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Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Female Reproductive System II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube 2. Uterus a. General structure b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord Fig 22-1, Junqueira, 13th ed. 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases a. Resting b. Active c. Lactating IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Keywords Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure Antrum Myoepithelial cells 2. Follicles Atretic follicle Myometrium a. Pre-ovulation Basal layer Ovary b. Post-ovulation Cervix Perimetrium Corona radiata Placenta B. Genital Tract Corpus albicans Primary follicle 1. Uterine tube Corpus luteum Primary oocyte 2. Uterus Cumulus oophorus Primordial (resting) follicle a. General structure Ectocervix Secondary (antral) follicle b. Phases Endometrial glands Secondary oocyte i. Proliferative Endometrium Spiral arteries ii. Secretory Fibrous support tissue Surface (germinal) epithelium iii. Menstrual Follicle Theca externa c. Placenta Follicular antrum Theca folliculi d. Umbilical cord Follicular cells Theca interna 3. Cervix/Vagina Functional layer Theca lutein cells Granulosa cells Uterine (fallopian) tube B. Breast (Mammary Gland) Granulosa lutein cells Uterus 1. General structure Lactiferous duct Cervix/Vagina 2. Phases Mammary gland Zona granulosa a. Resting Mature (Graafian) follicle Zona pellucida b. Active c. Lactating IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 172 (NW): Ovary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides surface (germinal) A. Ovary epithelium 1. General structure 2. Follicles cortex a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation medulla B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube 2. Uterus ovarian ligament a. General structure b. Phases i. Proliferative mesovarium ii. Secretory (containing vessels) entering ovarian hilum iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord uterine tube 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases a. Resting the ovaries consist of an outer cortex containing ovarian follicles in various stages of development; the medulla b. Active is devoid of follicles and is composed of loose CT with large blood vessels that enter the ovary at the hilum; c. Lactating despite what is seen on the slide above, the distinction between cortex and medulla is not always apparent IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract surface epithelium 1. Uterine tube tunica albuginea 2. Uterus a. General structure stroma of cortex b. Phases primordial follicle i. Proliferative ii. Secretory iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases the cortex of the ovary is surrounded by a layer of dense CT called the tunica albuginea (Lt. “white coat”); a. Resting covering the tunica is a layer of simple cuboidal epithelium simply referred to as surface epithelium (historically known as germinal epithelium – a misnomer); the surface epithelium is continuous with the b. Active peritoneal mesothelial cells (simple squamous) of the mesovarium at the ovarian hilum; the stroma of the cortex c. Lactating is a cell-rich connective tissue found between the follicles IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides mature (Graafian) follicle A. Ovary at least for demonstration 1. General structure purposes 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube secondary (antral) follicle 2. Uterus a. General structure primary follicle b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory iii. Menstrual c. Placenta primordial (resting) d. Umbilical cord follicles 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases ovarian are the basic functional units of the ovary; each follicle contains an oocyte surrounded by a. Resting follicles epithelial cells (follicular or granulosa cells, depending upon developmental stage); the appearance of the b. Active follicles differ greatly – as seen above – depending upon their stage of folliculogenesis (follicle maturation) c. Lactating IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide (A215): Ovary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2. Follicles primary follicle a. Pre-ovulation (unilaminar) b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube secondary (antral) follicle 2. Uterus a. General structure b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory primordial follicles iii. Menstrual c. Placenta primary follicle d. Umbilical cord (multilaminar) 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases a. Resting primordial follicles are generally localized in the outer cortex – directly below the tunica albuginea; as the follicles develop they “migrate” deeper into the ovary, toward the medulla, and undergo profound changes to the b. Active size of the oocyte as well as changes to the surrounding granulosa (follicular) epithelial cells, making it possible c. Lactating to identify the different follicular stages IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure oocyte 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation follicular cell b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube 2. Uterus nucleolus within of oocyte a. General structure nucleus b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure primordial (resting) follicles consist of a primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I) surrounded by a layer of 2. Phases simple squamous follicular cells upon a basement membrane separating the follicle from the surrounding a. Resting stroma; the oocyte contains minimal cytoplasm surrounding a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus; b. Active starting at puberty, about 30 primordial follicles will begin folliculogenesis each month (menstrual cycle); however, it will take at least 3 months for any of the follicles to fully develop into a mature follicle for ovulation, c. Lactating and the majority will all undergo atresia IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide (A215): Ovary, H&E I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2. Follicles primordial follicle a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract squamous epithelial follicular cell 1. Uterine tube of a primordial follicle 2. Uterus cuboidal epithelial granulosa cell a. General structure of a primary follicle b. Phases i. Proliferative primary follicle ii. Secretory (granulosa cells are beginning to stratify) iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord zona pellucida surrounding oocyte 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases as primordial follicles mature into primary follicles three significant changes are visually apparent: (1) there a. Resting is a substantial increase in the size of the oocyte – due to cytoplasmic expansion; (2) the squamous follicular cells b. Active become cuboidal/columnar cells, with eosinophilic, slightly granular cytoplasm (so called granulosa cells), c. Lactating which will begin to stratify; (3) the zona pellucida forms around the oocyte IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary theca folliculi 1. General structure 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation granulosa cells b. Post-ovulation B. Genital Tract nucleus and nucleolus 1. Uterine tube 2. Uterus zona pellucida a. General structure b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases each month about 30 primary follicles develop; the oocyte produces a thick glycoprotein coat known as the a. Resting zona pellucida (Lt. “transparent zone”); the cuboidal/columnar epithelial granulosa cells surround the oocyte b. Active as either a single layer or multilayered (collectively referred to as the zona granulosa); connective tissue c. Lactating stromal cells surrounding the follicle form the theca folliculi (Lt. “coat of the follicle”) IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2. Follicles a. Pre-ovulation b. Post-ovulation secondary (antral) follicle B. Genital Tract 1. Uterine tube 2. Uterus a. General structure b. Phases i. Proliferative ii. Secretory multilaminar primary follicle iii. Menstrual c. Placenta d. Umbilical cord 3. Cervix/Vagina B. Breast (Mammary Gland) 1. General structure 2. Phases the granulosa cells of the multilaminar primary follicle begin producing a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid; the fluid a. Resting eventually coalesces into a single cavity within the zona granulosa known as the follicular antrum; the antrum b. Active serves as the defining characteristic of a secondary (or antral) follicle c. Lactating IV. Summary Lab 17 – Female Reproductive System IUSM – 2016 Slide 13: Ovary, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Keywords III. Slides A. Ovary 1. General structure 2.
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  • Regulation and Roles of the Hyaluronan System in Mammalian Reproduction

    Regulation and Roles of the Hyaluronan System in Mammalian Reproduction

    REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Regulation and roles of the hyaluronan system in mammalian reproduction Ali A Fouladi-Nashta1, Kabir A Raheem1,2, Waleed F Marei1,3, Fataneh Ghafari1 and Geraldine M Hartshorne4 1Royal Veterinary College, Reproduction Research Group, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, UK, 2Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria, 3Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and 4Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK and Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK Correspondence should be addressed to A A Fouladi-Nashta; Email: [email protected] Abstract Hyaluronan (HA) is a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan polymer naturally occurring in many tissues and fluids of mammals, including the reproductive system. Its biosynthesis by HA synthase (HAS1–3) and catabolism by hyaluronidases (HYALs) are affected by ovarian steroid hormones. Depending upon its molecular size, HA functions both as a structural component of tissues in the form of high-molecular-weight HA or as a signalling molecule in the form of small HA molecules or HA fragments with effects mediated through interaction with its specific cell-membrane receptors. HA is produced by oocytes and embryos and in various segments of the reproductive system. This review provides information about the expression and function of members of the HA system, including HAS, HYALs and HA receptors. We examine their role in various processes from folliculogenesis through oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryo development, to pregnancy and cervical dilation, as well as its application in assisted reproduction technologies. Particular emphasis has been placed upon the role of the HA system in pre-implantation embryo development and embryo implantation, for which we propose a hypothetical sequential model.