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Sustainability of Rural Tourism in the Smolyan Municipality of Bulgaria

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Sustainability of Rural Tourism in the Smolyan Municipality of Bulgaria Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 31-40, 2008 Copyright © 2008 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1312-1723 (print) ISSN 1313-3551 (online) Original Contribution SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL TOURISM IN THE SMOLYAN MUNICIPALITY OF BULGARIA Y. Yarkova*, B. Stoykova Department of Regional Development, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria ABSTRACT We describe rural tourism based on sustainability. We select parameters for developing a model of sustainable rural tourism. Thus the following indicators of sustainability in rural tourism are: tourist planning, number of visitors (tourists) in a given destination, natural and cultural attractions, involvement of local population, number of jobs opened by rural tourism, contribution of rural tourism to local economy, environmental factors, training and qualification of labour force, satisfaction from the development of rural tourism, security for tourists. Our conclusions include the following: 1. Rural tourism has not reached the expected level of development in the studied region; 2. Marketing approach is needed in developing complex tourist products according to the needs of various segments on the tourist market; 3. Natural, geographic, human, physical and economic factors of development are available in the studied region; 4. Sheep- and horse-breeding are a prerequisite for using the existing natural resources, creating traditional local products; 5. A problem that needs to be overcome is the distinction of people from their rural identity. Key words: sustainability, development, rural tourism. INTRODUCTION from the point of view of its sustainability by selecting parameters on the basis of which to In Western Europe rural tourism is one of the develop a model for sustainable rural tourism. growing tourist segments. More and more According to data of BAAT (Bulgarian Western Europeans prefer to spend their Association for Alternative Tourism) (1), holiday in countryside places (Swarbook, nearly three hundred and forty thousand 1996)1 Bulgarians and 220 thousand foreigners have In Bulgaria rural tourism gained chosen rural tourism in our country in 2007. popularity comparatively recently – only at The total income from rural tourism is 65 the end of last century. The development of million Euro for 2007 and turnover from rural tourism as a priority in the alternative toursim - 130 million leva. And diversification of rural economy is a total turnover in tourism in our country is 2.5 prerequisite for the revival of the Bulgarian billion leva. People who have chosen the village and for sustainable development of alternative were for recreation and comprise rural areas. Diversification of economic 0.5% of the total number of visitors in the activities, including the development of country for last year (2). As a whole the tourism, is one of the priority spheres of number of tour operators offering alternative financial support for Bulgaria by EU funds. tourism both for foreigners and for Bulgarians has increased. According to Francesko BULGARIA – DESTINATION FOR Frandjali, Secretary General of the World RURAL TOURISM Tourist Organization, Bulgarian tourist The objective of the present paper is to agencies have to put greater effort on cultural, characterize rural tourism in one of the main rural and ecological tourism (3). destinations for rural tourism in our country, The advantages of Bulgaria in rural tourism are determined by: the clean nature, the varied landscape, the availability of * Correspondence to: Yuliyana Yarkova, numerous natural and other places of interest, Assoc.Prof Yuliyana Yarkova, PhD, Dept.of Regional Development, AF, TrakiaUniversity, the unique culture, hospitable population Student Campus, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria; motivated to offer tourist services. According Tel.: +359 42 699 433, E-mail: yu_yarkova@uni- to survey made by Spanish and Bulgarian sz.bg specialists in 2005 the position of Bulgaria as Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol.6, No. 3, 2008 31 YARKOVA J., et al. an international rural tourism destination is Atanasova /2004/ the greatest is the based on local culture, natural environment concentration of individual sites in the South and national cuisine (4). central region – the Rhodopes. In 2004 there are around 300 rural households in our country that develop rural RURAL TOURISM IN THE RHODOPES tourism (0.3 per cent of rural households). /SMOLYAN MUNICIPALITY/2 Over 70% of them are on protected territories Some basic characteristics of geographical or near them, in national parks, natural and features, historical and cultural heritage, cultural places of interest (5). Although the population, and economics have been studied. overall assessment is that rural tourism is in a Basic parameters related to sustainable growing phase in its life cycle, the above development of tourism have been outlined. study points out the obstacles for its faster The analysis of sites in the Rhodopes development: lack of sufficient young and reveals that along with the North central vital people in rural areas, low educational region and especially the Central Balkan, the level of people, social and public conditions Rhodopes stand out as a region with best that do not comply with contemporary developed rural tourism. That accelerated requirements; bad state of social and technical development is due in addition to the natural infrastructure in villages (roads, features of the region, the interesting cultural, communications, tourist paths); significant architectural, historical and other sights of part of the people directly employed in the interest, and also to the people in the tourist business do not have the relevant Rhodopes. The harsh conditions of life, the qualification; poor knowledge of foreign change in agricultural specialization, high languages, unawareness of the basic business level of unemployment and lack of mechanisms, no culture in providing service; alternatives for employment resulted in inertia in the behaviour of people concerning mobilization of the population, using the best their preferences for spending the holiday, qualities and entrepreneurship of a great part including holiday at the seaside are some of of the active population in the Rhodopes. On the most attractive; still poor development of the other part, the suitable conditions for rural advertising activity – books, brochures, and other types of tourism attracted the albums, films advertising that type of tourism. attention of people of enterprise from other Some conclusions about the regions in the country who establish rural significance of rural tourism in our country tourism sites in the Rhodopes. These cases can be made on the basis of the results of an when the owners are not local people are also inquiry held in 2004 by a team of the Institute important for the economic and social on Agricultural Economics led by senior development of the region – condition for scientific researcher Maria Atanasova, PhD. employment of some of the Rhodope people (5) According to its results there is desire for are created, some of the produced agricultural practicing that type of business, but that products are marketed under better conditions, motivation is not sufficiently supported by the value of existing natural and other types of real practical results and in its turn that resources increase (6). Subsequent demotivates the initial ambition. Basic cause development shows, for example, how in the about it is that some of the inquired people are county of Smolyan for one year only rapid entrepreneurs for whom tourism is main increase has been observed: а) the means of business and that business has offered so far accommodation – by 59%; b) the number of poor opportunity to provide support for the beds – by 18.6%; increase of the number of family. For the other inquired persons (64%) stays overnight – by 9.3%. The increased this business is additional to their agricultural volume of the tourist product is explained by business and it is formed as agricultural the availability of the internationally tourism but still an increase in the level of renowned resort Pamporovo, but one can also satisfying the needs for support of the village seek connection with the development of rural household is expected. Rural tourism in our country in its individual form is offered in village rooms or 2 The study has been carried out within guest houses, family or other small hotels, the framework of project “Research on villas and an area of summer houses. The the opportunities and perspectives for collective form of offering is in complexes that conform to the main characteristics of alternative employment in rural regions”, villages in Bulgaria (compactness, regional Ministry of Education and Science, 2006, self-containment). According to a study by Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 32 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol.6, No. 3, 2008 YARKOVA J., et al. tourism in the villages in the region. potatoes, beans, onions, etc., and about 15 % Conditions for rural tourism in the Rhodopes are used as pastures that are mowed for hay. improve through the participation of some The available land is cultivated manually or municipalities in project 2003-2004 with animals. “Sustainable development of rural areas” From archive materials (9) it is evident /SDRA/, which is a joint initiative of the that the main occupation of people is tobacco Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, UN growing, masonry and rough processing of Programme for development of eleven
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