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Ecology of Citrus Aphids and Their Importance to Virus Transmission

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JARQ 28, 177 - 184 (1994) Ecology of Citrus Aphids and Their Importance to Virus Transmission Shinkichi KOMAZAKI* Okitsu Branch, Fruit Tree Research Station (Okitsu, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-02 Japan) Abstract World aphid species attacking citrus are reviewed. The 4 aphids, Toxoptera citricidus, T. aurantii, Aphis gossypii and A. spiraecola are the major species whereas other 11 species are less important. Their occurrence varies with the countries or districts. Aphid life cycle in general and that of the major 4 species are described. Ecology of and factors affecting the occurrence of 3 important citrus aphids in Japan are described and relations between aphid populations and some factors controlling aphid populations are outlined. Transmission of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is reviewed and transmission rate of T. citricidus and A gossypii is compared in relation to different strains of CTV or of aphids. All of 4 world important species can transmit CTV. Especially, T. citrici­ dus andA. gossypii are efficient vectors of CTV in different areas of the world. Discipline: Insect pest Additional keywords: Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola, CTV, Toxoptera citricidus, Toxopt,e ra aurantii attack citrus but they occur occasionally and World aphid species attacking citrus their populations are small. Several aphid species attack citrus in the General biology of aphids 2 4 13 2 world • • • 2.JS.37). All belong to the family Aphididae. Four important species i.nclude Fig. I depicts the aphid life-cycle. Aphid Toxoptera citricidus, Toxoptera auranlii, Aphis propagates parthenogenetically and partheno­ gossypii and Aphis spiraecola (Table 1). The genesis is linked to viviparity. Sexual and par­ species composition and seasonal occurrence thenogenetic reproduction alternates in the li fe differ in each area or country. T. citricidus cycle, which is referred to as cyclical partheno­ is not distributed in the Mediterranean region genesis. Usually, sexual forms appear in fall and North America. Other major 3 species and oviposit overwintering eggs on the primary show a worldwide distribution. A. spiraecola host. This phenomenon is referred to as invaded the Mediterranean region in the 1960s holocyclic life-cycle. Eggs hatch in spring and and became a serious citrus pest there35>. In hatched larvae develop to parthenogenetic Japan, T. aurantii is not a major species but reproducing mothers (fundatrix). Several aphid is abundant on tea 20>. Other 11 species also species or some strains of a species reproduce • Present address: Akitsu Branch, Fruit Tree Research Station (Akitsu, Hiroshima, 729-24 Japan) 178 JARQ 28(3) 1994 Table I. Aphid species :attacking citrus in the world Species Distribution Major species Toxoptera citricidus Asia, South Africa, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand Toxoptera a11ra11tii Worldwide Aphis gossypii Worldwide A phis spiraecofa ( = A. cifricola) Worldwide Minor species Aphis craccivora Worldwide Aphis fabae Almost worldwide Aphis nerii The O ld and New World tropics A11lacorthum magnoliae Japan, Korea, India A11/acorthu111 solani Worldwide Brachyu11g11is lwrmalae Israel, Sudan Brachycaudus helichrysi Worldwide Myzus persicae Wo rldwide Macrosiphwn euphorbiae Worldlwide Toxoptera odinae South and East Asia, South Africa Ureleucon jaceae Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia 6- 9 ~ ~ -Egg Male Oviparn Fundatrix ~r,tcrous A latc G)•llOJ>ara ' ' v1v,p;ira vivi1>arn Primary host Heteroecious Autoecious Ho/ocyclic type Anholocyc/ic type Fig. I. Outline of aphid life-cycle parthenogenetically all the year round (an­ overwintering host and the secondary host is holocyclic life-cycle). Host alternation is the summer host. The term heteroccious is used another characteristic of aphids. Aphids mi­ for the host alternating life-cycle. Some aphid grate among host plants of di ffcrent families. species do not change hosts and live on a plant Overwintering eggs are deposited on one host or a group of kin plants. This life-cycle is (primary host), and parthenogenetic reproduc­ designated as autoecious or monoecious. The ing generation occurs on another host (secon­ aphid li fe cycle is generally defined by two dary host). Usually, the primary host is the criteria, the appearance of sexual forms and Komazaki: Ecology of Citrus Aphids a11rl Their /111porta11ce to Virus Transmission 179 host alternation. Some aphid species, incl ud­ holocyclic JiJe-cycle in addition to an anholocy­ 12 19 38 ing A. gossypii, A. spiraeco/a and T. citrici­ clic one • • >. Primary hosts in 4 families dus, have both holocyclic and anholocyclic and parthcnogenetic overwintering populations strains. have been reported in Japan. This is a highly Aphids exhibit many morphs differing in polyphagous species and many biotypes or morphological and physiological character­ strains differing in host preference, Life-cycle istics 10>. Winged and wingless forms appear. pattern and level of insecticide resistance arc Winged parthenogenetic females (vivipara or segregated 9 .11 , 12 .Jo ,J2 ,J3,J8>. virginopara), disperse and look for new host (4) A. spiraecola plants while wingless parthenogenetic females The name of A. citricola has been used for (apterous vivipara) can quickly reproduce on more than 10 years after it was proposed by host plants. In the host alternating species, the East op and Hille Ris Lambers ( I 976) 7>. But, winged female migrates between primary and Eastop and Blackman reported in 1988 that A. secondary hosts. The fundatrix or its daugh­ citricola van der Ooot is a synonym of A. ter produces winged females that fly to tlhe fabae8>. Then the 11amc of A . spiraecola has secondary host. Some morphs appear in a par­ been used for the citrus-auacking green aphid. ticular season. The gynopara appears in fall This aphid is holocyclic in North America and and produces sexually reproducing female Japan or anholocyclic in other countries. In (ovipara), that produces overwintering eggs. Japan, citrus is one of the primary hosts 19> for The male also appears in fall and mates with one type and can be distinguished from another 151 the ovipara. The fundatrix appears in spring. type which overwinters on Spirea • The form­ In some species, the parthenogenetic Female er auacks mainly citrus and the latter attacks produces both ovipara and male. Aphid Life other fruit trees in Rosaceae 17>. The two types cycles are complicated due to the pattern and can also be distinguished by the esterase band­ polymorphism. ing pattern when electrophoresis is carried out 18>. This aphid is polyphagous. Life-cycles of major citrus aphids Seasonal occurrence of major citrus aphids (I) T. citricidus in Japan This apbjd shows holocyclic and anholocy­ clic life-cycles. In Japan, the aphid overw inters The 3 major citrus aphids in Japan are T. holocyclically on citrus 191 but overwintering 41 eggs have not been found in other couritries • Table 2. Citrus aphid species and their Host plants arc almost completely restricted rn occurrence in J apan the species in the family Rutacea. (2) T. aurantii Species Occurrence This species is almost completely anholocy­ Toxoptera citricidus All seasons clic. This aphid has a wide host range, and Aphis spiraecola All seasons overwintering eggs have been reported in Japan. Aphis gossypi i All seasons Toxoptera a1mmtii Spring to early summer•> (3) A. gossypii A 11/acor1h11111 111ag110/iae Spring to early summer•> T he taxonomic status of this species is com­ Aphis craccivora Spring to early summer•> plicated. In Europe, thi s aphid has been di.s­ Myzus persicae Spring to early surnmer•l tinguished from the A phis frangulae group by Aulaconhum solani Spring to early summer"' the absence of sexual reproduction34>. In East Si110111ego11ra citricola Occasional Asia, Japan and China, howeve r, it has a a): Occasional in other seasons. 180 JARQ 28(3) 1994 citricidus, A. spiraecola and A . gossypii. T. A. gossypii appears on citrus first, followed aurantii also attacks citrus but does not cause by A . spiraecola, and T. citricidus. The early serious damage (Table 2). These 3 aphid spe­ appearance of A. gossypii is attributed to the cies continuously occur on citrus from spring fact that the aphid has a wide range of hosts to fall (Fig. 2) and overwimer on citrus as eggs. other than citrus, such as vegetables and weeds, The other species occur only from spring to on which it overwinters parthenogenetically. early summer or occasionally. The role of the citrus overwimering population 100 0 10 0 .c.,, -"' "'·;:; N"\t', 0. ! •,' \.\f \\.. "' 0 z J ···.J··. A . gossypii \,) 7 ,:;:;:;d,,, 0.1 r:1 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Fig. 2. Seasonal occurrence of 3 major c.itrus aphids in Japan 20> A. spiraecola 1977 ---- -A--------- ~ ------­ '78 ---"1-------4----~------- '79 - --lCJ--------- 1--------- - '80 ---f:!1------- - ----,t.---1---- A. gossypii 1977'78 -_ -A---_________--<1----_ -1-------__....,..,_ __ ___--_ '79 --H---------1---------- '80 - --------------- ---- T.citricidus 1977 ----A------------1----- '78 ----- 4-- - ---------1---­ '79 -------- ----------1--­ '80 -~-~-~ -~-~-~ -~-~-~--~ Mar. Apr. May June O : Time of egg hatch • : Time of the appearance of 2nd generation • ; Appearance of al ates o n trees with overwintering eggs • : Appearance of ala tes on trees without overwintering eggs Fig. 3. Development processes of 3 major citrus aphids 13> Komazoki: Ecology of Citrus Aphids and Their lmport1111ce to Virus Tro11smissio11 181 in spring infestation may be comparatively alates among populations overwintering on negligible, because the invasion from other citrus (Fig. 3). In the case of A. spiraecola, hosts begins earlier than the appearance of the appearance of alates in populations over­ wintering on citrus is earlier than, or occurs o.s at the same time as the invasion. This 0.4 phenomenon suggests that the population over­ wintering on citrus is an important source of ~ 0.3 infestation in spring, which is supported by the :!2. ::. 0.2 fact that migrants from Spirea plants cannot ~ reproduce well on citrus 18>. ln the case of T. 0.1 citricidus, a late egg hatch, and the fact that 0 only a few overwintering eggs are found on 10 Temperature ( •c) citrus, result in a delay in spring infestation.
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    Biodiversity of the Natural Enemies of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey

    Phytoparasitica https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00781-8 Biodiversity of the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey Şahin Kök & Željko Tomanović & Zorica Nedeljković & Derya Şenal & İsmail Kasap Received: 25 April 2019 /Accepted: 19 December 2019 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract In the present study, the natural enemies of (Hymenoptera), as well as eight other generalist natural aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their host plants in- enemies. In these interactions, a total of 37 aphid-natural cluding herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees were enemy associations–including 19 associations of analysed to reveal their biodiversity and disclose Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) with natural enemies, 16 tritrophic associations in different habitats of the South associations of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) with natural Marmara region of northwest Turkey. As a result of field enemies and two associations of Aphis craccivora Koch surveys, 58 natural enemy species associated with 43 with natural enemies–were detected on Medicago sativa aphids on 58 different host plants were identified in the L. during the sampling period. Similarly, 12 associations region between March of 2017 and November of 2018. of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) with natural enemies were In 173 tritrophic natural enemy-aphid-host plant interac- revealed on Prunus avium (L.), along with five associa- tions including association records new for Europe and tions of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) with natural Turkey, there were 21 representatives of the family enemies (including mostly parasitoid individuals) on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), 14 of the family Syrphidae Brassica oleracea L. Also in the study, reduviids of the (Diptera) and 15 of the subfamily Aphidiinae species Zelus renardii (Kolenati) are reported for the first time as new potential aphid biocontrol agents in Turkey.