Interações Microbianas Em Colônias Da Formiga-Cortadeira Atta Sexdens (L.) 2018

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Interações Microbianas Em Colônias Da Formiga-Cortadeira Atta Sexdens (L.) 2018 Universidade Federal do Tocantins Câmpus de Gurupi Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal MARIELA OTONI DO NASCIMENTO Interações microbianas em colônias da formiga-cortadeira Atta sexdens (L.) GURUPI - TO 2018 Universidade Federal do Tocantins Câmpus de Gurupi Programa de Pós-Gradução em Produção Vegetal MARIELA OTONI DO NASCIMENTO Interações microbianas em colônias da formiga-cortadeira Atta sexdens (L.) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal da Universidade Federal do Tocantins como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Produção Vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Danival José de Souza GURUPI - TO 2018 ii iii iv À Deus, autor e consumador da vida. Ao meu esposo Hélio e minha filha Maria Clara. Aos meus pais Luís Otoni e Maria Nasaré. DEDICO. AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, que me proporcionou mais uma vitória. Toda honra a ele. Ao meu querido esposo, que me auxiliou nas coletas de campo, sempre me amparando, confortando e estimulando a prosseguir. À minha doce e linda filha Maria Clara que sempre foi minha companheira e abriu mão de férias e passeios (mesmo contra a vontade dela) por todos esses anos do mestrado e doutorado. Obrigada pela compreensão de vocês. À minha pequena filha Heloísa, que ainda em meu ventre já me inspira a ser melhor a cada dia. Em setembro estarás em nossos braços. Ao meu pai Luís Otoni, que sempre incentivou suas filhas a estudarem e dizia “Que o estudo é algo que ninguém pode tirar de vocês”, obrigada pai. A minha mãe Maria Nasaré que está sempre me estendendo a mão para ajudar. Às minhas irmãs Mirela e Marcele, meus sobrinhos Luís Henrique, Iara e Rodrigue, vocês são “dez”. Ao meu orientador professor Dr. Danival José de Souza, obrigada por compartilhar seus conhecimentos, obrigada pela paciência e obrigada por acreditar em mim. Sou grata a ti. À Universidade Federal do Tocantins, que me permitiu flexibilizar a minha carga horária de trabalho com a pesquisa. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, pela oportunidade de desenvolvimento intelectual e profissional. Ao professor Dr. Renato de Almeida Sarmento que não mediu esforços para acomodar as colônias de formigas-cortadeiras no laboratório de Ecologia funcional e aplicada. À professora Maíra Ignácio Sarmento, sempre positiva, incentivando e dividindo seus conhecimentos. Aos professores que aceitaram compor essa banca examinadora, e assim, estão contribuindo com o meu desenvolvimento acadêmico e pessoal. 6 Aos colegas de pesquisa do Laboratório de Controle Microbiano de insetos: Cléia de Almeida, Cinthia Horrana, Amanda Tenório (que foi uma grande companheira, e ainda fez o favor de ir em Viçosa para acompanhar a extração de DNA de actinobactérias). À minha prima Ms. Kamilla Otoni que cedeu sua amizade enquanto estava realizando suas pesquisas de mestrado. À Dra Rita de Cássia Cerqueira Melo e Prof.a Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya do laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias da UFV, pelo auxílio na etapa de identificação das actinobactérias. A todos do Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional e Aplicada, pelo suporte e amparo. Ao Dr. Marçal de Pedro Neto, Dra. Marciane Dotto e Doutoranda Aline Silvestre. À doutoranda Poliana Silvestre e Dr. Carlos Henrique “Carlos melancia” me ensinaram a usar o programa Sigma Plot, muito obrigada. À Ms. Adriana Gonçalves de Oliveira, “dri”, que foi tão legal comigo e com minha filha. A todos os alunos que passaram por ali. Aos colegas do Casadinho – UFT, que muito colaboraram com os momentos de descontração, fornecendo palavras amigas e motivadoras. A todos que de qualquer maneira me ajudaram realizar este projeto. Meus sinceros agradecimentos. 7 Sumário RESUMO GERAL ..................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 11 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ..................................................................................................... 13 2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ............................................................................................. 15 3- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................. 35 CAPÍTULO 1 – A influência do solo no desenvolvimento de colônias incipientes de Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) ................................................................................................................... 46 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 47 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 48 Introdução ............................................................................................................................. 49 Material e métodos ............................................................................................................... 50 Resultados ............................................................................................................................. 54 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 60 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 62 CAPÍTULO 2 – Actinobactérias do solo inibem fungos associados às colônias de formigas- cortadeiras ................................................................................................................................. 66 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 66 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 67 Introdução ............................................................................................................................. 68 Material e métodos ............................................................................................................... 69 Resultados ............................................................................................................................. 72 Discussão .............................................................................................................................. 80 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 81 CAPÍTULO 3 – Colônias de Atta sexdens aceitam formulações granuladas de Escovopsis sp. 85 Resumo ................................................................................................................................. 85 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 86 Introdução ............................................................................................................................. 87 Material e métodos ............................................................................................................... 88 Resultados e discussão ......................................................................................................... 90 Referências ........................................................................................................................... 92 8 RESUMO GERAL Microrganismos formam associações com a maioria das espécies animais e um exemplo fascinante são as múltiplas interações nas colônias de formigas-cortadeiras. Os efeitos dessas interações (positivos e negativos) se manifestam na sanidade e desenvolvimento das colônias. Sendo assim, a compreensão das interações que ocorrem entre os microrganismos das colônias de formigas-cortadeiras A. sexdens é importante para fundamentar o controle biológico desta praga. Esse presente trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo objetivou comparar o desenvolvimento de colônias de Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) em contato com dois solos: (i) de área com ninhos e (ii) de área sem ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em laboratório. No experimento I, fêmeas recém- fecundadas fundaram a colônia em pote com gesso e, após 106 dias, entraram em contato com solo. No experimento II, as fêmeas recém-fecundadas fundaram suas colônias diretamente no solo. A taxa de mortalidade de colônias, após 106 dias da revoada e se desenvolvendo em pote com gesso, foi de 28,6%. Quando se desenvolveram desde o início em contato com o solo, a taxa de mortalidade elevou- se a 67,2 %. Os resultados confirmam que as colônias incipientes de A. sexdens sofrem forte pressão seletiva de microrganismos do solo no momento da fundação. No entanto, após o surgimento da força operária, mecanismos de defesa imune social, provavelmente, garantem o desenvolvimento da colônia a despeito da presença de microrganismos patogênicos no solo dos ninhos. O segundo capítulo objetivou isolar e identificar actinobactérias de solos de câmaras de jardim de fungos de A. sexdens e avaliar o efeito inibitório desses isolados sobre fungos associados às colônias de formigas-cortadeiras. Foram sequenciados o gene 16S rRNA de nove actinobactérias, sendo seis do gênero Streptomyces, duas do gênero Nocardia e uma do gênero
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