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History Ohp FINAL.Doc The Investigation of the Watergate Scandal Interviewer: Erin Tsui Interviewee: Terry Lenzner Instructor: Mr. Haight Date of Submission: February 10, 2006 Tsui 2 Table of Contents Interviewer/ Interviewee Release forms……………………………………………Page 3 Statement of Purpose……………………………………………………………….Page 4 Biography…………………………………………………………………………..Page 5 Historical Contextualization: Watergate, the Event that Changed a Nation..….…..Page 7 Interview Transcription………………………………………………………...…..Page 23 Interview Analysis…………………………………………………………………Page 64 Appendix 1: The Watergate Hotel……………...………………………………….Page 70 Appendix 2: The Senate Watergate Committee...………………………………….Page 71 Appendix 3: The Pentagon Papers……………...………………………………….Page 72 Appendix 4: Woodward and Bernstein…………………………………………….Page 73 Audio/ Video Time Indexing Log………………………………………………….Page 74 Works Consulted…………………………………………………………………...Page 76 Tsui 3 Tsui 4 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this oral history project is to provide a better understanding of the Watergate scandal through an interview with Terry Lenzner. Mr. Lenzner helped conduct the government investigation that led to the resignation of Richard Nixon. He offers a first hand account and unique insights into one of the most important events in U.S. history. Watergate changed the way people view government. His story and opinions provide an insider’s view into the investigation of the Nixon administration and the impact of Watergate. Tsui 5 Biography Terry Falk Lenzner was born in 1940 in New York City where he lived with his parents and two brothers. His father was a doctor and his mother stayed at home to raise the children. Mr. Lenzner attended high school at Phillips Exeter Academy and went to Harvard University, where he earned a B.A. After college, Mr. Lenzner studied at Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1964 with a law degree. He moved to Washington, DC and married his wife, Margaret, in 1968. The Lenzners still live in Washington and have three children, Emily, John (Jono) and William (Willie). After graduating from law school in 1964, Mr. Lenzner went to work as an attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department in Washington, DC. It was here that he found his calling as an investigator. He was sent to Philadelphia, Miss., where he helped convict seven -suspects in the murder of three civil rights workers. This incident was later made into movie called Mississippi Burning. In 1969, Mr. Lenzner left the Justice Department and worked as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. From there, he was introduced to Donald Rumsfield, who, at the time, was Head of the Office of Economic Opportunity and an Assistant to President Richard Nixon. Mr. Lenzner went to work for Mr. Rumsfield as the Head of the Legal Services Program, where he managed 2,500 lawyers working for the poor around the country. He left this job and started to practice law. In 1972, Mr. Lenzner was Tsui 6 representing Daniel Berrigan, an anti-war activist, when the Watergate break-in occurred. In April 1973, he was hired as Assistant Chief Counsel to the Senate Watergate Committee where conducted the investigation that led to the resignation of President Nixon. After leaving the Committee, Mr. Lenzner was a partner in several Washington, DC-based law firms. In a significant case, he proved there were cost overruns in the construction of the Alaska oil pipe line and won a huge settlement for the Aleyksa Indian tribe who owned land on which the pipe line was built. It was during this case that Mr. Lenzner realized he liked investigating more than practicing law. So in 1987, he founded the Investigative Group Inc (IGI), an international investigative firm. At IGI he has conducted many high profile cases such as his investigation of the United Way of America’s president and his associates for misappropriation of funds, helping to stop illegal activity and save the charity’s reputation. President Clinton’s personal lawyers hired Mr. Lenzner to investigate Kenneth Starr and his staff during the Whitewater investigation and the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Mr. Lenzner is still the Chairman of IGI, where he now focuses on corporate fraud cases. Tsui 7 Historical Contextualization Watergate, the Event that Changed a Nation On November 17, 1973, while under investigation by Congress for directing a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage, President Richard Nixon uttered his most famous quote, “People have got to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I am not a crook” (Kilpatrick). On August 9, 1974, less than one year later, Nixon became the first United States President to resign. He was forced from office due to the criminal actions he ordered while president, which came to be known as Watergate. The first sign of the scandal occurred on June 17, 1972, when police arrested five burglars inside the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. Although no one realized it at the time, the burglars were only a small part of a complex scheme implemented by the Nixon administration to damage the Democrats. Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein were the first ones to investigate the break-in, and they unraveled a web of political spying and sabotage (See Appendix 4). In 1973, the United States Government started to investigate Watergate, which ultimately led to Nixon’s resignation and made it the most significant presidential scandal of modern times. The magnitude of Watergate makes it important to understand the perspective of the government’s investigation of the Nixon administration. Early in the morning on June 17, 1972, police discovered five intruders inside the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, which was in a complex of buildings named the Watergate. The burglars were there, to adjust bugging equipment they had installed during a May break-in and to photograph the Democrats' documents. Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein were the first ones to investigate the break-in. Woodward relied on a secret source he called "Deep Throat," Tsui 8 who was revealed in 2005 to be FBI official Mark Felt. The reporters unraveled a web of political spying and sabotage. In 1973, the United States Government started to investigate Watergate which ultimately led to Nixon’s resignation and made it the most significant presidential scandal. The impact of this event makes it important to understand the perspective of the government’s investigation of the Nixon administration. Prior to Watergate, there were many scandals involving Presidents of the United States and other government officials. One of the first was a sex scandal between President Thomas Jefferson and one of his slaves, Sally Hemings. From 1784, Hemings worked as a maid and companion of Jefferson’s youngest daughter. In 1787, Jefferson, serving the new United States government as a diplomat in Paris, sent for his youngest daughter to join him, and Hemings went along (Strauss 6). It appears that Jefferson and Hemings began an intimate relationship in Paris, with Hemings becoming pregnant before returning to the United States. Jefferson promised to free any of her (their) children when they reached the age of 21. DNA tests in 1998, and a careful rendering of the birth dates and Jefferson's well-documented travels, puts Jefferson with Hemings during a "conception window" for each of the seven children born to Sally (Strauss 7). The very light skin and the resemblance of several of Sally's children to Thomas Jefferson were convincing evidence. In 1802, James Thomson Callendar sought a job working for Jefferson. After Jefferson refused him a job, Callendar began to publicly allege in the Richmond Recorder, that Jefferson kept one of his slaves as his "concubine" and fathered children with her (Strauss 7-8). This has remained a controversy about Jefferson even to this day. Tsui 9 While Jefferson was linked to a sex scandal, Uylsess S. Grant’s presidency was marked by numerous financial scandals. Black Friday, September 24, 1869, was a financial panic in the United States caused by two speculators' efforts to corner the gold market. This scandal was one of several which rocked the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould were millionaires and business partners. They plotted to corner the gold market; and on September 24, 1869, they bid up the price of gold to very high levels hoping to sell their supply at the artificially inflated rates (Grossman 159). This scheme depended on the government remaining off of the gold market, which the manipulators arranged through political influence; Fisk and Gould persuaded President Grant to prevent the federal Treasury from selling gold into the market which would have dropped prices (Grossman 162). Grant was not a criminal, just unintelligent and indiscreet. Eventually, the Treasury release gold into the market ending the crisis. Another scandal under Grant involved Boss Tweed, a politician ruling New York City, who controlled the infamous Tweed Ring. Tweed controlled all Democratic New York state and city nominations from 1860-1870; and he used illegal means to force election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, and speaker of the assembly. Tweed used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to illegally make about $200 million for himself and his friends. Thomas Nast was a political cartoonist for the New York Times who exposed Tweed’s crimes even though he was offered a $5 million bribe not to (Strauss 81). Public indignation against Tweed’s graft grew and he eventually was convicted and sentenced to prison. He was also sued by the city of New York in a civil suit. He escaped from jail and fled to Spain, but was identified and returned to a New York jail, where he died (Grossman 169). Tsui 10 Yet more political corruption under Grant is illustrated through the Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1872.
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