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65 METER RADIOTELESCOPE PROJECT
SITE SELECTION
PROGRESS REPORT
Victor Herrero
August 10, 1970 Summary of the trip to New Mexico and Arizona
The following mountain areas in New Mexico were surveyed from the air:
Jemez Mts.
Cebolleta Mesa and Mt. Taylor
Alegros Mt.
Luera Peak
Magdalena Mts.
Black Range and Mimbres Mts.
Black Peak
Mogollon Mts.
Tularosa Mts.
Capitan Mts.
The south portion of the Valle Grande caldera in the Jem:ez
Mountains, and South Ealdy Peak in the Miagdalena uits. were visi- ted on the ground.
The following mountain areas in Arizona were surveyed on the ground:
Kitt Peak
Santa Catalina Mts.
Mt. Hopkins
On the basis of this preliminary exploration, these attractive locations deserving further investigation have been identifLied:
Valle Seco meadow (4 miles north of Redondo Peak, in the Valle
Grande caldera, 8900 feet).
Saddle 300 meters NW, of the Langmuir Laboratory site (10600 feet), on South Baldy Peak. 2
Bowl NW and below the location of the 36' telescope at Kitt
Peak.
Mt. Hopkins (8585 feet), north and above Knoll 1, the location of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
The Santa Catalina Mts. area is attractive in some respects, but being so close to the city of Tucson, is already heavily used by a diversity of electronic installations providing telephone and television service to the city and radar facilities for military installations.
This field survey was performed between July 25 and August 14,
1970. Comparison criteria descriotion
1 Latitude
2 Longitude
3 Altitude
4 Photometric quality
5 Seasonal climatology
6 Support facility
7 Site description
8 Nearest town
9 Nearest town with commercial scheduled air transport
10 Access road description
11 Land ownership
12 Air distance from Washington Mount Horkins
1 N 310 42'
2 W 1100 53'
3 8585 ft.
4 Good ?%
5 -Summer wet season
6 Good, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
7 Saddle north and above Knoll 1
8 Tucson, 60 miles
9 Tucson
10 Dirt mountain road for 18 miles, 1 hour trip from Amado on US
89, 4 wheel drive convenient
11 Coronado National Forest
12 1956 miles (Tucson) Mauna Kea
1 N 190 49
2 W 155 ° 28'
3 13796 feet
4 70-80%, very good
5 Low humidity all year round
6 Good, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
7 Crater 200 meters SW of the summit, 400 meters south of 88"
telescope
8 Hilo, 27 miles
9 Hilo
10
11
12 4812 miles (Hilo) Best site as of
August 13, 1970
Mauna Kea
Favourable factors
Very good photometric quality
High altitude
Low precipitable water vapour all year round
Low latitude
Highest, low latitude location within the national boundaries
of the U.S.
Unfavourable factors
Distant (2.5 times as far as the southwest)
Hypoxia begins to have significant effects Low oxygen pressure at high altitude sets an upper limit to the highest desirable elevation.
Some quotations extracted from different authors, that help to define the magnitude of the problem follow.
Kui-per:
Operation around 14-18000 ft is possible under strictly con- trolled conditions; regular use of oxygen is important since, with- out it, night vision and other biological functions are seriously impaired. Astronomers should be adapted a few days beforehand to
8-10000 ft elevation at the base laboratory, and only persons admitted to high altitude who have passed a heart examination and stood up well at the 9000 ft level. The body needs oxygen for work, keeping warm, and digestion of food. An overload on any one, or in combination, can be serious or fatal (e.g. the use of alcohol is dangerous since it comrpetes for oxygen). Electrically heated suits must be used for nighttime operations (the writer has never felt so completely chilled as during open air tests on Mauna
Kea).
The following data on loss of human ef iciency vs. duration of high altitude exposure are of great interest.
Exposure hours Loss of efficiency 0% 40; 100% 1 9 14 20
6 9 14 18
18 9 13 16
Elevations in 1000 feet 100% - unconsciousness This would show that limited manual operation up to 17000 ft is possible with the observers returning to the base laboratory after an hour or so; and that all night operations are possible up to about 14000 ft, provided that the observers thereupon return to the base for their rest. This checks with my personal experience on
Mauna Kea, with Hale Pohaku (9200 ft) used as a base (no extra oxygen was ever used in our 1964 operations). astronomers Many persons, two prominentVamong them, have suffered heart attacks at 9000-10000 ft. Experience at the High Altitude Solar Observatory at Climax, Colorado, 11100 ft, confirms appreciable altitude effects on the observers, ..even though they work in daytime in full sunlight. All this does nrot imply that one should not observe above
10000 ft; rather that.then a new set of rules will apply, the more urgently the higher one must go and the longer one must stay.
Armstrong, Principles and practice of aviation medicine:
Exposure to an altitude of 15000 to 18000 ft for a period of 2 to 6 hours may be followed by a very severe intractable headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental confusion, muscular weakness, and even complete prostration.
Chronic altitude sickness may develop from repeated exposure to altitudes as low as 12000 feet. Toro ) 11cma- 0 Map of the Mauna Kea Summit Area
, V, ...... 1.....
t r -d1P .f .-
Another aerial view by Alika H errinb, this time looking toiw;lrl the sunmit area fron the iorth. Tihe Highest p)oint is the summit itself, witlh the lobservatotrv ridge appearinlg (Idarker just in front of it. The cinder cone at far left is Puu Lili- noc; at center is the 13,-.li-toot cone, and at rightli is Puu Poliallu. Courtesy University of Arizona.
pects for an astronomical obser att y were Its summit area, barren and complIcetely the suninlit area is extremely dry and has even better than on I:tle:ikala. Largely void of vegetation, is a gently rising vla- a higlh pliopiortion()l of clould-free iights. on this basis, and atf ter extensive further teait of o1(d lava at about 113.0)(00() tet. Aimong the disadsvat tages are the giceat tests, the newly strengthened astronomy The red. brown, atnd tail-colored citnder altitude. nearlyv 141,000 feet above sea S staff of the University of Hawaii those cones rise about o()0feet above the level, and the lack of water. power,- and Mauna Kea as the site for the NA5.-\-sup- plateau, and tlhe o)scrvatory is being built accessibility. Our development of Mani ported observatory. on one of these, cl e to the acttual sum- Kea for this observatory has been essen- This mountain has sev-eral obvious at- mtit. lThe site lies well above the linorial tially a pionleering veIlture. tractions for astronoumv. It is far tromt trade- wii(l iseirsiIon level of the atmio- Site Testing. The meteorologyi of Malu- centers of po)pulatioin and local sources sphere, which octcuris at about 6.000 to n. Kea's sttiiuit had( not i)eei studied at S of radio-fre(tuency or interference. 8,00( feet iin the optical I Hawaiiai Islaiids. I leitce, all before our suriev. \VWe have estinmated that about 50 percent of the nights in a The locatioi ()1 the year are totally clear, and somewthere be- blutie water of Lake tweeni 70 and 80percent) of all the lilr- I - " Vaial l is shown i in lthe tillme l hots should he usable either for S niap b(low.( It is stir- pliotiltetr ori spectttoscoply. Preciit rlttiic(d 1I) vati( ()1Oilored tin li rltgely ill the oiml of siow, f.ai t(rcks til ta vo()lcaic land uttitils in the so-cailedi kooa season, be- flows, but the cutire • i ... s .. .. . , . : sf., 'e +. .l 4 '. i "... -11r s . -.1 ".-'.'7 . t'V.cei Novembier aid Februriv. when tlhe - ' SSnintillt area is ithout tral(he-wiii(ilcirctulationt I)reaks dowi. At S trees. hoto(grat 1y stit'()ogsouth wUilds occur. ,k -,.+:, . Jo T1. Jcficrics. tlhait till(, \We iale beei l>iticulatilv ina iess( d b,
This simplified nap) of 1thesununit area, with a (O1tour intetrval of 200 I feet, is . ada plted fr out one with -1(0- fot con- ()otllS. ColOtiouS with ticks indictite crat(irs, r. onle of which is on the . sunnlit cone. The heavv -a ilies are roads, i 1 cltIud- i1il tile o(1cittiolt of tilt" t r1 l,.s l.it- tof . ii ,)l i'aS lt'tilloi atl ( l)cet-vil g ,ta- tI{, t of at faw icats,, -tt,. " .... t f 1(i th e f tlii l t1 "ii ii ) at ) t!tit PSan i iti es. iitwas . and (of 11ile, (111 ilt' i '!I i(l's St':t;lit (otst S lnte 27 lilcs (istittit. South Baldy Peak 1 N330 58' 2 W 107 ° 11 3 10670 feet 4 Good ?%0 5 Summer wet season 6 Good, Langmuir Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 7 Saddle, 300 meters NW of the Langmuir Laboratory 8 Socorro, 35 miles . 9 Albuquerque 10 Dirt mountain road for 20 miles, 4 wheel drive vehicle convenient, 1+5 minute trip from US highway 60, plus 15 minutes on US 60 to Socorro (15 miles). 12 1700 miles (Albuquerque) Topography of theSth g . 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I _ ' . --. .' /. -A--'- .- .. ."_ /, " f/ ,. y J 'Y..: .' fw. - - i i ,1 r/. / i f -. ) } /!" .. -. . + ., . Sam5les of weather data found available for some sites JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 0.84 1[21 1-14 099 043 1'27 j378 444 5-95 046 023 1 PRECIPITATION (IN) s1ow=r- . K I 1 1 [i , ° 0 0 1-. STEMPERATURE (°F) CD 20 6 00 MIN CD PRESSURE Z 20.6 (IN OF HG) 20.4 - VV CD 20.2jYU 1-44 20.0 WIND (MPH) C'C 10) -- : . t ,ra til1i-.Pw htr 5H" 270 ° 293° 259 205 20I2 1° 29 0 .... i 1 1t CD oC)3 FIGRE3 Y.: . .. ., . 0 :O~5 0 PRESSURE o 0 0 C 0 o -- 4 0 0i 0-3I 0 ' ". _ d 101 N fJ IND (mph) 001 N SPE2GD 6- 07 CT ON 24(60 ?O 22 2730 2840 2820 2590 249° '267o 1 1 1 1 P x. '."ktM2tyL I . -1------"alum" ='A' 0 4O MONTHLY MEANS 0 o 1964-1967 ro . 0 IF .- ' 0 U)0 JAN FEB MA P MRA AG SEPT CT NOf 0 0 PRECP ITATON (in) l Ji u5 S . 7f . 1' % ., t MEAN TOTALS spa 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 agag" 0 MIXIN RATIO (gm/kg) 0 MEAN 41 'OF. 0 4H 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 3 SATURATION VALUES Q 3.8 .3*4 5- 1 7410 13*1 13).00 I511117 f:Q 44iwl 0. 0 0 o - TEMPERATURE (*F) 0AN 4 a 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Baldy Peak Langmuir Laboratory (continued) - olt JAN FBMAR APR MAY M7 N_ RAT10_/_g) L121 . ," ' RS a'- 4+9C.w't ,Lr' ::,~l'_ . __ . • .. .* *• °.I AAM4 r ' South Baldy Peak Langmuir Laboratory 0 . 65 <_. yr" K . r4/ /1 p Kitt Peak Sample of wind speed data summary ___ I -, T - year mno.,day v e remar) Av. V I F- 1800-01 020 I I 1962 12-1.7/8 C)100-0600. .32 / S Gusty 26 18/19 15 Vssw Gusty 19/20 20/21 16 / NE Gusty 21/22 18 SENE Fitfu 22/23 .800-0I D0. 10 , 0)10o.,&0( 00 10 S 23/24 30 Gusty 30 1L800-0. 30..20 VW Gusty 24/25 0)100-0600..15 SSW 25/26 8 SSWS'ssw 26/27 8 V I 9 28/29 19 NNE Gust by 0005 1L800-03 00..18 29/30 c)300-0600.. 6 SSSE 12 30/31 14 SSE .800-23(30..18 'SSE 31/1 1a )300-04 00 .12 Wheel tuck at 0004 1- 1/2 V'SE 1963 10 S 1 ~800.-04400Q..22 '/ 2/3 0 400-0( 00..15 Gusty x,80 0-2 3 i800-23 3/4 00* ..10 is Chiart stoppe , at 23 4/5 13 SE 5/6 13 SE 6/7 5 NE Calm rom 2ido--ooo0003 7/8 8 /S Gusty after 0002 8/9 8 W Fitfu4 9/10 25 Gusty 25 10/11 35 4 SSW Very usty 35 11/12 15 SNW Leg.--rid: end of roll 1 mechanical failure or break in recrd Kitt Peak Sample of wind speed data summary Mo. Day T2ime _ v Comments 4/ 2000-0020 35 W Brisk, gust of 48 at 217 1970 ---. 1. 19-20 0020-0400 20 WNWq Fretful, undulating 200-0140 -35 WSW Brisk 20-21 0140-0400 40 SSW Becoming gusty; gust f 60 at 0327 2000-2$00 25 W Fretful after being gusty 21-22 2 3 0 0 -000 12 NW to C000,tien SW Undulating, quiet 2000-0300 llav NW to 2130,teen SW; erratic 23- to ) 2000-0050 8 NNW Irregular, fretful 23-24 0050-0400 12 W(if working) Steady 2000-2330 21 Not w rking Fretfl 24-25 2330-0400 8 " arely fetful,irregula-(15 to ) 2000-2210 16 WSW Fretf 1, irregular 25-26 221 0 - vv000 W Irre 0010-000 5 W Fretf 1 26-272000-2100 30 SW Busy, steady 3 26-27s62- SW , si9si Bus, dfairly r aOy steadv z stO 72 at 2021 0t aw 17 , A d.rye o 27-28 1 zdti 27-28 0210-000OlOOfOO 17 SW,shifted t SSW ga"at 0250.6 rregAlaP,busy 28-29 2000-2340' 19 NW(motly) Irreg., busy 2C 28292340-0400 22 NNE Fretfu ,steady 2000-0940 14 N Irreg. 29-30 0400-0400 17 N More n arty steady 5/0 aN Bus 30- re 0 1 rern-u 5/ 20Q8980-0020 17g ENE to 202 hen E. 3risk 1 - 2 2E Brisk 0200-0400 17 E Busy 2 9us3 E-V 096 2 -3 t e0u61Pi sk after 0256 (2000-2050 14 s Fretfu 3-4 2050-2 10 20 S Irreg.i 2310-0 35 22 SSE Fretful 235-0400 18 S Barely fretful 2000-0305 18 WSW to 2308,then SE to 0100,then SS".Brish,busy 4-5 0305-0400 14 SSW Barely fretful by 0008 5-6 SSS BokS0100. UnduLating, brisk 2 2000-2305 40 SW Breezy 6-7 2305-0400 35 SW Brisk or busy, to breezy 3 S16_ W, b 210 WOSW by 2200 Eratic 7-8 avat+ri r 4 tQtam, to ra O78- 5aV S4, N1 y 0u ;caim at tunimes 2000-2310 12 NNE Somewhat erratic 8-9 2310-0400 5 NE, SW by 0000 2000-23'45 2 WSW, fretful, sQmewhat ire 9-10 2345-0350 26 WSW,dropping lightly by 039 ,shifting to WW 2 Soo- booeezy 2000-0200 24 WSW Busy 10-11 0200-04 0 0 20 WSW Busy, more bin action OUT OF OPERATION; INSTALLATION OF CABLE FROM TRANSNITTER 2000-2130 2oav SSW Busy 25-26 0288- ~9av rsswtO 230 tbnl no rcord. Brisk 23 2000-2050 16 NW u estul, ucu a -.rg I 26-27 2050-00020000BuyfYtuseha 10 SSE by 2140, B rely fretful,somewhat irregular 27-28 2000-0400 20 W to 2130; WS therefter. Brisk 20 2000-1310 14aw Wto 2120,the sw. BsSy,dying to fratfuby 00 28-29 1311-0100 8 f SSW (Is this ork-irg?) Quie~t 1 030 Record of winds of 40-or-more during scanning nours 8-8-65 to 3-25-67 Kitt Peak year Mo.,Day Time V Sample 1965 8/ 8-9 2110-2210 40-44 ESE . 4 gusts * -14 2000-2110 40-50 SSE 16 gusts,l of 50 9/16-17 2040-0600 40(av.) SSE 77 gusts over 50,5 over. 60(1 of 68) 17-18 1830-0600 40(av.) SSE 60 gusts over 50;5Hof 60 and + 18-19 1800--0120 40-46 S 46 gusts, 1 of 48 -27-28 0330-0600 44-44 S 35 gusts 10/13-14 2200-2300 40-42 SSW 6 gusts 15-16 2320-0600 40-50 SSW 75 gustg,1 of 63 11/14-15 0450-0530 40-42 S 3 gusts 16-17 0130-0230 40-41 SSW 5 gusts i 2'22-23 0240-0600 40-48 SSW 56 gusts 25-26 1800-2140 40-50 SSW 60 gusts,3 over 50 12/ 9-10 1800-0600 50+ SSE-S-SSW 44 gusts, 1 of 69 10-11 1800-2100 40-49 SSW 13 gusts TOWER AND MACHINE • ICED"I 12/14-27 28-29 1850-2015 40-44 NEs 1966 0150-0300 40-47 NE 1- usts -...2/6-7 2340 40 SW 1 gust 7-8 2350 42 SW -1 gust "INSTRUMENT FROEN" 2/8-18 (Records ar~e suspec 3/1-2 1930-0005 40-42 N until 00 0s5 itched to S (Records.it here) susp 4/14-15 2000-0005 40-46 SW 8 gusts 18-19 2000-0400 48a) S 19 gusts over 60 28-29 0302 40 SE 1 gust 5/11-12 0030 42 NW 1 gust 15-16 0018-0425 40-49 S 48 gusts (e pen trustworthy ) 28-29 2340-0030 40 NNE 2 gusts N urrose rotvfrom 20 t 8/ 8-9 8'T 40-48 E UsrsaDrupt ,_y-froTz . 3U to 474 10-11 2230 41 ENE gust 0030 51 N 1 gust(rose abruptly from 10,dropped t 18-19 0342 40 SE 1 gust(rose from calm at 0120,hifted ,"''29-30 20-0-2140 40-43 NW 9 gusts 9/12-13 0455-0600 40-43 SSE 7 gusts 26-27 .2120-0035 40-45 SSW 4 gusts 27-28 2350-0600 40-48 ESE 14 gusts 10/2-3 2355 48 S 1 gust (rose abruptly from 30,the dropm ' 11/5- 04355-0600 40-42 Ssw(?) 3 gusts 6-7 1800-0600 40(av4 S 93 gusts over 50,1 of 63 1800-2400 37 (av.)NNE 118 gusts over 40 7-8 0000-0600 D0Tv,- .) N 7 gusts of 70-72 ** Scanning hours chaneU t o 2000-04 00 *** Scanning hours changcd to 1800-0O)00 Sarnolp of a Kitt Pea,<'wind speed and direction record . - . .r -_ _ _ . , .. ______-z._ AA7 ___ " ~~~~~~r k . ?.Y ..' -." "f^i ~_. ] L.~- ' . :t ' , -7 s~t " " ' : ~ t z .:{. . ab , ...+aSc..a ..ip '..' ' l " i }'r"a , P '.., f. .. r ,'^1C.1 d . , 7L 0ct 1 -, C C " l -, T. , . _ _ .-,4_.._.._./x, -' //_ . ^-'e" -. ; - _.,' r F : _. erg- _T, _r _ _ _..« ___- __~~ __O____-__CA n n 1 w:C nn . S. . U. DEPARTMENT OF co lvt.rnc -cavvw v a, ,.,.... , .. .. ,.. Srotto RECORD OF CL p a.OGICAL OBSERVATIONS /7 County_ Time of observation (local rime) if once daily '-( on.. i...... Standard lime in user Sate - YIf of different tines, temperature _ - , precipi/ation TEMPERATURE F PRECIPITATION WEATHER (CALENDAR DAY) 24 hrs. ending t Draw a sroghi line (--I hrough hours precipalion was observed, and a 24-hr. amounts Al obsn Mark'X' for al types o bs e t i n Snow, Dote -- lli wooed ine (--) lhrough hours precip, probably occurred unobserved.,fRoin, Melted Sw l Se 'Weather' block; remarks,occurring etc. each'ed Inday m r e etno I tf t (!!I I!1I! ) .. L .. I [I,. m~ smmtm {o.,u thc nc e i' M~ 2 45 P6 9117 71 45 ?snow, etc. Hail Halice ~ s _...... ____,falll ii/i i,, ll iiti" lllfteeIc( llllU i I tIII- 5.!_ tiurwithif (1n . I...... ' " .::!'t .., , 1/lt 71Y1-K1. l l~FV1.,1,.,~l ll t ..... ,/ ; .i7- , II ' '1 I 1 1 II ''I II 11 1 1t.. . I-- r,*- a'---- -i' w+--- r. --. ,r i.------t1----ttt---$ .I -4 -- +- h-- -- I--hf---# '- F It I. .:.:.. e ...... r. '-T t 1 ""' "' _ --- ,_ ..... TT T IT T T " T '_l t ! t ' l " I ' I t 4_. 0 I SI € - }1 flVV4H! 11UfI 1~ ______.i i / w -I t-i' I- -I--I---- + (4 I I I III 1111 I - t-=tt-- -4 _.. 4-; .' / CD .. _ r,,,_ iH ii -fKo i r +w" .. ~ /mow 1< . C 7 72t0 7 I I s- C 102 /- ~ ." -. H .. .. I +) _t- - -1 -P 1*_ -- i--i -- ?--- -- 1 °-1 = i -f°--f- ;r--t - ______. ------. T 4-- -- + ate- -F---- _.lil 1 lijifiI I J 14 -' .. I' _44__-----_; T + - 15 - ! "_& I 1 1I' - + __i 11-Il1 Hi 101 ,,.. - '_____ 1C)' r 1 111 !. 0 1 . lL ' ------f----}------} 7 16 4 1I IIi'I1 ------t----t 't t - ---- f -T------I - till- 7/ ' l 1 1111l 1 . -- -4--4 1 1-.---4- -- 1 1 -- 4 -- 1 -t . I T 1 . er..! " 2! 111 iI! TI 'I 6 [JIUItf . , 0 - .. ate # Ix-' lIi ______r,,. , .II_____ ,F--+- 4-" " 7*~ rn 4I 22 4 I --. -1- "- "1-4 1- 1-4 - 1- 23 77 7/ '1i -T--} ------r -T- -T ------11,44 -(F, 0__-.--- 24 /> JH2~ /1 __4_ I Ii F ---- r f --. / l' 3 • ,# I(I9 h a 10 - K; LIZ" 111!' Ill "26 /') 1 1TIII -L 1: Iii' I l - " / l II iiii' H __ .- ILL-44 ,~ *?T iLI _ )ZIII1IiKV 2 7 /. It1- - xuoi 1111 Ii- I11(_1 w t1 ., l i I i1 .i I I11 111 .i .- 1_.,....i._,L-"...... i.-... _l e e K- P 9 t0 1! "_ 1 ,j! ; { , ,, t Sample of a Kitt Peak r ; } ! j 14ni+ . t I of temperature 1 record I } } { I j t- f _ yf '. j f i ! " , ti t and humidity- i i Y + i I Y' i G ,t . - I I i .r ~r # t 4 t _.+"'+ i r ' f , r .: - ' _. - ,. to.a 44_~ . . :la "{ ! ! 1- ft . . -r-i 1 i -C, + . -Y" 1 i ; I V i .t- i - i , y--. 1 ' ! jjjl _ -_1._i _ _ i - l 01 .e 1 i __ { ; '7 -r F 1 i ~ _.r A J (/ ^ _, a ------_ ... . _ 1 .o ' t r I 1 1 I j r-}"- .1 1 . r ._:-- r I STATION. .{ , .- ...... INSTRUMENT NO .... DATE... REMARKS ... Outside Metf. eSta~a T 4mpL z siaPIa J Max. (t) - 9 f ' .. , r..sr .n rsn ... w. rri ia.+.rww. .. r .. rr1 .. u 1970ear,1970 6 1616MD 86+ 60+ 0515 68- 1900 15.. 0430 1.5-3 Va ecbl clouds -2000 -0715 17 90- 1415, 59+- 30 70 1945 58 0530 0.8-3 Much variable 2000-0445 -545 cloudiness -1445143 -2015 -0700O 18 93 1245* 62 0515 74+ 1915 62+ 0545 1 Clear -0530 -2000 -0630 19 94+ 1215 66 0215. 76- 1730 66 1-4 Clear until near 2000-0430 -2000 C 2s end 20 94+ 1430 67- 0530 75 1800 66+o 0 1-1.5 Extremely cloudy 2030-0445 68- 0545 o 21 94 1215, 68 0545 76+ 1900 68- 0545 1-3 Clear 2000-0445 -1915 2285- 330 22 85- 1330 644 2315 78+ 1815 67 0430 Cloudy 2000-0500 0 -2239 -1945 -0545 H 0 23 86 0215, 64 0545 79- 1815 69+ 0515 Cloudy till 0100 0100-0500 0245 -0615 -1845 -0545 24 91- 1315, 68 0515 80+ 1900 70 0400 Clouds on horizon 1900-0500 0 -2000 1430 -0530 -0730 till 2200 25 96- 1515 73+ 0430 86- 1830 75+ 0400 Clear to overcast 1930-2200 Cl) -0600 -1945 -0845 CD H. 26 92- 1300, 70- 0600 85- 1500 76 0400 2-3 Scattered overcast 1930-0400 1315 -1515 95', at 0400 68+ 0550 27 88+ 1215 81+ 1600 74 0q5. Var.overcast to 2015-0415 -1230 -1630 scattered clouds 28 85 1300 59- 2015 77+ 18 0 68 2400 Overcast to clear 29 87- 1415 60 0500 71 17 68+ 2400 Overcast to 0000-0415 -0615 -1730 scattered clouds hoops. * May have been at other times, tor;but cage was open to direct sun during repair, and records are not reliable again until 1645, 30 88+ 1345. 62- 2345 71 1800 60- 0445 1.5-3 Clear 2030-0415 1400 AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON INCHES PERCENT 2.5- S50 >. Z 2.0 40 0 t-- 1D H 1.5 -3 0 H L 20 L 0 W lJ .el_cL 0.5 - 10 t WU 0,0 - dI .. i Pw^ 41tY+.rtMn 'Gw" ^"p ,N'};' i'n ,.4.... 0^:.^.e . .s.Tm- ... r - ,__ JJrv v,.ia,.. ,. '"'^" :° " ' F^ $j7a7 'ty*nitan'+ gar '+?¢.P 7 ",.y 'F_ a_ ' ?'. U The following 9 samples are taken from A.B. Meinel's • reporton the site secon survey for-Kitt Peak National Observatory nd the ne 4 0 t tt 30- r1 so O 0 w 20 i "i z 10- 3 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 .N D 1956 1957 WEEKLY AVERAGE WIND VELOCITY AND DAILY-AVERAGE RANGE !F s FIG. 14 i -27- Tyr 3.0 Cr) 1 m z 2.0 OR (I) MAWS C) 0 " CD CDI mi t 1.0 q 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG 1957 AVERAGE NIGHTLY SEEING AND RANGE OF DISC DIAMETER FOR KITT PEAK r+srw t04r iwa, tnwaw ew,+ -. k , a, .. ' " ' ' ! - KITT PEAK 5 - 4f 4 3 - A 4 4 44 1jt4 2 "OwlI I I I I I I I I 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 4 . w 1957 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP I t- ° I- V' z 4 W w V?)3 2 I O 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 28 10 20 30 1957 OCT NOV DEC 1958 JAN FEB MAR KITT ,r :rsr;£" .d+n:lorbf? ,arm'.9!k 1'l i ; Pa4r'JP!*' cAMF« X'aa37bw_:,s :av<+raAk i , ++mt s4 ':a ieew 'aa" .; :r;iCY'4"c'2k!bl.4rypArfA=PM f',p'rvn'L N'4'Atrg'h.'fW ! yH$C$.'' MAlAy!'gFi 4'y4:MY 1'IRIMW 1.'!:MMII!' tpy3'rf°RF!tMf.M'P'Ik'4'1MM4t9iiNNkl lH71!'Ak tF'SM+p1!'.F' M°MFR , Ma1NW!!"MaP.A F4 '4JM' +q°!1@J'Tx7Y!! aAfl!w'YeIIfM+ClA7ltg4 'Y ! ' * ' z 30 (up to 0.2 cloudy) 30 TUCSON 9 YR AV rnl 0- o 20- -20 10 GIL A BEND - 0 C 0 C:) 0m 0 ' ' ' ' .. . ' ' l ' _' ' ' ,,' ' ,,' ' 1 ' .. 0 J F M A M J J A S0 ND J F M A M J 1956 1957 MONTH I0 T 1.0 PEAK J E 1957 . 0 - sunrise * ' * O 0.5 * a * *unset , . */1 AFo i I_~~J1 y...... M 4 6 10 12 14 16 10 20 22 M N f i JUNIPER-O SERRFA " ITO w " J UNW51957 e " s 0 s ; 04 " * .. .. AF5 s e ° - " AF fro0 s ce s 'g , e A t f -. A '°ty m j .mm om.e ,aeim aister® ""'"'F'7"'° s°cer .+oswaawi., M 2 4 6 80 10 12 1416 18 20 22 M N i0--- KITT PEAK DEC 1956 sunrise ss AF0 M 2 4 6 8 0 12 14 16 18 20 22~ M N DIURNAL MICROTHERMAL FLUCTUATIONS Tmax -Tmrin (°F) for 3 m intervals 60 ft. above ground FIG. 25 -40- O N DIJ F M .A'M 'J -A' S 0 N D*J } 70 - 0 S50 - 40 -- I"HUALAPAI 30 (60 ft. level) 6 ' ~ 20 <80-10I I I I I I I 70 40 I SUMMIT 30 (60ft. level) 20 ! 10- 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J 1956 1957 1958 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 8 DAILY -AVERAGE RANGE FIG. 3 -.37- 90 80 70 w 0 60 z w 50 0 40 0 30 20 10 0 w :I J 0 Z i 0 Liii ILJ H PERCENTAGE OF WINDS WITHIN O-IOmph GROUP F-35IG.-2 -35- ,- ". ... ° ,,., . ",.. JANUARY 1957 10 20 30 40 50 60 mph wind velocity KITT A /-/.--SUMMIT , \, ; FEBRUARY 1957 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 mph 60------HUA LAPAI 50 40' *1- K--IT T 30- MARCH 1957 .- 'k-,--LICK 20 -**-\ 10" n V%- 10 20 30 40 50 60 mph FIG. 18 -31- 20 it o CONTAINS 70% STAR ENERGY I.2 av. t- UJ I FEB-AUG 1957 mum 0 - hJi 0 . .1 . - .0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.03.5 SEEING DISC DIAMETER U' KITT PEAK IMAGE SIZE DISTRIBUTION-86 FOR 75 NIGHTS FROM FEB 25 TO AUG 511957 (229 OBSERVATIONS) _o4FIG 50 /1 Next three pages from 36' LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY site survey UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ALAMOS. NEW MEXICO file OFFICE MEMORANDUM TO : Norris E. Bradbury, Director DATE:, November 19, 1964 FROM : Orin W. Stopinski, Alternate Group Leader, H-6 SUBJECT PRECIPITABLE WATER CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE SYMBOL : H-6 Estimates of the amounts of precipitable water in the atmos- phere have been computed for two locations at Los Alamos: (1) South Mesa, and (2) the saddle just north of Pajarito Mountain. These estimates have been compared with similar estimates for Climax, Colorado. Climax was selected for comparison since this was the most favorable location cited in the Second Progress Report by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The estimates for the Los Alamos sites were based on monthly averages of the radiosonde data obtained by the US Weather Bureau in Albuquerque for 1963. The estimates for Climax were based on the monthly averages from Denver for the same period. All values are given in -millimeters of water. Site Climax, Colo. North Saddle South Mesa Pajarito Mtn. Los Alamos Elevation 3350 m 3040 m 2250 m January 1.6G 1.3 2.6 February 2.0 2.6 4.2 March 1.6 2.7 4.3 April 2.1 1.6 3.4 May 3.7 4.2 6.6 June 4.6 5.2 8.1 July 9.2 11.9 17.5 August 11.1 13.4 19.8 Sept ember 5.0 0 " 7.8 12.9 October 4.1 4.8 8.4 November 2.0 0.1 2.6 December 1.7 0.7 1.9 The referenced document lists three criteria for the telescope enclosure: (I) wind speeds of 90 mph, (2) snow or ice loads of 20 poundsc per s-(quare foot, and (3) ambient temperature range of -30°F to +120°F. LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO TO: Norris E. Bradbury 2 DATE: November 19, 1964 The maximum wind speed ever recorded in Los Alamos was a gust of 87 miles per hour and is believed to be about what could be expected on the mountain. Sustained wind speeds of 55 mph have been observed in the town site and it is estimated that sustained winds of 70-75 mph would probably be observed on the mountain. The maximum snowfall from a single storm in Los Alamos is 18 inches. The limited comparison between SM-43 and the ski slope indicates the slope will experience i/2 - 2 times as much snow as the town site. Taking the upper limit of 2 and our maximum storm snowfall of 18 inches, the snow loading on the horizontal surface at the mountain would be about 18.75 pounds per square foot. Extreme temperatures at Los Alamos have ranged from -18 0 F to 95 0 F. With the assumption that the mountain temperatures are some l0o lower than those at SM-43 the range on the mountain would be within the---specified range. Since weather conditions near Pajar ito Mountain are within the ranges specified for the telescope enclosure and the atmospheric water content quite significantly lower than on the plateau, I would recommend that emphasis be placed on the mountain location. '7-,"/ ;/" Orin W. Stopinski OWS :mtj CC: John H. Manley, RAJM H-6 File Los Alamos Site - 36-foot 1. Mean Sky Cover The following compares the sky cover (clouds) in tenths at Albuquerque (N.M.) and Tucson (Ariz.) for sunrise to sun'set. Years of Station record J F M A M Jn Jy A S O N D Annual Albuquerque 25 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.4 4.4 4.5 3.2 2.9 3.1 4.0 4.0 Tucson 16 5.0 4.5 4.6 3.7 2.8 2.2 5.5 4.7 2.7 3.1 3.0 4.4 3.9 2. Mean Precipitable Water (inches) See appendix for curves from pages 7 and 26 of -the Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 10 (1949). The following table gives the mean precipitable water in inches contained between heights above sea level of 2-8 km in the atmosphere over Albuquerque and Phoenix (nearest available recording station to Tucson). Stationand J F M A M Jn Jy A S O N D Mean height Albuquerque .238 .210 .248 .350 .380 .549 .778 .893 .680 .416 .289 .281 .443 Phoenix 339 m .267 .253 .242 .291 .309 .375 .685 .856 .602 .373 .276 .262 .399 3. Conclusions Tucson and Albuquerque are equal insofar as cloud cover is concerned. Phoenix is at least as good as Albuquerque as far as water content in the range 2-8 km above sea level is concerned. JWF - Nov. 10, 1964 l - cc: DSH - FJL cm. TABLE I PRECIP. H.O IN VERTICAL COLUMN (mm) ELEVATION p AC.- PRE- JANUARY APRIL ULY OCTOBER 25% SITE LAT. (N) LONG FT. M (mb) cEss* cIP. SNow t 5% 50% 5% 50% 5% 50% 5% 50% (9 Mo Palomar Obs. (Calif.) 33021 ' 116°52' 5600 1706 825 A 24 36 1.8 3.4 1.9 4.4 3.5 9.5 2.6 6.1 2.1 National Radio Obs. 38026' 79050 2700 823 920 A 44 80 1.2 4.3 2.6 . 8.0 12. 20. 3.4 10. 2.4 ~0 Kitt Peak Nat'IObs. 31"58' 111036' 6750. 2064 789 A 12 4 1.7 4.4 1.8 3.7 5.5 10.9 2.3 7.1 1.9 I Catalina Obs. (Ariz.) 32°25' 1 1044' 8450 2580 740 A 12 5 1.1 2.9 1.4 3.0 5.1 9.7 1.9 5.5 1.5 Mt. Lemmon (Ariz.) 32°26' 110047, 9190 2800 720 A 12 5 1.0 2.7 1.3 2.8 5.0 9.1 1.8 5.0 1.4 Humphreys Pk. (Ariz.) 35021' 111°41' 12633 3852 629 O 24 60 0.57 1.4 0.7 1.6 1.7 4.8 0.94 2.1 0.74 O H' ' Mt.Agassiz (Ariz.) 35020 111041 ' 12356 3770 636 A * 24 60 .62 1.5 .8 1.7 2.0 5.2 1.0 2.3 0.81 ' ' I Charleston Pk., Nev. 36°16 115042 11920 3635 647 O * 12 10 .56 1.5 .57 1.85 1.85 3.1 1.1 2.6 0.74 ' White Mt., Calif. 37038' 118015 14242 4340 590 O *' 12 30 .44 1.1 .49 1.2 1.1 1.9 0.7 1.3 0.54 .G H. Barcroft Lab. (White Mt.) 37°35' 118015 ' 12500 3510 632 A 12 30 .59 1.4 .66 1.6 1.4 2.4 .8 1.6 0.68 7 (Y} Wheeler Pk., Nev. 38059' 114019' 13058 3980 618 T * 12 69+ .47 1.2 .65 1.5 1.35 3.1 .8 1.9 0.64 ' JDelano Peak, Utah 38022' 112°22 12173 3712 640 T * 16 60+ .57 1.4 .83 1.7 1.6 4.3 .95 2.4 0.78 Mt. Peale, Utah 38°4 10972 12721 3880 626 O * 24 60+ .48 1.3 .90 1.6 1.6 4.5 .93 2.3 0.77 Mt. Nebo, Utah 39049' 111045 ' 11871 3620 648 T * 16 50 .57 1.5 1.0 1.9 1.7 4.4 1.0 2.5 0.86 Mt. Timpanogos, Utah 40°23' 111 °39' 11750 3580 652 T * 32 100 .54 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.7 4.5 .96 2.6 0.83 H CLo JKings Pk., Utah 40°47' 110022$ 13528 4130 606 O 40 150: .40 1.1 0.67 1.4 1.3 3.6 0.75 1.8 0.61 Pikes Pk., Colo. 38050' 10502 ' 14110 4300 593 (A)'* 24 100 .40 1.0 .7 1.3 1.6 4.2 .81 1.9 0.64 ' M%1.Shasta, Calif. 41°25 122012' 14162 .4317 592 O * 80 100± .35 1.0 .47 1.2 0.93 1.7 .64 1.35 0.49 1 ' Mt. Rainier, Wash. ) 46051 121°46' 14150 4313 592 O * 96 400+ .38 0.95 .39 1.2 .88 1.6 .54 1.4 0.44 ' Mt. Fairweather, Alsk. 58054 137031$ 15320 4670 566 O * 32 200: .16 0.6 .23 0.6 .7 1.6 .25 0.8 0.21 - o Mt. McKinley, Alaska 63005 ' 150059 ' 20320 6200 459 O * 16 100 0.07 0.15 0.09 0.20 0.24 0.6 0.09 0.24 0.08 Mauna Kea, Hawaii 1978 15575 13800 4215 600 A 16 + 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.8 1.3 2.0 1.2 2.3 1.1 0 o Baja California. Mex. 31°0 11576 9280 2830 717 (A) 1.2 2.6 1.35 2.8 3.5 8.2 1.9 4.7 1.5 ' Popocatepetl, Mex. 1970 98°6 17887 5450 509 O0 0.61 1.0 0.79 1.4 1.9 2.8 0.81 2.7 0.74 0 R oad teminus ,) 1970 9826 15500 4730 560 A .9 1.7 1.1 2.1 2.9 4.1 1.25 4.1- 1.1 Mt. Bolivar. Vcnez. 826 7171W 16427 5000 540 A .6 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.5 2.8 1.6 3.5 1.1 H" Jurngfrautjoch, Swit. 46°5 8°E 11500 3500 658 A .52 1.5 0.6 2.0 1.4 4.1 1.1 2.7 0.74 O ' 70°E 15782 4810 _._._ Mt. Blanc, France 45052 554 0 0.25 0.9 0.28 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.42 1.3 0.32 4-.H Tenerife, Canary Is. 28°3 1677W 12000 3660 645 (A) 1.1 3.4 1.2 2.2 2.3 3.7 1.9 3.7 1.4 ' Zelenchukskava) .43050 41°36'E 6830 2080 788 A 1.9 4.1 2.3 4.2 5.3 9.6 2.2 5.8 2.1 lMt.Ararat, Turkey 3927 4423 E 16945 5165 529 0 0.42 1.0 0.59 1.3 0.9 2.3 0.7 1.6 0.57 Mt. Everest 2820 8720 E 29002 8840 315 0 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.16 0.6 1.7 0.17 0.24 0.12 *Accessible by road (A), trail(T), not (0). ? These interpolated chart figures must apply to wider areas than the summits. (E.g., Catalina Obs: summit figures 1) Point Success: summit craterunsuited. are around 40"; cf. Appendices for some other sites.) 2) RoVd to 15,500' = 4730 m, where snow-covered deep cinders begin. 3) Futue site of 6-meter telescope. t - ~ .~ ~4~~4"' -M~'' ~' '~ -, 't7O~~ ~4J~o4 ~ ~& Kitt Peak Scale 1:62500 UNITED STATES DEPARTvENT OF THE ARMY CSON 47 M. CORPS OF ENGINEERS TSA~N VICENTE S Ml. 0' R. "7 E. _ , 'cent' . .. 4 1 " ^ . .. - 'f m"o a . ":, 2 5 <'2- 7 . ? At " $ " ' t l 2 '."",? 72 -- ...... -.< 4' W; itt . - . ' " -. . -> . >- '- U .''=-: :,- ; . ., .. ' - - ,: .-- . ' TA-v ', ...... ' /) 'N " / ~2) " ). ,- 0'-.. .- '..- « . /. - , - ',-N 0 j5Q" Co \ . A- . .- - . 'I ' N. .., t . ~m V. lc.) S - . \ 1 " " - '\Fr -vi"s:... . _:. .. . ./ >= "I ., ,' e-.- , t - .. - = , - - , z- ;- <, .... -, __-!. .- - ",° '"- ...... rN -' ' ' / .. - " /j ,h ~ " j." , .. - " '/ ' - A : . .. 2 .}' , . - -"-A : < --. -_"o - --. - :.. . -L 1 . 11 &i// / '-= ... - .N-i ) ... - -- .. .. ' ; - .. 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C: Redondo Peak .K, 1[24 21 IX r+