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Progress Report \j APDXL 'i .a { , c 6 65 METER RADIOTELESCOPE PROJECT SITE SELECTION PROGRESS REPORT Victor Herrero August 10, 1970 Summary of the trip to New Mexico and Arizona The following mountain areas in New Mexico were surveyed from the air: Jemez Mts. Cebolleta Mesa and Mt. Taylor Alegros Mt. Luera Peak Magdalena Mts. Black Range and Mimbres Mts. Black Peak Mogollon Mts. Tularosa Mts. Capitan Mts. The south portion of the Valle Grande caldera in the Jem:ez Mountains, and South Ealdy Peak in the Miagdalena uits. were visi- ted on the ground. The following mountain areas in Arizona were surveyed on the ground: Kitt Peak Santa Catalina Mts. Mt. Hopkins On the basis of this preliminary exploration, these attractive locations deserving further investigation have been identifLied: Valle Seco meadow (4 miles north of Redondo Peak, in the Valle Grande caldera, 8900 feet). Saddle 300 meters NW, of the Langmuir Laboratory site (10600 feet), on South Baldy Peak. 2 Bowl NW and below the location of the 36' telescope at Kitt Peak. Mt. Hopkins (8585 feet), north and above Knoll 1, the location of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The Santa Catalina Mts. area is attractive in some respects, but being so close to the city of Tucson, is already heavily used by a diversity of electronic installations providing telephone and television service to the city and radar facilities for military installations. This field survey was performed between July 25 and August 14, 1970. Comparison criteria descriotion 1 Latitude 2 Longitude 3 Altitude 4 Photometric quality 5 Seasonal climatology 6 Support facility 7 Site description 8 Nearest town 9 Nearest town with commercial scheduled air transport 10 Access road description 11 Land ownership 12 Air distance from Washington Mount Horkins 1 N 310 42' 2 W 1100 53' 3 8585 ft. 4 Good ?% 5 -Summer wet season 6 Good, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 7 Saddle north and above Knoll 1 8 Tucson, 60 miles 9 Tucson 10 Dirt mountain road for 18 miles, 1 hour trip from Amado on US 89, 4 wheel drive convenient 11 Coronado National Forest 12 1956 miles (Tucson) Mauna Kea 1 N 190 49 2 W 155 ° 28' 3 13796 feet 4 70-80%, very good 5 Low humidity all year round 6 Good, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii 7 Crater 200 meters SW of the summit, 400 meters south of 88" telescope 8 Hilo, 27 miles 9 Hilo 10 11 12 4812 miles (Hilo) Best site as of August 13, 1970 Mauna Kea Favourable factors Very good photometric quality High altitude Low precipitable water vapour all year round Low latitude Highest, low latitude location within the national boundaries of the U.S. Unfavourable factors Distant (2.5 times as far as the southwest) Hypoxia begins to have significant effects Low oxygen pressure at high altitude sets an upper limit to the highest desirable elevation. Some quotations extracted from different authors, that help to define the magnitude of the problem follow. Kui-per: Operation around 14-18000 ft is possible under strictly con- trolled conditions; regular use of oxygen is important since, with- out it, night vision and other biological functions are seriously impaired. Astronomers should be adapted a few days beforehand to 8-10000 ft elevation at the base laboratory, and only persons admitted to high altitude who have passed a heart examination and stood up well at the 9000 ft level. The body needs oxygen for work, keeping warm, and digestion of food. An overload on any one, or in combination, can be serious or fatal (e.g. the use of alcohol is dangerous since it comrpetes for oxygen). Electrically heated suits must be used for nighttime operations (the writer has never felt so completely chilled as during open air tests on Mauna Kea). The following data on loss of human ef iciency vs. duration of high altitude exposure are of great interest. Exposure hours Loss of efficiency 0% 40; 100% 1 9 14 20 6 9 14 18 18 9 13 16 Elevations in 1000 feet 100% - unconsciousness This would show that limited manual operation up to 17000 ft is possible with the observers returning to the base laboratory after an hour or so; and that all night operations are possible up to about 14000 ft, provided that the observers thereupon return to the base for their rest. This checks with my personal experience on Mauna Kea, with Hale Pohaku (9200 ft) used as a base (no extra oxygen was ever used in our 1964 operations). astronomers Many persons, two prominentVamong them, have suffered heart attacks at 9000-10000 ft. Experience at the High Altitude Solar Observatory at Climax, Colorado, 11100 ft, confirms appreciable altitude effects on the observers, ..even though they work in daytime in full sunlight. All this does nrot imply that one should not observe above 10000 ft; rather that.then a new set of rules will apply, the more urgently the higher one must go and the longer one must stay. Armstrong, Principles and practice of aviation medicine: Exposure to an altitude of 15000 to 18000 ft for a period of 2 to 6 hours may be followed by a very severe intractable headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental confusion, muscular weakness, and even complete prostration. Chronic altitude sickness may develop from repeated exposure to altitudes as low as 12000 feet. Toro ) 11cma- 0 Map of the Mauna Kea Summit Area , V, ...... .1..... t r -d1P .f .- Another aerial view by Alika H errinb, this time looking toiw;lrl the sunmit area fron the iorth. Tihe Highest p)oint is the summit itself, witlh the lobservatotrv ridge appearinlg (Idarker just in front of it. The cinder cone at far left is Puu Lili- noc; at center is the 13,-.li-toot cone, and at rightli is Puu Poliallu. Courtesy University of Arizona. pects for an astronomical obser att y were Its summit area, barren and complIcetely the suninlit area is extremely dry and has even better than on I:tle:ikala. Largely void of vegetation, is a gently rising vla- a higlh pliopiortion()l of clould-free iights. on this basis, and atf ter extensive further teait of o1(d lava at about 113.0)(00() tet. Aimong the disadsvat tages are the giceat tests, the newly strengthened astronomy The red. brown, atnd tail-colored citnder altitude. nearlyv 141,000 feet above sea S staff of the University of Hawaii those cones rise about o()0feet above the level, and the lack of water. power,- and Mauna Kea as the site for the NA5.-\-sup- plateau, and tlhe o)scrvatory is being built accessibility. Our development of Mani ported observatory. on one of these, cl e to the acttual sum- Kea for this observatory has been essen- This mountain has sev-eral obvious at- mtit. lThe site lies well above the linorial tially a pionleering veIlture. tractions for astronoumv. It is far tromt trade- wii(l iseirsiIon level of the atmio- Site Testing. The meteorologyi of Malu- centers of po)pulatioin and local sources sphere, which octcuris at about 6.000 to n. Kea's sttiiuit had( not i)eei studied at S of radio-fre(tuency or interference. 8,00( feet iin the optical I Hawaiiai Islaiids. I leitce, all before our suriev. \VWe have estinmated that about 50 percent of the nights in a The locatioi ()1 the year are totally clear, and somewthere be- blutie water of Lake tweeni 70 and 80percent) of all the lilr- I - " Vaial l is shown i in lthe tillme l hots should he usable either for S niap b(low.( It is stir- pliotiltetr ori spectttoscoply. Preciit rlttiic(d 1I) vati( ()1Oilored tin li rltgely ill the oiml of siow, f.ai t(rcks til ta vo()lcaic land uttitils in the so-cailedi kooa season, be- flows, but the cutire • i ... s .. .. , . : sf., 'e +. .l 4 '. i "... -11rs . -.1 ".-'.'7 . t'V.cei Novembier aid Februriv. when tlhe - ' SSnintillt area is ithout tral(he-wiii(ilcirctulationt I)reaks dowi. At S trees. hoto(grat 1y stit'()ogsouth wUilds occur. ,k -,.+:, . Jo T1. Jcficrics. tlhait till(, \We iale beei l>iticulatilv ina iess( d b, This simplified nap) of 1thesununit area, with a (O1tour intetrval of 200 I feet, is . ada plted fr out one with -1(0- fot con- ()otllS. ColOtiouS with ticks indictite crat(irs, r. onle of which is on the . sunnlit cone. The heavv -a ilies are roads, i 1 cltIud- <t ilgr the swit( hback that i. lcat(ds to the o0)s1rvsatory site at Utipp)er iglt. e- foire it was btlldii d loterr and wider, tlhe olset-rvatot-v ridge was Soly six feet l) vr than I tlie stillu titt itself. At tti)pperi left is Putt lPo- lithiu, wilh a dot liuil k- i1il tile o(1cittiolt of tilt" t r1 l,.s l.it- tof . ii ,)l i'aS lt'tilloi atl ( l)cet-vil g ,ta- tI{, t of at faw icats,, -tt,. " .... t f 1(i th e f tlii l t1 "ii ii ) at ) t!tit PSan i iti es. iitwas . and (of 11ile, (111ilt' i '!I i(l's St':t;lit (otst S lnte 27 lilcs (istittit. South Baldy Peak 1 N330 58' 2 W 107 ° 11 3 10670 feet 4 Good ?%0 5 Summer wet season 6 Good, Langmuir Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 7 Saddle, 300 meters NW of the Langmuir Laboratory 8 Socorro, 35 miles . 9 Albuquerque 10 Dirt mountain road for 20 miles, 4 wheel drive vehicle convenient, 1+5 minute trip from US highway 60, plus 15 minutes on US 60 to Socorro (15 miles).
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