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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo Puc-Sp PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP LUIZ MARCELO BRANDÃO CARNEIRO O Mosaico Narrativo de Watchmen: Processos Intertextuais, Intersemióticos e Bakhtinianos de Construção dos Sentidos MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA SÃO PAULO 2009 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP LUIZ MARCELO BRANDÃO CARNEIRO O Mosaico Narrativo de Watchmen: Processos Intertextuais, Intersemióticos e Bakhtinianos de Construção dos Sentidos MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em Comunicação e Semiótica, na área de concentração Signo e Significação nas Mídias, sob a orientação da Prof.(a) Dr.(a) Leda Tenório da Motta. SÃO PAULO 2009 Banca Examinadora ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- “O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio do CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Brasil”. DEDICATÓRIA Ao Rock and Roll, meu romance polifônico de formação. A todos que colaboraram, em aspectos práticos e não práticos, para que isto acontecesse. Vocês sabem quem são. Aos amigos/família de Mogi das Cruzes, pelo imprescindível frutificar de todos os dias. Aos familiares de Itajubá e das belas adjacências das Minas Gerais (o que certamente inclui a Saphire). Para Theodomiro Carneiro Santiago. Para Neil Gaiman. (E até qualquer dia, Sr. Gaiman) Para Carl Barks, que gostava tanto de patos que criou uma cosmogonia com eles. Para Alan Moore e Dave Gibbons, por criarem algo assim tão extraordinário. Para meu avô José Carlos Teixeira, com saudades indizíveis. E para Amanda Valiengo, por todo o tudo. RESUMO Luiz Marcelo Brandão Carneiro O Mosaico Narrativo de Watchmen: Processos Intertextuais, Intersemióticos e Bakhtinianos de Construção dos Sentidos OBJETIVOS: Investigar os processos de construção narrativa da história em quadrinhos Watchmen, com base nos conceitos de intertextualidade, intersemioticidade, polifonia, dialogismo e inacabamento; examinar a maneira pela qual a obra tece uma crítica de molde foucaultiano à sociedade de controle; desenvolver a análise, na obra, dos pontos temático-analíticos da ficção distópica, do contexto histórico-cultural da Guerra Fria e das intersemioticidades com o Prometeu Acorrentado de Ésquilo e com o Frankenstein ou O Moderno Prometeu, de Mary Shelley. JUSTIFICATIVA: Watchmen é um construto riquíssimo em termos de linguagem e em termos de conteúdo. A obra, ao longo de suas quase quatrocentas páginas, oferece ao leitor uma semiose complexa, eivada de referenciais artístico-culturais oriundos de diversos campos. Esses referenciais instalam na narrativa watchmeniana tanto suas linguagens quanto suas significações, e são adicionados de uma perspectiva de construção dos discursos das personagens que é polifônica e dialógica, nas mesmas bases em que Bakhtin trabalhou essas perspectivas sobre a obra de Dostoiévski. E, seguindo o molde bakhtiniano, a história não é finalizada enquanto síntese conclusiva. Ao longo dos anos Watchmen vem sendo tratada como obra paradigmática, e é considerada em variadas esferas a melhor história em quadrinhos já escrita. HIPÓTESE: Watchmen é construída como uma narrativa não-linear e multi-narrativa, com uma multiplicidade de camadas de significação que a tornam um mosaico narrativo no qual co- existem e para o qual convergem todos os seus referenciais formadores. ASPECTOS TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICOS: trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que aplica sobre o objeto os pressupostos teóricos levantados. RESULTADOS OBTIDOS: As intertextualidades da obra firmaram-na como narrativa que foca sua atenção na história e nos desenvolvimentos criativos e conceituais de seu próprio gênero. As intersemioticidades revelaram a possibilidade de construção de uma arquitetura artística que se valha de linguagens e de conteúdos diversos, em múltiplos níveis, constituindo uma polissemia. As elaborações bakhtinianas da polifonia, da dialogia e do inacabamento mostraram-se adequadas para uma aplicação direta à Watchmen, caracterizando a obra como polifônica, dialógica e aberta. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Histórias em Quadrinhos, Watchmen, Intertextualidade, Intersemioticidade, Polifonia, Dialogismo e Inacabamento. ABSTRACT Luiz Marcelo Brandão Carneiro Watchmen’s Narrative Mosaic: Intertextual, Intersemiotic and Bakhtinian Meanings Construction Processes. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the narrative construction processes of the comic book Watchmen, based in the concepts of intertextuality, intersemioticity, polyphony, dialogism and unending; examine the way the artwork establish a foucaultian critic to the control society; develop the analysis of the thematic- analytical points of the distopic fiction, of the cultural-historical context of the Cold War and of the intersemioticities with Ésquilo’s Chained Prometheus and with Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. RELEVANCE: Watchmen is a very rich construct in terms of language and of content. In its almost four hundred pages, it offers to the reader a complex semiosis, full of cultural-artistic references taken from various sources. These referentials install on the watchmenian narrative also their languages and their significates, and they are added of a characters discourses perspective that is polyphonic and dialogical, in the same basis Bakhtin worked these perspectives over Dostoiévski’s oeuvre. And, following the bakhtinian shaping, the story is not ended as a concluding synthesis. Over the years, Watchmen has been considered a paradigmatic work and has been said in various instances as the best comic book ever written. Hypothesis: Watchmen is constructed as a non- linear and multi-layered narrative, with a multiplicity of signifying levels that make it a narrative mosaic in which co-exist e to which converge all of its referentials. METHODOLOGIC-THEORETICAL ASPECTS: the research is bibliographical, applying on the object the theoretical topics. REACHED RESULTS: The intertextualities of the comic book established it as a narrative focused on the history and on the creative and conceptual developments of its own genre. The intersemioticities revealed the possibility of the construction of an artistic architecture fulfilled with different language and contents, in multiple levels, constituting a polissemy. The bakhtinian elaborations of the polyphony, dialogism and unending showed adequate to direct applyings to Watchmen, setting the comic book as polyphonic, dialogical and opened. KEY-WORDS: Comic Books, Watchmen, Intertextuality, Intersemioticity, Polyphony, Dialogism, Unending. 1 SUMÁRIO Introdução --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 02 Capítulo 1: As histórias em quadrinhos e a graphic novel -------------------------- 11 Capítulo 2: A Arquitetura de Watchmen ------------------------------------------------- 35 Capítulo 3: Close reading de Watchmen ------------------------------------------------ 68 Conclusão ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176 Referências ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187 Anexos ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 2 INTRODUÇÃO O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a história em quadrinhos Watchmen, escrita por Alan Moore e ilustrada por Dave Gibbons, dois autores ingleses. A obra foi publicada originalmente pela DC Comics, em Nova Iorque, em doze capítulos, entre os anos de 1986 e 1987. Há que se citar também a publicação, pela mesma editora, de Absolute Watchmen, em 2005, edição especial que traz a obra completa e acrescida de materiais extras, tais como esboços e anotações para a concepção das personagens e textos exclusivos dos autores. No Brasil, Watchmen foi editada pela primeira vez entre 1988 e 1989, pela primeira vez em seis edições mensais; e reeditada nos doze capítulos originais, quinzenalmente, pela mesma editora, em 1999. A edição brasileira mais recente da obra a divide em quatro volumes, cada um contendo três capítulos, tendo sendo publicada pela editora Via Lettera, nos anos de 2005 e 2006. Além disso, há Watchmen – Edição Definitiva, que traz a obra completa em português, editada em 2009 nos moldes de Absolute Watchmen, pela editora Panini. Para a realização de nosso estudo, tomaremos a obra como um todo, ou seja, os Capítulos de I a XII. Utilizaremos duas versões da obra: a original em inglês (da republicação Absolute Watchmen, de 2005) e a tradução para o português da republicação datada de 1999, da Editora Abril, comemorativa dos 10 anos da primeira publicação brasileira. Para a coleta de informações a respeito das premiações recebidas pela obra e pelos autores, bem como sobre a atividade artística de Moore e Gibbons, valemo-nos de publicações especializadas e de um trabalho de doutorado que redundou no livro Watchmen e Teoria do Caos, de autoria de Ivan Carlo Andrade de Oliveira, que assina com o pseudônimo de Gian Danton. Essas informações encontram-se resumidas abaixo. Watchmen recebeu os prêmios Jack Kirby Awards (1987) e Eisner (1988), destinados especificamente ao laurear de histórias em quadrinhos. Recebeu também um prêmio Hugo, criado em 1955 e que premia obras de ficção
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