Predatory Open-Access Publishers

Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers

For more information on predatory publishers, including lists of publishers and standalone journals that meet these criteria, please visit http://scholarlyoa.com

By Jeffrey Beall 3rd edition / January 1, 2015

The criteria below are intended to provide a framework for analyzing scholarly open-access publishers and journals. The criteria recognize two documents published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE):

Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing

Evaluating scholarly open-access publishers is a process that includes closely, cautiously, thoroughly, and at times skeptically examining the publisher's content, practices, and websites: contacting the publisher if necessary, reading statements from the publisher's authors about their experiences with the publisher, and determining whether the publisher commits any of the following practices (below) that are known to be committed by predatory publishers, examining any additional credible evidence about the publisher, compiling very important "back-channel" feedback from scholarly authors, and taking into account counter-feedback from the publishers themselves.

Some journals of course are "single titles." They publish independently of any multi-title publisher. In most cases, however, we evaluate journals that are part of a publisher's multi-title platform. This is very often described as a "fleet," a term meant to clarify that even a new publisher suddenly launches a large number of new journals, ranging from several dozen to hundreds of titles all at once.

The practices described below are meant to apply both to single-title independent journals and to publishers with or multiple or "fleet" journals in their portfolios.

Editor and Staff

 The publisher's owner is identified as the editor of each and every journal published by the organization.  No single individual is identified as any specific journal's editor.  The journal does not identify a formal editorial / review board.  No academic information is provided regarding the editor, editorial staff, and/or review board members (e.g., institutional affiliation).  Evidence exists showing that the editor and/or review board members do not possess academic expertise to reasonably qualify them to be publication gatekeepers in the journal's field.  Two or more journals have duplicate editorial boards (i.e., same editorial board for more than one journal).  The journals have an insufficient number of board members , (e.g., 2 or 3 members), have concocted editorial boards (made up names), name scholars on their editorial board without their knowledge or permission or have board members who are prominent researchers but exempt them from any contributions to the journal except the use of their names and/or photographs.  There is little or no geographical diversity among the editorial board members, especially for journals that claim to be international in scope or coverage.  The editorial board engages in gender bias (i.e., exclusion of any female members).

Business management

The publisher...

 Demonstrates a lack of transparency in publishing operations.  Has no policies or practices for digital preservation, meaning that if the journal ceases operations, all of the content disappears from the internet.  Begins operations with a large fleet of journals, often using a common template to quickly create each journal's home page.

 Provides insufficient information or hides information about author fees, offering to publish an author's paper and later sending an unanticipated "surprise" invoice.  Does not allow search engines to crawl the published content, preventing the content from being indexed in academic indexes.  Copy-proofs (locks) their PDFs, thus making it harder to check for plagiarism.

Integrity

 The name of a journal is incongruent with the journal's mission.  The name of a journal does not adequately reflect its origin (e.g., a journal with the word "Canadian" or "Swiss" in its name when neither the publisher, editor, nor any purported institutional affiliate relates whatsoever to Canada or Switzerland).  In its spam email or on its website, the publisher falsely claims one or more of its journals have actual (Thomson-Reuters) impact factors, or advertises impact factors assigned by fake "impact factor" services, or it uses some made up measure (e.g. view factor), feigning/claiming an exaggerated international standing.  The publisher sends spam requests for peer reviews to scholars unqualified to review submitted manuscripts, in the sense that the specialties of the invited reviewers do not match the papers sent to them.  The publisher falsely claims to have its content indexed in legitimate abstracting and indexing services or claims that its content is indexed in resources that are not abstracting and indexing services.  The publisher dedicates insufficient resources to preventing and eliminating author misconduct, to the extent that the journal or journals suffer from repeated cases of plagiarism, self-plagiarism, image manipulation, and the like.  The publisher asks the corresponding author for suggested reviewers and the publisher subsequently uses the suggested reviewers without sufficiently vetting their qualifications or authenticity. (This protocol also may allow authors to create faux online identities in order to review their own papers).

Other

A predatory publisher may...

 Re-publish papers already published in other venues/outlets without providing appropriate credits.  Use boastful language claiming to be a "leading publisher" even though the publisher may only be a startup or a novice organization.  Operate in a Western country chiefly for the purpose of functioning as a vanity press for scholars in a developing country (e.g., utilizing a mail- drop address or PO box address in the United States, while actually operating from a developing country).  Provide minimal or no copyediting or proofreading of submissions.  Publish papers that are not academic at all, e.g. essays by laypeople, polemical editorials, or obvious pseudo-science.  Have a "contact us" page that only includes a web form or an email address, and the publisher hides or does not reveal its location.

Poor journal standards / practice

The following practices are considered to be reflective of poor journal standards and, while they do not equal predatory criteria, potential authors should give due consideration to these items prior to manuscript submissions:

 The publisher copies "authors guidelines" verbatim (or with minor editing) from other publishers.  The publisher lists insufficient contact information, including contact information that does not clearly state the headquarters location or misrepresents the headquarters location (e.g., through the use of addresses that are actually mail drops).  The publisher publishes journals that are excessively broad (e.g., Journal of Education) in order to attract more articles and gain more revenue from author fees.

 The publisher publishes journals that combine two or more fields not normally treated together (e.g., International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology).  The publisher charges authors for publishing but requires transfer of copyright and retains copyright on journal content. Or the publisher requires the copyright transfer upon submission of manuscript.  The publisher has poorly maintained websites, including dead links, prominent misspellings and grammatical errors on the website.  The publisher makes unauthorized use of licensed images on their website, taken from the open web, without permission or licensing from the copyright owners.  The publisher engages in excessive use of spam email to solicit manuscripts or editorial board memberships.  The publishers' officers use email addresses that end in .gmail.com, yahoo.com, or some other free email supplier.  The publisher fails to state licensing policy information on articles or shows lack of understanding of well-known OA journal article licensing standards, or provides contradictory licensing information.  The publisher lacks a published article retraction policy or retracts articles without a formal statement (stealth retractions); also the publisher does not publish corrections or clarifications and does not have a policy for these issues.  The publisher does not use standard identifiers such as ISSNs or DOIs or uses them improperly.  For the name of the publisher, the publisher uses names such as "Network," "Center," "Association," "Institute," and the like when it is only a solitary, proprietary operation and does not meet the definition of the term used or implied non-profit mission.  The publisher has excessive, cluttered advertising on its site to the extent that it interferes with site navigation and content access.  The publisher has no membership in industry associations and/or intentionally fails to follow industry standards.  The publisher includes links to legitimate conferences and associations on its main website, as if to borrow from other organizations’ legitimacy, and emblazon the new publisher with the others' legacy value.

 The publisher displays prominent statements that promise rapid publication and/or unusually quick peer review.  Evidence exists showing that the publisher does not really conduct a bona fide peer review.  The publisher appears to focus exclusively on article processing fee procurement, while not providing services for readers, or on billing for fees, while abdicating any effort at vetting submissions.  The publisher creates a publishing operation that demonstrates rapacious entrepreneurial behavior that rises to level of sheer greed. The individual might have business administration experience, and the site may even have business journals, but the owner seems oblivious to business ethics.  The publisher or its journals are not listed in standard periodical directories or are not widely cataloged in library databases.  The publisher copies or egregiously mimics journal titles from other publishers.  The publisher includes text on its website that describes the open access movement and then foists the publisher as if the publisher is active in fulfilling the movement’s values and goals.  None of the members of a particular journal's editorial board have ever published an article in the journal.  There is little or no geographic diversity among the authors of articles in one or more of the publisher's journals, an indication the journal has become an easy outlet for authors from one country or region to get scholarly publications.  The publisher has an optional "fast-track" fee-based service for expedited peer review which appears to provide assured publication with little or no vetting.

Acknowledgement: The author thanks Bill Cohen and Dr. Michael Firmin for their help on this and an earlier version of this document.

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A beginner’s guide to avoiding ‘predatory’ journals (using your critical thinking skills) By Andy Nobes | July 24, 2018 |

You may have heard a lot about the dangers of so-called ‘predatory’[1] journals from your colleagues, your supervisor, or in online forums and webpages. Such journals often charge a fee for fast publication but have poor publishing practices, fail to carry out legitimate peer review, and fake their inclusion in important indexes. You should avoid publishing your research in these journals, or you could risk ruining your reputation or career. But there is often unclear and conflicting advice on how to tell a credible journal from a ‘predatory’ one, even from experienced researchers and supervisors. At AuthorAID we recommend that researchers use their own critical analysis skills and decide for themselves whether a journal is appropriate for their research. It’s extremely important for researchers to choose a reputable, reliable journal that provides rigorous peer review and disseminates their research to a wide audience; and that they can be confident and proud of listing this on their CV. One good resource you can use for this purpose is the Think.Check.Submit. website which provides a straightforward checklist to identify trustworthy journals (we recommend that you evaluate journals using several checks from the checklist rather than relying on just one indicator). Some researchers may be told to use journal ‘blacklists’, but you should exercise caution. We do not recommend using the ‘Beall’s List’ blacklist to identify ‘predatory’ journals as it is not considered a reliable, unbiased, or transparent source of information, and has not been updated by Beall since January 2017.[2] Below we have also provided some practical tips and advice for early career researchers who are unfamiliar with the online publishing landscape. They are based on the AuthorAID team’s experience with helping members over the last few years, trawling through all sorts of interesting and unusual journal websites. If you can familiarise yourself with what good and bad digital publishing looks like, you should be able to tell quite quickly whether a journal is suitable for your research, or whether you should stay well clear (and also warn your colleagues to do likewise).

1. Don’t trust email invites and ‘Call for Papers’ (unless you recognise the sender)

Make sure you do some background research before handing over your payment details to an unknown journal This is the simplest and most effective step to avoid ‘predatory’ journals. One of the most common questions we are asked on AuthorAID is ‘Is ‘X’ a predatory journal?’. The reason why the questioner is asking about a specific journal is probably because they have just received a flattering spam email inviting them to submit a paper for fast and easy publication, and this can be very tempting for some people, as this researcher reported in a recent survey of authors who have published in 'predatory' journals: “I received an invitation. They wanted my paper and that made me feel good. I thought that they contacted me because of my expertise in my field, and so I sent it.” Be careful – ‘predatory’ publishers trawl the internet for authors’ and academics’ email addresses and send out thousands of emails every day – and it’s a tactic that works very effectively. NEVER respond to emails from journals or journal publishers unless you recognise the sender or have registered for their mailing list. If you are tempted by an email offer or ‘Call for Papers’ always visit their website to find out more about the journal – we will cover this in the next steps. Please also remember that you don't necessarily need to pay to publish your work in a journal. There are plenty of free publishing options (see ‘how do I find a suitable journal and how can I afford the publishing fees?’). You should certainly not be paying a journal to publish your paper unless they can demonstrate good digital publishing practices, quality editorial processes and suitable indexing. Be careful before parting with your hard-earned money!

2. Be sceptical of ‘international’ or ‘global’ journals, and those with a wide scope This rule may also seem very simple, but you can often tell a deceptive journal from its title. ‘Predatory’ publishers are looking to ‘prey’ on early career researchers who have been told that their ultimate goal is to get published in ‘international’ journals (which is a usually a big achievement), and such journals provide a very quick and cheap opportunity. If this sounds too good to be true, it probably is! Try to follow these two rules:

1. If the journal name has the word ‘international’, ‘world’ or ‘global’ in the title be sceptical. Most ‘predatory’ journals use impressive titles like this to fool uncritical researchers. If a journal uses such a title it should be able to demonstrate this. Does it have a truly international editorial board? Is the journal included in international indexes? Do you recognise any of the editors? (You may also want to check the editor’s official webpage to see if he/she mentions their role with the journal – as mentioned here.) 2. If the title has an extremely wide subject scope, for example, ‘International Journal of Advanced Research’, ‘Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities’, or ‘International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences’, be sceptical. Most ‘normal’ academic journals are actually quite niche, both in terms of subject focus and geography. Be aware that ‘predatory’ publishers create journals with a very wide scope to target as many potential authors as possible.

For some more examples of dubiously-named journals, see this blog post.

3. Double-check claims of prestigious indexing and impact factors

Don't believe everything you read on the internet Does the journal say it’s listed in prestigious indexes? Does it claim to have an Impact Factor? Be wary – ‘predatory’ journals usually lie about their indexing status, using fake logos and fake impact factors. The good news is that you can easily check this information yourself! Does the journal really have an Impact Factor? You can check that this is true by searching for the journal on the Clarivate Web of Science database: http://mjl.clarivate.com/. If the journal is not listed, then it does not have a real Impact Factor, and the ‘impact factor’ being advertised is probably fake or irrelevant. (Please note that many legitimate journals are not indexed in the Web of Science, and Impact Factor is a limited metric that measures citations and not necessarily quality of research – for more information see the Wikipedia page on Impact Factors and how to target a suitable journal). Scopus Does your journal claim to be indexed on Scopus (another reputable index owned by Elsevier)? You can check to see if it is listed here: http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php. You can also find lots of other interesting metrics on the journal, if it is listed. PubMed Lots of medical journals claim to be indexed in PubMed. You can check the database here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/. Lots of journals are catalogued in PubMed, but not all have passed the quality criteria for indexation, so make sure the information page clearly says "In: PubMed" or "In:Index medicus" or "In: MEDLINE". The best journals will probably have all three (MEDLINE uses the most stringent indexing criteria). Journals that have not been officially catalogued will show as: "Collection Status: Not in the NLM Collection". The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) provides a listing of Open Access journals that have passed its basic entry criteria: https://doaj.org/search. This is a good database to find legitimate Open Access journals from all over the world, many of which do not charge a publishing fee (see here for more information on article processing fees). Please note that just because journals are not included in any of the above indexes does not mean they are ‘predatory’ or not credible. It can be a major challenge and take many years for new and small journals to be accepted by these indexes. The big problem is journals that deceptively claim to be indexed even though they are not.

4. Read the ‘Aims and scope’ or ‘About’ page – check the journal understands your field There are several ways you can check the expertise of the journal editorial staff. As Think.Check.Submit mentions, it’s useful to check the editorial board for familiar names. Another way is to critically read the ‘Aims and scope’ or ‘About the journal’ pages. I like to check this page because you can tell a lot about the publisher and the journal, and bad journals are easy to spot because they tend to write nonsense in this section. This is where the journal should provide a brief introduction to the publication, an outline of the type of articles published (and sometimes what it doesn't publish), its peer review policy, and sometimes the journal’s indexing information. This page should make you feel confident about the scholarly credibility of the publisher and authority of the journal in your subject discipline. The page shouldn’t contain factual errors or spelling mistakes (within reason - some human error is inevitable). The aims and objectives of the journal should be clear, and you should easily be able to tell if your work is suitable for this journal. Bad journals stand out because they fake their credibility and knowledge of the subject areas. They write vague statements or flowery language like: ‘an opportunity to share research amongst the global community’. You may also find that some journals have copied and pasted (plagiarised) information from Wikipedia or other webpages to make it sound like they understand your field – try it out: copy and paste the opening sentence into Google and check it’s not plagiarised!

5. Check who is publishing the journal – are they a credible scholarly organisation? This is a surprisingly easy way to tell if a journal is legitimate or not, because it reveals why the journal is being published. ‘Predatory’ journals are concerned with making money from author payments – they don’t care about the quality of the science being published. Look at the website and try to find out: a) Who is the publisher? (i.e. which organisation is responsible for running this journal?) Is their name familiar? Do a quick Google search and try to find out more information about them. Sometimes a physical address is given which is clearly residential, or in the middle of a field. I've discovered a few 'UK' publishers who provide a 'virtual' forwarding address in london as their headquarters. If the publisher is unfamiliar, or you are unable to tell if they are legitimate or not, then the next step is to ask: b) Is there a scholarly organisation aligned or affiliated with the journal, such as a university, a research institute or a learned society? Do they seem like a genuine organisation? Ideally you should have heard of them. If the answer to both of the above questions is ‘No’, then you should consider looking elsewhere.

6. Check your reference lists – familiarise yourself with good journals in your field

Reference lists are a good place to look for credible journals Last, but certainly not least, the best way to ensure you don’t get fooled, is to ‘future-proof’ yourself by getting familiar with what good journals look and feel like. As AuthorAID mentor Sian Harris suggests, the easiest place to start looking for suitable journals is by looking at the journals you are reading and referencing in your work. Similarly, AuthorAID community member Maria Zinger shares her own learning: “From what I have been taught from many trainings on publication of an article, the first thing you do after you think you have a research question is to do a literature review where you read all the literature important to answer your question of interest ...

It means that once you finish your research and article writing you are going to select at least the top three journal names that have come up during your literature review.

It is very difficult to ask other people to do this for you because you know your work better than anyone else.” Follow your references and recommended reading in articles you like. Have you done any literature reviews for your research? Go back and check out the journals that were mentioned – these are the journals you should be targeting, whether they be small, regional, niche journals or high-impact international journals. Visit their journal webpages to get an idea of their scope and style. Ultimately, it’s your decision where to publish your research, so take some time to make sure it's being reliably published and shared as widely as possible amongst your target audience. But be careful not to be swayed by flattering emails, impressive-sounding journal names, fancy impact factors, or too-good-to-be- true offers without doing your research first! Do you have any of your own tips, or experiences that you would like to share? Please comment below. Other recommended articles: My experience of predatory journals and how to avoid them (Aamir Raoof Memon) Identifying Predatory Publishers – How to tell reputable journals from shady ones (The Scientist) GUIDE: How to spot predatory academic journals in the wild (Africa Check)

Andy Nobes is a Programme Coordinator for AuthorAID at INASP ------Notes: [1] It has been argued (for example here and here) that the term ‘predatory’ is an inaccurate and inappropriate label, and that it discriminates against scholarly publishing in developing countries. Perhaps such journals are more accurately described as ‘deceptive’, ‘fake’ or ‘unethical’ journals. But, for clarity, we use the most commonly-used term: ‘predatory’. [2] “… the Beall blog – which became defunct in January of 2017 [was] broad and contained errors, misclassifications, and false negatives. Thus, those extant lists should not be used in any formal capacity to limit authors’ choice of publishing venue.” Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva http://thinkchecksubmit.org/

¿Está enviando su investigación a una revista confiable?

¿Es esta la revista indicada para su trabajo?

 Cada vez más investigaciones se publican a nivel mundial

 Nuevas revistas académicas/científicas son creadas cada semana

 También han aumentado las noticias sobre malas prácticas y engaños de las editoriales

 Puede ser desafiante encontrar guías que estén actualizadas cuando se trata de elegir dónde publicar

¿Cómo se puede estar seguro de que la revista que está considerando es la adecuada para su investigación?

Utilice esta lista para controlar si la revista que ha elegido es confiable.

 ¿Usted o sus colegas conocen a la revista – ¿Ha leído antes algún artículo de esa revista? – ¿Es fácil encontrar los últimos artículos de la revista?

 ¿Puede identificar y contactar fácilmente a la editorial? – ¿Se encuentra el nombre de la editorial claramente consignado en la página web de la revista? – ¿Puede contactar a la editorial por teléfono, correo electrónico y postal?

 ¿La revista es clara respecto al tipo de revisión por pares que utiliza?  ¿Están los artículos indexados en servicios que usted utiliza?

 ¿Son claros los costos de publicación? – ¿En el sitio web de la revista se explica para qué son/dichos costos y cuándo serán/cobrados?

 ¿Reconoce al comité editorial? – ¿Ha oído hablar de los miembros del comité editorial? – ¿Los miembros del comité editorial mencionan a la revista en sus páginas web personales?

 ¿La editorial es miembro de alguna reconocida? – ¿Pertenecen al Comité de Ética de Publicación (COPE, por sus siglas en inglés)? – Si la revista es de acceso abierto, ¿se encuentra en la lista del Directorio de Revistas de Acceso Abierto (DOAJ, por sus siglas en inglés)? – Si la revista es de acceso abierto, ¿pertenece la editorial a la Asociación de Editoriales Académicas de Acceso Abierto (OASPA, por sus siglas en inglés)? – ¿La revista se encuentra alojada en alguna de las plataformas de Revistas Electrónicasde INASP (para revistas publicadas en Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, América Central y Mongolia) o en Revistas Africanas Electrónicas (AJO, por sus siglas en inglés, para las revistas africanas), o en SciELO, Latindex o RedALyC (para revistas de Iberoamérica)? – ¿La editorial es miembro de alguna asociación comercial?

Si la respuesta a la mayoría de las preguntas de esta lista es “sí”

Complete la lista de verificación y envíe su artículo sólo si está conforme con responder “sí” a la mayoría de las preguntas

 Usted tiene que estar seguro de que la revista que ha elegido tendrá un perfil adecuado para sus pares, mejorando tanto su reputación como sus posibilidades de ser citado.

 Publicar en la revista indicada para su investigación mejorará su perfil profesional, y lo ayudará a progresar en su carrera.

 Su trabajo debería ser indexado y/o archivado siendo fácilmente descubrible.

 Usted debería esperar una experiencia de publicación profesional, en la cual su trabajo sea revisado y editado.

 Solo entonces usted debería enviar su artículo.