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Chapter 6. Land, Nation and the Indigenous Space

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Chapter 6. Land, Nation and the Indigenous Space Not there and (not) yet. The spatio-temporal politics of oil and gas development in the Canadian North. Guerrieri, Valeria Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Guerrieri, V. (2019). Not there and (not) yet. The spatio-temporal politics of oil and gas development in the Canadian North. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DEPARTMENT OF CROSS- CULTURAL AND REGIONAL STUDIES PhD Thesis Valeria Guerrieri Not there and (not) yet. The spatio-temporal politics of oil and gas development in the Canadian North. Supervisor: Frank Sejersen Submitted: 28 November, 2018 Name of the Institute: Institute of Eskimology and Arctic Studies Name of the Department: Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies Author: Valeria Guerrieri Title and subtitle: Not there and (not) yet. The spatio-temporal politics of oil and gas development in the Canadian North. Supervisor: Frank Sejersen Submitted: 28. November 2018. Word count: 84.808 Cover photography: Pxhere.com [Free for personal and commercial use] 2 Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 5 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 Dansk resumé ...................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Not there and not yet: engaging with absence.................................................. 9 1.2. Tracing and exploring energy entanglements ................................................. 12 1.3. Context: oil and gas development in the Northwest Territories ....................... 14 1.4. Research question(s) ..................................................................................... 20 1.5. Doing research at the intersection of multiple fields ...................................... 21 1.6. The spatio-temporal politics of oil and gas development ................................ 24 1.7. Thesis outline ................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2. Theoretical and methodological reflections ................................ 30 2.1. Framing the field: energy geographies ........................................................... 30 2.2. Epistemological considerations ...................................................................... 33 2.3. Doreen Massey’s relational geography .......................................................... 38 2.4. Combining relationality and energy geographies ............................................ 43 2.5. Analytical framework: Massey’s ‘space-time’.................................................. 46 2.6. Material: archives, access and selection ........................................................ 49 2.7. Methods: genealogy and critical discourse analysis ....................................... 57 Chapter 3. Petro-narratives. A brief history of Canadian oil and gas development ....................................................................................... 62 Introduction: a plurality of stories and perspectives ........................................ 62 3.1. The first discoveries (1700s) and the petro-narrative of exploration ............... 63 3.2. The early petroleum industry (1800s) and the emergence of the scientific petro-narrative ....................................................................... 65 3.3. From Norman Wells to Leduc: the petro-narrative of crisis (1900-1950s) ....... 67 3.4. The oil era and the Canada of the North (1950s-2000s) ................................. 73 3.5. Canada as a global energy superpower: the Harper era (2006-2015) ............ 76 3.6. Justin Trudeau: shaping a petro-narative of care and development (2015-present) .................................................................. 81 3.7. Conclusions: an unfinished (petro)history ....................................................... 83 Chapter 4. Petro-nation-building. Mapping the ‘energy frontier’ .................. 84 Introduction: building a petro-nation .............................................................. 84 4.1. Nation as construction .................................................................................... 85 4.2. Maurice Charland’s technological nationalism ................................................ 86 4.3. Imagining the Canadian North as an energy frontier ...................................... 94 4.4. Maps and (energy) dreams .......................................................................... 100 3 4.5. Mapping the energy frontier: selected thematic and resource maps ............. 102 4.6. Contemporary cartographic efforts: Geo-mapping for energy and minerals (GEM) ..................................................................................... 114 4.7. Conclusions: on the nation-building power of cartography ........................... 119 Chapter 5. The role of aboriginal people in the Northwest energy frontier ................................................................................................ 122 5.1. From a territorial to a relational understanding of frontiers ........................... 122 5.2. The agency of the “frontierized” ................................................................... 123 5.3. Northern aboriginal people and hydrocarbon development .......................... 124 5.4. Conclusions: frontiers of complexity ............................................................. 134 Chapter 6. Land, nation and the indigenous space. Voices from the Berger Inquiry (1974-1977) ................................................. 136 6.1. Background: the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (“Berger Inquiry”) ......... 136 6.2. Constructing an analytical framework ........................................................... 140 6.3. Land ............................................................................................................. 141 6.4. Nation .......................................................................................................... 149 6.5. The indigenous space ................................................................................. 157 6.6. Dene engagements with time ....................................................................... 163 6.7. Operationalizing Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory ................................ 171 6.8. Conclusions: ‘there is no politics in our way of life’ ....................................... 175 Chapter 7. Remembering a (re)active past and anticipating an (extr)active future. The Joint Review Panel Hearings (2006-2007) ........ 177 7.1. Background: a new bureaucratic North ........................................................ 177 7.2. ‘Times have changed’ .................................................................................. 180 7.3. ‘Our land is important to us’.......................................................................... 185 7.4. ‘We were not given the time and space’ ....................................................... 192 7.5. ‘A scene of reacting’ ..................................................................................... 197 7.6. ‘They made promises’ .................................................................................. 201 7.7. ‘We are ready for this project’ ....................................................................... 206 7.8. Conclusions: pipeline memories, pipeline futures, pipeline people ............... 213 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 216 Energy encounters: articulating an aboriginal spatio-temporal politics .......... 216 Not there, not yet, no longer ......................................................................... 218 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 224 4 Acknowledgements Many researchers, when interrogated on the origin of their scholarly interests, would be able to recall a couple of key moments in their lives - an encounter, a university class or a travel - which have, somehow, sparked their curiosity, and led them to pursue a path or to lay out a new one. To me, one of these moments happened in November 2013, when I was an exchange student at the Faculty of Political Science at Aarhus University. Few days before my first trip to Copenhagen, I sent a mail to the inbox of the International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), a leading NGO in the field of indigenous rights located in the Danish capital. To my great surprise, Kathrin Wessendorf, one of their coordinators, replied to my mail and agreed to meet me at her office. Needless to say, that meeting turned out to be extremely significant, as it did not only open up a whole new world for me, but pointed me towards a direction - North - which, since then, I would just keep following. Over the past three years, many people have contributed to this work, whether with their insightful comments and perspectives or their endless patience and support. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Frank Sejersen.
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