national economic policies 162 Macri, Mauricio 170 nationalistic forces 152 macroprudential practices 106 national security 39 macroprudential regulation 146–7 NATO 20, 24, 32 maritime law 46 Navari, Cornelia 83 market regulatory reforms 120 nébuleuse 136, 138, 139, 146, 149, Martin, Paul 26, 27, 199 150, 152, 210 Marx, Karl 137 neo-classical realism 40–44 McCourt, David 98, 99 neo-Gramscian approach 149, 152, Mearsheimer, John 40 210, 211, 213 media 175 global governance 137–41 median wages in US 143 neoliberal accumulation model 142–4, Melissen, Jan 172 153 Merkel, Angela 30, 32, 33, 160, neoliberalinternational economy 85 169–70, 175, 198 neoliberalism 86 micro- to macro-prudential regulation neoliberal world order, organic crisis 146 141–5, 149, 152 ‘middle income’ countries 21 neo-realism 40, 52, 117 middle powers 21, 26, 50, 71 net corporate investment 143 see also rising powers network effects 119, 130 Miliband, Ed 187 network governance 126 Millennium Development Goals international society and 87–90 (MDGs) 166 Neumann, I.B. 83 minilateralism 44 ‘new Bretton Woods’ 48, 146, 210 Missile Technology Control Regime ‘thin’ form of global governance 45 23 ‘new constructivism’ 99, 110 mission creep 51, 85, 186, 200 ‘new constructivist’ practice–relational modes of governance, interaction approach 108 effects 124–7, 130 New International Economic Order Monbiot, George 187 (NIEO) 44, 47, 140 Montgomerie, Johnna 161 formation of 46 Moody’s 143 movement of the 1970s 50 Morgenthau, Hans 39–40, 45–6 NGOs see non-governmental Mueller, Robert 32 organizations (NGOs)

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NIEO see New International Oxfam 89, 106, 191 Economic Order (NIEO) non-G20 countries 193, 199 Paris Agreement 32, 33, 196–9 non-governmental organizations passive revolution 135, 140, 144, 153 (NGOs) 19, 39, 50, 86 G20 as 145–9 non-state actors (NSAs) 16, 17, 19, Patrick, Stewart 22 50, 71, 199 Pax Americana order 145 in G20 86 peace and stability 18 in global governance 84 personal savings rate 143 marginalization of 86 Pew Report 143 normative beliefs 58 Piketty, Thomas 165, 166 and ideas 61 Pisani-Ferry, Jean 33 normative contestation 105 Pittsburgh Summit 164, 188, 191 normative convergence 105, 107 pivotal G20 summits 196–9 norm-entrepreneurial communities of Plaza Accord of 1985 150 practice 104 Plaza Communique 24 norm entrepreneurship 100 pluralism 81–3, 85–7 norms and practices, G20 103, 105–8 policy norms 105 North American Free Trade political authority 102, 104 Agreement (NAFTA) 22 political science 64 NSAs see non-state actors (NSAs) political significance 66–9 Nuclear Suppliers Group 23 Politics among Nations (Morgenthau) 39 Obama, Barack 150, 186, 191, 197, populist politics 30–31 198 Posner, E.A. 69 obstacles of G20 149–52 potential costs and benefits 58 OECD see Organisation for Economic Pouliot, Vincent 98, 104 Co-operation and Development poverty 162 (OECD) power asymmetry 161 O’Neill, Jim 29 power cooperation 122–3 open markets 19 power dynamics 129 orchestration 126 powerful states 43–5, 47, 50, 53, 211 organic crisis 140, 151 power-politics 84, 85 neoliberal world order 141–5, 152 power summitry 209 organic intellectuals 141 preferences 58, 61 Organisation for Economic premier forum 141 Co-operation and Development preponderance of dominant state 42 (OECD) 89, 103, 158, 166, 189, pressure for domestic reform 103 190, 192 primacy of sovereignty 86 organizational design features 64 prima facie legitimacy 124 Organization of the Petroleum primary institutions 80, 84 Exporting Countries (OPEC) Prisoner’s Dilemma 59 192 probabilities of events 58 Ougaard, M. 148 production subsidies 192 outreach groups 50, 51, 198, 211 Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) outreach process 148–9, 152 23 overaccumulation 142, 143, 147 prosperity 17–19, 42

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Prügl, Elisabeth 157, 161 classical realism 39 psychological limits 61 national security 39 public accountability 69–70 neo-classical realism 40–44 public audiences 174, 175 neo-realism/structural realism 40 public diplomacy 172–7 world politics 38–40 public protests 173–5 realist theory 79 Putnam, R.D. 23, 25 reciprocal socialization 100 96 Quint group 24 ‘reflectivist’ theories 96 reflectivist tradition 96 Raisina Dialogues in 2018 174 63 Ramos, Gabriela 174 regulatory agenda, G20 set-up effects rational choice 56, 210, 211 127–9 actors 57–8 regulatory governance 120 assumptions 57, 59–62 regulatory reforms 128, 129 criticism of 60–62 regulatory regime 126, 127 defined 57–8 relative gains 41 future of G20 69–71 relative material power 39 global governance and 59, 61 relative power of states 40, 41 in international institutions 62–4 Reus-Smit, Christian 3 limitation in 61 rights-based approaches 162 and political significance of G20 Rimmer, Susan Harris 175 summitry 66–9 ‘Rise of the Rest’ 26 shortfalls and challenges 59–62 rising powers 28, 71, 137, 144, 146, theory 211 150, 151 impact on IR theory 5 Rodrik, Dani 52 use 59 Roger, Charles 23, 24 rational choice scholars 61 Rosenau, James 98 rational decision-making style 57 Ruggie, John Gerard 97 rational historical institutionalism 117 rule of law 19 rational institutionalism 117–19, 121, 124 Sauven, John 187 rational institutionalist approaches 122 Scheuerman, William 52 rationality assumption 61 Schmidt, H. 25 rational preferences 58 Schroeder, Paul 18, 27 reactive sequences, institutions 118 SDGs see Sustainable Development realism 3, 4, 12, 18, 19, 37, 41, Goals (SDGs) 50–53, 209–11 secondary institutions 81, 84 classical 39 Section 232 of the Trade Expansion contemporary 52 Act of 1962 31 neo- 40, 52, 117 Section 301 of the Trade Act of neo-classical 40–44 1974 31 structural 40 secular stagnation 141, 142 realistic rational choice assumptions security 3–6, 39–42, 210 60 arrangement, NATO 20, 32 Realist International Relations (IR) strategy, America 22 theory 38–44 in world politics 40

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Index 229

self-help system 40 structural realism 40 self-reinforcing sequences 118 sui generis 119 self-undermining 118 Summerhayes, Geoff 194 semi-institutionalized nébuleuse 146 Summers, Lawrence H. 26, 27, 141 Sen, Amartya 68 superior power 39 Seoul Development Consensus 105 sustainable development 188 Seoul Summit 188 sustainable development consensus set-up effects 119 105 G20’s regulatory agenda 127–30 Sustainable Development Goals Sherpas 8, 11, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89 (SDGs) 163, 189 Shorr, D. 201 Sikkink, Kathryn 97, 100 tabula rasa 119 Slaughter, Anne-Marie 23, 63, 87 Slaughter, Steven 69, 148, 185, 200 Task Force on Climate-Related Smith, Heather 173 Financial Disclosures (TCFD) Snidal, Duncan 3, 24, 63–5 194–6 social constructivism 82 technological innovation 188 social constructivists 107 Tepe-Belfrage, Daniela 161 socialization 61, 105–8 territorial law 46 effects 107–9 terrorist groups 39 processes 61 Theory of International Politics socio-economic pressures impact 51 (Waltz) 40 sociological institutionalism 117, 118, thin concert of states 49 121 Think 20 30, 50, 86, 88, 163, 177 soft organizations 23 Thompson, A. 60 solidarism 81–3, 85–7 Tiberghien, Yves 30 solidarist institution 85 TNCs see transnational corporations solidarist principles 86 (TNCs) sovereignty 70, 81, 86, 90 Toronto Summit 188, 192 costs 66, 122, 127 trade primacy of 86 and climate change 48 START negotiations 24 and investment 19 state cooperation 17–18 liberalization policies 137 statist-nationalist view 52 Trade Act of 1974, Section 301 of the steering committee 11, 44, 48, 70, 31 183 Trade Expansion Act of 1962, Section Stein, Arthur 19 232 of the 31 Stephen, Matthew 151 transformismo 140, 148, 149 Stiglitz Commission 102, 103 transnational actors 51 stimulus packages 188 transnational capital, hegemony of St Petersburg Leaders’ Declaration in 149 2013 (G20 2013) 168 transnational civil society 214 strategic authority 102 transnational corporations (TNCs) 39, ‘strong, sustainable and balanced 50 growth’ 147, 164 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 33 ‘strong, sustainable, balanced and transparency 10, 69–70 inclusive growth’ 170 fossil fuel subsidies 193 structural feminism 162 Transparency International 177

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230 The G20 and International Relations theory

Trilateral Commission 145, 150 University of Toronto’s G20 Research ‘troika’ system 107, 200 Centre 177 True, Jacquie 161 unsatisfied powers 38 Trump, Donald 16, 17, 33, 85, 142, UN Security Council’s (UNSC) 169, 175, 198 Women, Peace and Security ‘America First’ policy 31, 32 agenda, Resolution 1325 167 foreign policy 31 multilateral trade arrangements, Vabulas, Felicity 24, 65 criticizing Vaubel, R. 61, 63 tariff action against China 31–2 verbal theorizing, rational choice 59 trade war with China 150 Vestergaard, J. 70, 200 2018 policies 48 Trump, Ivanka 169, 170, 175 Wade, R. 70, 200 21st Conference of the Parties Walker, R.B.J. 96 (COP21) 197 Waltz, Kenneth 40–41, 43 war of position 140 UK, hegemonic activity 42 Washington Action Plan 126 UN see United Nations (UN) Washington Consensus 47, 102, 105 uncertain employment 143 Wassenaar Arrangement 23 UN ‘Conference on the World weak institutionalization 126, 131 Financial and Economic Crisis WEF see World Economic Forum and Its Impact on Development’ (WEF) 102 Wendt, Alexander 97 underconsumption 142, 143, 147 Wenger, Etienne 98 UNFCCC 197, 198 Westphalian model of international UN General Assembly 102 society 87 UN High Level Panel on Women’s WFO see World Financial Economic Empowerment 163 Organization (WFO) Unipolar Moment 20 Wight, Martin 5, 78 unitary actor criticism 60 Wilson, Woodrow 38 United Nations (UN) 6, 16, 18, 20, women 24, 44, 50, 123, 158, 172, 189, economic autonomy 166 209 economic contribution 174–5 climate negotiations in Paris 193 economic governance 159, 174 legitimacy 102 economic status 177 resolution, rational preferences 58 employment 163 United Nations Conference on Trade G20 member countries 157 and Development 46 impact of poverty on 162 United Nations Secretary-General lack of economic autonomy 166 (UNSG) 166 legal rights 165 United States (US) representation 157–8 and China, fossil fuel subsidies unpaid work 171 192–3 Women 20 50, 86, 88, 157, 159, 163, hegemonic activity 42 164, 166–71, 174, 175, 177, 178, hegemonic power of 49 212 and neoliberal hegemony 145 in Berlin 169 role in the formation of G20 43 in China 169

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Index 231

women entrepreneurs 169, 170 security in 40 Women Entrepreneur’s Finance World Resources Institute (WRI 2017) Initiative (We-Fi) 170 196 womenomics 166, 167 World Trade Organization (WTO) 17, women’s economic empowerment 20, 24, 137 157, 165, 169, 171 trade growth 141 workforce participation 148 World War II 16, 18, 19–20, 24 working groups 51 creation of formal institutions after World Bank 20, 42, 47, 89, 103, 125, 42 126, 137, 138, 158, 165, 166, global capitalism 41 170, 171, 189, 192 hegemonic power of the US after quota reforms 146, 150 46 report on average global growth 141 World Wildlife Fund (WWF 2017) World Economic Forum (WEF) 138, 196 159, 165 WTO see World Trade Organization Gender Gap Report 177 (WTO) inequality 166 World Financial Organization (WFO) xenophobic forces 152 120, 121, 127 world hegemony 137, 138 Yellen, Janet 157 world order 138 Yi, Wang 173 neoliberal, organic crisis 141–5 Youth 20 50, 88, 163 world politics 37–9, 41, 43, 48, 49, Yuanchao, Li 169 52, 64, 209 legitimacy in 53 Zakaria, Fareed 26 power 40, 42 Zürn, M. 119

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