Vol 56 No 3 with Corrections
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Volume 56, Number 3 Number 56, Volume Volume 56, Number 3 Fall 2017 Journal of the Transportation Journal Research Forum of the Transportation Fall 2017 Fall Transportation Research Forum 5014 FM 1500 Paris, TX 75460 www.trforum.org Journal of the Transportation Research Forum The Transportation Research Forum, founded in 1958, is an independent, nonprofit organization of transportation professionals who conduct, use, and benefit from research. Its purpose is to provide an impartial meeting ground for carriers, shippers, government officials, consultants, university researchers, suppliers, and others seeking exchange of information and ideas related to both passenger and freight transportation. More information on the Transportation Research Forum can be found on the Web at www.trforum.org. General Editors: Michael W. Babcock, Kansas State University and James Nolan, University of Saskatchewan Book Review Editor: Jack S. Ventura, Surface Transportation Board Associate Editors: Richard Gritta, University of Portland; Robert Harrison, University of Texas; Wesley Wilson, University of Oregon; Barry Prentice, University of Manitoba; Carl Scheraga, Fairfield University; John Bitzan, North Dakota State University; B. Starr McMullen, Oregon State University; Aemal Khattak, University of Nebraska- Lincoln; and Mark Burris, Texas A&M University. Disclaimer: The facts, opinions, and conclusions set forth in the articles contained herein are those of the authors and quotations should be so attributed. They do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the Transportation Research Forum (TRF), nor can TRF assume any responsibility for the accuracy or validity of any of the information contained herein. Memberships/Subscriptions: Subscriptions and/or membership forms may be obtained from the following office or online. Copyright 2017 The Transportation Research Forum All Rights Reserved ISSN 1046-1469 Published and Distributed by Transportation Research Forum 5014 FM 1500 Paris, TX 75460 P: (425) 374-8181 • F: (425) 348-9708 or apply online at www.trforum.org Journal of the Transportation Research Forum Volume 56, Number 3 • Fall 2017 Table of Contents A Message from the JTRF Co-General Editors 3 Michael W. Babcock and James Nolan ARTICLES Preserving Railroad Infrastructure: The Case of Iowa Branch Rail Lines 5 C. Phillip Baumel and Craig O’Riley Measuring the Transportation Workforce Skills Gap Using New Indices and Survey of Employers and Workers 19 Zamira Simkins and Rubana Mahjabeen Profi le of Short Line Railroads in High Grain Production States 35 Michael W. Babcock A Framework to Analyze the Feasibility of Vehicle Miles Traveled Fees to Finance A Sustainable Transportation System 57 Marketa Vavrova, Carlos M. Chang, and Ladislav Bina Bringing in the Sheaves: Changes in Canada’s Grain Supply Chain Through the Post Canadian Wheat Board Era 75 Derek G. Brewin, James F. Nolan, Richard S. Gray, and Troy G. Schmitz Private Vehicle Ownership in Provincial China 91 Patrick McCarthy and Junda Wang On-Demand, App-Based Ride Services: A Study of Emerging Ground Transportation Modes Serving Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) 111 Karina Hermawan and Amelia C. Regan On the cover: The Canadian grain supply chain has experienced significant changes including deregulation in grain handling. Brewin, Nolan, Gray, and Schmitz explore the impacts of these changes in “Bringing in the Sheaves: Changes in Canada's Supply Chain Through the Post Canadian Wheat Board Era.” 1 Transportation Research Forum 129 Statement of Purpose 129 History and Organization 129 Annual Meetings 130 TRF Council 131 TRF Foundation Offi cers 131 Past Presidents 132 Recipients of the TRF Distinguished Transportation Researcher Award 132 Recipients of the Herbert O. Whitten TRF Service Award 132 Past Editors of JTRF 133 Recipients of the TRF Best Paper Award 133 Guidelines for Manuscript Submission 135 2 A Message from the JTRF Co-General Editors The Fall 2 017 issue of JTRF contains the usual wide variety of contemporary transportation topics that is the distinguishing characteristic of JTRF. Topics in this issue include the following: Railroad infrastructure Transportation workforce skills gap Profi le of short line railroads Feasibility of vehicle miles traveled to fi nance the transportation system Changes in Canada’s grain supply chain Private vehicle ownership in China In “Preserving Railroad Infrastructure: The Case of Iowa Branch Rail Lines,” the authors (Phillip Baumel and Craig O’Riley) analyze the results of Iowa programs to preserve branch lines and evaluate the potential economics of future subsidy programs. The purpose of the study is to (1) describe the branch line preservation programs, (2) describes how two Iowa agencies implemented the program, (3) compare the results of the two methods of implementation, and (4) suggest conditions under which future programs might produce economic results. The authors suggest fi ve alternatives for future branch line survival. Zamira Simkins and Rubana Mahjabeen analyze the transportation workforce skills gap in “Measuring the Transportation Workforce Skills Gap Using New Indices and Survey of Employers and Workers.” The study uses four indices to measure skills gaps and calculates them from a survey of transportation workers and employers. The authors found that worker competencies do not match employers’ requirements. Particularly large gaps include knowledge of transportation distribution and logistics, knowledge of machine tools and equipment, equipment operation, critical thinking and problem solving skills, and ability to apply knowledge. In “Profi le of Short Line Railroads in High Grain Production States,” Michael Babcock analyzes how changes in the grain logistics system have affected short line railroad viability. The overall objective of the paper is to assess the state of the short line industry and its role in the grain logistics system, including who they are, where they are, and what agricultural products they ship in what amounts in major grain corridors. Specifi c objectives include identifi cation of the key factors that determine short line success or failure and compile a profi le of a successful grain oriented short line, and identify infrastructure needs such as the ability to handle 286,000-pound rail cars. The methodology included personal interviews and surveys of executives of short line railroads and state departments of transportation rail personnel. The sample included 47 short lines in 17 states. The author found that the three characteristics most essential to short line success are strong shipper support, adequate traffi c levels, and access to more than one connecting carrier. Marketa Vavrova, Carlos Chang, and Ladislava Bina present a framework to analyze the feasibility of VMT fees as an alternative method to fi nance transportation projects in “A Framework to Analyze the Feasibility of Vehicle Miles Travelled Fees to Finance a Sustainable Transportation System.” The VMT feasibility framework addresses major factors related to public acceptance, revenues, technology, type of contract, government policies, enforcement, administration, and invoicing. The authors claim that VMT charges will motivate fl eet owners to renew vehicles or switch to alternate modes such as mass transit. In “Bringing in the Sheaves: Changes in Canada’s Grain Supply Chain Through the Post Canadian Wheat Board Era,” Derek G. Brewin, James F. Nolan, Richard S. Gray, and Troy G. 3 Schmitz explore the behavior of participants in the increasingly liberalized Canadian grain handling supply chain. The authors explore past, present, and future viability of participants in the grain handling system. They analyze these markets by modeling grain supply and demand relationships. They also develop a game theoretic construct that is applicable to help understand the system and its subsequent evolution. The authors conclude that the changes seem to be creating new winners and losers in the system. They also fi nd that while current railroad regulations in Canada have led to effi ciencies, deregulation of grain handling seems to have generated gains for grain companies at the expense of farmers. Patrick McCarthy and Junda Wang analyze China’s provincial demands for private vehicles during the 2000-2012 period in “Private Vehicle Ownership in Provincial China.” Based on estimates from pooled, fi xed effects and Hausman-Taylor models, private vehicle ownership during this period grew at an annual rate of over 20%. The authors fi nd that increases in GDP per capita and vehicle use cost reinforce and constrain, respectively, the strong trend toward increased ownership. The authors also measure the impact on vehicle ownership of population density, percent of population in urban areas, municipal restrictions, income elasticity, and infrastructure investments. In “On-Demand, App-Based Ride Services: A Study of Emerging Ground Transportation Modes Serving Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Karina Hermawan and Amelia C. Regan estimate and compare travel times and costs of transport by Uber and Lyft against other forms of ground transportation. The authors develop estimates of airport ground transportation mode choice decisions. The authors found that their preferred nested logit specifi cation implies that if TNS (transportation network companies) fares were raised to match the current cost of taking a taxi to the airport, demand for TNC’s would fall by 21% to 23% for business and leisure passengers, respectively. Michael W. Babcock