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MANUAL DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, MANEJO ZOOTECNICO Y PATOLOGÍAS MÁS COMUNES COMUNES DEL PANDA GIGANTE (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)

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MANUAL DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, MANEJO ZOOTECNICO Y PATOLOGÍAS MÁS COMUNES COMUNES DEL PANDA GIGANTE (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) MANUAL DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, MANEJO ZOOTECNICO Y PATOLOGÍAS MÁS COMUNES DEL PANDA GIGANTE (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) EN ADULTOS Y GERIÁTRICOS GOBIERNO DE LA CUIDAD DE MÉXICO ICyTDF, CECHIMEX, DGZVS BECARIA: SERVÍN ZAMORA ERIKA TUTOR: DR. JOSÉ BERNAL STOOPEN ANEXO TÉCNICO 1 MANUAL DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, MANEJO ZOOTECNICO Y PATOLOGÍAS MÁS COMUNES DEL PANDA GIGANTE (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) EN ADULTOS Y GERIÁTRICOS Becaria: Erika Servín Zamora Tabla de contenido MANUAL DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, MANEJO ZOOTECNICO Y PATOLOGÍAS MÁS COMUNES DEL PANDA GIGANTE (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) EN ADULTOS Y GERIÁTRICOS ........................................1 INTRODUCCIÓN: .................................................................................................................................4 Características de la especie ............................................................................................... 4 Situación de conservación .................................................................................................. 7 El panda en China ............................................................................................................... 7 MEDICINA PREVENTIVA Y MANEJO ZOOTECNICO EN CAUTIVERO, CON ÉNFASIS A LAS ETAPAS ADULTA Y GERIÁTRICA: ....................................................................................................................12 Características de las etapas adulta y geriátrica................................................................ 12 Revisiones clínicas ........................................................................................................... 15 Contención física: ......................................................................................................... 15 Contención química: ..................................................................................................... 17 Valores hematológicos y de urianalisis: ....................................................................... 22 Entrenamiento ................................................................................................................... 28 Inmunizaciones y desparasitaciones ................................................................................. 31 Nutrición ........................................................................................................................... 34 Instalaciones ..................................................................................................................... 39 Reproducción .................................................................................................................... 53 Registros ........................................................................................................................... 54 PRINCIPALES PATOLOGÍAS QUE SE PRESENTAN EN LAS ETAPAS ADULTAS Y GERIÁTRICAS: ............57 Ascitis ............................................................................................................................... 58 Trastornos articulares y óseos........................................................................................... 59 Enfermedades dentales ..................................................................................................... 61 2 Principales parásitos ......................................................................................................... 64 Enfermedades virales ........................................................................................................ 68 Infecciones uterinas/ cervicales ........................................................................................ 68 Trastornos gastrointestinales ............................................................................................ 69 Enfermedades respiratorias............................................................................................... 75 Enfermedades renales ....................................................................................................... 76 Trastornos nerviosos ......................................................................................................... 78 Problemas oculares ........................................................................................................... 80 Traumatismos ................................................................................................................... 80 Principales causas de mortalidad ...................................................................................... 81 AGRADECIMIENTOS: ........................................................................................................................82 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................................................83 INDICE DE TABLAS: Tabla 1: Dosis de anestésicos recomendadas en las diferentes instituciones de la R.P China y México ............................................................................................................................... 18 Tabla 2: Constantes fisiológicas normales para panda gigante, tomado de Zhang, 2005 .... 20 Tabla 3: Dosis de emergencia utilizadas en Chengdú, durante la anestesia inhalada .......... 21 Tabla 4: Medicamentos y dosis de emergencia utilizados en el Zoológico de Chapultepec 21 Tabla 5:Valores de referencia para hemograma y química sanguínea, utilizados en Wolong .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Tabla 6: Valores de referencia examen general de orina (EGO) .......................................... 28 Tabla 7: Dosis de algunos desparasitantes utilizados en el panda gigante ........................... 34 Tabla 8: Ingredientes del "pan para panda" ofrecido en Bifengxia y la reserva de Wolong 39 Tabla 9: Hoja de registro Chengdu ....................................................................................... 55 Tabla 10: Frecuencia respiratoria normal, bajo diferentes temperaturas ambientales (Zhang, y otros, 2001) ........................................................................................................................ 76 3 INTRODUCCIÓN: Características de la especie El panda gigante (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), es un mamífero del orden carnívora, que pertenece a la familia ursidae, aun que por un tiempo hubo controversia respecto a su clasificación dadas sus características particulares. Es endémico de la República Popular China, habita principalmente en las provincias de Sichuan y Ganzu, hasta una altura de 3,500 metros del nivel del mar. Taxonomía: Reino: animal Filo: Chordata Clase: mammalia Orden: carnívora Familia: Ursidae Subfamilia: Aulurinae Género: Ailuropoda Especie: melanoleuca Clasificación Durante mucho tiempo, el panda gigante, junto al panda rojo, fue incluido en la familia de los prociónidos, la misma de los mapaches. Pruebas genéticas recientes lo colocan en la familia de los osos (Ursidae). Existen dos subespecies de panda: Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca - a la que pertenece la mayor parte de la población de pandas; se encuentra en las regiones montañosas de Sichuan. Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis - vive en las montañas Qinling en Shaanxi a 1,300–3,000 msnm. Se distinguen de la variedad de Sichuan por tener una coloración distinta (marrón claro y oscuro) y una cabeza más pequeña con molares más largos. 4 El primer intento de clasificación, por Armand David, puso al panda bajo el género Ursus, llamándolo Ursus melanoleucus en 1869. En 1870, Alphonse Milne-Edwards rebautizó al animal con el nombre actual. Los fósiles encontrados prueban que el panda vivió en ambientes y regiones diferentes de las que lo hace en la actualidad. Otros registros fósiles hallados hablan de la existencia de una segunda especie (hoy extinta), el Ailuropoda minor, que tenía la mitad del tamaño del panda moderno. Tiene en el mundo 600,000 años de acuerdo con los registros fósiles encontrados. Llega a medir en promedio 120-180 cm de longitud con una altura a la cruz de 65-75 cm, el peso registrado en vida libre va de 60-73 kg, mientras que en cautiverio el peso promedio va de 80-125 kg, siendo el panda más pesado registrado de 181.5kg (Zhang Hemin, 2007) Entre las particularidades físicas que podemos encontrar en esta especie son: presentan pupilas verticales, una mucosa gastrointestinal gruesa, una modificación en el hueso sesamoideo que le permite agarrar objetos con sus manos, son plantígrados y poseen una capa de piel gruesa y aceitosa. Ilustración 1: El panda gigante (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Su alimentación es especializada ya que en vida libre, depende en un 95 a un 99% de bambú. Se alimentan de 10 a 16 horas por día, consumiendo de 12 a 14 Kg de bambú por 5 día. A pesar de esto, la especie presenta un tracto gastrointestinal típico de un carnívoro, y la digestibilidad para el bambú es de sólo el 12 al 14 %, por lo que hace necesario que consuman alimento tantas horas al día. Ilustración 2: miembro anterior y posterior de panda gigante (Dwight, 1964) En cuanto a su reproducción, es una especie con baja tasa reproductiva, llegan a la madurez sexual entre los 4.5 y los 6.5 años de edad. En total llegan a tener de 5 a 7 partos en su vida. Existen 2 épocas reproductivas al año, siendo la de marzo- abril, la más importante, el estro solo tiene una duración de 1 a 3 días. Esta especie presenta implantación retardada, en promedio la gestación dura 135 días. Las crías permanecen con
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