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Darius Tuonianuo Mwingyine.Pdf TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE RURAL LAND USE PRACTICES IN THE NORTHERN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA: CASE STUDY OF THE SISSALA WEST DISTRICT by Darius Tuonianuo Mwingyine, BSc. Land Economy (Hons.) A Thesis submitted to the Department of Land Economy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Land Management Faculty of Planning and Land Economy College of Architecture and Planning June, 2008 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the MPhil. and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains neither material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Darius Tuonianuo Mwingyine (20040046) ………..……… ……….… (Student Name & ID) Signature Date Certified by: Dr. John Tia Bugri ……….…………… ……………… (Supervisor) Signature Date Certified by: Dr. John Tia Bugri ...…….……………… ……………… (Head of Department) Signature Date ii ABSTRACT Land forms the bedrock upon which the sustenance of man depends. In Ghana, the greatest weight of the economy especially the rural economy rests on agriculture which ultimately depends on land. The northern savannah zone is particularly noted for crop production and livestock rearing. In the Sissala West District (SWD) of the Upper West Region (UWR), about 93% of the people are engaged in farming as their major source of livelihood. Due to some non sustainable land use practices in the area however, this basic source of livelihood of the people is seriously threatened as the land is fast degrading and softly sinking the people in poverty. The study adopted a case study approach. It examined the effects of agricultural practices and wood harvesting on the environment and consequently, on the economic activities of the people in the SWD of the UWR. It further examined measures for ensuring sustainable land use practices in the area. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire survey at household and institutional levels, key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions were some of the techniques used to collect the data. The study revealed that agricultural activities such as land preparation, continuous cropping, farming near water courses, grazing activities, and wood harvesting for various purposes are major contributory factors to the loss of soil fertility, drying up of water bodies and a worsening rainfall pattern in the area. The consequences of these environmental problems are poor crop and animal production, reduced dry season economic activities and seasonal emigration. In the light of the above findings, some recommendations are made for sustainable land use practices in the district in particular, and the savannah area in general. These include; iii use and enforcement of environmental by-laws, regulation of cross border activities, establishment of woodlots, development and promotion of non farm economic activities, development of alternative sources of energy, and a widening or variation of methods of environmental education and sensitisation. It is hoped that the use of participatory approaches by both government and non government institutions in their environmental protection activities and activities in line with the given recommendations would be a sure route towards sustainable land use practices in the northern savannah area of Ghana. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF STATUTES ..................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED ........................................................... xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. xv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 8 1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 8 1.6 The Scope of the Study ......................................................................................... 9 1.7 Choice of Study Area ............................................................................................ 9 1.8 Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................ 9 1.9 Organisation of the Study ................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 12 2.0 BACKGROUND: AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN GHANA .............. 12 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Rural Area .................................................................................................... 12 2.3 The Concepts of Land ......................................................................................... 13 2.4 Major Land Uses ................................................................................................. 16 2.4.1 Agricultural Uses ............................................................................................. 16 2.5 Major Land Use Practices in Ghana.................................................................... 17 2.5.1 Farming Practices ............................................................................................. 18 2.5.2 Grazing ............................................................................................................. 18 2.5.3 Forest Clearing ................................................................................................. 19 2.5.4 Wood Cutting for Energy ................................................................................. 20 2.5.5 Bush Fires ........................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................... 24 3.0 LAND USE PRACTICES AND THE ENVIRONMENT – ...................... 24 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ......................................................................... 24 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Agricultural Land Use Practices and the Environment ....................................... 25 3.2.1 Crop Cultivation ............................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Pasture and Grazing Lands .............................................................................. 26 3.3 Fuel wood Harvesting ......................................................................................... 27 3.4 Bush Fires ........................................................................................................... 29 3.5 Accumulated Effects of these Land Use Practices on the Environment ............. 29 v 3.5.1 Land Degradation ............................................................................................. 30 3.5.2 Species Loss ..................................................................................................... 31 3.6 Resulting Effects of the Environmental Problems on Man ................................. 31 3.7 Population Growth and Poverty as Causes of Environmental Degradation ....... 32 3.8 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 36 3.9 The Concept of Sustainable Land Use ................................................................ 40 3.10 Global Efforts at Environmental Sustainability ................................................ 42 3.11 Environmental Protection in Ghana .................................................................. 47 CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................................
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