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1 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics 1 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Topic and Year(s) Barrier Barrier Broken Barrier Barrier Broken Knoxville Sit-Ins (1960) Before 1960, Knoxville’s Inspired by the The city and its merchants Students stayed in downtown department Greensboro Sit-Ins, agreed to do so, however, Knoxville and conducted stores and other amenities students from Knoxville they waited for students sit-ins which ultimately were legally segregated. College, an historically to go home for summer forced an end to black college established break as a stalling tactic to segregation in the shops after the Civil War, avoid desegregation. and restaurants. expressed their intentions to sit-in at downtown lunch counters if city merchants did not desegregate. Memphis Sit-Ins (1960) Before 1960, Memphis’ Inspired by the Nashville The Memphis police The secretary of the local downtown department and Greensboro Sit-Ins, arrested more than 300 NAACP chapter, Maxine stores and other amenities black students from demonstrators on Smith, joined the struggle were legally segregated. LeMoyne College and loitering charges. and as a result of her and Owen Junior College the NAACP’s efforts, the organized sit ins at the city desegregated public main library and buses and parks. downtown department stores to desegregate the city. 2 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Tennessee’s Interstate With the rise of the In 1955, President System (Dwight D. automobile as the Eisenhower authorized the Eisenhower System of preeminent means of construction of a national Interstate and Defense transportation, a network interstate network for easy Highways) (1955–85) of roads became a pressing transportation for military need. needs and social interconnectivity. Memphis Sanitation Strike Prior to 1968, Memphis’s After two Black workers After the assassination of (1968) sanitation department were crushed in a garbage Martin Luther King, Jr., supervisors treated black compactor, African national labor leaders, employees poorly. They American workers in Pres. Lyndon Johnson, and faced poor working Memphis sanitation TN Governor Buford conditions and low pay, industry went on strike. Ellington pressured the and the city refused to city of Memphis to allow them to join unions recognize the local union that might otherwise help and allow deduction of them to improve their union dues from workers’ working conditions and paychecks. pay. 3 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Chattanooga Sit-Ins (1960) Before 1960, downtown Inspired by the Nashville lunch counters were legally Sit-Ins, students from segregated in the city of Howard High School Chattanooga. organized sit-ins at lunch counters to force an end to segregation, resulting in a successful negotiation between local NAACP leader James Mapp and the city. Kelley v. Board of In the 1950s, Nashville’s In 1955, prominent black White resisters protested As a result of white Education: The public school system was Nashville and NAACP the integration of opposition, Kelley v. Board Desegregation of segregated by race. Black attorneys Z. Alexander Nashville public schools, of Education became Nashville Schools (1955) school students were given Looby and Avon Williams which included bombing a Tennessee’s longest used text books and filed a federal case against school and enrolling their running school supplies discarded by white Nashville public schools to children in private desegregation case, which schools, and they were bring the city into institutions. was not settled until the forbidden to attend the compliance with the 21st century. better-funded white Brown v. Board of schools. Education decision. In 1957, Judge William E. Miller ordered the Nashville School Board to desegregate its public schools. 4 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Ratification of the 19th Prior to the passage of the Majority-white Tennessee As a result of suffrage The Tennessee General Amendment in Tennessee 19th Amendment, women women organized efforts, the Tennessee Assembly ratified the (1920) were not allowed to vote in themselves to campaign General Assembly passed Nineteenth Amendment in Tennessee. for female suffrage. a bill in April 1918 which August 1920. granted partial suffrage to women. Despite fierce opposition, women’s suffrage organizations continued the battle. The Coal Creek War Before the Coal Creek War, Coal Creek miners Hundreds of coal miners The publicity of the event (1891–92) Tennessee state revolted against coal mine were arrested for their forced the Tennessee government allowed the owners and the state involvement. General Assembly to later use of convict labor by government militia. refuse to renew convict private companies to labor contracts with undermine wage labor. private businesses in 1896. 5 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Oak Ridge school Like other Tennessee public After the brown decision, Even so, elementary desegregation (1955) schools in Tennessee the Atomic Energy schools in Oak Ridge Robertsville Junior High Commission issued an remained segregated School and Oak Ridge High order to desegregate the another 12 years. School remained school. In 1955 the two segregated after World War schools admitted a large II, despite the 1954 Brown number of African v. Board of Education Americans, making the decision. Since Oak Ridge schools the first public was technically a schools in the south to “government town” due to desegregate, just before its connection to the the nearby Clinton High nearby nuclear facility, the School. school was subject to Federal rules, even though it tried to adhere to local custom. The Harriman Hosiery Mill Workers at the Harriman Textile workers at Federal officials Strike (1933–34) Hosiery Mill experienced Harriman Hosiery Mill in intervened and poor working conditions Harriman initiated a strike negotiated a compromise which they had limited over the poor working that failed to benefit the options legally redress. conditions. workers. 6 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics The Elizabethton Rayon Workers at the Elizabethton rayon plant Mothwurf and Plant Strike (1929) Elizabethton Rayon Plant workers struck over the management refused to experienced very low conditions. President of implement the demands. wages, unfair promotion rayon plant, Arthur In response, workers practices, and petty Mothwurf, and labor initiated a series of regulation that applied only representatives negotiated subsequent strikes. to women with few options a compromise to increase to legally redress such wages, protect strikers discrimination. against discrimination, lift injunctions, and recognize an in-plant grievance committee. Tent City (1959) African American US Department of Justice sharecroppers in Fayette filed several suits against and Henderson counties landowners, merchants, built a makeshift and one financial community known as Tent institution for violating City after their white African American voting employers fired and and civil rights. evicted them for attempting to register to vote. 7 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Nashville Sit-Ins (1960) In 1959, downtown Nashville college students Although a compromise After the bombing, a Nashville lunch counters launched a series of sit-ins solution was attempted, it silent march was and other amenities were at local lunch counters to failed. White protestors organized by the segregated by custom. challenge Jim Crow harassed and attacked protestors ending in a segregation. protestors, and in April moral dialog with Mayor 1960, Black attorney Z. Ben West. Not long Alexander Looby’s house afterwards, city officials was bombed by and local businesses segregationists. negotiated an agreement to desegregate lunch counters. DeFord Bailey (1899– DeFord Bailey was stricken He overcame his disability The WSM Barn Dance- Bailey became a beloved 1982) with polio as a child. which made it difficult for Grand Ole Opry was a star after he became the him to do manual labor by show containing first African American playing the harmonica, an previously only hosting performer on the show. instrument at which he white country music excelled. performers. Tennessee Implements Tennessee ratified the Democrats and white The Democrat-controlled Segregation 13th and 14th vigilantes challenged the Tennessee General Amendments in order to be new social, political, and Assembly passed a series readmitted into the Union economic rights of black of legislation to in 1866. Tennesseans. disfranchise African Americans and poor white people. 8 Breaking Barriers in History 2020 National History Day Theme Tennessee History Topics Clinton Desegregation In the early 1950s, public After successfully pressing Clinton made several In August, twelve African Crisis (1947–58) schools in Tennessee were Clinton to improve African attempts to curb full American students segregated by race. Clinton American school facilities, integration of public desegregated Clinton High did not have a high school local African Americans, schools, but in 1956, School. Despite state for black people, so African with the support of the Federal Judge Robert L. intervention, members of American high school NAACP, filed a lawsuit to Taylor ordered the school the local White Citizens students
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