PROJECT REPORT

SEQUESTERED CARBON IN ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS AND PARKS AND GARDENS: AN ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION IN CLIMATE MITIGATION IN JABALPUR AND KATNI CITY

Principal Investigator Dr. Pratibha Bhatnagar Senior Scientist & Head Social Economics, Marketing & Mensuration Division

Project staff Shri Jay Prakash George, SRF Shri Akash Shukla, PA Shri Rajesh Barman, FA

Supporting staff Shri Vijay Bahadur Singh, TA

Sponsored by Environmental Planning and Coordination Organization, Bhopal

Implementing agency State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P.K.Shukla, Retd. PCCF and Regional Director, RCFC Central Region Jabalpur who guided during the entire course the project by providing his valuable suggestions and checking the manuscript.

I am grateful to Executive Director, Environmental Planning and Coordination Organization, Bhopal for funding this research project. We acknowledge with thanks to Shri Lokendra Thakkar, Coordinator, SKMCC, EPCO, Bhopal for valuable suggestions and all support during the course of the project.

I also thank Divisional Forest Officer, Jabalpur, Commissioner Nagar Nigam, Garden Officer, Jabalpur and Chief Executive Officer, Jabalpur Development Authority for providing secondary data on roadside plantations and parks and gardens in Jabalpur.

I also would like to express my sincere thanks to Divisional Forest Officer, Katni for providing facilities and assistance during the field survey in Katni.

I would also like to convey my thanks to Shri Rakesh Jain, SRO, SFRI and Shri Satydeep Nag, Junior Project Fellow, SFRI for assistance in preparing various GIS maps of the study area.

Lastly, I would like to appreciate the sincere efforts of all field investigators Shri Vijay Bahadur Singh (TA), Shri Jay Prakash George (SRF), Shri Akash Shukla (PA), Shri Rajesh Barman (FA) and Ms. Durga Choudhary for consistently putting their efforts in undertaking preliminary surveys, collection of secondary data and preparation of graphs and data analysis.

(Dr. Pratibha Bhatnagar) Principal Investigator & Head, Social Economics, Marketing and Mensuration Division, State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur

Content

S.No. Particulars Page No. LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES XIV LIST OF MAPS XV LIST OF IMAGES XVI ABBREVIATIONS XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XXI CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION 1-10 1.1 Climate change: Definition 1 1.2 Global warming and carbon sequestration 2 1.3 Green house gas inventories 3 1.4 Importance of urban trees in carbon sequestration 3 1.5 Urban areas and global carbon cycle 4 1.6 Role of urban forestry in mitigating climate change 5 1.7 Need for planning urban avenue plantation 5

1.8 India’s CO2 emissions 6 1.9 Air pollution 7 1.10 Importance of trees in reducing air pollution 7 1.11 Green Highways (Plantation & Maintenance) Policy-2015 8 1.12 Need for Plantations in National and State Highways 8 1.13 About the project 9

CHAPTER - II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11-19 2.1 Urban trees 11 2.2 Carbon sequestration 11 2.3 Forest and carbon stock in India 13 2.4 Forest and carbon stock in Madhya Pradesh 13 2.5 Carbon capture and storage and the roles of roadside trees 14 2.6 Carbon sequestration by roadside trees 14 2.7 Variation in carbon storage by trees in roadside plantations 15 2.8 Importance of parks and gardens in cities for carbon sequestration 17 2.9 Earlier studies on carbon storage by parks and gardens 17 2.10 Difference between parks and gardens 17

CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY 20-27 3.1 Study area 20 3.1.1 Jabalpur Smart City 20 3.1.2 Katni district 20 3.2 Objectives of the study 20 3.3 Methodology for roadside plantations 21 3.3.1 Collection of secondary data 21 3.3.2 Reconnaissance site survey of roadside plantations 22 3.3.2.1 Stratification of roadside plantation population 22 3.3.3 Selection of sample plantation for detailed study 22 3.3.4 Selection of sample plants for measurements 22 3.3.5 Growth parameters measurements 23 3.3.5.1 Calculation of stem volume 23 3.3.6 Calculation of stem biomass 23 3.3.7 Calculation of sequestered carbon in different plant parts (above 24 and below ground), leaf litter and soil 3.3.8 Estimation of the total carbon sequestered 24 3.3.9 Estimation of total carbon sequestered in all the road side 25 plantations in the district 3.3.10 Estimation of the total carbon sequestration potential 25 3.4 Methodology for assessment of carbon sequestration in parks and 25 gardens of Jabalpur Smart City and Katni district 3.4.1 Collection of secondary data on parks and gardens 25 3.4.2 Selection of parks and garden 25 3.4.3 Selection of trees in parks and gardens 26 3.4.4 Stratification of trees on the basis of species and age 26 3.4.5 Sample design for large (05 ha and above) parks 26 3.5 Recommendation of tree species for road side plantation 26 3.6 Limitation of the study 27

CHAPTER - IV JABALPUR SMART CITY 28-32 4.1 Jabalpur Smart City 28 4.2 Forest and climate 28 4.3 Soil and water 29 4.4 National and state highways 29 4.5 Jabalpur Smart City roads 29 4.6 Drainage and irrigation 31 4.7 Parks and gardens in Jabalpur 31

CHAPTER - V KATNI DISTRICT 33-35 5.1 General Characteristics of the district 33 5.2 Forest area and climate 33 5.3 Soil and water 34 5.4 Availability of minerals 34 5.5 National and State highways 35 5.6 Parks and gardens in Katni 35 ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS AND PARKS AND GARDENS CHAPTER - VI 36-49 IN JABALPUR SMART CITY 6.1 Roadside plantations in Jabalpur 36 6.2 Parks and gardens of Jabalpur 42 ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS AND PARKS AND GARDENS CHAPTER - VII 50-60 IN KATNI DISTRICT 7.1 Roadside plantations in Katni 50 7.2 Parks and gardens in Katni 54 CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY TREES IN ROADSIDE CHAPTER - VIII 61-126 PLANTATIONS 8.1 Total carbon sequestration by roadside trees in Jabalpur 61 8.2 Variations in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age 79 8.2.1 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 79 different species of 100 years of age 8.2.2 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 80 different species of 38 years of age 8.2.3 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 80 different species of 26 years of age 8.2.4 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 82 different species of 25 years of age 8.2.5 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 82 different species of 22 years of age 8.2.6 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 83 different species of 20 years of age 8.2.7 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 84 different species of 16 years of age 8.2.8 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 85 different species of 14 years of age 8.2.9 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 85 different species of 13 years of age 8.2.10 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 86 different species of 12 years of age 8.2.11 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 88 different species of 11 years of age 8.2.12 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 88 different species of 10 years of age 8.2.13 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 89 different species of 09 years of age 8.2.14 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 90 different species of 08 years of age 8.2.15 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 92 different species of 07 years of age 8.2.16 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 93 different species of 06 years of age 8.2.17 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 94 different species of 05 years of age 8.2.18 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 94 different species of 04 years of age 8.2.19 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 95 different species of 03 years of age 8.3 Carbon sequestration by roadside trees in Katni 98 8.4 Variations in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age 110 8.4.1 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 111 different species of 50 years of age 8.4.2 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 111 different species of 24 years of age 8.4.3 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 112 different species of 23 years of age 8.4.4 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 113 different species of 22 years of age 8.4.5 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 114 different species of 20 years of age 8.4.6 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 115 different species of 18 years of age 8.4.7 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 116 different species of 15 years of age 8.4.8 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 117 different species of 11 years of age 8.4.9 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 118 different species of 10 years of age 8.4.10 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 120 different species of 09 years of age 8.4.11 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 120 different species of 08 years of age 8.4.12 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 121 different species of 07 years of age 8.4.13 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 122 different species of 06 years of age 8.4.14 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 123 different species of 05 years of age 8.4.15 Specific variation in rates of carbon sequestration by trees of 124 different species of 03 years of age CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY TREES STANDING IN 127-165 CHAPTER - IX PARKS AND GARDENS 9.1 Carbon sequestration by trees in sampled parks and gardens of 127 Jabalpur 9.2 Total estimated carbon sequestration by all parks and gardens of 147 Jabalpur 9.3 Total carbon sequestration by sampled parks and gardens of 151 Katni 9.4 Total carbon sequestration by all parks and gardens of Katni 163 RECOMMENDATIONS OF SUITABLE SPECIES FOR 166-201 CHAPTER - X ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS, PARKS AND GARDENS 10.1 Criteria for selection of suitable tree species on roadsides and 166 parks and gardens 10.2 Suitable tree species on roadsides and parks/gardens for ‘aesthetic 166 value’ 10.3 Suitable tree species on roadsides, parks, and gardens for 169 ‘environmental value’ 10.4 Suitable tree species on roadsides, parks and gardens for 191 ‘utilitarian value’ 10.5 Suitable tree species on roadsides, parks, and gardens for 191 ‘hardiness value’ 10.6 Suitable tree species on roadsides, parks and gardens for ‘air 192 pollution abatement’ 10.7 Recommendations of suitable tree species for roadside 194 plantations in Jabalpur and Katni 10.8 Identification of suitable trees in parks and gardens 197 10.9 Recommendation of suitable tress in road side plantations in 200 Jabalpur and Katni CHAPTER - XI CONCLUSION 202-212 11.1 Total carbon sequestration carbon sequestration by different 202 species in roadside plantations and parks and gardens of in Jabalpur and Katni 11.2 Variations in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age in 203 Jabalpur and Katni 11.2.1 Variations in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age in 203 roadside plantations in Jabalpur city 11.2.2 Variations in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age in 204 roadside plantations in Katni city 11.3 Suitable tree species for roadside plantations and parks and 205 gardens 11.4 Potential contribution of roadside plantations in climate change 206 mitigation REFERENCES 213-218 ANNEXURES 219-254 Annexure-I MoM of review meeting held on 18.07.2019 at EPCO Bhopal 219

Annexure-II MoM of review meeting held on 22.10.2019 at EPCO Bhopal 222

Annexure-III List of parks and gardens of Nagar Nigam Jabalpur (Division 224 wise) Annexure-IV List of Nagar Nigam Wards/colonies of Katni district 231

Annexure V: Year wise list of roadside plantations in Jabalpur 235

Annexure-VI: Year wise list of roadside plantations in Katni 246

Annexure-VII: H indi/local and scientific names along with family and specific 253 gravity of all species found in roadsides and parks and gardens in Jabalpur and Katni

LIST OF TABLES

S.No Particular Page No. Table-3.1: Proforma used for obtaining secondary information of roadside plantations 22 in Jabalpur and Katni Table-3.2: Proforma used to obtain secondary information of parks 25 Table-3.3: Classification of parks and gardens in Jabalpur and Katni 26 Table-6.1: List of roadside plantations done by various agencies found in Jabalpur 38 Table-6.2: List of parks and gardens of Jabalpur (other than Nagar Nigam) 42 Table-6.3: Classification of parks/gardens in Jabalpur 43 Table-6.4: List of sampled parks and gardens of Jabalpur 43 Table-6.5: List of vacant parks and gardens in terms of trees 45 Table-7.1: Secondary data of roadside plantations obtained from the Forest 50 Department, Katni Table-7.2: Secondary data of roadside plantations obtained from the Nagar Nigam 50 Katni Table-7.3: List of roadside plantations in Katni 52 Table-7.4: List of parks and gardens in Katni 54 Table-7.5: Another list of parks and gardens in Katni 54 Table-7.6: Classification of parks/gardens in Katni 55 Table-7.7: List of sampled parks and gardens of Katni 55 Table-7.8: List of Parks and Gardens of Katni where no trees were found 57 Table-8.1: Total carbon content in roadside plantations in Jabalpur 62 Table-8.2: Carbon sequestration in Rampur- Katanga Road, Jabalpur 66 Table-8.3: Carbon sequestration in Jabalpur Medical College - Dhanvantari Nagar 66 Chowk, Jabalpur Table-8.4: Carbon sequestration in Avanti Vihar Colony, Ramnagar, Jabalpur 66 Table-8.5: Carbon sequestration in Rajul Township Colony Road 1, Bilhari, Jabalpur 66 Table-8.6: Carbon sequestration in Pink City Colony, Bilhari, Jabalpur 67 Table-8.7: Carbon sequestration in Sainik Society Colony, Main Road, Badanpur, 67 Jabalpur Table-8.8: Carbon sequestration in Dhanmantri Nagar Colony, Jabalpur 67 Table-8.9: Carbon sequestration in Nagrath Chowk-High Court Road, Jabalpur 68 Table-8.10: Carbon sequestration in Supatal Road, Jabalpur 68 Table-8.11: Carbon sequestration in Rajul Township Colony, Road 2, Bilhari, Jabalpur 68 Table-8.12: Carbon sequestration in Sainik Society Colony, Road 1, Badanpur, Jabalpur 68 Table-8.13: Carbon sequestration in Divya Homes Colony, Shakti Nagar, Jabalpur 69 Table-8.14: Carbon sequestration in Sainik Society Colony, Road 2, Badanpur, Jabalpur 69 Table-8.15: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Gali Road 1, Road (Apna Bazaar- 69 Manglam Car), Jabalpur Table-8.16: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Gali Road 2, Jamdaar Hospital Road, 69 Jabalpur Table-8.17: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Gali Road 3, Bombay Hospital Road, 70 Jabalpur Table-8.18: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Gali Road 4, National Hospital Road, 70 Jabalpur Table-8.19: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Main Road, Jabalpur 70 Table-8.20: Carbon sequestration in Bajnamath- Jabalpur Medical College Road, 71 Jabalpur Table-8.21: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Gali Road 5, Sudha Hospital Road, 71 Jabalpur Table-8.22: Carbon sequestration in Golbazar Maharashtraian College Road, Jabalpur 72 Table-8.23: Carbon sequestration in Sanjeevni Nagar- Kachhpura Road, Jabalpur 72 Table-8.24: Carbon sequestration in Badapatther Area, Ranjhi, Jabalpur 72 Table-8.25: Carbon sequestration in Sneh Nagar- Labor Chowk Road, Jabalpur 72 Table-8.26: Carbon sequestration in Sneh Nagar Colony, Jabalpur 73 Table-8.27: Carbon sequestration in Azad Nagar Colony, Ranjhi, Jabalpur 73 Table-8.28: Carbon sequestration in Sant Nirankari Ashram Road, Golbazar, Jabalpur 73 Table-8.29: Carbon sequestration in Rail Sourabh Colony Road 1, Bajrang Nagar, 73 Jabalpur Table-8.30: Carbon sequestration in Rail Sourabh Colony Road 2, Bajrang Nagar, 74 Jabalpur Table-8.31: Carbon sequestration in Jabalpur Railway Station Road, Civil Lines, 74 Jabalpur Table-8.32: Carbon sequestration in Saket Nagar Colony, Near Ekta Chowk, Vijay 74 Nagar, Jabalpur Table-8.33: Carbon sequestration in Rampur-MPEB Shakti Bhawan Road, Jabalpur 75 Table-8.34: Carbon sequestration in Rajul Township Colony Road 3, Bilhari, Jabalpur 75 Table-8.35: Carbon sequestration in Vijay Nagar Shatabadipuram Colony, Road 1, 75 Jabalpur Table-8.36: Carbon sequestration in Vijay Nagar Shatabadipuram Colony, Road 2, 75 Jabalpur Table-8.37: Carbon sequestration in Vijay Nagar Shatabadipuram Colony, Road 3, 76 Jabalpur Table-8.38: Carbon sequestration in Vijay Nagar EFCO Road, Jabalpur 76 Table-8.39: Carbon sequestration in Napier Town, Opposite Marble City Hospital, 76 Jabalpur Table-8.40: Carbon sequestration in Christian Girl’s School Road, Jabalpur 76 Table-8.41: Carbon sequestration in Ratan Nagar Colony, (Colony Road) , Jabalpur 77 Table-8.42: Carbon sequestration in Vijay Nagar MR 4 Road (District Road) , Jabalpur 77 Table-8.43: Carbon sequestration in Shakti Bhawan-Jalpari Road (Colony Road) , 77 Jabalpur Table-8.44: Carbon sequestration in JEC Road (District Road) , Jabalpur 78 Table-8.45: Total carbon content in roadside plantations in Jabalpur 98 Table-8.46: Carbon sequestration in Hare Madhav Plantation Madhav Nagar, Katni 103

Table-8.47: Carbon sequestration in OFK Katni Ground Boundary, Katni 103

Table-8.48: Carbon sequestration in Near SCST Police Station Road, Katni 103

Table-8.49: Carbon sequestration in Krishna Colony, Katni 103

Table-8.50: Carbon sequestration in Gurunanak Factory, Katni 103

Table-8.51: Carbon sequestration in Jhinjhari to Mittal Dharamkanta Road, Katni 103 Table-8.52: Carbon sequestration in Syna School Road, Katni 104

Table-8.53: Carbon sequestration in Jhinjhari Jharwahi Road, Katni 104

Table-8.54: Carbon sequestration in Katni Murwara Station Road, Katni 104

Table-8.55: Carbon sequestration in Main road Dadda Dham-Collectorate, Katni 104 Table-8.56: Carbon sequestration in Main Road Sai Ford- Bargawan, Katni 105 Table-8.57: Carbon sequestration in Indira Nagar, Panna Road, Katni 105 Table-8.58: Carbon sequestration in Maharashtrian Dhaba to Rishi Regency, Katni 105 Table-8.59: Carbon sequestration in District Court Katni to Jhinjhari, Katni 105 Table-8.60: Carbon sequestration in Jhinjhari to PWD Office, Katni 106 Table-8.61: Carbon sequestration in Main Road PWD Office to Bargawan, Katni 106 Table-8.62: Carbon sequestration in before PWD Office, Katni 106 Table-8.63: Carbon sequestration in Dadda Nagar Colony Outside, Katni 106 Table-8.64: Carbon sequestration in Dadda Nagar Colony Inside, Katni 107 Table-8.65: Carbon sequestration in Railway Colony, Katni 107 Table-8.66: Carbon sequestration in Tilak College Road, Katni 107 Table-8.67: Carbon sequestration in Hare Madhav Plantation-2, Katni 108 Table-8.68: Carbon sequestration in Inside Mittal Enclave, Katni 108 Table-8.69: Carbon sequestration in Katni Bus Stand to Maihar Bypass, Katni 108 Table-8.70: Carbon sequestration in Anand Bihar Society Bargawa, Katni 109

Table-8.71: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave-1, Katni 109

Table-8.72: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave-2, Katni 109

Table-8.73: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave-3, Katni 109

Table-8.74: Carbon sequestration in Madhav Nagar Road, Katni 109 Table-8.75: Carbon sequestration in Vijairaghavgarh, Katni 110 Table-8.76: Carbon sequestration in Katni South Railway Station, Katni 110 Table-8.77: Carbon sequestration in Mittal House before Jhinjhari, Katni 110 Total-9.1: Carbon content in Parks and Gardens in Jabalpur 128 Table-9.2: Carbon sequestration in Shail Parn Udyan, Garha, Jabalpur 130 Table-9.3: Carbon sequestration in Rail Sourabh Colony Garden, Bajrang Nagar, 130 Jabalpur Table-9.4: Carbon sequestration in Bhanvartal Garden, Napier Town, Jabalpur 131 Table-9.5: Carbon sequestration in Tagore Garden, Sadar, Jabalpur 132 Table-9.6: Carbon sequestration in Suramya Garden, Ridge Road, Jabalpur 135 Table-9.7: Carbon sequestration in Nayagaon Garden, Rampur,Jabalpur 135 Table-9.8: Carbon sequestration in Civic Centre Park, Civic Centre, Jabalpur 135 Table-9.9: Carbon sequestration in Children’s Park, Ridge Road, Jabalpur 136 Table-9.10: Carbon sequestration in Nehru Garden, Opposite Nagar Nigam, Office, 137 Jabalpur Table-9.11: Carbon sequestration in Mansarovar Colony Garden, Adhartal, Jabalpur 137 Table-9.12: Carbon sequestration in Modi Colony Park, Tagore Nagar, Polipathar, 137 Jabalpur Table-9.13: Carbon sequestration in Ideal Hills Garden-1, Polipathar, Jabalpur 138 Table-9.14: Carbon sequestration in Indira Park, Sneh Nagar, Jabalpur 138 Table-9.15: Carbon sequestration in Indrapuri Garden, Polipathar, Jabalpur 138 Table-9.16: Carbon sequestration in Green park, Adarsh Nagar, Jabalpur 139 Table-9.17: Carbon sequestration in Swami Vivekanand Park, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur 139 Table-9.18: Carbon sequestration in Vivekanand Park, Ranjhi, Jabalpur 139 Table-9.19: Carbon sequestration in Bajnamath Park, Near Medical College, Jabalpur 140 Table-9.20: Carbon sequestration in Panchmatha Mandir Garden, Adhartal, Jabalpur 140 Table-9.21: Carbon sequestration in Shivarth colony Park-2, Jasuja city Garha, Jabalpur 140 Table-9.22: Carbon sequestration in Laxmi Parisar Garden, Katanga, Jabalpur 140 Table-9.23: Carbon sequestration in Ekta Park, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur 141 Table-9.24: Carbon sequestration in Rani Durgawati Garden, Sneh Nagar, Jabalpur 141 Table-9.25: Carbon sequestration in Awadhpuri Garden, Gwarighat, Jabalpur 141 Table-9.26: Carbon sequestration in Ideal Hills Park-2, Polipathar, Jabalpur 141 Table-9.27: Carbon sequestration in Sanjeevani Nagar Garden, Garha, Jabalpur 142 Table-9.28: Carbon sequestration in Pink City Colony Garden, Bilhari, Jabalpur 142 Table-9.29: Carbon sequestration in Chandan Bageecha, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur 142 Table-9.30: Carbon sequestration in Rajul City Garden-1, Bilhari, Jabalpur 143 Table-9.31: Carbon sequestration in Hathital Colony Park, Gorakhpur, Jabalpur 143 Table-9.32: Carbon sequestration in Rajul City Garden-2, Bilhari, Jabalpur 143 Table-9.33: Carbon sequestration in Rameshwaramam Colony Park, Vijay Nagar, 143 Jabalpur Table-9.34: Carbon sequestration in Vasundhara Colony Park, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur 143 Table-9.35: Carbon sequestration in MCI Colony Park, Katanga, Jabalpur 144 Table-9.36: Carbon sequestration in Sai Mandir Garden, Adhartal, Jabalpur 144 Table-9.37: Carbon sequestration in Gajanand Society Park, Yadav Colony, Jabalpur 144 Table-9.38: Carbon sequestration in Shivarth Colony Park-1, Jasuja city Garha, Jabalpur 145 Table-9.39: Carbon sequestration in Lalit Garden, High Court Road, Jabalpur 145 Table-9.40: Carbon sequestration in Sainik Society Park-1, Badanpur, Jabalpur 145 Table-9.41: Carbon sequestration in Sainik Society Park-2, Badanpur, Jabalpur 145 Table-9.42: Carbon sequestration in Saraswati Garden,Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur 146 Table-9.43: Carbon sequestration in Sakar Hills View Garden 2, Jabalpur 146 Table-9.44: Carbon sequestration in New Ram Nagar Garden, Rampur, Jabapur 146 Total-9.45: Carbon content in Parks and Garden in Katni 152 Table-9.46: Carbon sequestration in Suramya Park 153 Table-9.47: Carbon sequestration in Jaguriti Park, Bargawan, Katni 153 Table-9.48: Carbon sequestration in Filter Park, Community Park-1, Kateyeghat, Katni 154 Table-9.49: Carbon sequestration in Sant Nirankari Garden, Madhavnagar, Katni 157 Table-9.50: Carbon sequestration in Collectorate park, Katni 157 Table-9.51: Carbon sequestration in Everest industry, Kymore, Katni 157 Table-9.52: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave colony Garden-4, Jhinjhari, Katni 158 Table-9.53: Carbon sequestration in Sant Nirankari Park 158 Table-9.54: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave colony Garden-5, Jhinjhari, Katni 158 Table-9.55: Carbon sequestration in Gandhi Udyan, Opp. South Katni Railway station, 159 Katni Table-9.56: Carbon sequestration in Baba Narayan Shah colony Garden, Jhinjhari, Katni 159 Table-9.57: Carbon sequestration in Calydryz Club Garden, OFK, Katni 159 Table-9.58: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave Colony Garden-6, Jhinjhari, Katni 160 Table-9.59: Carbon sequestration in Dun Colony Park, Bargawan, Katni 160 Table-9.60: Carbon sequestration in Dadda Dham colony Park, Jhinjhari, Katni 160 Table-9.61: Carbon sequestration in Krishna Colony Park -2, Katayeghat, Katni 160 Table-9.62: Carbon sequestration in Mansarovar Colony Park, MPHS, Katni 161 Table-9.63: Carbon sequestration in Krishna Colony Park-1, Katayeghat, Katni 161 Table-9.64: Carbon sequestration in Bal Vihar Udyan, NKJ, Katni 161 Table-9.65: Carbon sequestration in Dwarka city colony Park-1, Madhavnagar, Katni 161 Table-9.66: Carbon sequestration in Dwarka City Colony Park-2, Madhavnagar, Katni 162 Table-9.67: Carbon sequestration in Dwarka city colony Park-3, Madhavnagar, Katni 162 Table-9.68: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave colony Garden-1, Nai Basti, Katni 162 Table-9.69: Carbon sequestration in Nagar Nigam office Garden, Katni 162 Table-9.70: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave colony Garden-3, Nai Basti, Katni 163 Table-9.71: Carbon sequestration in Mittal Enclave Colony Garden-2, Nai Basti, Katni 163 Table-10.1: Recommendations of trees of aesthetic value (evergreen trees) 166 Table-10.2: Average carbon per year in Jabalpur Roads 169 Table-10.3: Average carbon per year in Katni Roads 182 Table-10.4: Recommendations of trees of environmental value 188 Table-10.5: Recommendations of trees on basis of their uses 191 Table-10.6: Recommendations of trees of hardiness value 191 Table-10.7: Recommendations for trees of air pollution abatement 192 Table-10.8: List of tree species found on roadside in Jabalpur and Katni city 194 Table-10.9: List of trees found in parks and gardens of Jabalpur and Katni 197 Table-10.10: Trees preferred for road-side plantation 200 Table-11.1: Species which sequestered highest and lowest carbon per tree in different 203 ages in Jabalpur Table-11.2: Species which sequestered highest and lowest carbon per tree in different 204 ages in Katni Table-11.3: Recommended tree species suited for all five criterias 206 Table-11.4: Potential of carbon sequestration of young species found in Jabalpur 207 Table-11.5: Potential of carbon sequestration of young species found in Katni 211

LIST OF FIGURE

S.No Particular Page No. Fig. 8.1 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 1920 79 Fig. 8.2 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 1982 80 Fig. 8.3 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 1994 81 Fig. 8.4 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 1995 82 Fig. 8.5 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 1998 83 Fig. 8.6 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2000 83 Fig. 8.7 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2004 84 Fig. 8.8 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2006 85 Fig. 8.9 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2007 86 Fig. 8.10 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2008 87 Fig. 8.11 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2009 88 Fig. 8.12 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2010 89 Fig. 8.13 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2011 90 Fig. 8.14 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2012 91 Fig. 8.15 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2013 92 Fig. 8.16 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2014 93 Fig. 8.17 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2015 94 Fig. 8.18 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2016 95 Fig. 8.19 Average sequestered carbon by roadside trees planted in 2017 96 Fig. 8.20 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 1970 111 Fig. 8.21 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 1996 112 Fig. 8.22 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 1997 112 Fig. 8.23 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 1998 113 Fig. 8.24 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2000 114 Fig. 8.25 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2002 115 Fig. 8.26 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2005 116 Fig. 8.27 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2009 117 Fig. 8.28 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2010 119 Fig. 8.29 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2011 120 Fig. 8.30 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2012 121 Fig. 8.31 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2013 122 Fig. 8.32 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2014 122 Fig. 8.33 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2015 123 Fig. 8.34 Average sequestered carbon by road side trees planted in 2017 124

LIST OF MAPS

S.No Particular Page No. Map-3.1 Locations of study areas in Madhya Pradesh 21 Map-4.1 Map showing the National and State Highways in Jabalpur 29 Map-4.2 Map showing the Jabalpur City Road Network 30 Map-4.3 Stratification of Jabalpur Smart Road 31 Map-5.1 Map of Katni district showing National Highway and State Highway 35

Map-6.1 Locations of Roadside Plantations in Jabalpur City 47 Map-6.2 Locations of Parks & Gardens in Jabalpur City 48 Map-6.3 Locations of Parks & Gardens in Jabalpur City 49 Map-7.1 Locations of Roadside Plantations in Katni City 58 Map-7.2 Locations of Parks and Gardens in Katni City 59 Map-7.3 Locations of Parks & Gardens in Katni City 60

LIST OF IMAGES

S.No Particular Page No. Image-3.1 Five carbon pools (IPCC GPG) 24 Image-3.2 Sample plot design for tree sampling in gardens 26 Image-6.1 Golbazar Main Road (Field Measurment) 37 Image-6.2 Sakar Hills View 02, Sainik Society 46 Image-6.3 Mangal Nagar Garden, Katni 46 Image-7.1 Rampur- Shakti Bhawan Road Jabalpur (Data verification by PI) 51 Image-8.1 Christian Girls School Road, South Civil Lines 63 Image-8.2 Shakti Bhawan-Jalpari Road 63 Image-8.3 Rail Sourabh Colony Road 2, Bajrang Nagar 64 Image-8.4 Rajul City Colony Road 1 64 Image-8.5 Rampur- MPEB Shakti Bhawan Road 65 Image-8.6 Divya Homes Colony, Shakti Nagar 65 Image-8.7 Roadside plantation in JEC Road 78 Image-8.8 Vijay Nagar Shatabadipuram Colony Road 2 97 Image-8.9 Vijay Nagar MR 4 Road 97 Image-8.10 Jhinjhari Jharwahi Road 100 Image-8.11 Gurunanak Factory, Katni 100 Image-8.12 Hare Madhav Plantation Madhav Nagar 101 Image-8.13 Dadda Nagar Colony Inside 101 Image-8.14 Jhinjhari to PWD Office 102 Image-8.15 Near SC ST Police Station Road Katni 102 Image-8.16 Katni South Railway Station Road 125 Image-8.17 Syna Public School Road 125 Image-8.18 Tilak College Road, Katni 126 Image-8.19 Vijayraghavgarh Road, Katni 126 Image-9.1 Shail Parn Udyan, Garha, Jabalpur 133 Image-9.2 Rail Sourabh Colony Garden, Bajrang Nagar, Jabalpur 133 Image-9.3 Bhanvartal Garden, Napier Town, Jabalpur 134 Image-9.4 Tagore Garden, Cantt., Sadar, Jabalpur 134 Image-9.5 Children’s Park, Cantt., Civil Lines, Jabalpur 148 Image-9.6 Civic Centre Park, Civic Centre, Jabalpur 148 Image-9.7 Modi Colony Park, Tagore Nagar, Polipather, Jabalpur 149 Image-9.8 Vivekanand Park, Ranjhi, Jabalpur 149 Image-9.9 Rajul City Garden-2, Bilhari, Jabalpur 150 Image-9.10 Saraswati Garden, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur 150 Image-9.11 Suramya park 155 Image-9.12 Jaguriti Park, Bargawan, Katni 155 Image-9.13 Filter Park, Community Park-1, Kateyeghat, Katni 156 Image-9.14 Collectorate Garden, Katni 156 Image-9.15 Caldryz Club Garden, OFK, Katni 164 Image-9.16 Dwarka City Colony Park-3, Madhav Nagar, Katni 164 Image-9.17 Gandhi Udyan, Opp. South Katni Railway station, Katni 165 Image-9.18 Mittal Enclave colony Garden-6, Jhinjhari, Katni 165

ABBREVIATIONS

APA : Air Pollution Abatement

API : Anticipated Performance Index

APTI : Air Pollution Tolerant Index

CCF : Chief Conservator of Forests

CCS : Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board

CSIR : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

DBH : Diameter at Breast Height

DFO : Divisional Forest Officer

DTIC : Defense Technical Information Center

EPFO : Employment Provident Fund Office

EPCO : Environmental Planning and Coordination Organization

FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization

FRA : Forest Rights Act

FSI : Forest Survey of India

GHG : Green House Gases

GOI : Government of India

GPG : Good Practice Guidelines

GPS : Global Positioning System

GWP : Global Warming Potential

ICBA : International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture

IGIDR : Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research

IHBT : Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology

IJEST : International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPFRA : The International Federation of Parks and Recreation

Administration

IMC : Indore Municipal Corporation

INCCA : Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment

ISFR : Indian State Forest Report

IVI : Important Value Index

JBP : Jabalpur

JDA : Jabalpur Development Authority

KDA : Katni Development Authority

KTE : Katni

MABP : Mean Annual Biomass Production

MoRTH : Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

MPEB : Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board

MPSAPCC : Madhya Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change

MPRDC : Madhya Pradesh Road Development Corporation

NAPCC : National Action Plan on Climate Change

NGO : Non-Government Organization

NKJ : New Katni Junction

NH : National Highway

NHAI : National Highway Authority of India

NTFPs : Non Timber Forest Products

OFK : Ordinance Factory Katni

PAHs : Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PF : Protected Forest

PMGSY : Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal

PWD : Public Works Department

RF : Reserve Forest

QSD : Quadratic Stand Diameter

SFRI : State Forest Research Institute

SKMCCC : State Knowledge Management Centre on Climate

Change

TFRI : Tropical Forest Research Institute

UNDP : United Nations Development Programme

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC : United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change

USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency

WMO : World Meteorological Organization

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study suggests suitable strategies that can be helpful in reducing climate change impacts by mitigation techniques. The challenges of climate change can be efficiently overcome by the storage of carbon in terrestrial carbon sinks viz. plants, plant products and soils for longer periods. Adoption of carbon sequestration measures can considerably reduce the rise in atmospheric CO2 level.

A project on Sequestered carbon in roadside plantations and parks and gardens: an assessment of potential contribution of climate mitigation in Jabalpur and Katni city was taken up to highlight the potential of roadside trees and parks and gardens in climate change mitigation. The main objectives of the study were to find the total carbon sequestration in roadside plantations, parks and gardens, identification of suitable trees for roadside plantations and parks and gardens, find rates of variations of carbon sequestration with species and age and finally assessment of potential contribution of roadside plantations in climate change mitigation.

The study areas i.e. Jabalpur and Katni were selected to implement climate change mitigation strategies in perspective of Jabalpur being a smart city and Katni, which has industrial effluents.

In order to find out total carbon sequestration in roadside plantations and by standing trees in parks and gardens in Jabalpur and Katni city a non-destructive approach of measuring trees was adopted. During the survey, it was found that there are 43 roadside plantations found mainly in city and colony roads of Jabalpur Smart City. A total of 629.658 tons of carbon were estimated by 2,755 trees of 19 different age groups. These 2,755 trees belonged to 58 different species. The maximum age of roadside trees in Jabalpur was found 100 years (plantation in 1920) and the minimum age of roadside plantation was only 03 years (plantation in 2017). Among the 58 different tree species found in 43 roads of Jabalpur Ashok (Polyalthia longfolia) has been found most dominant in various roads followed by Peltophorum (Peltophorum pterocarpum), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Gulmohar (Delonix regia) and Kassod (Cassia siamea). The species like Lasona (Acacia auriculiformis), Lasoda (Cardia dichotoma), Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Munga (Moringa oleifera) and Palash (Butea monosperma) are found only once. The year 2014 has the highest number of roadside plantations and highest number of tree species, as there were 26 varieties of trees planted in 20 different types of roads.

In Katni city 32 roadside plantations were found mainly in city and colony roads. A total of 590.391 tons of carbon have been estimated of 2,498 trees of 15 different age groups. These 2,498 trees belonged to 46 different tree species. The maximum age of roadside trees in Katni was found 50 years (plantation in 1970) and the minimum age of roadside is found only 03 years (plantation in 2017). Among the 46 different tree species found in 32 roads of Katni Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been found in 16 different roads followed by Peltophorum (Peltophorum pterocarpum), Gulmohar (Delonix regia) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo).

Most common tree species on basis of number of occurrences found on the roadsides in Jabalpur and Katni are Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Peltophorum (Peltoforum pterocarpum), Kassod (Cassisa siamea), Karanj (Millettia pinnata), Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Nandi Flame (Spathodea campanulata), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Nilgiri (Eucalyptus teretiocornis).

Similarly, in order to find out total carbon sequestration by standing trees in parks and gardens, sample survey in both study areas was carried out. The sample constitutes 25% of total parks/gardens in both study areas. In Jabalpur, there are 200 parks and gardens out of which 43 parks and gardens of large, medium and small size were sampled. In sampled parks and gardens, a total of 584.834 tons of carbon was estimated by 3,815 different trees. On basis of sample selection a total of 1346.870 tons of carbon may be recorded by trees in parks and gardens of Jabalpur after averaging carbon content per park and garden. It has to be mentioned that the age groups of trees in parks and gardens are different. Estimation of total carbon sequestration was made on basis of averaging carbon content per park/garden with average number of trees.

In Katni, there are 62 parks and gardens out of which 27 parks and gardens of large, medium and small size were sampled. In sampled parks and gardens a total of 339.95 tons of carbon was sequestered by 1,538 different trees. On basis of sample selection, a total of 584.83 tons of carbon may be recorded by trees in parks and gardens of Katni after averaging carbon content per park and garden.

Most common tree species in parks and gardens on basis of number of maximum occurrences in Jabalpur and Katni were recorded as Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Bottle Palm (Hyophorbe laginicaulis), Fish-tail Palm (Caryota urens), Saptparni (Alstonia scholaris), Kaner (Cascabela thevetia), Gulmohar (Delonix regia) and Peltophorum (Peltophorum pterocarpum).

The study indicates that local effects like vegetation, nutrient status, texture, history of the site have great influence on carbon accumulation. However, it highlights the importance of roadside vegetation and diversity in enhancing carbon sequestration and if managed judiciously can play an important role in climate change mitigation.

Identification of suitable tree species in roadsides and parks and gardens has been based on different aspects, value and criteria. Five criteria were identified for selection of species viz., aesthetic, environmental, utility, hardiness and air pollution for opting out suitable tree species for roadsides and parks and gardens. It was found that there are 12 species which have all qualities of above selected criteria. These species are fast growing, evergreen and also have good tolerance in extreme climate events and may play an important role in reducing air pollution level. The species of all values are as follows 1) Bargad (Ficus benghalnensis), 2) Gulmohar (Delonix regia), 3) Karanj (Millettia pinnata), 4) Kassod (Cassia siamea), 5) Mahaneem (Ailanthus excelsa), 6) Neem (Azadirachta indica), 7) Omar (Ficus racemosa), 8) Pipal (Ficus religiosa), 9) Peltophorum (Peltophorum pterocarpum), 10) Safed Siris (Albizzia procera), 11) Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and 12) Siris (Albizzia lebbeck). Species like Shisham, Siris and Gulmohar have also been reported as having showing good air pollution tolerant index by earlier studies. Apart from these species, other species like Saptparni (Alstonia scholaris), Kadamb (Neolamarckia cadamba), Bottle palm (Hyophorbe laginicaulis), Tecoma (Tecoma stans) and Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia) may also be preferred on basis of requirements of the plantations. These are well suited on roads, parks and gardens.

Study of difference in rates of carbon sequestration with species and age in roadside plantations in Jabalpur and Katni have seen many differences among species of different age and soil type. In Jabalpur city, there 19 age types trees were found while in Katni there were 15 age types. The species found in Jabalpur and Katni are closely similar. It was found that due to higher age of Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) and Imli (Tamarindus indica) have maximum rate of carbon sequestration was found followed by Bargad (Ficus benghalnensis) and Mango (Mangifera indica). When these species reached to higher age groups then, these trees recorded highest carbon content per tree in specific years. Species like Karanj (Millettia pinnata) with some exception which shown higher rates of carbon sequestration (particularly in Katni city areas) and Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia) and Aonla (Phyllanthus officinalis) in younger age have shown low rates of carbon sequestration among other species of different age. The rate of carbon sequestration may also change with fluctuation of climate stimuli and soil types play a major part in growth of trees.

The roadside plantation is the first line of defense against urban vehicular pollution. The surface area of the leaves provides an opportunity for settling of suspended particulate matters while they also absorb gaseous pollutants. However, in due course, they are themselves under various levels of stress manifested by the physiological response. On exposure to the airborne pollutants, most of the trees show immediate physiological response before the manifestation of the visible sign on leaves. The tolerance capacity of the trees to these stresses defines their adaptation and mitigation potential. The mitigation potential of the trees is governed by several factors including anatomy, morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plant tissues. The vehicular movements affect the photosynthesis process, transpiration. The species like Neolamarckia cadamba, Mangifera indica, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizzia lebbeck and Albizzia procera are those species, which are preferably important to reduce air pollution impacts and play an important role in climate change mitigation. These trees sequester carbon sequestration at good rates in younger age and these have potential to sequester high amount of carbon when gets their maximum height. In our study we have found that at the age 05 years Peltophorum pterocarpum, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Neolamarckia cadamba have shown good prompting rates of carbon sequestration in various roads and different soil types in Jabalpur while at the same age Ziziphus mauritiana, Neolamackia cadamba, Azadirachta indica and Phyllanthus emblica have shown good prompting rates of carbon sequestration in various roads and different soil types in Katni.