E966 Vol. 1
National EA Certificate No.3702 Report No.: GHYBP-2002- Public Disclosure Authorized
Xiaogushan Hydropower Project Zhangye, Gansu Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Impact Assessment
(A Report for Approval) Public Disclosure Authorized
Gansu Provincial Design & Research Public Disclosure Authorized Academy of Environmental Science December 2002
Xiaogushan Hydropower Project Zhangye, Gansu
Environmental Impact Assessment
Gansu Provincial Design & Research Academy of Environmental Science December 2002
11~~~~~~~~~~~~~N i
I t Name of project: Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Zhangye Station Development City of Gansu Province Project of Unit submitted: Gansu Heihe River Hydroelectric Development Unit Company undertaken: Gansu Limited Provincial Design & Research Academy Legal representative: of Environmental Lu Ziyang Science (President, Senior Vice engineer A37020030) president in charge: Zhang Fan (Vice president, Senior engineer A37020001) Duty Name Title Licence No. Content in charge Signature Zhao Wenchao Engineer A37020018 Chapter 2,3,12 Guan PersonuinaDonghong Person in Donghong.. Engineer A37020021 Chapter charge Kong Zhixiang 4,5,11,16 Engineer A37020028 Chapter 8,9,13,14,15
Ding Qixia Senior engineer A37020002 Chapter 1,7 Miao Xuhua Engineer A37020037 Chapter 6,10 Report wrighter
Examiner Zhang Fan Senior engineer A37020001 Contents
Preface 1. Main points of the project 1.1 Backgrounds and significance 1.2 Bases of the report 1.3 Object of appraisal 1.4 Principles of appraisal
1.5 Standards of appraisal 1.6 Grade of appraisal 1.7 Scope of appraisal protection 1.8 Objective of environmental 1.9 Procedures of appraisal
analysis 2. General conditions and project 2.1 General conditions 2.2 Project analysis
3. General conditions of environment natural environment 3.1 General conditions of social environment 3.2 General conditions of
and the analysis of the environment in the project district 4. Status quo of the ecological on the ecological environment influence of the project construction of the project district on the ecological environment 4.1 Investigation and analysis environment of the project influence on the ecological 4.2 Appraisal on the predictive construction
soil conservation of the and the scheme of water and 5. The status quo of soil erosion project district of the project district of The status quo of soil erosion 5.1 Investigation and analysis 5.2 Prediction of soil erosion in 5.3 Prediction construction and of the volume operation of the project 5.4 of the newly increased Prediction of the soil erosion that mischief of the newly may occurred 5.5 Measures for increased soil erosion water and soil conservation that may occurred
6. Status quo of the water environment of the reach influence of the project and the analysis of its 6.1 Hydrology 6.2 Appraisal on the influence on water environment
7. Appraisal of the influence of the planned project on the state-level area of Qilian Mountain natural protection 7.1 Status of the capital construction of the natural protection area 7.2 Properties, protective object and the district plan of the functions area of the natural protection 7.3 Status quo of the resources in the protection area 7.4 Appraisal of the current resources in the protection 7.5 area Influence of the planned project on the main protective objects area of the natural protection
8. Status quo of the atmospheric environment in the of the project district and prediction of the influence the appraisal 8.1 Status quo of the quality of the atmospheric environment 8.2 in the project Appraisal of the prediction district of the influence on the atmospheric environment 9. Status quo of the noise environment in the project prediction district and of its influence the appraisal of the 9.1 Status quo of the noise environment in the project 9.2 district Appraisal of the prediction of the influence of the noise environment
10. Status quo of the social environment in the project district and the analysis of its influence in the project district 10.1 Status quo of the social environment of the social environment 10.2 Analysis of the influence
and the risk analysis geology in the project district 11. Status quo of the environmental the dam site of the structural stability of environmental geology in of the present conditions of the 11.1 Investigation and analysis the project district in the reservoir of the immerging environment 11.2 Analysis of the influence stability of the dam site 11.3 Risk analysis of the structural
in technology and protection and demonstrability 12. Measures in environmental economy
12.1Bases 12.2 Principles 12.3 Content environmental protection 12.4 Measures and scheme of investment in environmental protection 12.5 Budgetary estimate of the measures the environmental protectional 12.6 Analysis of the effect of
environmental economy 13. Analysis of Profit and loss in economic benefits 13.1 Analysis of the project in benefit environmental loss and environmental 13.2 Analysis of the project in social benefit 13.3 Analysis of the project in
control administration and supervisory 14. Plan of the environmental Station Project of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric 14.1 Environmental administration Project Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station 14.2 Environmental policy of administration 14.3 Scheme of the environmental control 14.4 Plan of environmental supervisory 15. Public participation 15.1 Purpose and significance 15.2 Methods and principles 15.3 The investigation of public participation 15.4 Effect of the investigation of public participation 15.5 Analysis of the effect of the investigation of public 15.6 Determination participation of public linkman
16. Conclusion and suggestion 16.1 Conclusion 16.2 Suggestion
Appendix 1:
Hydroelectric Station.
of Construction of Environmental Protection
We have obtained great support from Gansu Provincial Administration, Environmental Protection Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangye Mountain State-level Prefecture, Qilianshan Natural Protection Area Administration, Hydroelectric Zhangye Development Company Heihe River Limited, and Hydraulic Gansu Provincial Power Survey Water Conservancy & Design Research and Institute in them here. our work, so we send our thanks to 1. Main points and significance of the of the project Backgrounds 1.1 Backgrounds and significance project City, is located at Station, 86km away from Zhangye Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric in Sunan Yugur Autonomy to Xiliushui of the Heihe River the reach from Daxiagu Dagushan in Heihe water energy sixth step hydroelectric station of Gansu Province. It is the County electricity. the main aim of generating in mixed development for program; it is programmed Province; it is originated largest inland river in Gansu River being developed is the The Heihe three into Juyan Sea through the and Datong and is flowing in the mountains between Qilian length of the river is and Inner Mongolia. The whole (region) of Qinghai, Gansu provinces two 2 is divided into the 69000km , its upper reach drainage area amounts to 821km, its as the converge at Huangzang Temple and eastern part and then branches of western part the high mountains flows along the gorges among From here the Heihe River Heihe River. end is Its fall from the head to the from the Yingluoxia Gorge. the Hexi Corridor plain out into stored reaches its hydraulic resource volume the average fall ratio is 9.1%o, nearly 1000m and to in all the rivers in the areas with richer hydraulic resources 453MW,so it is a water system
the west of the Yellow River.
Ministry of the State Hydroelectric former Northwest Institute At the end of the fifties, the the
According to the suggestion of the original program and supply network the present conditions in Hexi region of power (the region to the west of the Yellow undertake the regulation River), the station of power consuming will apices for structure at improving the power the same time of satisfaction network of the needs for national power supply in the economy. The project development of consists of the buildings of river dam, workshops for generators. diversion system The total capacity and of the power station average output is 98MW, and reached 380.4 million the annual kw.h. For years, because between Hexi of the large distance region and Lanzhou, of 500km which is the network, load center of Gansu power transmission provincial power to Hexi power network has been in capacity of Gansu poor in quality, and power network seriously the in shortage. According shortage of power to the statistics, capacity reached 600MW the in 1999, the shortage 5.6 billion kw; the of power supply reached peak load of the power network in Hexi region annual electricity was 896MW in used reached 5.76 2000, the billion kw.h, and and the maximum balance the vale reached 224MW. between the apex In order to meet the need of Hexi relieve the contradictions region for power supply arose from and the gradually increased are urgently power load, new in need in Hexi power stations power networks. The will construction of Xiaogushan play a decisive role Power Station in relieving the difficult situation in and agricultural power supply in local production and industrial in development of province. economy in the region even in the whole
1.2 Bases of the report 1.2.1 Laws and regulations [1] < Law of Environmental Protection of the P.R.C.> (December, [2] < Law 1989) of Wild Animal Protection of the P.R.C.> (November, [3]
(September, 1999) Protection of Construction Administration of Environmental [19] Administration> (August, 1999) of Natural Protection Area of Strengthening Administration [22] 1.2.2 Technical criterion [1] [7] High-grade Training Class of Environment Influence Appraisal held by Asia Development of Construction Project Bank and China State 1.2.4 Outline and appraisal opinions Hydroelectric Influence of Heihe River Xiaogushan [1] 2000 Outline of Appraisal of on the Examination of the [2] Zhangye > January 9, 2001 Influence of Heihe River of Appraisal of Environment [3] Ratification to the < Outline of Gansu Provincial Project of Zhangye > Document Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Development (2003) Ganhuanbianzi No. 03 Environmental Protection Administration 1.3 Object of appraisal and analyses of the of the project and the investigation Through the brief analyses the extent and scope of the project site district, appraising environmental conditions in the and operation, analyzing the in the period of construction project influencing the ambience project construction in environment influence and countermeasures risks existed, working and relief out the feasible measures for ensuring operation successful construction of the project, and normal full play of economical benefit, benefit, social benefit promotion of successful and environmental development of the system drainage area and in the project district, the environmental and offering scientific bases for decision in environmental administration. making for authorities 1.4 Principles of appraisal 1.4.1 Principle of sustainable development Natural resources are the base of human existence and development; development of the sustainable project district depends largely on the reasonable resources. Protection utilization of of water resources, water which human development, depends on plays an for existence and important role in the environment conditions the project district necessarily required for sustainable development. by 1.4.2 Principle of science According to the basic principle of reasonable development scientific and of water resources, efficient dam construction a way for and diversion construction should be sought. 1.4.3 Principle of pertinence Aiming at the characteristics of the influence of the construction in project project district, corresponding on the environment protection measures development will be of the environment taken for successful of protection areas. 1.4.4 Principle of coordination Synthetically considering the relationship among the economy, project society and district, the harmonious environment in development among them will be realized. 1.4.5 Principle of policy Hydroelectric environment should be administrated according to laws by carrying out state and taking corresponding measures. environmental protection policies 1.5 Standards of appraisal of Water System and of discharge 1.5.2 Standard for pollutant Discharge in Atmosphere> Grade One of executed in construction district. period and the life sewage in and life sewage in construction [3] Waste water: the waste water river. to discharge directly into the operation period will be prohibited 1.6 Grade of appraisal in Classification Administration of ------.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ influence of Zhangye Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric According Station belongs to the stipulations to Class One. of Article 4 of < Environment Technical Guidelines Influence-Non-pollution for Appraisal of Environmental project Influence> (HJIT19-1997), involves the experimental the area of the state-level natural protection Mountain and area of Qilianshan belongs to the more sensitive area, its should appraisal of environment be in Grade Two. influence According to the stipulations of Article 5 of 1.7 Scope of appraisal Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is located at the upper River in the bounds stream of the Heihe of Sunan Yugur Autonomy County of Province; it Zhangye Municipality is the sixth stage power of Gansu station in the program construction of Heihe River will bring direct valley. The project influences on the reservoir submerging area; the reducing water to the influences of the and construction areas. According reaches in the project district, scope of the appraisal of the the grades of appraisal work, the project on the environment and is drafted as follows: influence of the project on the environment away from the gate site environment: the upper stream 2km (1) Scope of appraisal of water River and the Xiliushui away from the join point of the Heihe and the down stream reach 1km water reaches from the the important place is the reducing River, the total length is 14.5km, site. reservoir at the gate site to the station area (mainly the environment: taking every construction (2) Scope of appraisal of atmospheric leading wind direction, the center, extending 2km along the gate site and station site) as the of Xishui Township. major place is Bajiaowan Village area and the region 200m environment: every construction (3) Scope of appraisal of sound area, Bajiaowan the focuses are every construction outside the boundary of the highways, Village, and habitats for animals. along the diversion tunnel environment: gate site, the line (4) Scope of appraisal of geological of the station, station site district. construction district, the environment: including project (5) Scope of appraisal of ecological influenced areas by the project construction, and the directly influenced area by the district, hinge construction district includes reservoir water-reducing reaches. The project power transmission lines, management district, traffic roads, district, station workshop district, residue stock material stock grounds, and discarded diversion tunnel, temporary construction, the protection scope of 2 . The directly influenced areas include grounds, etc., its area is 0.63km management district, district, hinge, station workshop, reservoir outside the construction 2 with the width of lkm etc., its area is 1.03km . The bounds traffic roads, and diversion tunnel, both sides of the water peak lines of the mountains on from the two lines, the mountain the scope of appraisal area, its area is 16.34km-. Therefore, reducing reaches, is the influenced 2. of ecological influence is 18km Sunan County; the main environment: the project involves (6) Scope of appraisal of social County. place is Xishui Township of Sunan 1.8 Aim of environmental protection _ .... _...... _..._._~------Combining the current environmental conditions, environmental functions, characteristics of and the construction and operation of the project, the objects protection are determined: of environmental [1] Water environment: the discharge of production and construction life wastewater during phase should meet the the aim of the program of "the Ninth Five-Year former State Electric Plan" of the Power Ministry and the stipulations of the 1.9 Procedures of appraisal influence of construction laws of appraisal of environment According to the requirements of guidelines of protection administration, and the project, the regulations of environmental project is divided into the environment appraisal of the appraisal of environment influence, the following three stages. conditions in Preliminary investigation on environmental The first stage: preparation stage. of environment influence content and method for appraisal project district was made; the plan, unique item and of environment influence of each were worked out; the grades for appraisal Appraisal of Environment were determined; the follows. Proxy of appraisal of environment influence Report on special analysis of relations Station and between Heihe Xiaogushan the State-level Natural Protection Hydroelectric Area of Qilianshan Mountain Feedback for examiation Feedback for examination| Determination of environmental Determination Determination of of Determination functions appraisal environmental of Drafting grade technical work aim requirement plan Drafting Investigation and testing of present conditions of ecological Investigation of present environmental conditions Monitoring of present factors of social of water conditions environmental factors quality, atmosphere and water living vs~~~~~~~~~~~ things Engineering analyses Appraisal of present environmental conditions Public participation 0 | ~~~~~~~~~Appraisal of environment influence prediction| 15 |Countermeasures for Plan environmental of Environmental ' = environmental Analyses of ~~protection monitoring administration and lost and supervision benefit of environmental '0 economyi IC | Q Drafting Feedback for Summary and filing examination Flowchart of procedure of appraisal of environment Xiaogushan Hydroelectric influence of Heihe River Station of Zhangye City of Gansu Province 2. Project conditions and project analysis 2.1 Project conditions 2.1.1 Project properties: of Hydroelectric Station Development Project (1) Name of project: Heihe River Xiaogushan Zhangye City of Gansu Province stream of the at the down section of big gorge of upper (2) Location of project: it is located and coordinate is 1000 03'of east longitude main stream of the Heihe River, its geographical Sunan Yugur Bajiao village of Xishui Township of 380 40' of north latitude, it is in the City is the workshop in the southwest to Zhangye Autonomy County of Zhangye Prefecture, position is shown in Figure 2-1. 86km away from the city. The geographical Heihe River (3) Name of the river being developed: (4) Nature of project: new construction and Design of stipulations of project is shown in Table 2-2. Table 2-1 Table of Properties of Xiaogushan No. Hydroelectric Station Item and name Project (Site of Xishuigou) I Unit Quantity Hydrology Remark 1 Drainage area Whole drainage area km2 Controlled drainage 69000 area 2 2 Time limit km 9427.8 of utilized hydrological Up the gate site 3 series Year Average annual runoff 57 1944-2000 for years 3 4 o1m 15.89 Representative flow No. Item and name Unit Quantity Average flow for years Remark m3/s Maximum flow actually 47.7 measured 3 P=50% Maximum m /s 1310 historical flow investigated 1996 m3 5 Flood standard /s 2300 and flood volume 1919 Flood flow designed for hinges 3 Flood m /s 1750 flow checked for hinges P=2% m3/s 2960 P=0.2% Continued table 2-1 P=1% m3 /s 241 Flood flow designed for workshops m3/s 328 P=0.5% Flood flow checked for workshops 8 3 (day) 0l m 0.73 Maximum flood flow actually measured Silt 6 221 of average 0oooot Annual transported sand volume suspension material for years kg/rm3 1.4 Average sand content for years kg/mi 140 sand content actually measured Maximum 25 of average 10000t Annual transported sand volume moving material for years geology II Engineering Silicon plate rock, quartz Main rock properties in project district feldspar I[ . - district Degree VIE Basic intensity of earthquake in project ConstrctionofClass 3, Medium-scale mll Grade of project IVl Hinge at the hinge 1 Water level m 2055.4 Flood level checked m 2049 Flood level designed m 2060.0 Normal reservoir level m 2049.0 The lowest water level of operation km 3.055 2 Length of backwater reservoir 3 Capacity of 10000m3 140 Total capacity of reservoir 3 140 water level 10000m Capacity of reservoir under normal 10000m3 130 Regulation of reservoir capacity Daily regulation 4 Regulation properties station V Indexes of power MW 98 I Capacity of installation 14.1 (p=85%) MW 2 Output guaranteed 8 3.804 for years 10 kw h 3 Average power generation 3882 of hours h 4 Annual utilization the land permanently VI Lost from submerging and occupied 0 submerged lOOOOmu I Cultivated land 0 migrated person 2 Population 0 areas m 3 Houses in submerged . ------Continued Table 2-1 N Item and name Unit 4 Quantity Land permanently occupied Remark mu 474 Vll Main buildings and equipment I Buildings for blocking water Type Gate Elevation of barrage of the gate top m 2061.5 Height of the gate m 26.5 Length of the top m 2 Gate of discharge 93.7 for flushing sand Type Chest wall type Number of holes Hole Elevation of bottom 5 board of the gate m 2038.5 Size of holes of the gate m 8 X Flow of single 8 Width width mn/(s x Height m) 43.75 Type of headstock gear/number Arc door hydraulic Mode of energy elimination headstock gear/3 Pool of force elimination Form of gate/number Designed Arc steel gate/5 flow of flood discharge m3/s Checked 1750 flow of flood discharge m3 /s 3 Type of 2960 the buildings for diversion Designed flow of diversion Pressure tunnel m3 /s 105.5 Type of inlet Elevation Deep type of inlet of bottom board m 2037.5 Type of gate valve Sizes of gate Flat panel steel valve (number x width valve _, height) x m Total length 1X 6.OX of diversion flute 6.0 m 9840.1 Diameter of tunnel m 7.8/5.8 U-shaped Type of liner section/round section Anchor sprayed Designed concrete, reinforced water head concrete 5 m 22.5-72.08 Well for pressure regulation Type of pressure regulation well rt Upper-room Vertical well, pressure regulationtype of well depth/inner diameter well m 76.7/15 Upper room, length/width m 60/8 Continued Table 2-1 Remark Unit Quantity No. Item and name 6 Type of pressure pipes I Number of lines Line m 301.25 Length of pipes m 5 Inner diameter m 163.08 Maximum water head 7 Workshop buildings Ground type Type x Width x m 55 X 18 X 35.65 LengthHeight Sizes of main workshop x 43.7 X 18 X 16.5 Length x Width workshop m Height Sizes of auxiliary machine/small m 1914.0/1914.4 Big Elevation of hydraulic turbine installation mmachine 8 Boosting station Medium type Type to the main Leftworkshop __Location m Xm 65 X 68 Area (Length x Width) 9 Main electro-mechanical equipment Type/set HLA359-LJ-205/2 Type of big hydraulic turbine/ number MW 41.7 Rating output r/min 375 Rating rotational speed m 117 Rating water head 3 /s 38.75 Rating flow m SF40-16/4250/2 Type of hydraulic turbo-generator/ number 10.5kv of voltage MW 40 Capacity of single generator SF9-40000/1 10 Set 2 Number of main transformers HLA98-LJ- 140 Type of small turbo-generator/ number r/min 500 Rating rotational speed m 117 Rating water head 3/s 17.64 Rating flow m SF18-12/3500 Type of generator/number 10.5kv of voltage MW 18 Capacity of single generator SF 10-25000/121 Set 1 Number of main transformer SG1O-1600/10.5 Set 2 Number of station use transformer 2 SGIO-800/10.5 use transformer Set Number of station QD-125/32t, 15m of Specifications of bridge crane in the span station 10 Power line kv 110 Grade of voltage Continued Table 2-1 No. Item and name Unit Quantity Remark Number of output loop Loop 2 Destination of power Detianatisionofpwrthe transmission I110KV switch outlet station at mutiof the Distance of power transmission mountain km 27 Newly built permanent highway km 19 Contain a 12 Establishment 40m span of of personnel for bridge across Xiliushui _____ operation Person 102 Permanent house buildings 2 m 12130 Vlll Contain 8500m' of Construction Zhangye base Construction volume of main _ body Excavation of earth and stone 10000 work100m182 m3 18.22 Excavation of rock tunnel 100 57.06 Open excavation of stone work Filling 10000 m' 5.79 of earth work 10000 Spraying ml 8.36 concrete m Laying stones 95.6 with slurry M. Concrete 1659 10000 m' Installation of metal structures 18.86 Filling back t 953.5 slurry M4 Concreting grouting 29398.7 2 Main building m 36147.7 materials _____ Timber mt Cement 11469 t Steels 80871 Reinforcing t 5287 steel bar t TNT 14956 Number t 1303 of persons in peak Person construction period 2821 Person 2821 Total workdays 10000 216 Power supply during construction period Supply from power 5 Construction diversion network P=20% Q=678m3 /s 6 Land occupied by construction Diversion in stages mu 83 Total time for construction Month 36 IX Economic indexes 1 Investment in the project Static total investment 10000yuan 61937.71 Total investment of the project lOOOOyuan 2 68910.58 Economic indexes of synthetic utilization Unit kw investment of yuanlkw hydroelectric station 6320 yuan/kw 6320 Unit electric energy investment yuan/kw.h 1.63 Financial internal return rate % 10.34 Price of electricity on network yuan/kw.h Number 0.29 of years for loan y repayment years 11.27 Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Project Table 2-2 Composition of for flood discharge Hinge Barrage (gate valve), buildings and pressure Diversion tunnel, pressure regulation room Diversion system pipes Construction of room, machine house, installation house, ball valve main body Main transformer site, water pumping Workshops auxiliary workshop, main water channel system, pump station, regulation room, end and end water buildings. Traffic for for construction con.utio Newly building 4,5km of main highway constructAonui machine Sand and stone plant, concrete mixing system, forxConstruction systems of repairing workshop, and synthetic processing construction enterprises reinforcing bar, etc. living, and cultural welfare Others Facilities for business work, Cleaning of down woods, sanitary cleaning Reservoir Chopping reservoir bottom building region Special facilities Highway to 619,3771 static investment in the project amounts (9) Investment of the project: the total amounts to 689.1058 million yuan. million yuan, and the dynamic total investment the project is of the project: the construction period of (10) Construction period and progress construction is 5 months (account for 2 months of 36 months, in which the prophase work (2 months is 31 months, finishing period is 4 months period), the construction of main body of parallel work with main body). joint stock of personnel: the project, belonging to (11) Labor organization and fixed number Co. Gansu Heihe River Hydroelectric Development system, is jointly invested and built by will be Bureau. The power station, after construction, Ltd. and Zhangye City Hydroelectric managed by itself and independently run. be built by construction companies in construction Construction period: the power station will will be 2821 persons. period, the personnel involved in peak construction in which 67 personnel in operation period will be 102, Operation period: the fixed number of are production personnel and 35 administrators. schemes 2.1.2 Comparison and selection of project (1) Selection of reservoir region gorge form upper reach of Shilabangou dam; it is a The reservoir site selected is located at the - --- .~~~~~--- . _ _. reservoir. The bank slopes on the two banks of the reservoir are is solid, the very steep, the mountain mountain body on body its two banks is 300m reservoir, higher than the and the mountain water level of the are mostly bare solid rocks, there permanent leakage. is not any problems The larger gullies of developed on the two banks are right bank and Changgangou Shilabangou on the on the left bank, which are located of the reservoir, at the upper reach of the gullies are elongated the end and have running stream (2) The comparison in it all the year round. and selection of schemes of dam lines There are two dam sites of upper and down at the Shilabangou upper dam dam sites for selection. line is located 200m The at the lower reaches normal apart from the outlet high water level of Shilabangou, is 2060m; the lower its dam line is at the the upper lower reaches 110m dam line, its normal apart from water level is 2041m. From the viewpoint of engineering geological conditions, the two dam foundations dam sites are similar; all have the problems the of sliding, sinking characteristics and infiltration deformation. of every rock layer The of riverbed foundation conditions and engineering are basically uniformity. geological They all consist of stone alluvial flood accumulation sand gravel layers, containing powder clay layers, and sand gravel layers, gravel sand soil layers, moraine containing gravel stone earth layers, in which the relatively second and the fourth weak interlayer. From layers are the analyses of distributed depth of the second layer every layer, the depths of the upper and of lower gate lines are lower all about 17m, the gate line is relatively fourth layer of the thinner than that of upper gate line; there from the damaged are stones and gravels slopes on the left shoulder of the dam need of upper and lower to be cleaned; the gate lines, which right shoulder of the dam and the bank banks, and the slopes are all unique cranny along the river plate direction is a little F is more in development. 44 distributed on the upper The faultage gate line, but its extended and scope is small and in the bound of buildings near the riverbed arrangement, which is in the range of volume is small, clearing, and the clearing and it will not bring disadvantageous effect slopes after on the stability of the clearing. The position the bank of distribution of and cranny of the lower extends outside the gate line is higher boundary of the building arrangement, if it is troubles for the project not cleared, the hidden safety would be left; if it is cleared, not larger, but only the excavation also the slope is steep, volume is which arouse disadvantageous effect on the stability of the danger. normal operation with potential slopes of the banks and bring the is near the turning point of arrangement, the lower gate line From the viewpoint of the project the work volume of energy pool is difficult in arrangement, the river, the force elimination water blocking appeared in the lower reaches is large, the elimination and rushing protection discharging flood. for the flow through hinges while in the riverway is disadvantageous is chosen for the project. selection, the upper dam line site Through the above comparison and buildings (3) Selection of forms of water blocking gate dam for water blocking schemes of complete gate and There are mainly two kinds of of the buildings of gate scheme is with the hinge consisted buildings to choose. The complete gate, water blocking concrete flushing gate, 1-hole water inlet 5-hole flood discharge and sand the gate dam scheme is elimination pool behind the gate; dam on the left bank, and the force of water inlet gate, flood to left, consisted of the buildings with the hinge, arranged from right dam on the left bank. overflow dam, water blocking concrete discharge and sand flushing gate, shown in Table 2-3. The comparison and selection are Table 2-3 Comparison and Selection Item of Water Blocking Scheme of Buildings complete gate Scheme of gate dam Recommendation Flood discharge and sand flushing water running Good conditions smoothly, which is for Advantaayes favorable operation, larger Advantages to flushing silt range and sand, keeping of application, Project easy for water regulation of reservoir, arrangement energy elimination and running and riverway for management Complete gate Unstable flood Shortcomings Ineffective operation, discharge, small inconvenient management capability for sand flushing, longer pool for force elimination It is necessary in three stages diversion, Two phases of diversion, the two satisfied stages diversion Diversion during scheme for stage diversion needs more items to construction period for riverbed be constructed for Complete designed in construction gate construction there units, organization are more interference in construction, the time for construction cannot be ensured Operation Ineffective Suitable for large conditions operation, range Other inconvenient management of flow, Complete convenient for gate aspects Foundation management treatment Relative consistent requirements Complex treatment Economic Relatively higher cost Investment a little From Table 2-3, you economy can see, though the gate dam scheme is gate scheme more economy, the is much more reasonable complete in engineering arrangement, diversion by it not only combines stages during construction the period but also increases discharge and sand the capacity in flood flushing, this is in favor of keeping and regulating energy elimination reservoir capacity, for lower reaches the and stability of riverbed, complete therefore, the scheme gate is chosen for recommendation. of (4) Normal water level of reservoir Two schemes of normal water levels of Xiaogushan and reservoir are designed selection, which is for comparison separately 2049m and 2060m. From the engineering scheme of 2060m arrangement, of normal water the level can possess one million 3 day's storage capacity m ), the station can (about 1.3 operate in daily regulation, but the scheme of 2049m can only are calculated with hydraulic energy of the two schemes operate without regulation. The can increase 11 million kwh installation, the scheme of 2060m 98MW of the same capacity of and its investment only that of the scheme of 2049m, of annual power generation than water level. 2060m is chosen as the normal sluice increase about 2.1 million yuan. Therefore, (5) Station site selection and Shiyangling. The in the two places of Xiliushuigou The workshop sites are chosen Zuoanshan Mountain; the foot of the slope of Xiliushuigou Xiliushuigou site is located at the the joint of Heihe River and upper stream 3.5km away from Shiyangling site is located at the the four parts of pressure at the two sites all consist of Xiliushuigou. The workshops content for comparison and workshops, and end water, the regulation well, pressure pipes, selection is show in Table 2-4. and Selection of Workshops Table 2-4 Comparison Shiyangling Item Xiliushui difficult in traffic, convenient for Relatively narrow, behind the Topography Widen, flat, bank slope 45-55' of bank slope transportation, 35-65° of workshop and landforms behind the workshop Workshop on deep heaped layer, pressure regulation well and pressure pipes are all in the lumpish quartz rocks are all class heaped layer, feldspar cut, wall Strata lithology Workshop on deep are more loose heaping well three, but there pressure regulation layers and dangerous stones distributed in the place of pressure regulating wells, there are more engineering work rupture distributed F There is not larger Geological There is district faultage 5 structure The linear distance to the production place of stones for concrete is 21km, The linear distance to the production Natural transport facilities are poor, about 17km place of stones for concrete is 17km, building to be built through the good of highway need materials transport facilities are ~~~~~~~~~valleys. ______Located at the right bank of the riverway, of the reservoir of the main riverway, little near the end Far away from the by the the downstream, influenced largely influence from the water level of Others rebuilding of bank slope of the reservoir reservoir of the downstream of the downstream and the heaped ice. site; therefore, it is site is better than Shiyangling From above analyses, the Xiliushuigou recommended. (6) Tunnel line selection According to the positions of the dam site and the station site, the diversion at the right bank tunnel is arranged of the Heihe River, traversing through Dagushan Mountain, and Xiaogushan Dagushan Valley, Mountain, there are three schemes of A, B, C arrangement Scheme A: of tunnel lines. It is recommended tunnel line scheme in this project feasibility study report, branch tunnels for construction three are arranged, they are separately located at the tunnel, Dagushan Valley, inlet of the and the outlet of the tunnel. Scheme B: It is basically same to Scheme A, it only increases construction two branch tunnels at the tunnel line, for i.e., Shuanggou and Shiyangling. Scheme C: Considering the large bury depth of the tunnel, the longer construction, branch tunnel for and the longer construction period needed in Scheme construction B, in order to quicken progress, shorten the length of the branch tunnel for construction, and reduce buried depth of the tunnel, the the tunnel line in Scheme The B is arranged near the comparison of the tunnel Heihe Valley. lines is shown in Table Table 2-5 2-5. Name Comparison of Tunnel of work or cost Unit Line Schemes Scheme A of tunnel Scheme B of Scheme Total lines tunnel lines C of length of tunnel m tunnel lines 9366 9366 Maximum buried 9840 of tunnel depth m 930 930 Number of branch 730 tunnels for construction Total Line length of branch m tunnel for construction 678 2065 1052 Length of temporary road m 1500 Investment 2200 in tunnel lOOOOyuan 2200 work 16817.59 16817.59 17862.63 Investment in branch lOOOOyuan 556.98 tunnels for construction 1696.40 5 8 864.22 Investment in temporary road lOOOOyuan 75.00 Investment 110.00 in tunnel and lOOOOyuan 110.00 branch tunnels 17449.57 18623.99 18836.85 Construction period Month 44 31 Number of months ahead 25 of schedule of Month power generation 0 13 Average monthly revenue 19 of power generation 910.43 910.43 Revenue . 910.43 of power lOOOOyuan generation 0.00 11835.63 17298.23 of investment 1538.61 Balance 17449.57 6788.35 after 44 months from lOOOOyuan start working Newly selected5 Recomnended by tunnel line, thefeaiblit stdybranch tunnels for construction are Recommended by report, two more its feasibility study branch tunnels for arranged, Explanation of the the are characteristics are report, there are 3 construction shorteri bc are schemes branch tunnels for increased, there are 5 branch tunnels for shorter branch construction tunnels and small constructionconstuctio allallburied depth of the together. tunnel. of the project 2.1.3 Arrangement and main buildings (I) Layout position and water level of the hydroelectric According to the conditions of geographical of Shilabangou hinge is arranged at the lower reaches station of the project, the diversion station is arranged at arranged at the right bank, and the Valley, the long diversion tunnel is is shown in Figure 2-2. Xiliushuigou Valley to be built. The layout (2) Main buildings ( Hinge area flushing and side of forward flood discharge sand The hinge applies the arrangement is arranged with arranged at the right bank, the riverbed diversion. The inflow sluice gate is concrete dam the connection section of water blocking flood discharge sand flushing gate and for blocking water one, the total length of the buildings vertically from right to left one by amounts to 93.7m. is chest wall type is arranged at the right riverbed, it The flood discharge sand flushing gate of the top board of the gate is 2038.5m, the elevation with 5 holes, the elevation of the bottom x height), the width size of the gate hole is 8 x 8m (width of the gate frustum is 2061.5m, the the 4 holes of 2 gate is 66.1m, they are separately of the flood discharge sand flushing between each two riverbed, a 5cm subsiding slot is set sections and 1 hole of 1 section of the sections. is adopted, the elimination pool for energy elimination After the flood discharge gate, a force its slope is 1:3, of the section along the slope is 10.5m, length of the pool is 75.0m, the length elimination pool is 64.5m, the guide wall for the force the length of the straight section is arranged along the flow direction. The force elimination arranged ridge, 3.30m high at the end of the and 3.Om thick, is force elimination pool. The concrete water blocking dam is at the left of the dam, flood discharge sand 24.95m long, adopts flushing gate, the the type of gravitational 20.75m retaining wall with of maximum bottom 5m of top width, width and 26.5m of maximum height. ©) Diversion buildings Diversion tunnel: the tunnel line of the diversion is arranged at the River, its total length left bank of the Heihe amounts to 9840.10m. From the inlet to along the central the pressure regulation line of the tunnel well, 5 turning points are round bend arranged, which is sections. The elevation connected with at the inlet is 2039.5m, and the longitudinal the elevation of the slope is 1/302.28, bottom of the pressure regulation well is the length of the 2005m. The coordinate diversion tunnel are and shown in Table 2-6. Inlet of water: the inlet, being at the right bank of abutting the dam line, is arranged the flood discharge at the left gate, the angle bank crossed by the central line is 60° line of the inlet . A deep inlet equipped and the gate with a gate for trouble consists of overhauling is dirt blocking section, applied. The inlet gradual change section, change section gate room section, after the gate. The and gradual total length is 49.0m. Arrange a sand guide ridge and a sand-blocking ridge before the connection with the inlet, and make them gate pier of the discharge-flushing in gate. ridge is The elevation of 2038.5m, that of its the sand guide top is 2042.5m, the thickness of the ridge the bottom of the is 1.Om; the elevation sand blocking ridge of is 2038.5m, the thickness elevation of its top of the ridge isl.Om. is 2043.5m, and the Pressure regulation well: The well, underground type, is arranged on of Xiliushuihe River, the slope of the left it consists of silo, bank upper room, impedance The elevation hole, and of the top construction adit. of Xiaogushan Mountain elevation behind the workshop of the top of the pressure is 2885m, the regulation well is is 2080m, and the 2160m. The comparison elevation of the ground of the well types is shown in Table pressure regulation 2-7, the upper well has been room upper adopted after the comparison. I Table 2-6 Name of Coordinates item Stake No. m and Length Value of coordinates of Diversion Tunnel X (m) Curve radius Inlet Y (m) Curve corner 0+000 R (m) 0 ( Length of tunnel Cumulated 4279445.228 33589992.519 ) section (m) length A 0+048 (m) IPf 4279469.462 33590033.952 0 48.000 0.000 4279481.271 33590054.142 B 0+090.68 42 48.000 4279504.653 33590054.734 58.227 42.683 A 2+304.979 _ IP2 4281718.241 33590110.759 0 2214.296 90.683 4281732.520 33590111.120 B 2304.979 2+332.516 4281743.618 42 -37.565 A 33590120.112 27.537 5+130.544 4283917.632 _ IP3 0 33591881.539 4283926.790 2798.028 2332.516 B 33591888.960 5130.544 5+153.527 4283930.750 42 -31.354 A 33591900.062 22.983 5+435.517 4284025.490 IP4 0 33592165.662 4284033.517 281.991 5153.527 B 33592188.165 5+478.962 4284056.961 42 59.267 5435.517 A 33592192.765 43.445 7+800.306 4286334.865 IPS 0 33592639.745 2321.344 5478.962 4286357.728 33592644.231 B 7+842.850 42 7800.306 Pressure 4286364.695 33592662.894 -58.038 42.544 regulation well 9+840.109 4287076.012 A 33594529.192 7842.850 9+852.109 4287080.285 1997.259 IP6 0 33594540.406 4287083.385 _ 9840.109 B 33594548.540 12.000 9852.109 9+869.054 4287090.358 30 33594553.752 32.362 16.945 bral line of 10+100.346 4287275.615 Central line of 10+138.885 33594692.229 9869.054 machine unit 4287306.484 33594715.303 231.292 10100.346 38.540 10138.885 I I i i I I I f Table 2-7 Economical Comparison of Pressure Regulation Wells No. Name of item Work volume Unit Unit price Upper Impedance type I room type Open excavation of rock 3 m 52.57 2 Gravel rammed 8350.00 . 15030.00 filling m3 3 10.57 2500.00 Rock excavation in hole 3 7500.00 m 200.99 4 Rock excavation 7337.06 in well m3 l 5 Upper room 143.74 18812.72 C20 concrete m3 39678.08 bottom boardm32.4 322.94 414.54 l 6 Upper room C20 1.5 6 concrete side m3 wall, top arch 666.98 1307.96 l7 C20 concrete 6 well bottom m3 _____ ~~board 376.29 m362 391.93 901.77 8 C20 concrete 9.3917 well body m3 9 C25 concrete 666.98 5453.10 cover board, m3 10885.62 beam 828 34305 10 m 822.80 Slope protection built by laying 130.64 300.59 block stone with M7.5 m3 272.88 mortar 500.00 500.00 Sprayed slurry for slope 11 protection 2 Installation m 80.00 of reinforcing steel 2000.00 2000.00 12 bar t 13 Installation 5265.96 496.31 of anchor shaft Piece 854.27 14 Installation 235.49 550.00 of reinforcing bar 800.00 _____ ~w eb T 5265.96 _ 4.40 15 _ _ _ _ 6.60 Installation of anchor cable Piece 2000.00 = Total 30.00 investment 10000yuan 40.00 1266.52 1967.99 The silo is 15m in diameter, 70m in height; the upper room is shaped in the section gate, 60m of length, of city 8m of width, 4.Om of radius of vault, and 8m wall. of height of the straight Pressure pipes: a main pressure pipe is arranged at the fork point of the pressure well to the workshop, regulation 3 branch pipes are arranged at the fork from the workshop to the center of the machine unit, the arrangement of the pressure pipes is shaped as plane a conversed " v " of the pipes, the sections in are round in appearance, the total length of 339.565m, in which the pipes is 28.945m of front section with 5.8m of pipe diameter, back section 288.62m of the with 5.Om of pipe diameter. (3) Station area and the workshop of power generation The station site is at the upper stream 1.6m away from the joint of Xiliushuigou Heihe River, and inlet and the the site is broad. The main buildings in the station include main and road to the station. and pressure boosting station and the auxiliary workshops, end penstocks, house is on behind the main workshops, the installation The auxiliary workshops are arranged the left of the main the pressure boosting station is on the right of the main workshop, and workshop. (38.75m), house (17.15m) and machine unit section Main workshop: It consists of installation of generator floor, main workshop is built in four floors the plane size is 55 x 18.5m. The of Type HLA-LJ and catchments well floor. Three sets water turbine floor, worm shell floor, of total capacity are arranged in it. water turbo-generators with 98MW in 5 floors, with the size of 43.7 x 18m is built Auxiliary workshop: The auxiliary workshop underground floor 3 floors above the ground. The first in which 2 floors of underground and compressor room the second underground floor has air is a interlayer for workshop busbars, the second floor ground is high-voltage switch room, and exciter room. The first floor above is central control room. is cable interlayer, and the third floor of the gradient of section and direct slope. The proportion Tailrace: it consists of reverse slope 20 of bottom width, is 32m, the section is trapezoid with the reverse slope is 1:3.15, the length slope section section is added. The end of the reverse in front of which, a 5m gradual change the section of power station; the tailrace also adopts is connected to the tailrace of the trapezoid with the length of 60m. and the is arranged at the left end of the workshop Pressure boosting station: the station the inlet lines There are 3 main transformers in it, downstream side of the auxiliary workshop. is overhead lines. are closed 110KV bus bar, and the outlet 2.1.4 Program of project construction (1) Construction flow of Xiaogushan construction, the construction flow According to the program of project 2-3. Hydroelectric Station is shown in Figure Preparation work Requisition of land for construction: building the systems of compressed supply; completing the construction air, water, and power of traffic, diversion, enterprise and culture and welfare. and facilities for offices, living, Stream guide construction Completing the construction of stream guide tunnel and the cofferdam Main body construction Dam site hinge, diversion system, and hinge construction in station First hinge Diversion system Barrage, flood discharge Station site hinge Water intake, diversion tunnel, buildings, excavation of Construction of pressure regulation room dam foundation and workshop system pressure pipes Completion of construction Installation and debugging of machine unit Figure 2-3 Flow Chart of Construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station (2) Conditions for construction © Traffic conditions Outward traffic: for outward traffic, a downstream road is adopted, i.e., the hinge-station area-Taergou Crossing-Dayekou -Zhangye City, the total length is lOOkm, in of permanent which 14km highway from the hinge to the station area is newly built, it is the road for construction use and permanent management road for Xiaogushan Station, the road is designed in 7.Om of width and with the road surface of gravel, the road has started present, and to build at it will completely run through in July, 2003. The accommodation Zhangye. road from to Sidalong Tree Plantation passes by the hinge and the upper stream of the workshop, the forepart 50km of the road (Zhangye to Dayekou) is the Provincial Grade surface of 3 road bitumen and concrete, and the post-part (60km) is a simple highway with the along the highway are poor in bearing loads surface of sand and gravel. All the buildings be reinforced for further passing of heavy load, (about 20-40t) for spending long time, it must and maintenance, must be suitably the post-part of the highway, for poor management on heavy parts transportation. enlarged by building for satisfying the requirements of road arrangement of swift, safe, convenient, Inner traffic: In accordance with the principle join of inner traffic main with the outside, the and economic traffic inside the station, smooth point and branch storage. The main outside materials can directly reach every construction traffic includes: the left and right banks of the dam site --The bridges and roads arranged for communicating the foundation of dam and workshops --The roads for exporting dregs excavated from generation tunnel and branch tunnel -- The roads for construction of diversion power ground, etc. --The roads arranged to material field and mixing the total length is 12km (including a temporary The above roads amount to 13 all together, River), the standard for the roads is road surface reinforced concrete bridge across the Heihe double roadways, and the maximum longitudinal of broken (gravel) stone, 7m of road width, roads and bridges are shown in Table 2-8. slope is within 10%. The summaries of inner Inner Roads and Bridges Table 2-8 Summaries of Number Remark No. Name Unit 400 Newly built road 1 Outward permanent road-No. 1 m branch tunnel for construction road-No.2 Outward permanent 20 Newly built road 2 branch tunnel for construction m 100 Newly built road 3 Outward permanent road-No.3 m branch tunnel for construction Newly built road Outward permanent road - No.4 m 700 branch tunnel for construction 1000 Newly built road 5 Outward permanent road - No.5 m branch tunnel for construction Outward permanent road - No. 1, 2000 Newly built road 6 No.2 sand and gravel stock m aground 5000 Rebuild and extension hilly road 7 Outward permanent road - No.3 m sand and gravel stock ground 500 Newly built road 8 Left side of the bridge - hinge m Newly built road Right side of the bridge m 500 outward permanent road 500 Newly built road 10 Outward road - lower hinge m foundation pit road 11 QOutward road - 11 lower workshop m ~~foundation pit road 500 Newly _ _ _ built _ _ _ _ road _ _ _ foundation _ _ _ _ road _ pit _ _ _ _ 12 Including: _ _ _ Other sporadical roads new roads for living, m 780 assistant enterprises and storage l 13 Bridge areas across the Heihe River (reinforced set I concrete) B=7m, I,50m Total km 12.0 ) Construction site The construction site for first hinge area is located at the mesa 3-4km bank of the apart from the right upper stream, whose elevation is about 21 lOm and the area is about 50,000m 2 . The station site is relatively spacious, the permanent management houses upper stream and the site at the of Xiliushuigou can all be used as main construction district, and assistant enterprise living and welfare district, and production management the district, the site can satisfy requirement on the arrangement. There are platforms near the entrances of No.2, No.3 and No.4, they can be used as the construction of the tunnels. site for (3) Construction method (o Hinge area The hinge is mainly in excavation of overlay and partly excavation excavation of stone work. The of stone work adopts the boring with hand pneumatic drill for demolishing, over-burden and the broken the stone bits from the demolishing will be dug and loaded 3 grab, the 20t self-unloading by a 3m lorry will carry them to No. 1 dregs stock of ground of upper stream the gate 4-5km away, the maximum average monthly excavation capacity 3 concrete is supplied is 13200m , the by the mixer station of the upper stream of the 2km, gate site within range of the concrete tanker is applied to directly placing concrete, the maximum placing capacity 3 monthly is 5485m . The seeping prevention wall adopts and the method of "four mains three assistants", Type CZ-22 percussion drilling is used for hole making, concrete with guide tube, placing the average daily footage reaches 3.Om/set, the maximum capacity is 990m2. monthly (2) Diversion tunnel (for of excavation of complete section is adopted Stone excavation: A construction fashion partial excavation is adopted), the three-arm partial sections with poor geological conditions, loading explosive artificially, peripheral drilling trolley is adopted for hole making, 3 be hoof shape section, the 1.5m loader can excavation with bare detonation, for house's the dirt loader can be used for loading the adopted for loading the dregs, for round section, tunnel them away, the stone dregs of No.1 branch dregs, lOt self-unloading lorry can carry ground, that of No.2 can be carried to No.3 stock can be carried to No.1 dreg stock ground, and No.5 to No.2 stock ground. that of No.3 to No.4 ground, No.4 to No.5, ® Pressure regulation well adit adopts hand pneumatic drill for boring; The excavation of guide well and construction pneumatic drill for boring, loading explosive enlarging excavated hole adopts gas-leg the guide well to the well bottom, the loader artificially for detonation. Dregs gliding from (5t) for transportation, the dirt loader in the (1.5m3) is equipped to the self-unloading lorry lorry, carrying the dregs excavated to No.2 construction adit for loading the St self-unloading is is used for concrete liner laying, the concrete stock ground. The rising sliding template the site, the dump truck carries it to the top of supplied by the mixer station in the station the windlass into the storage through a sliding pressure regulation well, it is then slung by is 5500m3/d of stone hole excavation, and cylinder. The maximum capacity of construction 3 and rocker dump car (0.6m ) carries the dregs 1500m 3/d of concrete placing. The dirt loader the tunnel artificially, the St dump truck equipped away, they are carried outside the outlet of 3 dreg stock ground. The with the 1.5m loader transport the dregs to No.2 (1) Pressure pipes adopts the construction method of "short cycle, The excavation of outlet wall rock section of excavation of inclined well takes the method weak detonation, and strong support", the the digging, the excavation of guide shaft takes digging guide shaft first, then turning for boring with hand pneumatic drill for excavation method of climbing pot. In addition to the use the gas-leg pneumatic drill, loading explosive of guide shaft, the other boring adopts of excavation of wall rock at the outlet is 25m, artificially and detonation, the monthly footage 80m. that of guide shaft is 40m, and the enlarged excavation (5) Construction of station site Treatment of leak prevention: the maximum depth of foundation excavation considering the possibility is 21m, of a great deal of water flowing out stepped pumping from the excavation, drainage is adopted, the the first drainage arranges the draining wells of the river with a suitable at the side distance from outside the foundation pits, level is proper the underground reduced, the second water step drainage arranges inner drain and catchment foundation pits for centralized in the pumping drain. Foundation treatment: employing the technology of vibrating impacting hole making broken stone pile with ZCQ30 vibrating for impacting device, after the hole reaches depth, the filling the designed of sand and broken stone begins, it vibrates and bottom fills at the same time to top, carrying and discharging from materials with cart artificially. Excavation of earth and stone work: employing 20t dump truck exporting equipped with 3m3 digger the dregs, for the place for where the reverse shovel cannot reach, taking assistance, the waste the loader for dregs are carried to No.2 stock ground. The concrete mixer station is provided by and carried with lOt the dump truck to the construction (4) Total site. arrangement for construction ( Principle of program of construction arrangement Considering the narrow construction place and the long principle way from the workshop, of favorable in construction, for the convenient for living, in easy for administration, land using, safe and economy reliability, and adjusting measures to local adopts the scheme conditions, the project of the total layout of divisional arrangement workshop of both the hinge in different districts. and the (2) Divisional program arrangement The living welfare district, the assistant enterprises and the storages two districts are mainly set of hinge (at the up in the terrace on the right bank of the upper stream 4km dam site) and workshop away from the (at the terrace close to the right side of necessary auxiliary the station workshop); facilities and sporadical houses and storages construction tunnels are set up near the of the diversion tunnel. The sieving systems for sand and stone materials are set up near the processing and stock grounds, their transportation are convenient, the supply is balanced meet the and reasonable; requirements for arrangement. they can materials bureau materials is in the warehouse of the The transfer station of outside coming near Zhangye Railway Station. the construction welfare: according to the designed scale, Buildings of production and living m2 , the occupied and the warehouses amounts to 10,000 area for all the auxiliary enterprises employed of the total 2 to the annually average laborers land area is 136,100 mi; according and welfare area of offices and houses for living construction period, 30000 of construction volume for main area will be occupied. The construction needs to be built, 90000 of the land 2-9. and temporary buildings is shown in Table Volume of Temporary Buildings Table 2-9 Summaries of Construction Unit Quantity Remark No. Item m2 30000 Simple houses I Living house buildings m2 1200 1 Office m2 20700 2 Dormitory m2 8100 3 Other living welfare house 2 ~~~~370m2 simple2 houses 2 wsmlhes m 5312 370m shed II Assistant enterprises' buildings 4942m work 80m2 simple houses and maintenance station for 2 1 Repairing 920m work shed machines and cars 2 200m simple houses steel and m 3212 2 Synthetic processing shop of 3012m2 work shed wood 250m2simple houses 2 hes m 800 SOm2wsml shed system of sand and stone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~750mM2 work 3 Sieving . ~~~~~~~~~~40m2 simple houses . , worsed m 400 402mp shed 4 Concrete mixing system 3602m2 work m2 100 Work shed Other auxiliary facilities 5 2simple houses 2 1114m 2 m 5415 430 1m work shed III Warehouse buildings m2 583 Work shed 1 Cement warehouse m2 424 Simple house 2 Explosive warehouse 767 Work shed depot m 3 Oil 2 houses m' 901 150m simple 4 Other warehouses 2 540m simple houses m 2740 2 shed 5 Warehouse of transfer station 2200m work IV Traffic B=60m 1 Bridge across the river (reinforced Set I L=50m, 1 concrete structure) 7 Road in mountains built road km 2 Newly hills km 5 Road on 3 Rebuilt and expanded road V Water supply I Water and gas pipes installation 2 km 14.0 Water pool built by laying 4 50mm-250mm stones with m3 mortar 10 V=50m 3-500m 3 3 Rubber tube VI km Power supply 5 2 hours I . Mounting of high voltage power km transmission lines 25 lOkv 2 Mounting of power lines 3 km 9 Mounting of lighting lines 220v/380v VII km 16.2 Pneumatic air supply 36v/380v I Installation of water and gas pipelines Moving km 11.6 -2 and installation of ) 50rnmm-250mm . . water and gas pipelines km 0.7 50SOrnrn65mm 3 Ventiduct VIII km Communications 9.2 4 1000mm 1 Program control exchange 2 Set Fixed telephone 1 60-80 pieces 3 Piece Mobile telephone 5 IX Piece Ground leveling 2 X 10000 m 29.5 Other temporary buildings I Earth . and stone work 3 2 C15 m 26500 site laying concrete 3 3 m 4340 Reinforcing bar, steels t 433 © Planning and balancing of utilization of earth and stone work Excavation of crushed stones, earth and gravel from the main 84300m 3 work amounts to 249300m3 of openly dug rock, 3 , 570,600m of dug rock in hole, the main main body construction work volume of the is shown in Table 2-10. Through balance calculation, 157,100m 3 of filling except about materials for permanent buildings and other the backfill, the others wastes, they are 747,100m 3 are all of waste dregs, 245,300m 3 of over-burden peeled stock ground, 3 off from the and 992,400m of total waste earth and stone. of Main Body Construction 2-10 Summaries of Main Work Volume Table Total Unit Hinge Diversion Workshop No. Work item 77713.3 182198 stone and 2358 22126.7 Excavation of crushed m 8 1 earth 83558.9 m3 5974 25983.4 51601.5 2 Backfilling crushed stone and earth 57785.7 m3 11791 45994.7 0 3 Open excavation of rock 551814.76 m3 0 551814.76 0 4 Excavation of rock in tunnel 18812.72 m3 0 18812.72 0 5 Excavation of rock in well 1013 m 1013 0 0 6 Backfilling block stones in galvanized iron wire cage ___ _ Burying stone concrete and laying 78470 80860.22 29281.7 188611.92 7 B s cml concrete m3 concrete/spraying mortar 2 0 95.6/2000 Spraying ct 0 95.6/2000 8 /m _ ~~~~onslope protection 1659/1464 Laying stone with mortar/laying m3 ° 500154 115911410 9 t bricks 9815.488 t 3069 5372.238 1374.25 10 Installation of reinforcing bar 550 Piece 0 550 0 11 Installation of anchor shank shank 24643 Anchor Piece 0 24643 0 12 _ 22,L=3m,2 X 2 30 Piece 0 30 0 13 Installation of anchor cable 0 253 0 253 Shoring of tunnel face anchor shank Piece 14 221/559 t 0 171/559 50/ 15 Installation of steels/steel tube 953.5 t 780 143 30.5 16 Metal structure 109035 Vibration impacting m 107193 0 1842 17 pile/prefabricated pile 2 0 29398.7 m 0 29398.7 18 Backfilling mortar 0 36147.7 0 36147.7 Concretion grouting m 19 3230.4 m' 0 3230.4 0 20 Touch grouting fiber 10721/8593 Spraying steel fiber/micro m3 0 10721/8593 0 21 concrete 631/7.6 0 631/7.6 fiber/micro fiber t 0 22 Steel 4290 2 0 0 4290 23 Construction area M Installation of electro-mechanical Piece 3 3 24 equipment set construction equipment (5) Engineering materials and main 11469m3 of timber, by the project: 80871t of cement, The main building materials required The summaries of steels, 2501t of oil, 1303t of explosive. 14956t of reinforcing bar, 5287t of main mechanical equipment are shown in Table 2-11. Table 2-11 Summaries of Main Mechanical Equipment No. Name for Construction Type and specifications Unit Quantity I Grab Remark 2m3 2 Set 3 Loader 3 1.5m Set 3 Bulldozer 6 76kw Set 4 Dirt loader 2 7RH Set 2 5 Dump truck 8t-15t Set 76 6 Concrete tanker Set 7 Skip car Set 8 Drilling 17 trolley Three-arm 9 Set 8 Air drill Hand-holding type Set 10 Air drill 23 Gas-leg type Set 6 11 Geological drill press 150 type Set 12 Vibration impact I device ZCQ30 Set 3 13 Impact drill Set 14 Concrete pump 2 Set 10 15 Concrete injection machine 16 Set 15 Forcing type concrete mixer Set 17 Slurry mixer 15 Set 18 Grout mixer 1 Set 24 19 Grouting pump Set 24 20 Tower crane lOt, 25t Set 22 Windlass 2 Each 1 lOt Set 23 Concrete vibrator 2 Set 45 24 Frog type rammer Set 5 25 Diesel electric generator 120DF12-5 Set 26 Transformer 2 S -125-800 7 Set 10 XA50/20, XA65/26, 27 Water pump XAIOO/26B, D155-67 X 3. Set 6 XA80/20B Each I 28 XA80/26B Water pump IS125-100-315, 200BX-35 Set 4 Each 2 (6) Construction diversion The hinge employs the diversion by stages, i.e., dividing the riverbed into two phases stages and four in construction, at first, enclose and protect the left riverbed and make excavation concrete laying and of foundation, then enclose and protect the right riverbed and build the flood sand stage, build the diversion of flood discharge discharge sand flushing gate, in the later dam and the overfall dam section, non-overfall flushing gate of 2 holes on the right bank, and left bank. The division of diversion periods section and 3-hole sand flushing gate on the 2-12. the technical property values are shown in Table Diversion Table 2-12 Properties of Construction I-2 Phase II-I Phase II-2 Item Unit Phase I-1 Phase 2 holes Left bank 2 Left bank f Right bank Right bank holes complete c sand stream narrow flood discharge discharge Diversion mode stream flushing gate riverbed sand flushing n riverbed ate f Year. 2.6-2.9 2.10-3.5 3.6-3.9 Diversion period month 1.10-2.5 20%(May) 20%(Whole year) standard 20%(May) 20%(Whole Diversion I year) ______678 140 678 Designed flow of m3/s 140 diversion Cofferdam of stone Strawu _ bag Cofferdam of Straw bag earth stone laid Cofferdam type earth cofferdam laid with mortar z cofferdamwithith mortar ; ~~~~~~~~cofferdam 2048.52 C High water level 2047.65 2043.95 High wa m ter2045.50 level E before cofferdam 2048.82 to Elevation of weir m 2046.00 2047.95 2044.45 top 10.32 00 Maximum height 4.5 6.95 3.45 m ______of w eir__ _ __ Length of 41.75 55 60 cofferdam m 55.54 of stone Cofferdam of Straw bac earth Cofferdam Straw bag of sone stone laid Sofferdam of cofferdam earth id with mortar o... Type cofferdam with mortar cofferdam water level 2043.30 2040.77 2043.30 c;EHigh beforehcoferd level m 2040.77 before cofferdam 2043.60 2041.27 2043.60 Q : Elevation of weir m 2041.62 top 4.6 2.27 4.6 or Maximum height m 3.52 of weir ___ Length of 23.05 34 38 cofferdam m 52.50 Straw bag Cofferdam of stone laid with mortar , g Type of cofferdam m earth cofferdam of 10.32m of average height of upper stream,8.7m b Average height of height of downstream cofferdam average of of length of upper stream, 30m of length Length of SOm cofferdam I downstream (7) Facilities of construction plant © Concrete production system The total volume of concrete needed by the project amounts tol88,600m3 , sprayed 95.6m 3. According concrete to their grades, they are summed as follows: 3 1560m of C50 silicon powder concrete, 3528.24m3 of C25 concrete, 134380.08m3 of C20 concrete, and 33622.9m 3 of C15 concrete. Because the project is 14km apart from the station workshop, manage for easy to the production and control the quality, the mixing systems are set up according to the requirements of hinge, workshop and construction branch tunnels of the diversion work on concrete laying separately. Concrete mixing system of hinge district: the monthly peak laying capacity is 11,600m3 this, the , from hour capacity of the system 3 is 35m /h, a Type 2XJ 3 -1.0 mixing tower is adopted, whose capacity displayed on the nameplate is 48-60m3 /h. The mixing system is planned setting at the terrace on the right bank of the upper 2.0km away stream off the hinge, the basic technical process is that the coming carried stone materials by dump trucks are unloaded in the receiving pit, delivered into the stone pot at the top of the pot, then transported to the top storage tank of the mixing tower by a belt under the conveyer pot; the bulk cement is delivered into the cement tank by cement discharge tankers with air facilities, part bagging cement are carried by trucks, they are unpacked by unpackers, pumped into the cement tank with store pumps, and lifted into the storing the top tank at of mixing tower with a screw conveyer and a bucket elevator. In order to meet the needs of heating mixing of concrete laying and stone preheating in March and November, a boiler room is set up for producing hot water and steam, the heat capacity is 7tlh. supply Concrete mixing system in station workshop district: the monthly peak concrete laying capacity is 5,100m3 , the capacity is designed 15.3m 3/h, a concrete mixing station is set up, it is a set of Type HL-25 movable mixing station with the capacity of 25m3 auxiliary /h, except the facilities of stone pile ground, cement warehouse, and additives boiler workshop, a new room with 4t/h of heat supply capacity will be set up. Concrete mixing systems at the branch tunnels of No.2, No.3, and No.4: concrete the monthly peak laying capacities are 720m3 3 , 720m , and 5625m3 separately, 3 the designed capacities are 2.2m /h, 2.2m 3/h, 3 and 8m /h separately, a 0.8m3 mixer is set up at the branch No.2 and tunnels of No.3 separately, a Type HL-25 movable concrete mixing station is set up at No.4 of the mixing stations are shown in Table branch tunnel. The production technical indexes shown in Table 2-14. 2-13, and the main mechanical equipment is Indexes of Concrete Mixing Systems Table 2-13 Main Technical Dam No.2 No.3 No.4 branch branch branch Item Unit site dokDo No. district distnct tunnel tunnel tunnel 15.3 2.2 2.2 18 1 Designed production m3/h 35 capacity 5 m3h 486 25 51 -0 2 Designed production 5-10 5-jO 25 capacity in/h 48-60 25 7 4 / / / 3 Heat supply capacity t/h 326 46 46 386 4 Total cement storage t 749 / / / / 5 Aggregate pot volume t 12936 / 5055 813 813 6653 6 Aggregate pile volume t Air / I / compressor m3/min 23.3 20.2 capacity Water volume 3 ; 3 1.0 1.0 7.4 used by the m /h 14.4 6.3 systems ¢ X 17 17 50 Total installed kw 100.2 58 capacity 2 5 5 70 Construction m 200 120 ~~~~area__ _ _ 8 80 80 1120 Land area m2 3200 1900 occupied 9 Station construction volume 3 2000 / / 1500 (1) Earth and stone work m 10000 3 600 / / 200 (2) No.150 concrete m 2500 80 30 / / 20 (3) Reinforcing bar, steels t 40 5 / / 4 (4) Metal structures t of Mechanical Equipment of Concrete Systems Table 2-14 Summaries Quantity Remark No. Item Unit Type or specifications -1.0 1 1 Mixing tower Set Type 2XJ3 2 2 Mixing station Set Type HL-25 3 2 3 Concrete mixer Set 0.8m 4t/h 3 4 Boiler Set 6 5 Screw conveyer Set Type GX-150-250 2 6 Bucket elevator Set D450 12 L=130 prolonging m 7 Tube conveyer Set D=lOOmm 2 8 Single store pump Set CP2.0 6 9 Plate gate valve Set 500 X 500mm () Sieving system of sand and stone materials The finished materials volume of concrete powder and aggregate required by the project (including temporary constructions) amounts to 329,200m 3 , the details in grades are as follows: 3 118,800m of Grade 0.15-5; 92,800m 3 of Grade 5-20; 66,100m 3 of 3 Grade 20-40; 51,500m of Grade 40-80. According to the peak concrete laying capacity and the factors of stopping production of the sieving plant in winter, the capacity of the sieving plant is designed 184t/h, a Type 2 x 100 sieving tower and a simple sieving system are adopted, the plant site is decided in two places, a simple roller sieve is set up near the No.1 and No. 2 gravel stock grounds, a sieving tower is set up near the No.3 gravel stock ground. The main production technical indexes are shown in Table 2-15. Table 2-15 Main Technical Indexes of Sand and Stone Processing Plant No. Indexes Item Unit Sieving Sieving Remark tower Designed machine th184 184 1 Production capacit capacity Capacity of t/h 200 24 equipment t_h 200P24 2 Work system Shift/d 2 2 3 Personnel Person Including 60 29 transportation 4 Installation capacity personnel kw 426 22.7 5 Water volume consumed 3 m ih 230 30.3 6 Total capacity of finished aggregate stock ground t 41922 7398 7 Construction area m2 700 100 8 Land area occupied m2 60000 10000 Construction volume of station Earth and stone work 3 m 10000 3000 Concrete 3 m 840 200 Reinforcing bar, steels t 253 50 ) Mechanical repairing and synthetic processing system Repairing and maintenance station of machines and automobiles: the overhaul of construction machinery and automobiles is planned to do in Zhangye City, the plant mainly undertakes the and stone work and concrete making, maintenance of the construction machinery of earth maintenance and repair of vehicles processing of part of metal components, periodic etc.), manufacturing and renovation of (including bulldozers, grabs, and vibration grinders, of the station. The production capacity, simple components, and repairing of equipment and the vehicles, is 180 standard sets; according to the quantity of the construction machinery in Table 2-16. the main technical and economic indexes are shown and Maintenance Station Table 2-16 Main Technical Indexes of the Repairing of Machinery and Automobiles Remark No. Item Unit Indexes 180 1 Production scale Standard set 10,000 work 54.1 2 Production capacity hours 1 3 Work shift system Shift/d 210 4 Production personnel Person 3 2.5 5 Water volume m /h required for use 200 6 Electric power kw required for use 80m2of simple house, 72 920m2 of work shed 7 Construction area m 1000 8 Land area occupied m 7000 Main mechanical St6 9 equipment Set 60___ mainly undertaking the work of making Synthetic processing plant of steel and wood: project, the reinforcement bending and reinforcing bar components of main body of the other materials, the production scale for incision, the processing of sawing, template, and scale is 23m3/shift, the construction area is reinforcement is 35t/shift, the timber production 2 main economic and technical indexes are 3212m2 , and the land area occupied is 10104m , the shown in Table 2-17. Table 2-17 Main Economic and Technical Indexes of Synthetic Processing Plant of Steel and Wood No. Item Unit Index Remark Reinforcement t/hift 35 Hinge 16t/shift, 1 Production processing plant plant s_l_t_ district scale Timber processing 3 l9tlshift m /shift 23 Hinge 3 plant 12m /shift, plant district 11m3 /shift 2 Working system Shift/d 2 3 Production personnel person 253 4 Power volume required for use kw 560 5 Construction area m2 3212 200m2 of simple houses 6 Land area occupied m2 10104 7 Main mechanical equipment Set 71 a) Air, water, electricity, and communications Air supply: the air supply peak volume during construction amounts to 498m 3/min for excavation of earth and stone work, foundation treatment, and the requirement of the equipment of the assistant enterprises, according to the distribution of the items of air supply, the combination of fixed and movable air supply is adopted, it is planned that an air compression station is set up at hinge district, workshop district, and each branch tunnel separately, the station is equipped with an air compressor, the other places where less air is 3 used adopt 9 m /min movable air compressor for air supply, the main technical specifications are shown in Table 2-18. Compression Stations Table 2-18 Main Production and Technical Indexes of Air Site Air compression station for Air compression No.2 No.3 No.4 No. Item Unit Air compression branch station in dam concrete station in station branch branch tunnel site district production in workshop district tunnel tunnel dam site district 92.6 92.6 92.6 1 Air supply m 3/min 71 39 156.3 capacity Type and 2 quantity of equipment I 2 2 2 fixed set 1 (movable) 1 3 I 1 1 1 4Lfi-xe2d0/8 set I Dr--9/7 st24 movable (movable) Capacity of 500 645 645 645 3 equipment kw 545 250 consuming electricity 3 46.8 30 30 30 4 Water m /h 23.4 12 consumption Excavati Dam site district, Excavation of Excavat Excavati on of excavation of Concrete stone work and ion of on of Scope of laying at son ston stone 5 Supply stone work at production concrete work work work supply inlet of diversion system the workshop and tunnel tunnel outlet, period is 869 m3/h, the Water supply: the peak water consumption during the construction 289 m3/h in dam site district water consumption volumes in the different district are: 181 m3/h in station workshop (including some assistant enterprises and living consumption), 3 M3 /h in sieving system of sand and district, 281 m3/h in construction branch tunnels, and 230 m stone materials. River, the water from them is of The construction water resources is Heihe River and Xiliuhe and living. It is planned to set high quality and conforms to the requirements of construction pool, and then delivered to up five pumping stations, the water is pumped into the storage are shown in Table every construction spots through water pipes. The main characteristics 2-19. Table 2-19 Main Production Technical Specifications of Pumping Station Pumping station of hinge district \Pumping station of hinge district Pumping station of construction branch Pumping tunnels station at Position Concrete Pumping station in station No. Unit sand and Living, system Construction workshop distion Item production and simple stone plant 3 4 near No.3 district sieving stock \______ground ground 1 Watersupply /3 capacity 11 62 216.3 181.1 66.2 66.2 148.8 230.2 Left Right 2 water pool m 50 150 bank bank 200 300 200 200 400 300 400 500 3 Elevation of m 2115 2140 2087 2098 water pool 2 2 2026 2056 2047 2040 4 Height m 52 85 57 186 differenceo 114 36 61 108.5 30 5 Type of water XA50/20 XA65/26 pump XAlOO/26B DI55-67 X IS125-100-315 XA80/20B 3 XA80/26B XA80/26B 200BX-35 6 Quantity of Set I I I pumps I I 1 1 2 Living Concsete S Scope of water No.2 branch No.3 branch No.4 branch Processing and system Station workshops and tunnel tunnel tunnel 7 supply productioi plant of i and simple assistantl i enterprises, main construction construction construction sand and districts I_ground I site site site stone Power supply: the peak load during the construction period is 3120kw. The loads of different districts are as follows: 748kw in hinge district, 838kw in station workshop district, 1663kw in construction branch tunnel district, and 158kw in sieving system of sand and stone. Construction communications: China Unicom Zhangye Branch plans to solve the problem of outward communications near the station areas by mounting iron tower of communication wires there, in addition, Sunan Telecommunication -Office plans to mount a cable for communications of Mati-Xishui Township-station area and 5-10 fixed telephones for outward communications during the construction period. The problem of communications between the hinge and the station area will be solved permanently after the mounting of 19kv power transmission lines; an inner program controlled exchange with 60-80 extensions will be connected to the outside trunk line in order to solve the problems of inside and outside communications. (8) Natural building materials (O Position of stock ground The natural building 3 materials for the project includes 250,000m of concrete aggregate and 20,000m 3 of block stone, the project adopts 3 aggregate production places, No.1 and No.2 places are located at floodplain on the right bank of the Heihe River of the upper stream of the dam (gate) site district, No.3 place is located in Dayimalong Gorge at the upper stream of Xishuigou plant site. (®) Material exploitation Exploitation of concrete aggregate: the total concrete volume for main body construction amounts to 188,600m 3 , the peak volume of concrete laying is about 23,600m 3/mon. According to the stipulations of design criterion of construction organization, the working system of processing system is: monthly workdays are 25; the daily work hours are: 14h for two shifts, and 20h for three shifts. The processing system adopts two shifts for sand and gravel; and from this, the production capacity of this system is 184t/h of total processing volume. The project sets up two sets of sieving systems located at the right bank of the upper stream of the hinge district and at the place near No.3 gravel stock ground separately, the sieving plant in the first hinge district equips with simple roller sieve, and the Xiliushuigou sieving plant equips with a sieving tower. (9) Stock ground of abandoned materials According to the arrangement and terrain conditions of the project, five abandoned residue stock grounds are programmed; their positions are as follows: I stock ground, about 4km away off the axes of the dam, is located in the gulch on the right bank of the upper stream of the hinge district, it can be used for the residue excavated from hinge district and the inlet of the power generation tunnel; II, III, and IV residue stock grounds, 0.5km away off the branch tunnel, are located near the No.2, No.3, and No.4 construction branch tunnels, they are mainly used for the residue excavated from the middle section of diversion power generation tunnel; V stock ground, about lkm off the workshop, is located in the trench on the left bank of Xiliushui River; it can be used for the residue excavated from the plant district, outlet of the power generation tunnel and No.5 construction branch tunnel. 2.1.5 Handling of reservoir submerging and the land permanently occupied by the project (1) Reservoir submerging The original water level at the gate place of the project is 2041m; the normal reservoir sluice level is 2060m, the sluice level before the gate rises about 20m. the length of back water to the reservoir is 2.5km, the tail of the reservoir is near Changgangou gouge, the back water enters the gouge from the reservoir about 60m. The rock slopes along the banks of the reservoir are very steep, the basic rocks are open in the air, the mountain body is solid, there are little coverings on the remained terraces, the lithology is mainly the plate rock with the plate structure, rupture conformation in development, the lithology is hard. The bank slopes of the reservoir are basically stable; there are small scale of collapsed block stones and crushed stones and earth in some parts, they are poor in stability and can cause a small quantity of deposit of the reservoir. The longitudinal slopes of Shilabangou Gorge in front of the hinge on the right bank are steep and vertical into the Heihe River, in rainstorm season, small scale of sparry stream may occur, but it is no harm to the hinge. The reservoir region is located in remote mountains and gorges, the hill rocks on the banks rise steeply, there ate no minerals, no resident, no grasslands, and also no woods, there are only some sparse elms and poplars growing along the waterlines on the banks of the riverbed, they are small in quantity and wood diameter. The main objects immerged by the reservoir are actually these woods. (2) Land permanently occupied by the project The permanently occupied land is divided into land occupied by the reservoir region, the land permanently occupied by roads, the land occupied by station site and the land occupied by living district. Land occupied by reservoir: the length of backwater after conservation storage reaches 2.5km, the width of the reservoir surface is 60-lOOm, its average width is 75m, the area of the reservoir is 280mu, adding the land occupied by the hinge and houses for management, the land occupied by the reservoir region amounts to 320mu. Land permanently occupied by roads: the outward traffic uses the original existent roads; there is not any land occupation. But the length of the roads between the hinge and the workshops and the remained temporary roads after construction are 14.7km, the width of the road base is 7m, they occupy 154mu of land. (3) Handling of reservoir submerging and land permanent occupation The lost from the submerging of the project is only the sparse woods along the waterlines on the banks and some bottomland. The permanently occupied land should be compensated according to the stipulations concerned. 2.2 Project analyses 2.2.1 Analyses on pollution sources of project According to the characteristics and nature of the project, the pollution produced from the project is mainly waste gas, powder dust, wastewater, waste residue, and noise; from the division of the periods of pollution, it can be divided into construction period and operation period. (1) Construction period © Characteristics of the activities in the construction period The total construction period of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project is 36months, the number of personnel in peak period reaches 2821. and the number of construction spots reaches over 20 (including abandoned wastes stock grounds, mixing station, processing plant and repairing plant). (2) Construction technology and equipment According to the construction plan, selection of advanced construction machinery with excellent dust removing effect and noise reduction in construction can greatly reduce powder and dust exhaust and noise pollution (refer Table 2-11). ( Pollution source A. Water pollution source During construction period, the water pollution sources are mainly the wastewater from foundation pits, processing aggregate of sand and stone, concrete mixing, oily water, and living sewage. The peak daily wastewater drain during construction amounts to 20360.9m 3, the pollutants in the water are mainly SS, and concurrently grease dirt, and BOD, etc.; most of the wastewater are drained into Xiliushuigou Gorge, a little part of it is drained into the gorges near the construction site. The balance of water consumption and drainage is shown in Table 2-20. Table 2-20 Balance of Water Consumption and Drainage during Construction Period m3/d Spot of water Volume of Volume Volume Draining Mode of cconsumption cnutio lost _ ~~~~consumption drained direction draining 1 Mixing system 722.4 722.4 / 2 Rinsing sand 360 18 342 Heihe River Discontinuously and gravel Air Xiliushuigou 3 compression 4132.8 413.3 3719.5 and nearby Continuously station gorges Automobile Xiliushuigou 4 repairing 25 / 25 and nearby Discontinuously factory gorges 5 Sand and 3462 346 3116 Xiliushuigou Continuously gravel plant 6 Boiler room 14.4 12 2.4 Xiliushuigou Continuously 7 Living 280 84 196 Xiliushui Discontinuously 8 Foundation pits / / 12960 Xiliushui Discontinuously 9 Total 8996.6 1595.7 20360.9 B. Pollution sources of atmosphere Waste gas from construction mainly comes from boiler, fuel of generators and explosion. The total consumed volumes of coal oil and explosive are 7000t, 5206t and 1303t separately. The pollutants in the waste gas mainly are dust, sulphur dioxide, and lead compounds, etc., the details are shown in Table 2-21. Table 2-21 Schedule of Generation of Waste Gas During Construction Period No. Pollution Volume of smoke Volume of main generated Direction of source exhaust pollutants exhaust 1 Boiler 84.00 million Nm3 Smoke and dust 2 1Ot, Atmosphere So 2 11.31t 2 fuselga oil 665,600Nm 3Smoke and dust 1.04t Atmosphere Waste gas 3 from 160,000 Nm3 Smoke and dust 14.5t Atmosphere explosion 4 Total 150.72 million Nm3 C. Noise source The noises from construction mainly come from the activities of excavation, boring, explosion, sieving of sand and gravel, concrete laying, machine operation, vehicle driving, and machining and repairing. The values actually measured from the noise sources in construction of the hydroelectric station are shown in Table 2-22. Table 2-22 Values Actually Measured from the Noise Sources in the Construction of the Hydroelectric Station dB(A) No. Noise source Position of Equivalent sound grade measurement point 1 Type 04 pneumatic shovel Operation spot 102.9 2 Type 100 drilling machine Operation spot 94 3 Type 200 drilling machine Operation spot 85.7 Type 2HP 300 drilling Operation spot 90.7 machine Operation_spot_90.7 5 Hand air drill Operation spot 104.4 6 Type YO l lA hidden hole Steering room 98.78 drill Steermg_room_98.78 7 Pneumatic pump Operation spot 90.8 8 Rock drill Operation spot 114 9 Bulldozer Steering room 98 10 20t truck Steering room 93.8 D. Solid waste The solid waste covers waste dregs from construction and living garbage of the builders. The total volume of excavation of earth and stone work of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station amounts to 904,200m3 , in addition to the reused part, the rests are the waste dregs, adding 245,300m3 of waste dregs from the coverings peeled off the stock grounds, the total volume of waste dregs amounts to 992,400m 3 , they are stored in the five programmed waste stock grounds. The total workdays of the construction amount to 2.16 million days, supposing the garbage produced by one person in one day is lkg, the total volume of garbage would reach 2160t. Taking 0.8t/m3 as the garbage weight per volume, the volume of the garbage amounts to 2700m3, the garbage will be transported to appointed spots to pile up. (2) Operation period The influences in the period are smaller in extent and scope than that in construction period, they mainly appear in regional and local environments. (D Regional environment Reservoir storage-the surface area and water volume of Xiaogushan Reservoir are 18.67km2 and 1.40 million m3 separately, because of the increase of the area and volume, the meteorological factors of air temperature, humidity, and evaporation of water body have varied; at the same time, the hydrological situations in water level, water area, current velocity of the reservoir region and the downstream rivers have also changed, this will affect the water quality and water temperature in certain extent. Runoff regulation-Xiaogushan Reservoir is daily regulated, its normal storage water level is 2060m, backwater level is 2049m. After conservation storage of the reservoir, because of the variation of the water level, some influence on the view and stability of the bank slopes should appear. Dam obstruction-after the construction of Xiaogushan Reservoir, the migration of the hydrophytes will be blocked off, but due to the hydroelectric station built downstream, the influence on the hydrophytes is slight. Water reduction in rivers-because of the construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station, the coming water in the 11.5m of river section between the dam and the workshop reduces, and this will affect the hydrophytes. ( Local environment Waste water-mainly the living sewage drained from daily life of the station workers and the sewage from washing vehicles, equipment, and workshops. Waste dregs-living garbage produced from the daily life of the station workers. 2.2.2 Analyses of the pollution volume produced (1) Construction period (© Dust Pneumatic drills, normally dry rock drills, are used for excavation of tunnels. According to the relative data, the capacity of dust produced in boring with pneumatic drill is 4.8g/s, under the work conditions without dust-prevention measures, the concentration of dust in the air in long-period boring site can reach lOOOmg/m3 . Therefore, it is suggested that dust arrester, dust-absorbing tube, dust catcher (bag dust catcher with over 99.9% of efficiency) and the dry rock drill equipped with blower can be applied. They can reduce the pollution and improve the environment conditions for work. According to the relative data, the dust produced from the mine explosion is about 25g/m3 stone, the objects needed to explosion in the project are only foundations in the station district and mountain caves, the total volume of explosion amounts to about 580,000m3 , the dust from the explosion is about 14.5t, after the explosion, the dust with large diameter will subside in short time period, the float dust with the diameter less than 10mm is not easy to subside, but it only accounts for less than 1%, about 0. 145t. The dump truck can produce some dust in transporting the waste stone from the stone pit; they are in relation to the factors of road surface kinds, seasons, and driving velocity. According to the foreign mensurated data, when the truck loaded stone drives in the velocity of 4m/s (14.4km/h), the dust volume in the air above the road passed is about 10-15mg/m3. Most of the roads for construction of the project are simple highways, the driving velocity is less than l5km/h, then the dust volume produced is less than 15 mg/m3. ( Waste water The main pollutants from the wastewater from the foundations and concrete maintaining washing are SS, its concentration is about 10000-5000mg/l; the main pollutants from the wastewater from sand washing, are SS and COD, their concentration are 2000mg/l and 10mg/l separately. The main pollutants from the wastewater from the repairing plant and cooling water of air compressor are SS and oil, their concentrations are 30mg/l and 0.2mg/l separately. The main pollutants from the living sewage of the builders are COD, BOD, SS, and oil; their concentrations are 300mg/l, 180mg/l, 150mg/l and 0.2mg/l separately. ®) Waste dregs They are mainly the crashed stones, and piled up in the waste stock grounds according to actual terrain. No other dams are built. ( Noises They come mainly from explosion, construction machinery, and traffic vehicles, the sound sources are between 80-110dB(A). (2) Operation period (D Waste gas In this period, the heating for the station is from electric power, no coal burns, therefore, no waste gas discharged. (© Waste water It mainly comes from the cleaning of vehicles and equipment and daily life, the volume of daily fresh water consumed is 40m3, and the daily drainage is29m3 , the main pollutants in the wastewater are COD, BOD, SS and oil, their concentrations are 180mg/l, 120mg/l, 150mg/l and 0.2mg/I separately. The balance of water supplied and drained is shown in Table 2-23. Table 2-23 Balance of Water Supplied and Drained in Operation Period m3/d Spot of Volume No. water of Fresh Circulation Loss Drain direction consumption water Sectic 1 Production 100 10 90 10 Steapntkic 2 Washing 10 10 10 tank 3 Life 13 13 4 9taSnekc 4 Total 123 33 90 4 29 () Noises The noise sources are mainly the traffic of the vehicles of the station, the source strength is between 60-70dB (A). (X)Waste dregs No waste dregs are produced in station operation, the waste dregs discharged outside are mainly the waste residues from the living of the workers, and the annual output is about 30t. 2.2.3 Measures for environmental protection (1) Construction period (O Dust For reducing the dust produced from the vehicles, the method of sprinkling water on roads, daily sprinkling four times. Thus the air quality of the environment along the roads will be improved, and the pollution range can also be reduced, the measures for this are feasible. The rock drills equipped with dust catcher consist of orifice dust arrester, dust-absorbing tube, bag dust catcher and blower, their efficiency can reach over 99.9%, the dust concentration in working spot can be reduced below lmg/Nm3, this accords for the requirements of The waste gas from the boiler during construction period can be treated with wet dust catchers, their efficiency of dust absorbing can reach over 95%, the efficiency of desulphurization reaches 20%, the smoke containing dust after treatment can meet the requirements of the GB 13271-2001 standard. (©)Wastewater The wastewater from sand washing and mixer washing is drained into the sludge pool for deposition treatment, in order to meet the requirement of water quality, the wastewater should remain in the pool for over 30 minutes, the water quality discharged is SS 150mg/l,O CODS 80mg/l, which meet the requirements of Table 4 Grade One of Draining> (GB8978-1996), then stored in concentration, and reused in concrete mixing, it is forbidden to drain. The living sewage through the treatment in septic pit can be used in watering of virescence, and is not allowed to drain outwards. The wastewater from boiler room, foundation pits, and air compression station can be directly drained after deposition treatment. The sewage from the repairing system is little in volume, it can be treated with flocculation agent in the deposition pool, no wastewater drains outwards, only periodical clearance of the pool is needed. © Waste residue According to the terrain conditions, 5 waste residue stock grounds are designed in the feasibility study report. The border of the grounds is built with block stones; no other dykes will be built. After dismantling the temporary boiler room for construction, the equipment will be transported to Zhangye City to deal with according to the relative stipulations, and the waste residues will be carried to the nearby waste stock ground for treatment. (2) Operation period (L) Waste gas After the station puts into operation, the heating in winter will employ electric power, no waste gas exhausts, and therefore, no any equipment for environmental protection is needed. ( Wastewater When the station is in normal operation, the wastewater is coming from washing vehicles and equipment and the life of workers, after the treatment through an integrated equipment for sewage treatment, the water can be used in forestations in the station district and surrounding areas, the water containing COD<100mg/l, BOD<20mg/l, SS<70mg/l, and oil<0.2mg/l conforms to the requirements of Table 4 Grade One of (E) Waste residues They are mainly the living garbage. They will be carried to the spots that are appointed by the local environmental protection authorities for piling up or burying underground. 2.2.4 Analyses of the factors influencing the environment of construction and operation of the project Through the above analyses of construction and operation of the project, the factors selected from them are shown in Table 2-24. Table 2-24 Schedules of Analyses of Environment Influence of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Project Project Prjctivis Sources activities of influence Pollutants Environment influence Excavation of earth and Solid wastes Destroy the original vegetation, stone work damage natural sceneries, newly Land temporarily and increase soil erosion permanently occupied Temporary and local pollution for adustand noises from PH, SS; TSP, CO, C02, nearby water environment, air duconstrucaond noisesf constructioneniomt NOx; and noises environment, and sound o b environment Living sewage (BOD, Affect to social economy and o U Entrance of builders COD) Entrance of builders health of crowd, if not enhancing Living garbage management on this, local b.0 Diseases from outside environment will o be affected. U Submerging of forest, It will affect local ecological E grassland, and cultivated environment, social economy and v land, etc. tourism resources. Rebuilding of roads and Destroy vegetation, newly Z special facilities increase soil erosion Affect water temperature, water quality, hydrology, silt Reservoir regulation conditions, and soil erosion; increase the output in low water reasons for downstream step stations Affect the left bank's stability, the Increase the water body microclimate and ecology of the of the stored water reservoir region and the ______surroundings Hydrological situations Affect the water consumption of of downstream riverbed downstream sceneries and the changed hydrophily living things Improving local infrastructures, O Improvement of traffic which are beneficial to the and communications in development of social economy the project region and tourism Meeting the needs on load from the power network for facilitating 380.4 million kw.h of the development of economy; clean energy source will quickening the realization of the be annually obtained replacement of firewood by electricity for environmental protection 3. General situation of the environment 3.1 General situation of natural enviromment 3.1.1 Topography and geological structure The construction site is located between Dagushan Shilabangou and Xiaogushan, the linear distance between them is about 9km, the length of the reach is about 11.18km, the average ratio of declination of the riverbed is 9.1%, and the fall of the water head is 161m. The valley is narrow, and the developments of the gorges appear in arborescent shape, mainly shaping as "V", at the bottom of the gorge there are more isolated big stones. The hypsography is higher in southwest and lower in northeast, the rocks of the mountain body are open to the air, the mountains are steep, their elevation is high, and the rivers are flowing rapidly. Grade I-VII accumulated incomplete terraces from erosion are developed along the banks of the river, in which the terraces of Grade II, III, IV, and VI have developed better, the widths of the terraces are different from 10m to 100m, the leading edges appear upright high steep cliffs. There are generally float gravels, screes and sandy soil heaping on the eroded ground on the banks, they are loose and unglued or micro glued structures. The leading edges appear upright high steep cliffs, the widths of the terraces are different from 10m to 100m, the surface layers are covered with earth or crushed stones, it belongs to the fourth age erosion sediment of Heihe. The larger regional structures in the project area are Dagushan anticline, the faultage from Xiliushui to Changshiti River and Duanshiti River, the direction of the structure appears northwestwards, the larger gulches are Shilabangou, Changgangou, Lansigou, Dagushangou, Xiliushuigou, and Changshiti River. The elevations of the gorge zones in the project region are all over 1800m, that of the top of Dagushan Mountain is 3819.6m, the maximum depth of frozen earth is 1.5m. The strata revealed on the banks of the Heihe River in the project area are mainly shallow metamorphic rock of Silurian System (S -2), the loose accumulation of the different cause of formation of the fourth age, and invasive rock of down Paleozoic. The types of the ground water in the project region are bedrock slit-water and pore latent water of riverbed coverings, the bedrock slit-water is supplied by the rainfall, the buried depth is from 10m to over 100m higher than the river level; the pore latent water is directly supplied by rivers, it is abundant in volume and high in quality. (1) Topography and geological conditions in hinge district The hinge district is located at the down reaches 0.6km away from Dagushan, the flow direction of the river is about N10°E, it is a "V" type gorge reservoir, the banks of the riverbed are steep, the surface width of the river is about 30-60m, its longitudinal slope is 1.1%, the mountain body around the reservoir is solid, and is 300m above the river surface, the bedrock is revealed barely, the topography here is hazardous, there are sporadical Grade I-II terraces, Changgangou Gorge is developed on the left bank, in the gorge the stream is flowing everyday, Shilabangou Gorge is developed on the right bank. The gorge with a steep longitudinal slope is long prolonged. The Siluric plate rock and Caledonian adamellite are exposed from the strata, the plate rocks are most widely distributed in the reservoir region, the lithology is hard, plate structured, the joints and crannies are well developed, the surface weathering is a little crashed, there are a little crushed stones and earth heaped on the gentle ascent. (2) Diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel is located on the right bank of the Heihe River, the tunnel with 7.8-5.8m of diameter is 9.84km long. The wall rock through the inlet of the tunnel is Siluric plate rock, the wall rocks through the tunnel are basically plate rock and adamellite, and the outlet section of the tunnel is adamellite. (3) Topography and geological conditions of workshop district The beds of the pressure regulation wells and pressure pipes are adamellite, which is compact and hard, and belongs to Class III wall rock; the foundation stone is adamellite, which is a kind of invasive rock. 3.1.2 Climate and meteorology The project site belongs to the sub-climate region of Qilianshan Mountain-Qinghai Lake of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is high chilly semi-draughty climate, its characteristics are unapparent variation of the four seasons, dry weather, small and centralized rainfall, the long and cold spring and winter, the ice period of about four months, and a short and cool summer and autumn. The rainfall is centralized in July and August, the rainfall during 24 hours can reach 32mm, this can easily cause mountain stream break out; continuous snowfalls often occurs in March and April, the thickness of the daily snowfall can reach 9mm, which may cause the interruption of traffic. The statistic data of climate of Yingluoxia Hydrological Station are as follows: Annual average rainfall 175.4mm Annual average evaporation of water surface 1378.7mm Maximal air temperature 37.2°C Minimal air temperature -33.0°C Annual average air temperature 8.5°C Maximal wind velocity in past years 17.0m/s Average wind velocity 2.6m/s Direction of leading wind W Daily maximal rainfall 32mm Daily maximal snowfall 9mm Maximal depth of frozen earth 1.5mm Maximal thickness of bank ice 1.1mm Maximal depth of river ice 0.8mm 3.1.3 Hydrology The main surface water in project region is Heihe River and its branch Xiliushui River. The Heihe River originates between the Qilian Mountain in Qilian County in Qinghai Province and Datong Mountain, it divides into two forks of east and west, the east fork Ebohe River (another name is Babaohe River) originates from Jingyangling Mountain to the east of Ebotan Beach, it flows from the east to the west, its length is over 80km, and the average fall ratio of the riverbed is 9.3%o, the width of the valley is 1-4km; the west fork Yeniuhe River originates from Tieliganshan Mountain, it flows from the west to the east, its length is 190km, and the average fall ratio of the riverbed is 8.5%°/, the width of the valley is 1-5kin; the two forks joins at Huangzangsi Temple at the northwest of Qilian County, and then turns to the north and becomes the main stream of Heihe River, running through the mountains and valleys in the bounds of Sunan County, after flowing 90km, it enters into the bounds of Zhangye City at Yingluoxia Valley. After it flows into the corridor, the river runs northwest into Shanganhe River to the right of Zhangye, then into Liyuanhe River to the left of Linze, the riverbed consists of grit and gravel, the loss from leakage increases, part of surface water turns to latent stream, it appears as spring water running into the river in the bounds of Gaotai County, afterwards, it flows to Zhengyi Gorge and Dingxin, and joins with Linshuihe River on the left, at last it flows northward through the Gobi and desert into Juyanhai Lake in Inner Mongolia. The total length of Heihe River is over 800km; the area of the river valley reaches 69000km2. The runoff of the Heihe River is mainly supplied with the rainfall and the water from melted ice and snow in Qilian Mountains. The distribution of the runoff during the year is very uneven. Corresponding to the characteristics of annual distribution of the rainfall, the majority of runoffs centralized in the flood season of the months from June to September. The regimen variations within a year are approximately as follows: the runoff volume in the months from April to May accounts for 11.7% of the annual water volume; that in the months from June to September 68.2%; the months from October to November are the backwater period of the river, the water volume accounts for 9.6%. In the project district, the multiyear average flow 3 volume of the Heihe River amounts to 49m /s, the width of the river reaches 20-30m, the average fall ratio is1O0-20%o, the mineralization of the water quality is 0.1-0.3g/l, it belongs to heavy calcium carbonate type natural water. After the joining of Xiliushui River, the average flow of the Heihe River reaches to 50.5m3/s. Xiliushui River originates in the southern mountains of Xishui Township of Sunan County, its 2 catchment area measures 302.3km , there is not any hydrological data actually measured. 3.1.4 Soil The soil in the project site and the surroundings is mainly cold felt earth and chestnut soil. The cold felt earth is mainly distributed in the upper part of the mountain body on the banks of the river, and possesses the temperature conditions of cold soil, the soil section develops better, the calcium lamination appears obviously, the content of CaCO3 reaches as high as 20-30%, but for the thinner soil layer, its value for animal husbandry is lower. The calcium earth is distributed in the even region, its section generally possesses the saturated dark surface layer with 32% of organic materials, the earth within the range from the earth's surface to 50cm possesses the characters of calcium accumulation. For the vegetation is typical grassland, it is a better winter and spring grass field, part of even fields have been cultivated for planting, the main crops are wheat and oil plants. 3.1.5 Vegetation There is not almost any wood and shrub on the mountains except some sporadically scattered grass type plant, the coverage ratio is about 15%. Outside the project district there are exiguous trees and big grassland, the trees are mostly willow, pine, and elm, etc., the vegetations are mainly Krylov Needlegrass, Purplefower Needlegrass, Faltspike and Grass, the coverage ratio reaches 30-70%, the output of grass is 65-95kg/mu. 3.1.6 Animals There is not any national rare and near death animals and animal species for protection. 3.1.7 Mineral resources There are abundant building material resources in the district; the mountain body is mostly of plate rocks, which is high quality of building plate materials. 3.1.8 Cultural relics and historic sites From the reconnaissance on site, there is not any historic site and famous spot for tourism. 3.2 General situation of social surroundings The locus of the project district belongs to Bajiaowan Village of Xishui Township, there are 5 natural villages in the township, in which there are 271 families, 1151 persons in population, 526 laborers, the villagers are mainly engaging in agriculture and animal husbandry, there is not any industrial enterprises, the income is mainly coming from animal husbandry. In 2000, the total income of the whole township amounted to 5.6808million yuan, in which 297,100 yuan came from agriculture, 4.5974 million yuan from animal husbandry, 786300 yuan from bywork; the income per capita of the whole township was 3692 yuan. 4. The present conditions of ecological environment in the project district and the analysis of the environment influence of the project construction 4.1 Investigation and analysis of present conditions of ecological environment in the project district 4.1.1 The investigation and analysis of present conditions of land utilization (1) Investigation of present conditions The county that the project belongs to is Sunan Yugur Autonomy County, in which there are 2 23886.8km of total land area (the area of Shandan Charger Farm is not included), the present 2 situation of land utilization is: 71.4km of cultivated land accounting for 0.3%; 3313.6km2 of woodland accounting for 13.87%, in which 859.1km2 of forest; 12901.7km 2 of grassland 2 accounting for 54.0%; 85.5km of water area accounting for 0.36%; 95.3km 2 of other land use 2 accounting for 0.40%; 7419.4km of land hard for use accounting for 31.06%, in which 5849.1km2 are ice and snow tors. 2 There are 928.70km of total land in Xishui Township of Sunan County that the project involves in, the present situation of land utilization is: 1.72km2 of cultivated land accounting 2 for 0.19%; 266.21km of woodland accounting for 28.67%; 23.54km2 of grassland with scanty woods accounting for 2.54%; 459.55km of grassland accounting for 49.48%; 1.44km2 of resident spots used land accounting for 0.16%; 0.43km2 of land used by factories and 2 mines accounting for 0.05%; 1.07km of land for traffic accounting for 0.11%; 10.07km2 of water area accounting for 1.08%; 164.67km 2 of land hard for use accounting for 17.73%. The land permanently occupied by the project amounts to 454mu, most of which are barren hills and gorges and sporadical grasslands, the woodlands occupied amount to 24.8mu, grasslands 98.2mu. The temporarily occupied land 73mu, in which 60mu of cultivated land and 13mu of waste slope land. The present situation of land use in project district is shown in Figure 4-1. (2) Analysis of present situation Analyzing the present situation of land utilization of the whole county, it appears that the area of land is large, topographies rise and fall greatly, there are more hills and less plains, the utilization of land is difficult and lower, the types of land are complex and multiplex, and they are mainly grasslands and woodlands. Analyzing the types of the land occupied by the project, they are mainly barren hills and gorges that are difficult for using and waste slope grassland, the cultivated land is only for temporarily use and will be recultivated after the project construction. 4.1.2 Investigation and analysis of present conditions of water resources utilization The water resource in the main stream of Heihe River is mainly for farmland irrigation, living water of urban and rural areas, and industrial production. At present, the total consumed water 8 3 volume in its whole drainage area amounts to 33.58 x 108m3 , deducting 3.19 X 10 m of groundwater consumption, the surface water consumption is 30.39 X 10'M3, the utilization of water resources reaches 87.9%. According to the difference of trades, agricultural water consumption amounts to 31.75 X 108m3 accounting for 94.6% of the total water consumption of the whole drainage area, industrial water consumption amounts to 1.42 X 108m3 accounting for 4.2% of the total; living water consumption 0.41 X 10 8m accounting for 1.2% of the total. According to the difference of administrative areas, the water consumption in Qinghai Province amounts to 0.14 X 108m3 accounting for 0.4% of the total water consumption of the 8 3 whole drainage area; the water consumption in Gansu Province amounts to 32.11 X 10m accounting for 95.60% of the total; the water consumption in Inner Mongolia amounts to 1.33 X 108 m3,accounting for 4.0% of the total. In addition, the utilization program of the water resources of the main stream of the Heihe River will turn to the development of water conservancy and reallocation of water resources in order to solve the contradictions of water utilization of middle and lower stretches of the river from the mountain outlet of Yingluoxia Gorge of the Heihe River. At present, there is only a Longshou Stage One (Yingluoxia Gorge) hydroelectric station on the upper stretch of the main stream of the Heihe River. Longshou Stage Two (Xiliushui) hydroelectric station is in construction now, Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is the sixth stage station programmed in the stage development of the main stream of the Heihe River. 4.1.3 Investigation and analysis of present conditions of diversity of living things (1) Terrestrial living things (D Terrestrial vegetation Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is located in the experimental zone of State Level Natural Protection Region of Qilianshan Mountain, the vegetation subarea of influence area of the project appears obvious and vertical belt pedigree. 1) Waste desert and grassland zone of hilly area It is the hillside distributed between the elevations of 2000-2350m, the main plants there are the grasses of Chuan-Qing Peushrub, harmel Peganum, Common Ceratoides, Common Sandbur and Inebriate Jijigrass etc. 2) Grassland zone of hilly area It is the alps and valleys distributed between the elevations of 2350-2800m, the main plants there are the grasses of Chuan-Qing Peushrub, Weixi Rose, Common Aneurolepidium, Inebriate Jijigrass, Chinese Aellera and Astragalus Membranaceus etc. 3) Coniferous woods zone of subfrigid zone It is distributed between the elevations of 2500-3 100m, the main plants are Qinghai spruce. 4) Rhododendron bush zone of high mountains It is distributed in the scope between the elevations of 3100-3500m, the main plants of Azalea Rose Bay are Strong Aromatic Azalea, Capitate Azalea, Redhair Azalea and Praewalsk Azalea, etc. Shrubbery mass have Mountain Willow, Cupular Willow, Arrowleaf Peushrub, Smallleaf Cinquefoil, Tangut Daphne and Hispid Honeysuckle, etc. Herbage have Entire Meconopsis, Northern Kobresia and Alpine Gertian etc. 5) Meadow zone high mountains It is distributed in the scope between the elevations of 3500-4000m, the main plants are Bush Cinquefoil, Cupular Willow, Alpine Spiraea etc. shrub. Herbaceous advantage are Sedge, Siberia Golumbine Meadowrue, Dwarf Edelweiss, Dwarf Globeflower and Bulbil Knotwed etc. The area influenced by the project is located in the subzone of typical grassland of Qilianshan Mountain. The types of vegetation often seen are ruderal grassland and edelweiss grassland. The grass ruderal grassland distributed on the gentle slopes or shade slopes consists of Wheatgrass, Krylov Needlegrass, India Horseorchid, Inebriate Jijigrass and Heterophyllous Greenorchid. Mountaintop forrned by Krylov Needlegrass and Fringed Sagebrush and total covered reach 30-70%. Needlegrass kinds height all about 10-30cm. Edelweiss grassland formed by Common Edelweiss, Krylov Needlegrass, Chinese Sellera, Umbellate Rockjasmine and Yellow Spiderflower etc. On the mountains on the banks of the river in the project district there is basically not any tree and frutex, there is only sporadical grass vegetation, and the coverage ratio is 15%. In the surroundings of the project there are sparse trees and large tracts of grass fields, the woods are mainly willows, pines, and elms, etc. the vegetations are mainly Grass of Krylov Needlegrass, Purpleflower Needlegrass and Flatspike, the coverage ratio is 30-70%, and the output of grass is 65-95kg/mu. (©) Terrestrial animals Abundant wild animals are inhabiting in the State-level Natural Protection Zone of Qilianshan Mountain. From statistics, there are 229 species of terrestrial wild animals, in which 47 species of beasts, 169 species of Aves, 13 species of amphibious creepers. In the wild animals of the protection zone, 51 species are state level protected animals, in which 13 species of the state grade one major protection animals, 38 species of the state grade two major protection animals. The State Level Natural Protection Region of Qilianshan Mountain is also the area where pheasants centrally inhabit in our country, from the statistics, there are 11 species of pheasants. The concrete protected species and the list can refer to the chapters about the natural protection. Because of the sparse vegetation in the area influenced by the project, the environment for animal inhabiting is relatively poor, there is not any animal species mainly protected by the state, there are only part of birds, amphibious and creep species. The birds are mainly sparrow, peasant, and tomtit. The list of amphibious and creep species are shown in Table 4-1 and Table 4-2. Table 4-1 List of Amphibious Species in Project District of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Order Family Genus Latin name Remark Toad Toad Bufo andrewsi Forest frog Rana chaochiaoensis China special species Anury Frog Rapid frog Amolops mantzorum China special species Rhacophorus dugritei China special species T Rhacophorus omeimontis China special species Table 4-2 List of Creeper Species in Project District of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Order Family Genus Species Latin name Remark Mane Climb Climb Jl fla Special lizard lizard lizard species Lizard Odonate Odonate Sphenomorphus indicus suborder Skink Odonate Odonate Scincella monticola Special .. ____ _ specie Lizard Grass Lizard Takydromus Special Lizard septentrionalis species Swim Snake Snake Dindom rufozonatum snake Snak Snake Elaphe taeniura Snake Snake Snake Pseudoxenodon macrops suborder . Plateau Viper Pallas pit Pallas pit Gloydius strauchii Special iper v iper species ( Aquatic living things 1) Water plant The waterfall in project-influenced district is big, the temperature of water is low, it is suitable for small single cell plant or phytoplankton of multi cells, but the alga of fixative protonema or branch type is less. According to the examination of Zhangye City Environmental Supervision Station on aquatic living things in the project reach in November of 2002, there are 13 genus 30 species of alga altogether, the alga species and distribution points of samples are shown in Table 4-3. Table 4-3 Alga Species and Distribution Points of Samples Species Sampli g spots Alga I II III IV 1 , Achnanthes Aexigua + ++ ++ Alanceolata + ... +++ Amicrocephal ++ ++ ++ ++ Alinearis + 2, Cymbella Ctumida(Breb) +.+ ++ C.turgida(Greg) + ++ +++ ++ C.affinis ++ 3 Frgilaria Eintermedia Grunow + + 4, Gomphonema Gangustatum + G olivaceum + 5 G.yrosigma . Gacpuminatum(Kutz.) + ... 6, Merismopedia M.tenuissima Lemn + 7 , Navicula N.gracilis Hre ...++ N.anglica Ralfg ++ N.cryptocepnala ( Kutz ) + N.viridula + 8, Nitzschia N.palea(kutz) + + 9, Pinnularia P.appendiculata(Ag.) + 1O-, Surirella S.teneravar nervosa + 11 Synedra Sulna + +++ ++ S.affiinis + + + + 12, Spirogyra S.varians + +++ ... 13- Sprirulina + 2) Aquatic protozoan The protozoans seen during supervision in the project reach are 10 genus 14 species, refer to Table 4-5. Table 4-5 Species of Protozoans and Distribution of Sampling Spots Species Sampling spots Alga II III V 1 , Arcella A.hemisphaerica Perty + A.gibbosa penard + 2- Chromulna Ch.Ovalis Klebs +++ + 3, Cyclidium ++ 4- Chlamydomonas ... 5- Difflugia D.pyriformis Perty + D.globulosa Dujardin + 6- Euglena + 7. Litonotus L.obtusus Maupas ++ 8- Monas M.socialis(S.Kcot) Lemm. +++ ++ M.obliqua Schewiakoff +++ ++ 9- Oikomonas O.termo (Ehrenb)S.Kent + ++ 10- Spirostomum S.ambiguum . + Notes: +++ indicating "more"; ++ indicating "often seen"; + indicating "occasionally seen" 3) Palmer (1969) gave different values of pollution indexes separately for 20 genus of alga species that are able to bear pollution, according to the alga species appeared in the monitored reach in project district, total pollution index value can be calculated, if the total pollution index is more than 20, the pollution belongs to heavy pollution, 15-19, it belongs to medium pollution, less than 15, light pollution. The alga genus appeared in the monitored reach and the pollution indexes are shown in Table 4-6. Table 4-6 Values of Pollution Indexes of Alga Species Value of Value of Total pollution pollution index pollution index index Chlamydomonas 4 Synedra 3 15 Euglena 5 Navicula 2 (Medium Gomphoema Gomphonema l1 .pollution) From Table 4-6, the total pollution index of the alga in project reach is 15; it belongs to medium pollution. (E) Resources of crops varieties In Xishui Township of Sunan County, the influence district of the project, there are 10 species, 57 varieties of crops of wheat, highland barley, horsebean, pea, barley, oat, millet, corn, potatoes, and clover. The crops planted in larger areas are the four species of wheat, highland barley, bean, and potatoes. The oil plants are mainly two species of linseeds and rape; there are 7 varieties altogether. 4.1.4 Configuration of landscape environment and analysis of its stability (1) Analysis of configuration of landscape environment The district appraised belongs to the experimental zone of State-level Natural Protection Region of Qilianshan Mountain, the plant resources are mainly grasslands and bush in local valleys, and the bush mainly is red willow. According to the actual situation of the vegetation in the appraised district, we divide it into the following several kinds. (D Bare flood land: It is generated by flushing of the Heihe River, having big gravels with sands separated, there are a few bush grass growing on the banks, the biological quantities are 2 between 10-30g/ (mi2 a).Its area amounts to 1.8km , which accounts for 10% of the appraised area. 2 Coverage ratio of grassland on middle terraces on the banks: The main plants in local pasture are mainly weed distributing on the terraces on the banks, the coverage ratio is about 2 70%. the biological quantities are between 210g/ (m2 a). Its area amounts to 14.96km , which accounts for 82.8% of the appraised area. (®) Sub-high mountain meadows: They are distributed on top of the mountains on the banks of the river, the coverage ratio is 85%, the main grasses are wormwood, etc. The biological 2 amount is only 230g/ (mi2 *a). Its area amounts to 1.2km , which accounts for 7% of the appraised area. (4) Vegetation of farmland: it is distributed in the area of the Xishuigou plant site, the area amounts to 0.05km2 (temporary occupation), The biological amount is 760g/ (m2 * a), which accounts for 0.2% of the appraised area. The main crops are wheat, highland barley, corn, and potatoes, etc. the district belongs to Bajiaowan Village, Bashui Township, Sunan County. (2) Landscape environment system and analysis of its stability The region belongs to the natural system of landscape environment; it consists of river system, farmland system, and grassland regularly. The quality of the landscape environment is decided by the interaction of natural environment, various living things, and human society. The selected site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is mainly in a natural region with some trace of long-term human interference. From the view point of the configuration and functions of the landscape environment, whether the configuration is reasonable decides the good and bad of the functions of the landscape. The landscape is divided into three parts: blocks, corridors, and module, the module is the background and a kind of major element, which plays a leading role in the dynamic effect of the landscape. There are three standards for designing the module, i.e., relatively large area, high connection extent, and strong dynamic control ability. At present, to judge a landscape module, we mostly employ the traditional method by calculating the major values of vegetation to balance the advantages of a module in a landscape; this is also called advantage degree value. The advantage degree value is calculated from the three parameters of density (Rd), frequency (Rf), and landscape proportion (Lp). The three parameters can better reflect the above two standards in judgment of the module, the third standard expresses unclearly, but we can rely on the judgment procedures of the module, when the judgment of the first two standards is clear, it con be recognized that the module type with larger area and high connection extent is really the one we are looking for, it possesses a strong control ability for ecological environment. The mathematic expression for calculation of the advantage degree Number of quadrati Density(Rd) = x 100% Total number of quadrat Number of sample square appeared from quadrat Frequency (R])= x 100% Total number of sample square titRd = Aol~ xOOx 100% (The sample is a square of lkm x lkm, sampling to the landscape with whole covering, taking Merrington Maxine "t-percentage table of distribution points" to inspect). Area of quadrati Proportion of landscape(Lp) = x100% Area of sample land (Rd+RJ)12+Lp Advantage degree value(Do) = x100% 2 The advantage degree values of calculation of site selection and every module of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station are listed in Table 4-7. Table 4-7 Advantage Degree Values of Modules in Site Selection of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Type of module Rd (%) Rf (%) Lp (%) Do (%) River 1.1 30.0 10 12.72 Farmland 1.2 10.0 0.2 2.9 Grassland 97.7 100.0 89.8 94.33 The data in Table 4-7 indicate that, in the advantage degree values of modules of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project, the Do of grassland is the highest and reaches 94.33%, the landscape proportion value Lp is 89.8%, the frequency Rf of appearance is 100%, this indicates that the grassland conforms to the judgment of the module, and becomes a component controlling local environment quality, therefore, the environment quality of the region is good and possesses the ability of restoring the environment after suffering interference. For some type of environment suffering stronger interference, the advantage degree value of the farmland is only 2.9%, consequently, the human interference has not made the environment to decline now. 4.2 Prediction and appraisal of influence of the project on the environment 4.2.1 Analysis of influences of reservoir construction and the river reaches reducing water on local climate After the construction of the project, the water of the river is introduced into mountain tunnel, the flow of the reach from the gate site to the station site decreases apparently, and there is not any branch flowing into the it along the river, this directly influences the vegetation (mainly the grass coverage and sporadical bushes) on the banks of the river. The middle part of the mountain body on the banks of the river decreasing water are most bare rocks with thin vegetations, so, the influence of the project on it is smaller. The tops of the mountains have better vegetations, which are mostly grass coverage with the ability of conserving water source, this can supply the source of surface water and ground water on the banks of the river, accordingly, the water decrease of the river cannot lead to the descent of water level of groundwater on the slopes on the banks and then to influence the vegetation, it also will not bring apparent influence on the local climate, the weather conditions here are still controlled by the atmosphere here. Consequently, the vegetation on the banks of the river reducing water will not changed apparently. But the latent water small opening of the over-burden of the riverbed is supplied by river water, and the environmental water consumption mainly comes from the latent water, and the dry season is the key point of water consumption of rooting and budding of plants, so certain amount of water discharge during the dry season should be guaranteed for maintaining the ecological water supply of the river. Considering the comparability of the economical environment in the river reducing water and Xiliushuigou, the current flow 3 of Xiliushuigou is 1.5 m /s, it is suggested that the minimal discharge during the dry season adopts 1.6m3/s. 4.2.2 Prediction and appraisal of the stability of the landscape environment system (1) Analysis of variation of animals and plants (D Analysis of variation of vegetation The station construction, reservoir storage, and the conditions of the river reducing water will possibly bring out certain influence on the vegetation in the project district. From the analogy survey and analysis of the destructive extents of the vegetations caused by the construction of Longshou stage one and Xiliushui hydroelectric stations, the influences are only limited to the area directly occupied by the project, but the destroyed vegetations are widely distributed in broad neighboring areas, after the project construction, the measures of restoration of the vegetations on construction sites, stock grounds, especial the gate site and the station district were taken, this has improved the vegetation and landscape in local area, which has become a scenery line of the Heihe River. In a word, the construction of Longshou Stage One Hydroelectric Station has not had the influence on the vegetation of the region and not brought about perdition of species. The influences of the construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station on vegetations will appear at the parts of hinge, tunnel residue outlet, waste dregs grounds, and the workshop. The original grew vegetation in the project district was already destroyed earlier, they are replaced by the hypo-grew vegetation (mainly on the right bank, the building of the road from the workshop to the hinge caused the destruction) on the banks, the construction of the station will influence it in certain extent, but for the vegetations are widely distributed in the areas nearby, the vegetation species and the resources will not suffer destructive influence. The water surface increase and the rising of groundwater level, and the tiny variation of temperature and humidity will be beneficial to the growth of plant, though part of original species will be submerged by the reservoir, the species are common to see and distributed in broad areas in large amount, the separation of generation and fragment cannot be occurred, the succession and transmission of the species will also not be influenced. (:) Analysis of the influence on terrestrial animals Construction period: the construction site of the project is located at the valley of the river, the district of the project is good in original natural environment and thin in vegetation, there are almost no big animals hereby, one can see some small animals such as lizards and creep animals in chance, for interference of the construction, the animals mentioned above migrated to other similar environment; because the birds inhabiting near the valleys are interfered by noises and waste gases, they will migrate to resident areas. Because the terrestrial animals possess strong ability of migration and the similar conditions can be easily found nearby, the species and the amount will not be influenced. The influences of the construction activities on the terrestrial animals are mostly temporary, along with the completion of the project; the ceasing of construction activities, and the restoration of the vegetation on the site, the influence on these respects will gradually disappear. Operation period: the hinge reservoir of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station will submerge part of inhabitant locus of terrestrial species, for the relatively smaller area of the reservoir, fewer present terrestrial living things in the area, and wide distribution of the same environment nearby, the influence on the inhabitant of the terrestrial living things is slight. The formation of the reservoir and the extension of the water area will increase the locus for amphibians to inhabit and propagate. The water decrease of the river can make floodplain, enlarge the area of gravel beaches, and the environment of dry and facing the sun suits saurian to inhabit and act, but the flood discharge for sand flushing will have unfavorable influences on the inhabitant and multiplication of amphibian in the river of the project district. Because the time period for flood discharge is limited within 72 hours once, and only three times a year, therefore, the extent of influence on them is little. ® Analysis of the influence on the rare and special animals In the range of the direct influence of the construction and the river reach reducing water, there are not any state-level and province-level mainly protected animals and birds in the region, the construction will not directly destroy their inhabitant terra, but the noises from the construction machinery will make some interference with the animals and birds in the construction areas, and influence on their inhabitant and search of foods; the entry of the builders into the regions with higher elevation and some rare animals for protection will make certain danger and threat for them, in general, the range influenced is limited, its extent is also narrow, as long as strengthening the relative education to the builders and putting the artificial injury to the end, the influence on them would decrease. (Q) Analysis of the influence on aquatic living things The reach reducing water of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is about 11.5m long, there is not water from branch gorge to supply, the flow of the reach decrease greatly, the aquatic environment suffered serious destruct, the type of species and the amount of aquatic alga will be influenced in certain extent. Because of the slowdown of the stream, the amount of gravel and pieces of stone in the riversides and the protonema and ramous alga will increase. Because of the decent of area of the river surface, in the riverbed of some of the original reaches, the growth of aquatic alga and low-class animals becomes slowness, the amount decrease, especially the growth of animal type feed becomes slower and the amount less. This shows that the construction of the station will have influence on the aquatic alga in the reach reducing water. (2) Prediction of the change of the completeness of the local natural environmental system The range of the influence of the station project has been mentioned above. The permanent occupied land reaches 28hm2 , the land for construction is 4.87km2 Longqu Power Station will supply electricity power to the project construction. The distribution of the project in space has influenced the district in the scope of 18km2, the land directly occupied reaches 0.65km2, accounting for 1.83% of the area of the appraised district. Therefore, the project has certain influence on the completeness of the environment; this will lead the change in appraisal of the production capacity and stability of the district. The core of the natural system of the district of appraisal is living things, especially of the vegetation of the grasslands. The living things have the ability of acclimation, their adaptability is a biological property gradually evolved and developed from cell-individual-species cluster in certain conditions, it is the result of interaction between living things and nature environment. Because living things have the ability of production, they can provide the repair (regulation) to the natural system that suffered interference. Therefore, the ecological equilibrium of the natural system can be maintained. But when the excessive interference exceed the ability of the repair (regulation), the natural system will lose the ability of maintaining the equilibrium, and the system will decline from a higher grade to a lower grade. Therefore, the aim of the appraisal is to predict the decline of the ability of the natural system in the project district. O Variation of productive ability of natural system in the appraised district The vegetation occupied by construction and operation of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is shown in Table 4-8. From the figures in Table 4-8, the average productive ability of the natural system in the appraised district after construction and operation will decline from the original 193.5g/(m 2 - a) to 186.9 2 2 g/(m *a), the average net decrease is 6.16g/(m *a), because of the less reduction in range, the influence of the project on the productive ability of natural system in the appraised district is limited in the acceptable extent. Table 4-8 Reduction of Living Things for the Occupation of Land by Xiaogushan Station Original vegetation occupied Reduction of Type Area (kmi) living things (t) Hinge construction Bare land in beach 23.33 4.67 Xishuigou workshop Vegetation of 4 30.42 farmland______Temporary roads for Meadow 1.5 3.30 construction ___ _ Permanent roads for constructioncosruto Meadow 3.6 7.92 Production and living district Meadow 4.67 7.61 Stope Meadow 8 23.36 Waste residue ground Meadow 9.6 21.29 Total 54.7 98.57 Average reduction of living things in appraised district [g/(m2 a)] 6.16 Prediction of productive capacity of natural system in the appraised 186.9 2 district after the project put into production [g/(m .a)] (2) Appraisal of stability of the natural system in the appraised district The stability and instability of natural system are both opposite and uniform. The measurement of stability of the natural system can be considered in two respects of the restoration of stability and determination of impedance. The construction of the project will make the amount of living things in local natural system reduce 98.75t, the average productive capacity per hectare decline 0.062t, and the average net productive capacity will still maintain 2 at 186.9 g/(m * a). Therefore, the influence on the restoration of stability of natural system is limited, it can be accepted by the natural system of the district. The measurement of the stability of impedance of the natural system will be realized through the extent of change of heterogeneity of the vegetation. The permanent land occupation of the completed 2 project is only 2.11km , accounting for 13.19% of the appraised district, and the vegetation on the rest 86.81% of the land will change little and maintain the current situation, and it is the vegetation on the 86.81% of the land that possesses the dynamic control power to the district, therefore, the construction and operation of the project have little influence on the module components of the natural system and the extent of self-heterogeneity. 5. Present conditions of soil erosion in the project district and scheme of water and soil conservation 5.1 Investigation and analysis of current soil erosion in the project district 5.1. I Present conditions of soil erosion According to project is located in the small zone of the Qilian forest grassland of Tushishan subregion of the southwest of the prevention and cure region of drainage area of inland rivers, the erosion can divide into two types of hydraulic and froze melting, and the former is the main type. The modulus of the soil hydraulic erosion islOO-300t/km2 a, according to 5.1.2 Prevention and cure of soil erosion The project district is located in the canyon region of the Heihe River, the upper stream is in Qilianshan Natural Protection Region, the people of nationalities of the whole county under the leadership of the Party committees and governments of all levels curried out planting trees and grass, sealing all mountain passes for cultivating woods with all cadres and technical professionals together. By insisting the combination of curing slopes, beaches and gorges, the vegetation ratio has raised. On the bases of protection and extension of woods for supplying water to water sources in Qilianshan Mountains, protection forests are constructed positively, all these play an important role in improvement of the conditions of land and mountain region, resistant against natural disasters, control of soil erosion, and development of production of agriculture, forest, and animal husbandry. From the year of 2001, in order to realize the strategic aim of the West Development and building beautiful mountains and rivers, Sunan County started the synthetic ecological construction project of the Heihe river, the main measures adopted are natural woods enclosure raising, grassland raising with enclosure, and artificial woods planting, this will raise the ability of the natural forest in upper streams and headstream in supplying water for water sources, prevent against the degeneration of grassland, desertification, and basification for improvement of the environment of the whole river valley of the Heihe River, and for the establishment of coordinate development base for the whole river. Because the waste residues from the project construction have piled up on the banks and gorges, occupied part terraces of the riverbed, this may bring about mud-rock flow disasters for the areas of downstream, therefore, powerful measures should be taken for this. 5.2 Prediction of soil erosion in construction and operation of the project 5.2.1 Periods of prediction According to construction property of the project and the time limit of benefit brought by the scheme of water and soil conservation, the planting measures will attain the required design functions in five years, thus the period of time for prediction of water and soil erosion conservation is divided into two periods of construction and operation, the construction period is 3 years, and the operation period is 5 years. 5.2.2 Contents and methods for the prediction (1) Method of prediction of original landforms, land, and damage of vegetation The area of the original landforms damaged, land occupied, and vegetation damaged by main body construction and temporary buildings is predicted according to the design institute for major part design. (2) Method of prediction of damage of the facilities for water and soil conservation The facilities for water and soil conservation damaged by the project construction is analyzed and predicted by making use of the data concerned with the project design and the field investigations. The facilities for water and soil conservation include: the original ground surface, woods and meadow fields, and small-scale projects of water and soil conservation, etc. (3) Method of prediction of the volume of waste stone residues and the land area occupied Taking the data of major construction. (4) Method of prediction of the volume of newly possibly increased soil erosion O Prediction of the volume eroded from the original ground The model of prediction is: Qo=FM...... (1) In the formula: Qo-annually eroded volume from the original ground (ta'1) M-erosion modulus of the original ground (t km-2 a-') F-area of land occupied by the project (including the temporary buildings) 2 (kM ) (X) Eroded volume from the stir ground Predicting with analog method, the model is: Q sti- =AF s M ...... (2) In the formula: Q stir-annually eroded volume from the stir ground (ta ') A-analog coefficient F stir-area of stir ground (kM2 ) ( Prediction of loss of waste residues Predicting with analog method, the model is: Q residues BG residues -...... --.-...... (3) In the formula: Q residues-total loss of waste residues ( t) B-analog coefficient Gresidues-total volume of waste residues (t) ) Prediction of loss of earth and stone excavated Q loss =CG loss ...... (4) In the formula: Q loss-loss of earth and stone excavated (t) C-analog coefficient G 1055-total volume of earth and stone excavated (t) ( Prediction of newly increased soil erosion The model is: A Q=Q stir T.stir. +Q residues +Qloss QoTo+Q cofferdam-...... (5) In the formula: A Q-total volume of newly increased soil erosion (t) Q cofferdam-VOlume of residues for cofferdam use (t) To-service time limit of the scheme of water and soil conservation (a) T stir--time limit of stir (5) Method of prediction of the harm from the newly possibly brought soil erosion The loose piles of waste earth, waste residue, and waste stones from the project construction are the important factors causing soil erosion, because of the different spots of the piles and compositions of the waste materials, the extents of the erosion have great differences, and the results of harm are also different. This will influence the safety of the major constructions and normal operation, and bring about the disasters of mud-rock flow for the surroundings of the down stream if no measures for protection are taken. The synthetic analysis is made according to the design of main constructions and the report of field investigation. (1) Prediction of the damage of the original landform, land, and vegetation According to the design of main constructions, the stirring of the original landform and the damage of land from the station construction and relative temporary constructions during the period of construction are shown in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 Statistics of Amount of Land with Original Landform Stirred in Project District Item Classification of land and amount (kM2 ) Waste land River beach Sparse woods Subtotal Waste residue ground 9.6 9.6 Material ground 8.0 8.0 Temporary roads 7.73 7.73 Temporary land for 5.53 5.53 produc tion Mai Permanent 3636 Mainroads 3.6 3.6 constructionOthers 23.33 4.67 28.0 110KV power 0.95 0.95 transmission lines Total 27.41 31.33 4.67 63.41 (2) Prediction of damage of the facilities for water and soil conservation According to the design and arrangement of main constructions, the total damaged facilities for water and soil conservation are: 36.07hm2 of original ground area and 4.67hm2 of woods and meadow area. There is not any other small-scale construction of water and soil conservation. According to the stipulations of Article Two of the document Ganshuibaofa[1995] No.11 O 110KV power transmission lines: The total length of the line is 47.5km from the station to the Zhangye 330 substation, calculating according to 20m2 for an iron tower with the space of lOOm between twos, the total area of land occupied amounts to 0.95hm2. ( BI stock ground: The ground, located at the flood land of Xiliushuihe River, occupies 8.0 hm2 of land area. O The station district occupies 4.67 hm2 of the area of woods and meadow. The total area of above three items amounts to 13.62 hm2 . (3) Prediction of the volume of waste stone residue and the area of occupied land The waste stone residue includes two parts of the surplus and wastes from the excavation and the construction materials of the project construction. The project will produce 249,300m3 of crushed stone, earth and gravel from the excavation, 84,300m3 of stone work excavation, 570,600m3 of stone work excavated in caves, 157,100m3 of backfill of gravel, 245,300m3 of over-burden excavated from stock grounds, 992,400m3 of the total waste earth and stone, the details of stopes and discarded residue are shown in Table 5-2. Table 5-2 Distribution of (Stone) Stopes, Discarded Residue Elevation Quantity (10000 3 No. Location m ) Type of Area m)_ occupied ) 7kM2A Remark No. LocanGet Discard land (km_) . Waste gorge on right ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Permanentroad, Al bank of upper stream 2098 Waste discarded residue 13.83 2.0 3km away from dam gorge from hinge tunnel and Near No.2 A, Construction Discarded Branch 2138 7.69 Wasteland 0.3 residue from tunnel Discarded A3 Construction Branch 2135 7.69 Wasteland 0.3 residue from tunnel A4 Near No.n 2136 Discarded 7.69 Wasteland 0.3 residue from tunnel On right bank of Discarded A5 O . 1920 Xiliushuigou 37.81 Wasteland 7.0 residuersdefo from station and tunnel Concrete B, Flood land ofac"egt ilisu River 1960 36.8 Xiliushui River 24.53 Wasteland 8.0 aggregate material stock Total ground 36.8 99.24 17.9 5.3 Prediction of possibly newly increased volume of soil erosion 5.3.1 Prediction of volume of the original ground erosion According to the data of 5.3.2 Prediction of newly increased erosion volume after the ground stirring Because of the stirring of earth's surface, the vegetation on the original landform and the soil structure are damaged, this leads to soil loosen and bare, and serious soil erosion. According to the statistical data of Dingjazhuang Mine of Linfen City of Shanxi Province in flood is 1.9 times of the seasons of the years of 1988 and 1989, the erosion modulus after mining of human activities in original; in Shenfudongsheng mines, because of the acceleration big as 2.1 times of development of coalmines, the erosion modulus after mining increases as of Loess the original (Mengqingmei chief editor of 15° , the modulus 2.3 times. analog method for So that, combining local reality with the results of investigation and taking the erosion volume calculation and prediction, in construction period of the project, taking the area of stirred caused by artificially stirring the ground surface as big as the original, and the area of the ground surface is the difference of the area of construction of the project reservoir, i.e., 40.74hm2. According to the formula (2), it is calculated: Q stir =AF stir M=2 X 0.4074 X 300=244 (t/a) 5.3.3 Prediction of the loss of discarded earth, discarded stone, and residue Taking analog method for the prediction of erosion The data quoted are: (1) under general situations, the sand production coefficient Soil Conservation of after mining takes 20%-30% (Mengqingmei chief editor of The discarded residue of the project is mainly rough grain stone, the opening of the pile is big, the ability of seeping in is strong, the flow generated is small, the rainfall in the project district is small, if it is not flushed directly to form mud-rock flows, the erosion volume of the discarded residue is small. Compared with the stone residue 3 (654,900m ), the run-off volume of pile is calculated according to the 8%of the discarded residue volume; the crushed and stone earth, gravel (249,300m 3) and the discarded earth and stone from stopes (245,300m 3 ) are small in grain and easy to wash out, and the run-off volume is calculated according to 20% the volume of of the discarded earth and stone. Fromformula (3), weget: Qresidues =BGresidues=8%X65.49X O00OX2.75=144078 (t); From formula (4), we get: Qloss =CGloss =20%X (24.93+24.53) X 10000X 1.84=182013 (t); Qcofferdam =2.7X lOOOOX 1.84=49680 (t); From formula (5), we get the run-off volume of the newly increased soil erosion A Q=Q stir T stir +Q residues +Q loss -QoTo+Q cofferdam =244 X 3+144078+182013-190 X 8+49680=27.56 (10,OOOt) 5.4 Prediction of the possible damage from the newly increased soil erosion The loose pile of discarded crushed stone produced in project construction is the major factor causing soil erosion. The waste residue of the project comes from the excavation of construction and the surplus from the building materials used. They are rough grains and piled on the banks of the Heihe River and the Xiliushui River, and are 992,400m 3 (about 2.2528million tons) in total, serious soil erosion will occur under the washing of the rainfall if no measures are taken, this may silt the reservoir and occupy the riverbed, result in the damages of the project itself and the surrounding areas of downstream, and influence the safety of main buildings and normal operation. 5.5 Measures of water and soil conversation 5.5.1 Dividing of regions for prevention against soil erosion According to the types of landforms, present land utilization, density of population, construction time procedures, the properties of soil erosion, and the difference of distribution six soil erosion prevention subareas of of the main constructions in the project district, the area, diversion tunnel prevention hinge prevention area, production management prevention stock ground prevention area, and area, temporary road prevention area, building material in Table 5-3. power transmission line prevention area. They are shown Table 5-3 Subareas of Soil Erosion Prevention of Item of prevention Area2 Form of Properties Ie fpeeto NameName off suareasubarea (kMn ) ground soil erosion ______surface Reservoir, hinge, 4km permanent road, residue Waste Hydraulic, temporary Hinge prevention 58.24 mountain, stock ground, gorge gr living and production district Management district, station district, residue Production Waste mountain, Hydraulic stock ground, temporary management 32.18 living and production prevention area sparse woods, flood land district, 1 bridge across the river Diversion tunnel, Waste . construction adit, residue Diversion tunnel temporary 45.40 mountain Hydraulic stock ground, prevention area living and production district Extension 20km, (Temporary) road Waste temporary II km prevention area 21.73 mountain Hydraulic Material stock ground, Material stock temporary living and ground prevention 8.00 Flood land Hydraulic production district area Power ~~~~~~~~~110kv power Power transmission line 47.5km transmission 0.95 Waste land Hydraulic t prevention area 5.5.2 Layout of subarea prevention measures -Discarded residue stock ground-residue -Hinge block dam, pressing prevention -Permanent road-protection in layers slope, backfill of part stone residue, residue stock ground inlet - Temporary living and production land-land restoration renovation, natural -Discarded residue ground-pressing in layers, building slope by dryly laying stones, covering -Production area with earth prevention -Temporary living and production land-land renovation, natural restoration -Station district virescence, levee (main buildings existed) - Discarded residue ground-residue blocking wall, pressing in -Diversion layers tunnel prevention area - Temporary living and production land-land renovation, -Power natural restoration transmission line prevention area-land -Material renovation, natural restoration stock ground prevention area-land -Temporary renovation, virescence road prevention area-protection slope (main buildings stone residue for road existed), backfill of part building, inlet residue stock ground The distribution of measures for water and soil conservation of hinge prevention area, diversion prevention area, and production prevention area is shown in Figure 5-1, Figure 5-2, and Figure 5-3. 5.5.3 Measures for water and soil conservation (1) Al residue stock ground: a place for stocking residues from the hinge, 1/4 tunnel and permanent roads, it is located in the waste gorge on the bank of upper stream 3km apart from the dam, the total discarded residue amounts to 138,300m3 , pressing with machinery, the side slope of the ground is 1:2.5, the designed area of occupied land amounts to 2km2 . From measurement, the length of the gorge is 1.2km, the average falling ratio of the gorge is 16/100, bed there is not water running often, the erosion modulus of the original 2 landform is 300t km- *a-', there are bedrock appearing outside. The outlet of the gorge is connected with the Heihe River, in order to prevent residues against flushed into the Heihe River, a dam built by dryly laying stones is set up at the outlet of the gorge for blocking the eroded residues and silt from the stock grounds. For the parameters for residue blocking dam design, please refer (6) Land renovation work completed, all the left Land for temporary living and production: after the construction and all the excavated ground will residue and garbage will be cleaned into the stock ground, 2 be leveled, its area is 5.53km . all the earth and stone B l Xiliushui material stock ground: after the construction completed, gravel on the flood land of the excavated should be backfilled, leveled and pressed, push the press it mechanically, make the pit river into the stope pit within 50m of the bunds, level and neighboring places to fill in the level with the surrounding ground, bring the earth from the area is 8.Gkm. pits for planting trees, the depth of the earth is 50cm, and the The total area of the above two items is 13.53km . (7) Virescence work 1) Production and living management area (D Land conditions: The area is located at the terras on the banks of the the elevations Xiliushuihe River, are between 1920-1950m, the earth layer is deep and thick, there gravel and irrigation are few conditions, there can plant arbor, shrub and flowers. (I) Selection of virescence plants: They are mainly the local plant and grass arbors are species, the Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and poplar (Populus X shrubs Gansucnsis), etc., the are sallow thorn (Hippophaer hamnoides), Chinese tamarisk (Salix purpurea), and breed Chinese rose, etc. ) Ecological properties Qinghai spruce: it is the local tree species and the main component for local natural forest. possesses powerful properties It of cold and wet resistance. Poplar: it likes sunlight, and possesses the properties of deep root, water fertilizer draught friendly, air resistant, and cold resistant. It is suitable to plant in broad range of fields of and alkaline soil, slight salt sand, and flood land of river. Sallow thorn: it is sunlight friendly, a little shade resistant, shallow root, developed roots, chilliness horizontal resistant, sandstorm resistant, air draught and high-temperature requirements resistant, low for soils, it can grow on waste slopes with serious soil erosion, wet sand, meadow soil, weak hill and medium-grade salt and alkaline soil, it is better bottomland to plant on the of rivers with fertile soil. ) Nursery stock specifications (Local Standard of Gansu Province DB62/T548-1998) Qinghai spruce: 2-5 years growth, replanting grade I seeding, 0.5m diameter, tall, 1.0cm of ground the length of root reaches 25cm, the roots stick the original earth, the top buds full and do not hurt. are Poplar: 2 years growth, grade I of transplanting cuttings, 2.7m tall, 2. 15m full of ground diameter, lignification without plant diseases and insect pests. Sallow thorn: 1 year growth seeding grade I, the ground diameter is over 0.4cm, height over 28cm, the length of root system reaches 15cm, full lignification without plant insect pests. diseases and Breed Chinese rose: 2 years of growth (5) Renovation of land: Clean the building garbage first, and then renovate the land. The tree the cavernous land mode, the hole for the place where arboreal tress are planting adopts for shrub the cobbles and infill sandy soil; the hole planting measures 0.6 x 0.6 x lm, remove planting measures 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5m. the management area, the spacing in the © Virescence design: Plant Qinghai spruce around rows is 4m, 100 trees altogether are needed. 2 the amounts to 100Om for planting flowers, Set two areas of virescence, the total area 100 Chinese roses are needed altogether. spacings of rows and lines are 0.5 x 0.5m, rows around the station district, the spacings of Plant 150 poplars on the flood land of rivers of 1.5 x per hole) with spacings of rows and lines and lines are 2 x 2m, 600 sallow thorns (2 2m. It is required carry the nursery stocks as soon (T) Forestation method: Planting trees in spring. as they arrived at the planting place. Watering as they are dug out, and replanted at once should be water for one plant is needed; the poplars enough water while planting, 5-iOkg of be the stubble of shrub of sallow thorn, etc. should fixed in height, their height are 1.5-1.8m; crops for rotation should be covered with earth. leveled in time after completing planting, the 2) Material stock ground prevention area is land of the Xiliushui River, its elevation O Land conditions: It is located on the flood for irrigation, plant shrub trees. about 1960m, and the river water can be introduced mainly the sallow thorn. ( Selection of plants for virescence: It is first, and then renovate the land. Renovate ® Renovation of land: Clean the building garbage wide at ditches, which is Im wide at the top, 0.4m the land by taking the mode of horizontal in it and backfill sandy soil. the bottom, and 0.5m deep. Clean the cobbles of Gansu Province DB62/T548-1998) 0) Nursery stock specifications (Local Standard x 2m, and lines for planting sallow thorn are 1.5 ) Virescence design: The spacings of rows thorns are needed. two pieces per hole, and 53333 pieces of sallow It is required carry the nursery stocks as soon ® Forestation method: Planting trees in spring. as they arrived at the planting place. Watering as they are dug out, and replanted at once be for one plant is needed; the poplars should enough water while planting, 5-10kg of water be stubble of shrub of sallow thorn, etc. should fixed in height, their height are 1.5-1.8m; the crops for rotation should be covered with earth. leveled in time after completing planting, the 6. Present conditions of water environment in the project reaches influence and the analysis of 6.1 Hydrology 6.1.1 General situation of the valley The Heihe River is the largest inland river of Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, between originated the Qilian Mountain and the Datong Mountain; its upper stream is divided into forks of the east two and the west. The east fork originates at Jinyaolin Mountain; lOOkm the river is long, the average fall ratio of the riverbed is 9.3%o, the valley width is 1-4km; west fork originates the at Yayaozhang, it is 175km long, the average fall ratio 8.5%oo, of the riverbed is the valley width is 1-5km. the two forks join at Huangzangsi Temple of the northwest of Qilian County of Qinghai Province into the main stream of the Heihe River, river herefrom the flows northward along the valley, the cliffs with bare rocks on the banks are steep, water current is flowing the rapidly along the narrow valley, which is 95km long, the average ratio of the fall riverbed is 9.1%oo, the valley width is 50-150m, but the river width is only about 30m. The river flows out of the mountain and into the plain of the corridor, the banks terrain on the is wide open, there are vertical and horizontal channels and plots of fertile fields here and there. The river through the corridor flows northwestward to the Shandan right River to the of Zhangye, then to Liyuanhe River to the left of Linze, there the fall ratio of the riverbed declines, the river surface broadens and floodplains appear, the riverbed gravel, consists of the leakage increases, part of runoff turns to latent stream, up to the bounds of Gaotai County, it appears as. spring water, the overflow of the latent stream returns riverway, to the original then it flows to Dinxin through Zhengyixia Gorge, it converges Linshuihe River on the left, finally, it flows northwards through the desert into Juyanhai Lake in inner Mongolia. The Heihe River is over 821km long, the area of the river valley is more than 69000km 2. 6.1.2 Meteorology according to the statistics of meteorological data of Yingluoxia Hydrology Station, the average precipitation annual of multi-years is 175.4mm, the annual average water multi-years evaporation of is 1378.7mm, the average air temperature is 8.5°C, the daily difference in temperature is bigger, the statistics of the main meteorological factors of Yingluoxia Hydrology Station are shown in Table 6-1. 6.1.3 Runoff ice and supplied from the rainfall and the melted The runoff of the Heihe River is mainly even, distribution during a year is not very snow of Qilianshan Mountains, the runoff during of the year, most of the runoff concentrates corresponding to the properties of rainfall variation during a year is as follows: the air the flood season June to September. The regimen the and May, the melted ice and snow supply temperature rises during the months of April of the river rises gradually, this accounts for 11.7% water to the river, the flow of the runoff of of the from June to September are the flood season the volume of the whole year; the months the during the months October and November river, the water volume accounts for 68.2%; months the water volume accounts for 10.5%; the rainfall decreases, it is the backflow period, season in winter, the runoff is mainly supplied from December next March are the low water in the frozen river, part of the water volume stores from groundwater, for the influence of the during the period, it will melt away into the runoff riverway as the form of ice block during period accounts for 9.6%of the annual volume. the next spring, the water volume during this are years at Heihe Yingluoxia Hydrology Station The curves of annual average flows of past flows of the past years, the flows do not change shown in Figure 7-1. Analyzing the average and low water seasons, the average flow is obviously with the periodic changes of abundant resources is 3 0.139-0.152, the change of water 50.2-50.8m /s, the value Cv is between average Heihe Yingluoxia Hydrology Station, the relatively stable. According to the data of 3 /s, the Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is 47.7m annual flow of past years at the gate site of is (from June to September) of the past years average flow during the high flow season the past flow season (from October to next May)of 78.67m3/s, he average flow during the low years is 21.23m3/s. Table 6-1 Statistics of the Main Meteorological Name Factors of Heihe Yingluoxia of item Unit . Hydrology Station ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Month Jan. Feb. March Monithly April May June average air °C July Aug. Whole temperature of past -8.6 -3.8 Sep. Oct. Nov. years 3.3 10.1 15.7 Dec. year Monthly 21.0 23.0 21.6 highest air IC 16.7 8.6 11.0 23.0 -0.4 -6.3 8.5 temperature of past years 26.5 29.7 34.0 37.2 37.0 Year recorded 36.2 34.0 31.0 23.0 19.8 1959 1949 1959 37.2 Monthly 1958 1950 1961 lowest air °C 1952 1960 1948 temperature of past years -33.0 -24.9 -17.1 1948 1950 1961 -21.2 -4.6 2.5 1961 Year recorded 0.2 5.2 -0.7 1955 1957 -8.8 -20.5 -27.8 1958 1958 1962 -33.0 Monthly average water 1955 1955 1955 temperature of past 1962 1960 1962 years 0.7 5.3 9.2 1954 1955 _ 12.3 14.3 14.2 Monthly lowest 11.0 5.6 temperature water 0.6 0.4 of past yearso °0.0°. 0.4 4.0 7.2 Year recorded 10.3 10.2 7.0 1958 1.0 0.0 0.0 Monthly average rainfall 1955 1962 1960 0.0 1955 1955 1962 of past years mm 2.2 3.1 1960 1960 1954 6.0 8.9 18.4 1962 1954 Monthly 27.4 37.7 Monthly.averageaverage 38.8 21.1 7.3 evaporation mmn 2.7 1.8 of past years____ 27.5 36.5 81.3 175.4 136.1 184.5 215.0 Monthly most wind 205.6 185.2 138.7 SSW SSW 92.7 44.2 31.5 direction of past years WSW WSW 1378.7 W W W Monthly maximal W W WSW W Monthlmaxinawin wind. W SSW velocity mls 14 W of past years 14 17 17 W 14 14 17 CoiTesponding 17 17 wind 17 17 17 directioni W W SWWSW 17 WSW wW WSW w WSW __ W W NNW,W NNW _NNW WSW W SW Monthly NNW WSW avera/ge wind ns SSW WSW sWW velocity of past years 1.5 1.8 2.7 I_I_I_I_I_I_I 3.0 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 G 2.6 Gor dt u deepem epa u e 5 c 2.1 2.2 5c ______2.6 -._45 _ __ -1.8__ _ __ 4_ 4.2__ _ __ 10.5______15.7 20.4__ __2__ 23.2 __to._ 23.0 20.1 __ _ 13.9___13__ 6.2 __ __9 0.2 10.8 Days with different average air Q Q appeared _ temperatures o of pastyears (J c |A/A/A/A A/A| \ 00 00 - t O \ LA ~~~~~~ ~~~~0 J 0O Sw 0°W O- - w 0c N - 0W nOOOsO O£O Nn w _O cn 6.1.4 Present situation of water environment quality in the project reach The project reach is located between Huangzangsi Temple and Yingluoxia stream Gorge on upper of the Heihe River, in the range for appraisal there are big mountains and deep gorges, there is not any industrial enterprise there, there is only one resident area with population, exiguity of no present pollution sources influencing water quality exist. (1) Water quality monitoring Because there is not any regular section for monitoring water quality in the project reach appraisal, according of to the requirement of the project, Environmental Protection Station Monitoring of Zhangye City was specially entrusted to conduct the monitoring from November 6 to 8, 2002. According to Sections of monitoring: gate site of hydroelectric station, the spot on the downstream apart from lkm the joint of Xiliushui and the main stream of the Heihe River. Items of monitoring: according to the stipulations of (2) Method of appraisal the method of single factor standard index, The appraisal of parameters of water quality adopts the standard index of every factor is calculated as follows: oxygen is as follows: The formula of calculation of standard index of dissolved (when DOj>DOs) SD0 j= (DOf-DOj) / (DOf-DOS) (when DOj according to the following formula: DO,f468/ (31.6+T) dissolved oxygen (mg/L). DOS-Standard of water quality of surface water of value is as follows: The formula of calculation of standard index of PH SPH, j=(7.0-PHj) I (7.0-PHsd) (when PHj<7.0) PHj>7.0) SPH, j=( PHj-7.0) / (PHSd-7 .0) (when point j; In the formula: SPH, j-Standard index of PH at the PHj-PH value at the point j; standard of water quality of PH,d-Lower limit of PH value stipulated in the surface water; of water quality of PH,,-Upper limit of PH value stipulated in the standard surface water; single parameter i of water quality at the The formula of calculation of standard index of other point j is as follows: Sin= Cij / C'i i of water quality at the point j; In the formula: Sij-standard index of single parameter Cij-Concentration of pollutant i at the point j (mg/L); C,i-Standard value of water quality of surface water with the water quality parameter i (mg/L). When the standard index of every parameter- 1, this indicates that the stipulated parameter meets water quality; When the standard index of every parameter> 1, it does not The results of standard meet. indexes of every parameter are shown in Table 6-3. Table 6-3 Statistics of Standard Index of Water Quality in Project Reach of Xiaogushan Station ection Gatelsite of station ectioX Gate I km away from the joint of site of station Xiliushuihe Rate Item\ November and Heihe mainstream November November over Item November November ~~6 7 November standard 8 6 7 PH 0.540 0.540 8(% 0.550 0.630 CODcr 0.539 0.625 0.625 0.566 0.481 0 BOD 0.165 0.269 5 0.240 0.373 0.264 0 0.367 0.473 DO 0.553 0.503 0.259 0.247 0.250 0 Ammonia 0.242 0.234 0.280 0.353 0.239 0 0.320 0.313 nitrogen 0.313 0.313 . , 0 Total 1.3 1.3 phosphor 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Sulfate 0.376 100 0.365 0.371 __ Chloride 0.368 0.369 0.042 0.041 0.368 0 0.042 0.043 Dung 0.1 0.043 0.043 0.1 0.1 0 coliform 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 According to the results of calculations of the standard indexes with the except monitoring data, the total phosphor exceeding the standard, the other indexes are all meet the requirements of the functions of class I waters of 6.2 Appraisal of water environment influence The gate dam of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is 25m high, the normal water elevation of the is 2060m, the lowest water level is 2049m, conservation storage at the hinge of the station 3 is 1.4 is 1.3 million m , and the total volume relevant regulated volume of the reservoir of the station 3 daily regulation. The influence million m . it possesses the property of of the may mainly appear in the operation period construction on the hydrological situation the the hydrological conditions of the reach in project. The project construction will change and the mainly be the reach of the reservoir district project reach; the influenced reaches will the gate site and the station site. reach, where the river water reduces, between conditions of the reach in the reservoir 6.2.1 The influence of the variation of hydrological district of daily regulation; the formation of the reservoir Xiaogushan reservoir possesses the property level, area, and flow rate of the reach in the will have the hydrological conditions of water reservoir district change. is surface of the reach in the reservoir district Under the natural conditions, the area of water water storage level 3 when 2060m of the normal 29000 in , after construction of the reservoir, can reach 3.055km, the area of the water reaches, the length of backflow of the reservoir of the 2 depth will reach 25m, and the volume surface will reach 86200m , the maximal water of that under the 3 surface is as large as 2.97 times reservoir 1.4 million mi. The area of water in the reservoir declines apparently. natural conditions, the flow rate of the water the Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is 2060m, The normal water storage elevation of flood season is 2049m, and the lowest water limited elevation of sand discharge during station, season (from October to next May) of the elevation is 2049m. During the non-flood varies regulation; the water level before the gate the reservoir will operate under the daily the water lowest levels, the maximal fall depth of between the normal storage level and the June to September) of the station, the reservoir level is l1m; during the flood season (from water level in flood season, when the flood will operate under the conditions of the limited flood 3 power generation for widely-opening discharge flow > 1750m /s, the station stop discharge for sand flushing. of downstream reach reducing water 6.2.2 Influence on the hydrological conditions After the construction of the station, in the region between the gate site and the station site, an 11.5m long of a water-reduced reach will appear. The flow rate introduced into is the generators 47.7m3/s; therefore, the flow rate of the water-reduced reach will decline greatly. Through calculation, the monthly average flow rates of the typical lowest flow years between the site and the station gate site are shown in Table 6-4. Table 6-4 Reservoir Incoming, Introducing, Discharge, and Interval Flow Rates During the Year of Low Water Level between Gate Site and Station Site of Xiaogushan Unit: m3/s -- _MonthJune July Aug. Item Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. ___ May Average Natural flow 71.7 95.5 _ _I_ 93.3 54.2 31.8 17.9 at gate site 13.2 10.7 12.7 15.2 23.4 37.8 39.78 Introducing flow into 50.1 73.9 71.7 32.6 27.05 13.15 11.6 9.1 generators 11.1 13.6 18.65 33.05 Discharge __ flowof / 1 / / / / 1.6 1.6 reservoir 1.6 1.6 / / Interval flow after power I / / / / I 1.6 generation 1.6 1.6 1.6 I _ _ From the table, after the water is introduced into the station, the flow of the months water years of the low between the gate site and the station site reduced obviously, but it is unlikely to stop stream, the stream of the reach appeared as a brook. 6.2.3 Influence on the variation in silt conditions According to the statistics of the data examined by Heihe Yingluoxia Station during years, the many years average volume of discharged sand is 221 X 104T, the volumes sand in different of discharged years varied obviously, the distribution within a year centralized is uneven, it is in flood season (from June to September) and accounts for 94.5% of the whole year's discharged sand, and the volume of pushing discharged sand accounts for 11/3% of suspending of that discharged sand. Because Xiaogushan Station is one of introducing water type, the volume to sand volume is 1.26, the rate of the volume of its reservoir is small, the ratio of type silt can reach the gate quickly. silt filling up in the reservoir is rapid, the pushing widely opened flood discharge for The station adopts the dispatch method of aperiodically 150m3/s or the silt approach the elevation flushing sand, when the incoming flow more than stop work to widely opened flood discharge of the bottom intake of the dam, the station will The average days of years for the work is 3d for flushing sand and avoiding the flood apex. stop working hours for widely opened flood (72h), adding the 18h of multi-years average flood season (from June to September) when discharge and flushing sand during the period of annual stop-working time for flood discharge the silt approaches the intake elevation, the total sand flushing will result in the flow of the and sand flushing amount to 90h. the period of content in the discharge water also increases, water-reduced reach increasing greatly, the sand have the requirement of water utilization, it but because the water-reduced reach does not does not matter for that. 6.2.4 Influence on water temperature and the influence on the temperature (1) Water temperature structure of the reservoir in our country (i.e., the judgment formula Adopt the current change times of reservoir water Calculation of Water Conservation and recommended by structure of Xiaotiandu Reservoir: reservoir) / (total storage capacity) a = (Multi-years average runoff of incoming a >20, the reservoir is mixing type; when When a <10, the reservoir is stratifical type; when 10< a <20, the reservoir is transition type. at the section of the dam site and the According to the multi-years average runoff volume level, the a values calculated are shown in storage capacity below the normal storage water Table 6-5. of Xiaogushan Reservoir Table 6-5 a Values Calculation aCt C, !F~ a From October to next May January to December From June to September From 432 1059 627 From the above table, the reservoir water replaced rather frequently annually, it times the whole year, replaced 1059 in which 627 times in flood season (from June in low to September), 432 times water period (from October to next May), the water temperature structure reservoir belongs to of the typical mixing type. Because of the frequent exchange area, and short of the water, small time staying, the reservoir has little influence on the water, temperature of the coming the temperatures of incoming water and the outgoing are basically unchanged. (2) Influence on the temperatures of the tail water and the downstream water The reservoir is typical mixing type, the temperature of outgoing water is basically influenced by the elevation not of the intake and the water level, the temperatures and downstream of the tail water water are in relevant to the temperature increasing tunnel. rate of the diversion According to the results of examination and research of water temperature of type power stations, some diversion when water stream flows through a diversion influence tunnel, because the of the factors of ground heat, etc., the heat exchange between the rocks occurs, the water and the water temperature rises in the course, the longer the water the tunnel, and the higher temperature will be. According to the analysis of the actual projects, data of some completed if the lithology of the wall rock of the diversion tunnel is close to the temperature rising bury depth, the rate along the course is also close. The diversion Hydroelectric tunnel of Xiaogushan Station is about 9.84km long, the maximal burying depth is 920, is Siluric plate rock, the wall rock by making analog calculations according to the actual water temperatures examination of (the temperature increasing rate along the tunnel course /km) of Nanyahe is about 0.020C River Three-Stage Station, the temperature of Station tail water of Xiaogushan is a little higher than that of the inflow water, the temperature difference +0.19°C, the is about increase is small, if considering the temperature rise (receiving from the sun) along the radiation the course of the riverway at the same time, the temperatures difference between the of the tail water and the water in natural conditions. with After the tail water is mixed the interval stream flow, the difference in temperatures will further decrease. obvious that the operation It is of the station will have little influence on tail water the temperatures of the and the downstream water. 6.2.5 Analysis of influence on water quality and the of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station According to analyses of the construction quality is of the construction of the project on water operation characteristics, the influence sewage and the draining of the wastewater and mainly aroused from the reservoir storage from construction, production and living. (1) Construction period of sand-stone aggregate ( Waste water from processing system one is the sets two sand-stone processing systems, Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project According to the and another is a mill of natural sand. processing mill of artificial aggregate and stone stone sources of the project and the sand analyses of the properties of the sand and and actual examination of the waste water drainage processing technology, and combining the system concentration of the sand-stone processing the prediction of the content of suspension of the region, the predicted suspension content of the Three-Gorge Project construction water processing mill is 50000mg/l, the waste wastewater from the artificial aggregate water from 3/h, the suspension content in the waste drainage during the peak period is 168m water 45000mg/I, and the volume of the waste the natural sand processing mill is predicted 3 the details in Table 6-6. during the peak period is 120m /h, see during Construction of Xiaogushan Table 6-6 Statistics of Waste Water (Sewage) Station Unit: m3/h Repair and Natural Artificia Rough system Foundation pit Living sewage maintenance Item Artificial Rough Sand-Stone of cars Aggregate Mill Mill 540 8.17 1.04 168 120 I Drainage I I volume waste water sedimentation of the suspensions in the If not taking account of the along-course mill, after the complete blend of wastewater from the artificial rough aggregate processing Station, average flow rate of Heihe Yingluoxia with river water, according to the multi-years the average is calculated 48.72mg/l; according to the increment of suspensions in the river 29.48mg/l; of suspensions in the river is calculated flow rate in flood season, the increment in the water period, the increment of suspensions according to the average flow rate in low river is calculated 109.52mg/I. thus this shows, the influence of the waste aggregate processing water in rough on water quality is obvious, especially more if during the low water it does not drained timely, period, the turbidness of the river water will increase water quality. and influence the ®) Waste water from washing of concrete mixing system The total concrete volume required by construction of the diversion and main body systems Xiaogushan Station amounts of to 188,600m 3 . According to the prediction and suspension concentration actual data of in the wastewater from the concrete Three-Gorge mixing system of Project, taking 5000mg/l the as the suspension concentration every concrete in the wastewater from mixing system, and the PH value of the wastewater is about 12. works in three shifts, The system washing once at the end of each shift, the characteristics wastewater has the of high suspension concentration, small volume of water, centralized draining; and intermittently though the influence extent is not big, it is not allowed ) Oily sewage ignoring. Xiaogushan Station is located in high mountains; the oily sewage mainly comes system of engine repair from the and maintenance. Though the volume of mechanical water supply for the repair station is 3 only 1.04m /h, the workload of the station is bigger; water directly drain into if the oily the river without treatment, a layer of oil film surface, which will form on water will make the resolved oxygen in the water not to restore, and influence the water quality, this will so the sewage should be treated before draining. DDrainage from foundation pits PH value and the suspension (SS) in the wastewater from the foundation pits pollutants. During are the main the period of excavation of foundations, the wastewater consists of rainfall in the pits mainly and leakages, the concentration of the suspension, about the main pollutant, 2000mg/I. During placing is concrete into the dam after completion of the waters from curing excavation, the concrete, washing, rainfall, and leakage converge wastewater, and into foundation the PH value of the wastewater increases in some extent. Taking 3 540m /h as the drainage volume from the foundation pits, 2000mg/l concentration of the suspension, as the and no account of the sedimentation of the the course, then suspension along after the complete blend of the water in the foundation pits with the river at the gate site, 3 average flow during the low water period stream, compare with 21.23m /s, the is 12.96mg/1. the increment of suspension in the river the ratio of runoff to sewage is 169:1, pits is obvious, to the wastewater from the foundation Thus, the attenuation of the river stream basically. there is not apparent or actual influence (5) Living sewage period, the main project construction during the peak There are 2821 builders a day in the consumption COD, and SS, etc. The average water pollutants in the living sewage are: BOD5, to 47.7m3/s, the produced is 196t/d, comparing this volume is 280t/d, the wastewater volume is 23850:1; site, the ratio of the runoff to the sewage multi-years average flow at the gate the runoff to the flow in flood season, the ratio of comparing to 78.67m3/s, the average period at the average flow during the low water sewage is 39335:1; comparing to 21.23m3/s, attenuation of the river to the sewage is 10615:1. Thus, the the gate site, the ratio of the runoff to the sewage is water period, the ratio of the runoff stream is obvious, and even in the low by standard. If the cannot exceed the amount stipulated great enough, and discharge of BOD5 influence on treatment, it could have unfavorable living sewage directly discharges without downstream reaches. the health of the people living at the (2) Operation period (0) Prediction of pollutant sources itself has slight mixed type of reservoir. The reservoir Xiaogushan Reservoir is a typical and no itself belongs to clean energy source, influence on water quality, the station in station the station has fewer personnel wastewater from production discharges; to the minimum. corresponding living sewage reduces management and maintenance, and the volume in operation period, the water consumption There are 102 employees in management treated, the produced amounts to 29t1d, after it is amounts to 40t/d, the wastewater volume site, in the reservoir district. Because the project sewage can be used in irrigation of virescence economy and minority nationalities, has undeveloped located in the inhabiting region of of the resources industry, by analyzing the structure relative backward industry and the third from the enterprises will basically appear. Therefore, in the river valley, no pollution type has little pollution sources, the project construction analyses of development level of the project district. influence on the pollution load of the k() Influence on water quality of the water-reduced river reach In the area between the gate site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station 11.5m long water-reduced and the station site, reach will a form, with the stream self-cleaning reduction of ability of dilution the river, the will weaken in some extent, but because distribution of industrial there is not enterprises and resident zone along the scarce there, reach, and the vegetation this will bring no influence is on water quality of the water-reduced reach. construction on Qilianshan influence of the project 7. Appraisal of the Region State-level Natural Protection protection region construction in the natural 7.1 The conditions of capital and mode of management 7.1.1 Time of establishment People's Government, Gansu authorization of Gansu Provincial In October 1987, under the In May of 1988, under the Protection Region established. Provincial Qilianshan Natural Protection Region Qilianshan State-level Natural of the State Council, Gansu authorization twenty-one the SZJ(1088) No.7 Document, Based on the decision of was established. of Dalong, in which ten forestry centers centers (station, bregade), state-owned forestry from Qifeng, and Dongdashan Dahekou, Mati, Xishui, Kangle, Xiyinghe, Dahuangshan, Wushaoling, Haxi, of Gucheng, Hualong, Xiama, Prefecture, nine forestry centers Zhangye forestry from Wuwei Profecture, Dongdahe Changlingshan, Shangfangsi Qilian, Shibalipu, are from Shandan Hema Bureau and the four forestry brigades from Jinchang Municipality; Region. And an Administrative Qilianshan Natural Protection merged into Gansu Provincial the Provincial Forestry Region was established under Qilianshan Natural Protection Bureau of under the and their administration is are in unified management, Department, their businesses local authorities and bureaus. personnel constitution 7.1.2 Organizations and their Natural Protection Gansu Qilianshan State-level Administrative Bureau of The site of the 113 are 11 protection stations, City, under the bureau, there Region is located in Zhangye 181 are cadres, 787 968 employees, in which, stations, 10 checkpoints, forestry protection In 94 are administrative personnel. of them are technical personnel, workers. In the cadres, 87 and 14 of them have no engineers, 21 are technicians, personnel, 26 of them are the technical are contract are formal workers and 48 the workers, 739 of them professional titles now. In workers. situation of construction 7.1.3 Present protection stations under the natural of the 21 administrative The most of the buildings built in 70's of last century, structured one-storied houses regions are the earth-wood according to investigation, there are 31497m2of houses 2 all together in 16744m for the forestry all stations, in which, protection stations. In general, the the old most of the buildings and dangerous houses. belong to The roads within the region of every administrative station during are most forest 70's of last century. simple roads built Because of small transport amount, they are not some of them are difficult well maintained; to open to traffic. At present, there are forest highway, 1466km of every class in which, 644km are of forest highway, and There 822km enlarged forest are 1466km of telephone pavements. wires in the whole region, in which and 2 handie-talkies. are 16 wireless stations For meeting the needs on forestry construction, complete communication the construction of network is required. 7.2 The nature, object, and functions of the natural protection region 7.2.1 Nature of protection Gansu Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region belongs to Gansu Department. The region, Provincial Forestry aiming at the protection of state major source in Qilianshan Mountains water supply forestry and the forest ecological system, integrating scientific research, resource protection, propaganda and education, and mixed farming and acting together as an organic on behalf the forestry body, administration in the region, is a protection type of natural synthetic ecological protection region with public welfare nature. 7.2.2 Object of protection (1) Forest ecological system of Qilianshan forest area There are 166843.6km 2 of forest area in Qilianshan State-level which, Natural Protection forest division area Region, in 166834.3km 2 economic forest area 9.3km 2 412569km 2 . , and spinner area In the forest division area, the spruce area is 132806.8km 2 125.9km2 , cypress 15261.7km2 , Chinese pine 2 , larch 1493.9km , birch 2 2071.8km , birch 2 poplar 5821.7hm , poplar272.6hm 2 3075.9hm 2, conifer , hill mixed forestry 1776.2hm 2 , conifer and 3331.Ohm2, broadleaf broadleaf mixed forestry forestry 796.8hm 2. (2) Fountainhead of inflow rivers and outflow rivers in Xexi Corridor river system, of the three inflow rivers of Shiyanghe The protection region is fountainhead river system has river system. Among them, Shiyanghe Heihe river system, and Shulehe 3 of the billion m of runoff from outlet 3 mountain areas, and 1.54 1.563 billion m of runoff in 3 in mountain areas, and 3.681 has 3.689 billion m of runoff mountains. Heihe river system million m30f Shiyanghe river system has 85 3 of the mountains. billion m of runoff from outlet separately. and from outlet of the mountains runoff both in mountain areas snows are covered with accumulated elevation in the protection region Many places with high 2 amounts to 501.33km , the modemr glaciers, their area all the year round. There are developing of the annual runoff in the mi3 accounting as more as 3 times and the reserves 16.23 billion protection region. the rare species and those in animals and plants, especially (3) Protect the resources of wild birthplaces and habitat. severe danger, and their original of birds, and 13 species of are 47 species of beasts, 169 species In the protection region, there belonging to the state major There are 49 species of animals amphibious creeping animals. in grade II. 11 species in grade I, and 38 species protection range, among them, species of vascular bundle plant, are 84 families 399 genus 1055 In the protection region, there of gymnosperm, and 14 species of angiosperm, 10 species among them, there are 1020 among them, 1 species in of state major protection plants, species of fern. There are 3 species of arethusa. II. And there are other 11 species grade I, and 2 species in grade cultural landscape of natural landscape and humane (4) Rich and colorful resources landscape, forest landscape mountainous landscape, everglade The natural landscapes include and the animal landscape. varied in seasons and colors, with divers forms and certain temples and various buildings The humane landscapes include cultural values. 7.2.3 Types of protection regions the protection of the forestry Natural Protection Region, taking Gansu Qilianshan State-level system type" and "forestry major task is a "natural ecological supplying source water as its according to the natural protection region determined ecological system type" state-level (GB/T14529-93). Region and Principles of Classification> ( In favor of protection administration and carrying out every measure for administration. ) In favor of both complete protection of natural environment and natural long-term development resources, and the of the protection regions. (2) Functional region division According to the nature, construction aim, and the distribution of the protection combining the characteristics objects, of production and living features of local people, landforms and circumjacent topography, and social economy, on the basis of asking for the opinions suggestions from local and departments in charge of the business of natural local governments, protection and the the protection region is divided into the core zone, buffer district, experiment district, they and are shown in Figure 7-1. (© Core zone Because the core zone is large in area, narrow and long in shape, terrain, complex in landform and the relative decentralization and in human activities, separately. the core zones are scattered Through the region division, there are 12 core zones total altogether with 686975hm 2 area, accounting for 25.2% of of the total area of the protection region. Through and statistics, there the survey are 2451 families of local masses in the core zones. The forests within the core zones are basically in the primordial or natural second without interference from status for human, and the spinney is also in good conditions. the core zones also At the same time, include large area of natural everglades of glacier regions for and jokul, and the major the activities of the state-major-protected wild animals. ©) Buffer zone on the core zones and to the activities of people and animals In order to avoid the influence of as the buffer zone. divide a forest outside the core zone make the zones gain better protection, 2 of the total area of the is 451409km , accounting for 16.6% The total area of the buffer zones protection region. ) Experiment zone experiment zones. The and the buffer zone are the entire The areas outside the core area zone 2 of the total area of is 1583876km , accounting for 58.2% total area of the experiment zones for local residents in zones are the most important areas the protection region. The experiment region in management. production and living, and for protection the protection region 7.3 Present situation of resources of 7.3.1 Woodland resources Region amounts to State-level Natural Protection The total land area of Qilianshan 2 accounting for 22.3% of the total 2 woodland is 606666.3km , 2722260km , among which, the 2 for 77.7% of the non-woodland 2115593.7kM , accounting land area of the protection region; total area. 2 for 27.5% of amounts to 166843.6hm , accounting Among the woodland area, the woodland 2 spinney 412569.0hm , 119 10.lhm , accounting for 2.0%; the woodland area; sparse woodland 2 woodland without 1116.9hm , accounting for 0.2%; accounting for 68.0%; minor woodland the percentage of forest cover 2 2.3%; nursery 172.8hm . And trees 14053.9hm , accounting for is 21.3%. 2115593.7hm , the area of cultivated land amounts Among the non-woodland area, 2, accounting for area; the grassland 1221283.5hm accounting for 2.6% of the non-woodland 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~land 831081.2hm , accounting for 0.1%; unutilized 57.8%; waters area 2936.2hm2, 4606.7hm2 , accounting for 0.2%. accounting to 39.3%; other area in Table 7-1, 7-2 in zones, and non-woodland are shown The areas of core zones, buffer is shown in Figure 7-2. detail. The distribution of forest vegetation 7.3.2 Plant resources is one of Region, having abundant plant resources, Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection the important regions of biologic diversity protection, and the major region major region of international of biologic diversity protection. According to the investigation at the beginning of 90's of twenty century, the plants distributed in the protection region are: species, gymnosperm angiosperm 1020 10 species, fern 14 species, belong to 84 genus In which, separately, 399 families. arbor 48 species, shrub 145 species, herbage 851 species. Among the herbage, are good pasture 50 species, there textile plants 17 species, fragrant plants 20 plants 90 species, species, medicine and ornamental 25 species. Among the plant resources of the protection region, 3 species are the state plants, in which major protection 1 species of state major protection Class I plant, protection 2 species of state major Class II plant; 9 genus 11 species of arethusa belong to the range of Table 7-1 Statistics of Present Situation of Woodland and Non-woodland in Core Zones Woodland Unit: km2 Statistics Landunit Non-woodland Statistics unit Total Total ~Forestation L.and Sparse Ladcover ______Total having Shrub land with ~~~~Forest Totas h woodland woodland . Nreywtot Cultivated woswoods minor Nursery TalOthers I Water Non-utilized without Total woods land Grassplot Total 686975.0 woods area land rate 142946.0 18204.0 % 1712.3 122267.0 95.5 8.0 659.2 Sidalong 55640.0 558917.0 1182.5 Station 18052.7 4307.8 298731.0 343.0 258610.5 505.7 13196.7 50.0 20.4 0.0 0.0 42.5 Dongdashan 37587.3 0.0 Station 2130.0 30651.9 11.0 6919.4 1682.2 722.2 5.0 31.5 0.0 446.8 0.0 0.0 Qifeng Station 513.2 447.8 302760.0 4053.0 0.0 359.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.0 4053.0 0.0 0.0 54.9 0.0 0.0 Longchanglhe 27058.0 298707.0 0.0 Station 4276.0 638.0 147324.7 30.0 151352.3 5.0 3633.0 0.0 1.34 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mati Station 18107.0 22782.0 0.0 6174.7 58.3 10504.5 95.5 12182.0 6.9 6109.5 0.0 15.8 0.0 0.0 Xiyinghe 0.0 11932.3 70813.0 19811.5 0.0 6890.0 Station 5577.0 456.0 0.0 5042.3 13778.5 0.0 0.0 34.1 Junmachatng 0.0 0.0 51001.5 Station 60.0 25426.0 45945.0 13908.0 0.0 25515.5 76.0 70.9 0.0 27.3 13761.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 32037.0 'hanglingshan 0.0 10755.5 1242.0 707.5 0.0 21281.5 Station 470.5 0.0 0.0 30.1 195.0 7.5 2ilian Station 0.0 34.5 534.5 31096.0 8819.0 2.0 532.5 2297.8 156.2 0.0 0.0 Haxi Station 6365.0 0.0 0.0 53.6 58632.0 17255.2 0.0 0.0 22277.0 2057.5 175.8 0.0 9198.5 15021.9 0.0 52.5 13026.0 0.0 0.0 41376.8 0.0 27.9 Hualong 73552.0 0.0 24579.9 Station 48206.2 1998.9 51.0 16743.9 335.8 45706.5 2.0 29.1 88.0 8.0 69.0 40233.8 1120.5 32507.7 103.0 6459.6 43.0 64.9 Unit: km2 and Non-woodland in Buffer Zones Present Situation of Woodland 7-2 Statistics of Rate Table Non-woodland Woodland of Forestation Land Non-utilized Oter Fovert Land Cultivated Water Statistics Total with Grassplot arears land ~Sparse Shrub land without Total lad ln unitarea Total having inor Nursery ln ra area Totalwoodandawodland woods unit woln wodad woods 1536.8 19.6 woods 163687.3 316.5 189107.8 16.0 1164.3 359901.6 5253.2 1672.1 74157.8 90.5 0.0 18.0 451409.0 91507.4 14406.7 18743.5 18.0 24201.3 Total 0.0 83.9 42962.8 0.0 188.1 7878.0 0.0 52737.0 9774.2 1624.2 Sidalong 45.0 10623.0 1.8 5.8 0.0 25910.0 0.0 15240.2 Station 1132.5 0.0 0.0 1871.0 472.5 266.0 Longchanflie 27781.0 ____ 2067.2 0.0 58.6 Station 0.0 3730.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.4 5797.6 2763.1 421.9 6174.0 15242.0 9444.4 1228.0 20.7 Kangdong 31086.0 12.0 6539.0 Station 8.0 0.0 41345.5 2480.5 254.0 7698.5 0.0 52445.0 11099.5 3139.0 0.0 42.5 Xiyinghe 1151.5 0.0 783.0 StationII 0.0 1934.5 0.0 1290.8 0.0 0.0 1467.5 154.4 22.3 0.0 44.0 Dahekou 3402.0 0.0 10610.4 0.0 9325.7 StationI 32.5 0.0 247.3 19936.1 489.6 118.6 15458.9 Junmachang 36283.0 16346.9 2310.3 0.0 36.5 Station 0.0 6133.4 21.0 0.0 0.0 44.7 8464.7 2256.6 100.5 2695.5 13562.0 5097.3 3703.5 11.0 52.5 SQtatiian 0.0 8473.8 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12196.3 1576.3 93.9 12033.5 1343.0 21.0 63.4 Haxi Station 25900.0 13703.7 614.0 3163.2 20.5 58.0 8.0 69.0 5161.7 886.5 148.9 8555.9 Hualong 14888.0 9726.3 Station 14.0 8.2 23.0 0.0 2714.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2736.8 Xishui 251.1 0.0 12036.3 0.0 11.4 817.2 566.1 0.0 0.0 2515.3 0.0 Station 3554.0 0.0 0.0 14551.6 0.0 1864.4 0.0 190.0 1.5 16416.0 1864.4 0.0 56350.5 178.5 114739.1 Mati Station 0.0 634.0 171458.1 0.0 34.7 2631.1 0.0 I207256 174799.0 3340.9 41.1 Qifeng 1422.4 76.8 4. I__ 25. 3745 13.5 Station 00 . 0.0 744. 473 2.2 6493.6 Gucheng 14400.0 6954.1 Table 7-3 List of State Major Protection Plants of Natural Protection Region Serial C Family No. Chinese name Protection Trade Caryophyllaceous Latin name class pact (Caryophyllaceae) Gymnocarpos Microphyll Gymnosperm 2 przewalskii (Berberidaceae) Emodin Sinopodophyllum II Rosaceous emodi It 3 Mongolia (Rosaceae) Prumus mongolica peach II 4 Viridescence Coeloglossum viride Conic II 5 gymnadenia Gymndcnia conopsca rhizome II 6 C. orchids Gorchids 7 Fargesii II Habenaria fargesii I Orchidaceous 8 HrpHerminium 8 Hermaphrodite (Orchidaceae) monorchis 9 H. Rip-panel H.alaschanicum 10 Puberulent II Listera puberula 11 Neothalamus II Neottianthe cucullata 12 Camwood I Neottia camthshatea II 13 latifolial Orchis latifolial 11 14 Ribbon Note: Spiranthes lancea protection class: according II to 7.3.3 Wood resources The live stumpage in the protection region amounts to 3 accumulation 21658330m , in which, 21307131m 3, woods sparse woods accumulation accumulation 258410m 3, dispersed 90074m3 , accumulation woods of woods around the the woods woods network 2715m 3 accumulation, there . Among are spruce 19438944m 3 , cypress 3 Chinese pine 3 645330m , larch 3 193894m , birch 3 3519m , 110391m , red birch 3 250891m 3 , 119740m , conifer popular 15623m3 , mixed forestry 181011m 3 aspen , conifer and broadleaf broadleaf mixed forestry forestry 48223m 3 . 299565m3, 7.3.4 Animal resources region. According to inhabit in the natural protection Abundant wild animal resources them, there are animals 47 of terrestrial wild animals, among statistics, there are 229 species creeping animals 13 species. species, birds 169 species, and amphibious there are 51 species of of the natural protection region, In the wild animal resources major Class I protection which, 13 species of the state state-level protected animals, in Table 7-4). II major protected animals (See animals, 38 species of the state Class Table 7-.4 List of the State Major Protected Animals in the Natural Protection Region | Order,family aNo. name Scientific term Protection Trade Sino-Japan Sino-Austr Carnivora |am cl ass pact (CARNIVORA) agreement Agreement Can id - -- (Canidae)I Argackal O auon alpinusI (Usde) <2 ose bear Ursus arctos II 1 (Me _araine16ae sedartes foina I I Flidae 1 tter } utra lutra _ I I (Felidae Lnx Lynxlynx Pririe 6 tabby Fehis lybica | II I 7 Hungies T _ | 7 _ ~~~~ca __ Fls beiti II I - - - 1 ~8 _ anu ei manul I BI Msx nic ll[_ - ~ ~ (PROB OSIDE)| - - ~ - 1 i (Equidae) 9 nae Equus tqiodac ou-|-s bemionus Sz 1 (ARTIODACTYLA) i ; (Cervidae) 10 8 ervus erbl tivust X I | 11 Waptis |Cru elaphus C I l ~~~~~~~~12| usk MocusSC 6 t ovid l -j sfnicus | | (Bovidae) j mu agus I 8 | 14 z A~~~~~~ntelope Poara -- Z ------| - _ I _ L~~picticaudata| s 1 15 fi Arg~~~ali | vis ammon II I Icn 1 6|Baral t seudois nayvaur_I |(FALCONIFORMES) | Odword Vlultures | (Accipitriddae) [ }i-[ | I7 Black Kite j ilvus |18 | N rthern Accipite I l ! Goshawk _ | ~~~~~~gentiles ll f Northern II 19 Sparrow Accipiter Nisus II 20 Upland Buteo Buzzard herrilasius Common II 21 Buteo buteo Eagle 22 Golden Aquila Egale chrysaetos . l[~~~~~mperial 23 Eal Aquila heliaca I rapax II 24 Tawny Aquila _ _ _ _ Eagle__ 25 Pallas Sea Haliaeetus Eagle leucoryphus White-tailed Haliaeetus I 26 Eagle albicilla 27 European Aegypius Vulture monachus Criffon Vulture Gyps fulvs 29 Bearded Gypaetus Vulture barbatus II _/ 30 Hen Hawk Marsh II 31 Mar Circus aerugi II Harrier Short-toed II 32 Eagle Osprey Pandion 33 haliaetus I 34 Saker Falco cherrug Falcons Falcon Common Falco II 35 (Falconidae) Kestrel tnnunculus II 36 Hobby Falco subbuteo Continued Table 7-4 Gulls (LARTFORMES) Terns 37 (Laridae) Relict Gull Larus relictus I Gallinacean (GALLIFORMES) Grouse 38 Chinese Hazel (Tetraonidae) Tetrastes Group s. secunda I Quails Pale-bellied QPhailsoao399 ____ (Phasoanoaae) P nobcoie Tetracgallus _ . HSnowcock tibetanus II 40 Tetraogallus Snowcock himalayensis II Blue 41 Eared-Pheasant Crossoptilon auritum II Blood 42 Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus II 43 Common Quail Tetraophasis Cranes obscurus I (GRUIFORMES) Cranes (Gruidae) 44 Crane Grus grus Owls II (STROGIFORMES) Typical Owls . Great Eagle (Strigdae) ~~~45DBuobbII Bubo bubo Owl I 46 Ui1& Athene noctua II Short-eared 47 Owl__ Asio flammeus _ _ _ I II _ _ _ l 48 Long-eared Asio otus Owl 11 II V 49 Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus References: (1) _ II 7.3.5 Water resources (1) Precipitation resources region. The is obviously more than the Corridor The precipitation in Qilian Mountains between 300-400mm, and centralized during precipitation among the mountains is generally decrease precipitation in the whole region trends the months from June to September. The is The precipitation among the Qilian Mountains westwards, and increase from low to high. three inland river systems in Hexi Corridor. the main supply source of the runoff to the (2) Glacier resources protection fountainhead of the inland rivers, in the The total area of the glacier, being the 3 , 3 times as 2 storage amounts to 16.2273 billion m region amounts to 501.33km , and the total of higher region. Because of the synthetic influences much as the annual runoff in the whole of precipitation and air temperature, the dimensions elevation and the glacier conditions of the three areas and the storages of the glacier of glacier growth increase westwards. The in respectively are: the Shiyanghe River valley inland river systems in the mountain valleys glacier area and m3 , accounting for 12.9% of the total the east is 64.3km2 and 2.1434 billion 2 13.67 valley in the central part is 420.55km and 13.21% of the total storage; the Heihe River valley in the west is 3 84.24%; the Shulehe River billion m , accounting for 83.89% and 3 for 3.18% and 2.55%. 15.96km2 and 413.9 millionm , accounting (3) Surface water resources form of in the Qilian Mountain area is an important The abundant precipitation and glacier because of corridor plain in front of the mountains, water resources in the region, but for the it directly utilized and only be used by transforming drought and water shortage, it cannot be water mountains in rivers. Therefore, the surface into surface runoff flowing out of the the in the river valleys. Through investigations, resource here only refers to the runoff 3 which, River valleys amounts to 3.68955m , in mountain surface water resource in the Heihe m3 , Dadumahe mi3 , Hongshuihe River 131 million that of Mayinghe River is 114 million m3, 43 million m3, Heihe River 1.597 billion River 88 million m3, Suyoukouhe. River 3 River 280 3 River 141 million m , Hongshuibahe Liyuanhe River 250 million m , Fenglehe 3 3 381.55 million m , 3 million i , Xiaogoubuhe River million i , Taolaihe River 669 m3 , outlet runoff from the mountains 3.68055 consumption inside the mountains 15.0 million billion m3 , details are shown in Table 7-5. Table 7-5 Surface Water Resources of Main Inland Rivers in the Protection Region River River Outlet runoff valleys Measuring Catchment Station Runoff in from mountain area (m mountains (100 (100 million million i) m3) Hongshuihe River Shangwan ______578 V illage 1.31 1.23 Dadumahe River Hufangcheng 217 0.88 0.88 Suyouhe River Suyoukou 147 0.43 Heihe River Yingluoxia 0.43 10009 15.97 Liyuanhe River Liyuanpu 15.97 Heihe 2240 2.50 Mayinghe River Hongshahe 2.43 River 619 1.14 River611.4.4 1.14 Fengyanghe River Fenglehe River 568 1.41 Hongshuibahe 1.41 River Xindi 1574 2.81 2.11 Taolaihe River Bingou 6883 6.69 Small rivers 6.69 2066 Subtotal 3.0155 3.8155 24901 36.9555 36.8955 7.4 Appraisal of present conditions of the resources in the protection region 7.4.1 Appraisal of present conditions of the resources of forest and species From the point of view of the resource constituents of forest components and vegetation protection region, in the the vegetation in the region possesses far-ranging geographical the components components, of north temperature zone of Europe and Asia, the Mediterranean components of of Central Asia, and special species of the components components of East Asia. The of trait species and far-flung species form the mountain forest bush tufts, alp meadows and sub-alp meadows of the protection. The hilly forest grassland zone cold-warm conifer and forest are distributed on the shade slope and semi-shade mountains, slope of the and the slopes facing the sun are normally covered with the meadows, the sections are distributed two in interlacing, they are the major carrier of the water supply sources of Qilianshan Mountains. From the point of view of the total land area and forest area occupied by the protection region, the proportion and the overlay degree are all small, is the stasis degree also the same, 0.4-0.6 of stasis degree makes up 81.9% of the area of forest components, and over the 0.7 stasis degree makes up only 18.1%. Generally, there are more species in the west the to the forest grassland landscape, and the east and poor in the west; the east belongs as the nude species mainly protected by the state, such desert grassland landscape. There are 3 peach, Class Two plant; peach seven and Mongolia flat fruit tree of Class One state protected station, in the central east, in Xishui natural protection state protected plant, mainly distribute slopes with 2500-3000m of elevations. and on the shade slopes and semi-shade of the resources of wild animals 7.4.2 Appraisal of present conditions of wild animal in the region provide the every species The current existed forest meadows interdependent, inhabiting and multiplying. They are with an excellent environment for their together, and equilibrium of the natural environment restricted each other, maintaining the the northwest. species sources in the drought areas of becoming a gene storeroom of biological among the Wild Animals of State Major Protection>, According to the analyses of water resources 7.4.3 Appraisal of present conditions of and the region are supplied mainly with precipitation, The water resources in the protection water directly and snow is fewer. The surface runoff supply from the water melted from ice from the of the river runoff, the river runoff water from the precipitation accounts for 63% river runoff, and precipitation makes up 31.4% of the spring from the groundwater from the runoff from makes up 4.8%. The region forming the the water melted from ice and snow only is located in verticality, more than half of the region the precipitation possesses apparent place area, So the region is both an important forest grassland and forest meadow grassland plays for store and regulation of the runoff, and forming surface runoff and a natural reservoir an important connecting link between the preceding and the following. Therefore, the rise and fall of the forest in Qilianshan Mountains is the key point for existence of the base merchandise grains of in Hexi Region and the economic development of Hexi Corridor. 7.5 Influence of project construction on the major objects in the region natural protection 7.5.1 Location of the project at the natural protection region Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region is located at the Qilianshan middle-east part of Mountains, its administration range contains part regions in the eight counties (cities) of Tianzhu, Sunan, Gulang, Wuwei, Yongchang, Shandan, Minle, and Zhangye, geographical coordinates its are 360 30' -39° 30' of north latitudes, and 930 of east longitude. 31' -103' The project is located in Xishui Protection Station in the protection region, which is under the administration of Sunan Yugur Autonomy County. From of the point of view the relations between the project district and the position of the regional division functions of protection in the region, the project is within the experiment zone of the the details protection zone, are shown in Figure 7-1. Xishui Administrative Station is located in Xishui Township of Mati District of there are Sunan County, 5 natural villages of Bayi, Erjiapi, Zhengnangou, Louzhuangzi, in Bajiaowan under it, which, Xishuigou stock ground is within the bounds of Bajiao Village. Xishui Station has 72412 ha. of total land area, in which 21113 ha. of forest land, 51299 ha. of non-forest In the forestland land. there are 10331 ha. of woodland (being forest headwaters), for conservation of accounting for 48.93%; savanna woodland 812 ha., accounting for 3.90%; shrubbery 6661 ha., accounting for 31.55%; forestation land 45 ha., accounting for 0.21%; nursery land 4 ha., accounting for 0.01%; waste land suitable for forestation accounting 3260 ha., for 15.4%. In the non-forest land, there are 104 ha. of farmland, accounting for 0.20%; 19454 ha. of grassplot, accounting for 37.92%; other land uses 31741 for 61.88%. ha., accounting According to project construction on the protection region 7.5.2 Analyses of the influence factors of the it mainly includes the construction of hinge, From the analyses of the project construction, stock ground, discarded residue stock ground, tunnel, workshop, road for construction, stone the objects of influence of the construction on and living facilities for workers, the identified and region during the periods of construction environment resources in the protection operation are shown in Figure 7-3. Discarded residue stock ground 8 ha. of area. 245300mj of discarded Stock A Hinge residue Anitnals and plants and H_Water 2hm2 of area. Utilized 1.3 Hinge quality and runoff_| a q a 9.84km long, 570600 o W m' of discarded o r k Tunnel s h o Area of animal p ______c___.___.___c activities Roads for construction 7hr7hmof area, 109100m' A nimals 0 of discarded and plants and _ functions ofl ° E_ water conservation Stone o r5_work_ _ stock ground s _ c _ Stone tc run 3.5kmlong, 3 _ 80400m of Animals and plants discarded work Roads -~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~water conservationoj and functlions o ___water_conservation Living of buildersT +J l 2821 builder-s Animals in construction T ' i^ and plants and functionis Living- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~waterconservation of ials aondeplant Animalsand plants c- Living of employees Ls.102 o . employees _ , X > ill _ > = |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cJ Traffic and transportation Animals and plants Uncertain vehicle e lines Animals G Figure 7-3 Analyses of Influence Factors on the Protection Region during the Periods of Construction anid Operation of the Project i i I I i I I Ii i i i ii 1 i 7.5.3 Analyses of influence on the protection region during construction project period of the (1) Influence on vegetation From the point of view of the influence of the project construction elements on the identified of vegetation, though the construction sites of residue stock ground, material stock ground, roads, and workshop are in the experiment zone of the protection which is not region, conifer forest land, this may bring some influences vegetation on the meadow in the zone. According to the land occupied by the project and the limited bounds for construction sites, the area of the stirred land with the original amounts to63.41kM2 landform , the species influenced are mainly the Gramineae chrysanthemum graminaceous and plants. If the management in construction period imperfect and human is activities exceed the work bounds, the area influenced Whenever may extend. the scope of the builders' activities is strictly restricted construction and intensifying management, the influence of the construction work vegetation on the natural will decrease to the minimum. (2) Influence on the protected species and biologic diversity The land occupied by the distribution of the project construction, station stock grounds dam site, and belong to Xishui Protection Station, and most of unused. the land occupied is The sites of the power station and the stock grounds will occupy shrubland. From part of the point of view of ecological environment for the protected the region, species in most of them grow on the shade slopes and under the spruce forest on the semi-shade slopes, associating with the species of caragana and daphne. Because not any there is arbor woodland and protected species within the bounds of 2.0km from the project district and construction site, the project construction will not influence the protected species and even the diversity of species, the species on the damaged are normally grassplot common ones, and they wide spread in other regions. (3) Influence on the protected wild animals The influence of the project construction on the protected wild animals appears land occupied both the by the project and the activities of the builders. This decreases the space wild and point of view of present distribution of for the wild animals to inhabit. From the except birds, all inhabit in arbor shrubland protected animals in the region, most animals, belong The project construction district does not and bare rock zone on stone mountains. carry out animals. Therefore, the project should to the main habitat of protected wild period to prevent wild and even protected civilized construction during construction be Otherwise, the protection of birds may animals from hurting and influence. influenced. (4) Influence on conservation of headwaters for Protection Region have special functions The forest resources in Qilianshan Natural Forest to the research of Qilianshan Headwaters conservation of headwaters. According of of hydrological ecology of the forest Institute of Zhangye Prefecture, the benefit back respects: one is the function of holding Qilianshan Mountains appears in three other is the function of the layer of the withered precipitation and weakening runoff, the the third is the function of the toot systems shed leaves and sedge in water conservation, forest hydrological regulation. Taking the spruce layer in prevention against erosion and when can hold back 28.4% of the precipitation, as an example, the crown layer of trees shed leaves on the earth's surface reaches the accumulation of the deadwood and 2 and the toots system can contain 58.3t/km 97.3t/km2, it can contain362.78t/km2 of water, is 16.2 example again, its conservation storage of water. Taking the spruce forest as an it is much less than that of arbor woods times as much as the roots system of grassland; in the grassland does not play a key function and broadleaf woods. This indicates that region. Nevertheless, the project will conservation of headwaters in the protection 2 forecasted that the effect of water conservation damage about 45.8kM of meadows, it is reduced that before it is damaged, the annual will go down by nearly one time than 3 shows meadows will reach 1000m /km , this conservation storage from the destroyed earth's the increase of the local runoff on the that the project construction will cause the occupied and will influence the effect of surface for loosing the meadows the project original meadows in conservation of headwaters. 7.5.4 Influence on the protection region during the operation period of the project (1) Influence on vegetation After the project puts into operation, the discarded residue grounds will be earth up and refitted artificially for virescence, the plant species and overlay percentage will greatly increase, the slopes with earth overlay along the roads will naturally restore vegetation within their 2-3 years, the open ground in the station district will clothed be artificially with virescence, parts of the vegetation will be restored, and the structural level of the vegetation will change obviously, they will change from the original single meadow structure to the complex structures of arbor, shrub and meadow, numbers and the species will increase in some extent. Therefore, the influence of the project during operation period on the vegetation is turning to the good side. (2) Influence on the wild and protected animals During the operation period of the project, along with the improvement of traffic facilities, the traffic vehicles coming and going and the people inhabiting increase, here will this will reduce the space for wild animals in activities and the inhabiting areas, especially for the beast animals, their activities will be influence management greatly. If the does not follow up and the phenomena of disorderly catching and hunting the animals appear, the wild animals and protected animals inhabiting in the area will to other places. flee conditions and influence on the 8. Appraisal of the prediction of present atmospheric environment in the project district environment quality in the project district 8.1 Present conditions of the atmospheric Hydroelectric Station project district stands, The Heihe River valleys, where Xiaogushan it is extremely hot in summer, precipitation belongs to the inland drought climate area, the and it is severe cold in winter. Because rainfall is little, the evaporation is great, is also great disparity, the difference in climate difference in topography in the region is district are sparsely populated; there is not obvious. The station dam site and the station and the project district. any air pollution source in the upper stream Band and the State Environment Protection According to the requirement of Asia district, air environment quality in the project Administration, in order to know the the Development Company Limited entrusted Gansu Zhangye Heihe River Hydroelectric of Zhangye City with the work. During Environmental Protection Monitoring Station station monitoring spots around the Xiaogushan November 6 to 8, 2002, the station set 2 of the environmental air quality, the site and carried out the present monitoring 2-2. distribution of the spots is shown in Figure Table 8-i Results of Present Monitoring of Environmental Air Xiaogushan Station Quality in Unit: mg/M2 Time of No. 1 monitoring monitoring spot SO No.2 monitoring spot 2 NO2 TSP SO2 NO 2002.11.6 2 TSP 0.002 0.002 0.08 0.002 2002.11.7 0.002 0.11 0.002 0.002 0.09 0.002 2002.11.8 0.002 0.10 0.002 0.002 0.10 0.002 GB3095- 1996 0.002 0.09 Standard Class 0.05 0.08 One 0.12 Note: No. 1 monitoring spot is located in the upper direction of wind at the position away from the 500m station site, and No.2 monitoring spot is located in the upper wind at the position direction of 500m away from the station site, SO 2 and NO have in the monitoring. 2 not been found From Table 8-1, SO 2 and NO2 have not been found at all the monitoring values are less spots, TSP than limited values (daily average value 0.12mg/m 3 ) stipulated in Class One of 8.2 Appraisal of the prediction of the influence of the project construction atmospheric environment on the 8.2.1 Influence of project construction on the atmospheric environment The influence of Xiaogushan hydroelectric project on the atmospheric restricted environment is in the construction period, and it will disappear after project. the construction of the (1) Source strength The pollutants during the project construction mainly come from the from explosion, waste gas exhausted burned fuels from machines and coal burned in boilers, the total dosages of the explosive and diesel oil are 1303t and 520t separately, the coal burned by boilers is and SO , etc. because in the air are mainly the dust, CO, 2 7000t. The pollutants produced tunnel and diversion station, the diversion the project is a daily-regulated is in caves, and some underground types, the excavation pressure-regulation wells are all most of the dust water for dropping dust are taken, auxiliary measures, such as sprinkling out from the tunnel. nearby, only small part exhaust produced in the construction subside come from from the project construction mainly Therefore, the air pollutants produced permanent roads, the of gate dam, station site, and the the explosions of the construction of the boilers in are centralized, and the coal burning spots where open excavations explosive in the the consumption of fuel, coal, and production district. According to is shown discharge from the project construction project construction, the air pollutants in Table 2-21, Chapter II. (2) Prediction of the influence relevant to many construction on atmosphere is The influence extent of the project and topography. diffusion, construction capacity, factors of the conditions of atmospheric in the Xiaogushan of Sunan County Weather Station, According to the relevant statistics dominant wind speed is 2.6m/s, the annual project district, the perennial average wind wind speed is 17m/s, and the corresponding direction of wind is W, the maximum direction is W. are rather close, so it is narrow, the construction sites The valley in the project district thus it is source discharging in centralization, may be considered as a point pollution windy conditions for point source diffusion under the decided to adopt the mode of the to Appraisal of Influence on Environment>: C - (2 Q )exp(- Y, )F 2zucY'z 2a} of the pollution system with the smoke feather quill the formula: C-In the coordinate In 3 concentration (mg/mi) at the point source as the X-axis, the ground (X, Y) in unit time period Q-Discharge (mg/s) of pollutants Y-Vertical distance (m) of the axis of the average wind direction at the appraised point and the discharge point on the horizontal plane • y-Horizontal sidelong diffusion permanent (m) vertical to the average wind direction o z-Vertical diffusion permanent (m) U-Average wind speed (mls) at the discharge point He-Effective height (m) at the discharge point Because the atmospheric appraisal of the project is Class Three and the in the pollution sources construction sites are all ground sources, H is near 0, thus the diffusion mode be simplified into: can Q C=( Q )exp(- Y21 ) ay (7 2a y Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station stands at highland with higher elevation sunlight and longer time; the common atmospheric stability is Grade A-C. According to the above formula, the actual scope of influenced atmospheric environment around construction the above district can be determined by calculating the distance of the diffusion of relevant pollutants to the point with standard discharge concentration under stable atmospheric different conditions, its details are shown in Table 8-2. Table 8-2 Distance of the Pollutants Grounding Points Concentration with Standard Unit: m Atmospheric stability Distance of reach the standard CO SO2 A TSP 29.3 76.3 B-C 129.8 43.2 128.0 218.7 C-D 64 190.9 351.7 E 116.8 360.8 677.6 stabilities, the unfavorable conditions of atmospheric From Table 8-3, under the most the standard pollutant to the ground point with furthest distance of every relevant during construction scope of the waste gas produced pollution is 677.7m. The influence period of of the pollutants produced in a short is very small, the increase of concentration the environment in the region. time cannot constitute a threat to of site all the year round, and the content Because the builders stay in the construction cave, loading and of open excavation, excavation in dust and floating dust at the spots sides of arterial concrete mixing, and along the two unloading of earth and stones, and districts and this results local air pollution in the roads will increase for the construction, in labor protection necessary measures for the builders influences the builders, therefore, and prevention should be taken. 9. Appraisal of prediction of present conditions of environmental noises in district and their influences project 9.1 Present conditions of environmental noises in project district Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station stands at the valley of the upper steam of River; there is not the Heihe any noise pollution source in the district from the station site. gate site to the According to the requirement of Asia Band and the State Environment Protection Administration, in order to know the noise background in the Zhangye project district, Gansu Heihe River Hydroelectric Development Company Environmental Limited entrusted the Protection Monitoring Station of Zhangye City November with the work. On 6, 2002, the station set 3 monitoring spots around the Xiaogushan station and carried out the site present monitoring of the day and night environmental conditions, the noise distribution of the spots is shown in Figure 2-1, results and the monitoring are shown in Table 9-1. Table 9-1 Results of Present Monitoring of Environmental Noises in Xiaogushan Station Spot of monitoring Time of monitorint Results of monitoring (dB) X# 2002.11.6 Day Night 43.9 39.8 .~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~4. 2# 2002.11.6 Day Night 45.6 43.2 3# 2002.11.6 Day 40.3 Night 37.2 Class I Standard GB3096-93 Day 55 Night From the Table 9-1, 45 the day and night noise values at every monitoring below spots are all that stipulated in Class I of influence on sound environment 9.2 Appraisal of prediction of the centralized in on the sound environment is mainly Because the influence of the project during the will influence the sound environment construction period, so nothing operation period of the project. systems the sand, stone and aggregate processing 9.2.1 Prediction of the noises from sources of systems are fixed and continuous The sand, stone and aggregate processing 9-2) of different to the noise values (See Table noise pollution, by referring noise values are similar hydroelectric stations, their construction machines of domestic synthetic sound to high-frequency noises, their all more than 9OdB(A) and belonging pressure level is 113dB(A). Measured from Equipment of Sand-stone Table 9-2 Noise Values Actually Systems Value actually measured [dB(A)] Work spot Noise source 95 Worker Jaw breaker 115 Worker Stick grinder 94-98 Rough breaker 106.1 Platforn Suspension screen 108 Platform Seat screen 92 screening (fine) Screen tower (natural sand) Sand-stone screening 114 Screen tower (artificial Sand-stone coarse aggregate) 6(Leq) Headstock 10 Belt conveyer of sand-stone ground 111 Sand-stone falling Vibrator for material falling by using the formnula: Calculating the noise attenuation LI=Lo-2OLg (r1/ro) Model of spherical wave attenuation: In the formula: Lo-Sound pressure level Im away from the sound source, taking 113dB(A) LI-Sound pressure level on the radiation surface Im away from r the sound source 1, ro-Distance from the measuring points separately The results of the calculation are: It can meet the requirements of 9.2.2 Prediction of construction noise in the gate and the station district The noise in the gate and station district mainly comes from machinery, the activities of construction excavation, and explosion. The noise values measured from the equipment are shown in Table 9-3. Table 9-3 Sound Pressure Level Actually Measured from Main Equipment Construction Source of noise Sound pressure Source_____of___noise noise ___ level Sound pressure Concrete dB(A) Source mixing tower of level dB(A) 67.4 Concrete Mixer vibrator 110 88 Windlass Hand air drill 105 94 Air compressor Construction explosion 105 130 Navvy Transport vehicle 89 for construction Equipment for 87.1 mber processing 888 strength, the noise occurred construction site and the noise According to the program of in values, because there is construction district is maximal from the vibrators in the gate living area of No.1 it has only influence on the not any residential area around, near to the living area of concrete mixing station is construction site, and No.2 points that the generated the noise values at the sensitive construction site (Table 9-4), are calculated separately. noise sound arrived at after attenuation Sensitive of Noises from Machines in Sound Table 9-4 Predicted Results Environment in Gate District Predicted Standard dB(A) District value influenced Distance (m) Source of noise dB(A) Daytime Nighttime 70 55 area 180 52 No.3 concrete No.3 living mixing tower 70 55 area 1050 62 Concrete vibrator No. 1 living in gate district standard 9.2.3 Prediction of traffic noise Running noise sources are mainly from the conveyances of heavy-duty camions, their maximal noise etc., strength may excess 87dB(A). The main road Ba-Xi Highway construction district in the has small traffic originally, there are only about they are 20 vehicles a day, mainly motorcycles, agro-vehicles, and passenger buses, velocity and the average drive is 29km/h. During construction period, construction vehicles are mainly will increase; they heavy-duty large cars. According to 70m 90m 11Gm Standard Distane 10m 30m 50m 51.6 70 57.30 55.1 53.6 52.5 Daytime Predicted 66.1 50.3 55 56.0 53.8 52.3 51.2 Nighttime Predicted 58.8 Ba-Xi Highway, in the project district is the original Because the traffic arterial road will increase in is smaller, and the traffic volume vehicle daily running quantity of Xiliushui the residents of Bajiaowan Village construction period, this will bring the noise arose road, with noise influence. Because Township, which is near the arterial range, the influence of only a little excess of the standard from the project construction is traffic control. extent by taking the measures of the noise will decrease in certain of the station is because the construction district Summing up the above mentioned, areas of the the further distance of the residential broad in land, sparse population, on them is not big; the site, the influence of the noise villages to every construction construction period the roads of Bajsowan Village in heavy-duty vehicles driving through not be large. The noise, but the influence extent will will bring the villagers with some corresponding the health of the workers at the site; construction noises mainly influence taken. measures for prevention should be 10. Present conditions of social milieu in the project district and the analyses influence of the 10.1 Present conditions of social milieu in the project district The project district belongs to Bajiaowan Village of Xishui Township, there are natural villages five in the township, there is a population of 1151, and persons. labor force 526 The villagers mainly engage in agriculture and animal husbandry, there is any industrial enterprise, not the main incomes are from agriculture and animal the husbandry, basic conditions of the township are shown in Table 10-1. of Xishui Township (the statistic data Table 10-1 Statistics of Basic Conditions in 2000) Village Total Zhengnangou Ejiapi Bayi name Bajiaowan Louzhuangzi Item 40 39 70 271 Family number 70 52 (family) 175 181 300 1151 Population 288 207 (person) 79 83 128 526 Labor force 139 97 (person) 420 233 368 1868 Cultivated land 444 403 (mu) 40 486 Effective irrigated 240 203 area (mu) 198 1130 248 300 103 Grain seeding (mu) 281 370 Spring 190 180 wheat 190.____37 95 41 591 In Highland 19 38 45 10_24_79 79 which barley 10 24 _ __ Pea 45 4 33 6 90 Potato 27 20 21009 6840 11955 185037 Total grain yield 75705 69401 (kg) 38 15 10 Oil plants seeding 13 (mu) 2000 7096.5 255 Total oil plants 2346.5 79 yield (mu) 26250 93 30 63 Woodland area ______(m u)______91145 142635 22250 8700 10265 Meadow area (mu) 10275 7680 33720 5765 6080 5594 8601 _ _ Amount of sheep _ _ _ _ (head) ______113 191 260 664 57 43 _ _ Amount of beef ______cattle__ 1400 50600 10400 6500 5100 Electric power 14600 ______used 947609 1471633 5680842 1458190 938400 865010 Total income 300849 1106037 128300 170439 228899 Expenditures 277550 297158 Income from 1224400 150450 agricultural (yuani) Income from 1052568 4597417 689150 826010 832009 animal husbandry 1197680 (yuan) 39000 115600 394797 786267 Income from 138070 98800 side-line (yuan) 3692 3649 3662 3661 3653 3800 _ _ _ per capita ______Income ______(yuan ) ______ 10.2 Analysis of influence on social milieu The development of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station will change the mechanism of Zhangye City from the present industrial structure of agriculture first and undeveloped third industry to the perfect circulation of "maintaining forest with electricity, protecting water with water, generating electricity with water". Try to change the current energy constitution of burning wood to clean energy conforming to the requirement of environmental protection; this will create basic conditions for local economy to develop continually. 10.2.1 Influence on social economy during construction period The project construction will push the social economy of Sunan County especially the project district developing rapidly. Along with the development of the power station, construction builders will come in large amount, this will promote the production and sales of local non-staple foodstuff of meat and vegetables, facilitate the prosper and development of the third industries of service and cultural amusement, create great opportunities of employment, excite the local rural economy, increase economic income of the local masses, improve the living standard of local people, and enhance the consciousness of commodity economy and opening to the outside of the people near the project district. This must produce profound significance for the development of local society and economy. 10.2.2 Influence on the social economy during the operation period The operation of the power station will not only bring directly Zhangye City with great revenue but create necessary conditions of traffic facilities and energy supply for tourism development, raw material processing and high-energy consuming industries, and play an important role in developing local economy. It also plays a greater role in rapid exploitation of local resources, promotion of mass's cultural level, improvement of people's living standard, and acceleration of the prosperous development of the economy in minor nationality areas in Sunan County. 10.2.3 Influence on health of masses near the project district, the main infectious At present, there are sparse local residents dysentery, and the incidence of the disease is diseases in the project area are hepatitis and period, the builders and more other peoples within the control. During the construction will reach 2824persons/d, some epidemic come from outside, the amount in peak period the same time, because of the centralized source type disease may be brought in. At population will increase, the occurrence of residents in the project district, density of infection will augment, this will bring the hepatitis and flu and the possibility of mutual unfavorable influence on their health. workers in construction sites and the local residents according with sanitary requirement, Therefore, setting up drinking water system sanitary knowledge of killing flies and rat enforcing excrement management, propagating diseases. hunt are the effective measures to control such different professional builders are More mechanical equipment are used in construction, and accident will not be avoided, the work working in the same site, the emergent hurt procedures and management should be enhanced. on tourism 10.2.4 Influence of the project construction artificial lake with an area of 86200m2 will After the construction of the reservoir, an protection region. The improvement in local appear, a new landscape will be added to the construction will play a positive role in traffic and communications from the project facilitating local tourism. 11. Present conditions of environmental geology in project district and risk analysis of structural stability of dam site 11.1 Survey and analysis of present conditions of environmental geology in project district 11.1.1 Regional geology and earthquake The project district is situated at the complex position of the drape of Qilianshan Mountain to the west wing of "Qi, Lv, He" W form structure and Hexi wrested structure system, the main regional structural lines are northwestward, the direction of main press strain is northeastward, the regional rupture influencing the regional stability is the faultage from Xiliushui River to Changshitihe River, through field trip and sampling examination, the active time of the faultage is 197000 years ago, it belongs to the Pleistocene (Q2) of the fourth age, though the new structural activity in the region is stronger, most of them are intermittent ascending and descending activities, the faultages of the Holocene (Q4) period have not seen in the project district, therefore, the project is located at the relatively stable area of structural activities. The basic earthquake intensity in the project district is 8 degrees. 11.1.2 Reservoir district The reservoir is in a valley reservoir structured with rigid rock, the mountains on the banks are 300m high above its water level, the rock is Siluric plate rock, the faultage structure is not so developed, the mountains around the reservoir are virile, there is not lower valleys adjacent, so permanent leakage after conservation storage will not exist in the reservoir. There are not cultivated land, forestry, residents, mineral resources, immerge area, and lost from the submerging in the reservoir district. There are not landslides in the district except gravel and slope collapsed accumulations sporadically distributed on the scattered terraces, which only may increase the silt of the reservoir. There are few gulches in the reservoir, only the Shilabangou Gorge 200m from before the dam may bring a little deposit in front of the dam while the mountain stream occurs in storm seasons, there are few mud-rock flow sources, the environmental geological conditions are better. 11.1.3 Dam (gate) site and precipitous; there The valley appears in narrow "U" shape, the bank slopes are high of the riverbed is are not basically bad physical geological phenomena. The over-burden from top to bottom 40.6-43.54m thick, it is complex in configuration, it is divided clay, sand gravel, vertically into gravel containing block stones and sand, powder bearing force of powder moraine sandy loan, and detritus earth; in which, the standard 5 10 7cmis, the standard clay is 0.12-0.15Mpa, infiltration coefficient is 1.16 X 10 -5.7X is 76.3m/d. The bearing force of sand gravel is 0.3-0.38Mpa, the infiltration coefficient over-burden, it is divided deposit on the foundation of the dam has the fourth age deep the problems of uneven into five layers according to the data of drilling, there exist that endangering the sinking of dam foundation, leakage, and downstream rushing The rock that constitutes stability of the dam, therefore, it must be dealt with carefully. fine and hard in property, the foundation of the dam is Siluric silicon plate rock, it is rock, the weak weathering strong in weathering resistance, and belongs to layer type hard banks, there are fewer depth of the rock body is 4-6m at the riverbed, 8-lOm on both the scale is smaller. The faultages in the rock body, the crannies are well developed, but water and basic rock types of the groundwater in dam district are hollow-crevice latent and magnesium carbonate cranny water, the type of the water quality is heavy calcium the analyses of stability water, which does not erode common Portland cement. Through the dam shoulders on of the upper and down dam lines, dam shoulders, and dam banks, F faultage of the upper both banks are basically stable, but the hanging rocks on the 44 conditions and the dam line should be treated in engineering. The engineering geological basically the same, by construction conditions of the upper and down dam lines are conditions of the down synthetically comparing and selecting, the engineering geological dam line is a little better than that of the upper dam line. 11.1.4 Diversion tunnel The tunnel is located on the right bank of the Heihe River, the mountains are broad and solid, the wall rock is hard plate rock and adamellite, the faultages and crannies in the rock are well developed, the larger faultages passing through are F24, F22, F2o, Fi9, Fig, and F1l, etc., they are well glued and have no obvious influence on the formation of the tunnel. In the tunnel segment from the inlet of the tunnel to Dagushangou Gorge, there is little groundwater in partial segment, and in the segment from Dagushangou Gorge to the pressure regulation well of the station workshop, partial deeply buried segment will have slightly rock explosion. The total length of the tunnel is 9960m, in which, the types of II, III, IV wall rock account for 53.2%, 36.4%, and 10.4% separately. The inlets of the tunnel of upper and down dam lines all need to be excavated openly, and then into the tunnel, their side slopes of the front faces of the tunnel are basically stable. 11.1.5 Station workshop It is located on the left of Xiliuhe River, a branch of the Heihe River, on the down stream 10km away from the dam (gate) site, the valley is broad and the topography is relatively flat and even, the place is suitable for the project construction. The pressure regulation well and the pressure pipes are on the left slope of the mountain, the wall rock is hard and fine adamellite, its faultage structure is well developed, the wall rock belongs to Type HI. The outlet of the pressure pipe is located in the loose accumulation, it is required to bury the pipes by opencast. The landform outside the workshop appears a 5-20° slope, the depth of the over-burden is 41m, the elevation of the top plate of the ground rock is 1879-1883m, according to 1901m of the designed elevation of the station foundation, in the 22m of the gravel layer in depth under the station foundation, there distributed are clay and sandy loam, the standard load bearing capacity of the gravel containing block rock and sandy gravel is 0.3Mpa, and the infiltration coefficient is 63.2mi/d. The foundation bottom to be built is under the groundwater level, attention must be paid to its drain in construction, for the workshop is built on the fourth age strata, the side slope should be dug with the following values: above water 1:1-1,25, under water 1:1.25-1.5. The brae behind the workshop is 300m high, the topography is high but partial hanging rocks above and and precipitous, the rock is wholly well stable, and some engineering measures to unloading rock body should be treated in engineering, The tail water passing by is 1917-1920m the bigger gulch on the braes should be taken. containing block rocks, partial segment is in elevation, the rock nature is sandy gravel of the downstream, the channel should be below the elevation (1920m) of the reservoir be placing liner in whole sections and in blocked up by filling, the whole channel should the whole length. on the environment 11.2 Analyses of influence of reservoir immerging are constituted with hard rocks, there The rock bank slopes on both banks of the reservoir only much cumulated block stones and are not unstable big rock blocks, there are collapsing; but on the right bank, there are crushed stones on both banks from the slope block stones piled up each other with a lots of such things widely distributed, some large after the conservation storage. The poor stability, certain amount of silt may be occurred are Changganhe River and Shilabangou well-developed bigger gulches on both banks water all the year round, the vegetations Gouge; in which, Changganhe River has flowing mud-rock flowing sources. Shilabangou are in good conditions, there are basically not from the upper stream, the both sides at Gouge is located on the right bank 200m away gouge is narrow and shapes as "V" forrn, the mouth of the gouge are nearly upright, the the elevation of the gouge bottom is the gouge is 2000-2500m long, l0-50m wide, slope falling is 2.26%, at the gouge bottom 2115 (gouge mouth) -2680 (gouge head), the from slopes and floods, its thickness is and both sides there is accumulated deposit at the upper stream are mostly covered 12-25m, the bottom and the head of the gouge is small, the deposits at the gouge bottom with vegetation, the area for collection of water are barely exposed, though there is not from the middle reaches to the gouge mouth current brings rock fragments downward long-term flowing water in the gouge, the big up at the mouth of the gouge and form along the gouge in heavy rain seasons, they pile take suitable engineering measures. There deposits in front of the dam, it is necessary to Therefore, no slips and collapses will are not conditions for mud-rock flowing to form. be possible to occur in the reservoir district, and no environment problems exist. 11.3 Risk analyses of structural stability of the dam site In September of 2000, the Second General Brigade of Gansu Provincial Water Conservancy and Hydraulic Power Survey & Design Research Institute entrusted Lanzhou Earthquake Engineering Institute to undertake the appraisal task of structural stability of the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station. In March 2001, Lanzhou Earthquake Engineering Institute offered the 11.3.1 Results of analysis and calculations of the fatalness of the dam site of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station under an earthquake Within the bounds with the dam site as the center and 150km as the radius, there exist 30 potential focus areas of earthquake with different upper limits of shake grades. The dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is located in No.16 potential focus area of earthquake with Grade 7.0 of the upper limit of the shake grade. The future close earthquake will have influence on the dam site in maximal earthquake intensity. The results of analyses and calculation of earthquake fatalness of the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station are as follows: (1) During the 50 years of fiducial period, the earthquake under the risk level over 63.2% of the probability, i.e., the first level intensity (mode intensity) is 6.69 degrees, the suggested intensity value is 6 degrees; the corresponding acceleration of bedrock peak value is 64.15gal, the suggested acceleration value is 64gal. (2) During the 50 years of fiducial period, the earthquake under the risk level over 10% of the probability, i.e., the second level intensity (basic intensity) is 8.09 degrees, the suggested intensity value is 8 degrees; the corresponding acceleration of bedrock peak value is 220.12gal, the suggested acceleration value is 220gal. under the risk level over 2% of (3) During the 50 years of fiducial period, the earthquake meet intensity) is 8.76 degrees, the the probability, i.e., the third level intensity (rarely acceleration of bedrock peak suggested intensity value is 9 degrees; the corresponding 386gal. value is 386.36gal, the suggested acceleration value is site of Heihe River Xiaogushan 11.3.2 Appraisal of structural stability of the dam Hydroelectric Station Station is located at the complex The dam site of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric zone to the north of Yumushan position to the east of the northwestward break knurl break zone to the north of Mountain and to the north mountain foot of the westward the middle segment of connection Qilianshan Mountain. The earth structure belongs to and to the earthquake zone of ruche to the north of drape stain of Qilianshan Mountain, Plateau. The geological Hexi Corridor of northern earthquake zone of Qinghai-Tibet of the new structure are structure near the dam site is complex, the different movements to the historical record, the strong, and the live break layer is developed. According suffered in history is VI degrees. earthquake intensity influence that the dam site has ever the dam site of Xiaogushan Within the bounds with 150km as its radius and live break zone developed. The Hydroelectric Station as its center, there are 15 regional of live break zones is current distribution of the east-westward and northwestward ancient structure and Qilianshan developed on the base of Dunhuang-Alashan dais-edge left revolving slipping movement ruche zone. The live break nature is generally the the multi-times succession of the occurred in the middle and late Pleistocene, except and the backward covering, only original movement of squeezing backward rushing this forms the main melody of partial area appears the dextrorotation slipping nature, of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The modern earth crust movement at the north edge the surface structures across the north-northwestward and northeastward break zones are in the early chalk age, and formed regional major structure lines. They began to develop and late Pleistocene, the during new third age or Pleistocene. During the middle movements. The live faultage at structural zone showed multi-times intermittent swelling the eastern foot of the north-northwestward knurl zone shows the features of back rushing with some extent of dextrorotation cut movement, the northeastward faultage shows the features of expansion with some extent of dextrorotation cut. The general trend of the space-time conversion of the main break of regional live faultage develops from the mountains to the basins in turn. The northern Qilianshan break train at the base of the pushing overturned structure, the hinge part of the big faultage block, becomes a basically continued system of earthquake break and intension, which controls the occurrence of strong earthquake over 7 degrees in the north edge area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At the complex position of the live faultage of north northwestward back rushing with dextrorotation cut nature and the dextrorotation slipping northwest west-east westward press nature with left turn slipping live faultage, a stress center is generally formed, which controls the occurrence of the high-temperature springs and the middle-strong earthquakes about 5.5 degree. Since the Holocene, the movement of regional live faultage is limited. In the future hundred of years, the probability of occurrence of 7.5 degrees of earthquake in the earthquake zone in Hexi Corridor is 80%. In the Holocene segment of the northern foot of Jintananshan Mountain, the faultage zone of Daqingshan Mountain, and the middle east segment of Qilianshan Mountain, there exist the conditions for occurrence of 6.5 and 7.5 degrees of earthquake, thus the maximal possible influence of the earthquake intensity on the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is VIII degrees. Within the bounds of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station with 30km as its radius, there developed 39 faultages with different scales; in which, 8 in the early and middle Pleistocene, 7 in the late Pleistocene, and 1 in the whole Pleistocene. There is not any faultage across the dam site, and no northeastward faultage along the river. The distances of the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station to the live faultage of the Heihe River mouth, to the Xiwudang live faultage, and to the west-side faultage of Pingdinshan are separately 6.4km, 6km, and 1km, to the middle Pleistocene faultage of Changshitigou Gouge and live faultage of Xiliushui are 4km and 8km separately. The earthquake level featured by the faultage near the dam site is 6.2-7.1 degrees. The earthquake level historically recorded near the site is 5 degrees; the level of current activities of weak earthquake is middle strong. In the future hundred of years, there exist the structural conditions and background for an about 6 degrees of earthquake occurrence, the possible influence of the maximal earthquake intensity suffered on the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is VIII degrees. The movement of the faultage during earthquake is unlikely to bring the earth's surface with fracture zones and the construction facilities with damages. Therefore, the dam site of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is located at a relative stable segment of the structural movement zone. 12. Environmental protection measures and their technical and economic demonstrability 12.1 Bases (1) (3) (9) < Design Technical Criterion of Pressed Earth-Stone Dam> (SDJ218-84) (10) < Design Criterion of Anti-Seism of Water Engineering Buildings> (DL5073-1997) (1) (12) 12.2 Principles The principles followed by the programming and design of environmental protection measures of Zhangye Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station are as follows: district as the center (1) Taking the restoration of the landscapes of Xiaogushan project in the Heihe and the protection of sustainable development of ecological environment River valley as the basic principle; protection measures (2) Conformably coordination of the planned aim of environmental and the division of environmental functions of the project district; with project (3) The measures of environmental protection should be combined high efficiency, and construction and safe operation, and reliable, saving investment, strong operability; species as the lower (4) Biological diversity taking the protection of the minimum existed limit, but having the local features; scape district and (5) The restoration of landscapes should consider the integration the the continuity of the sight in measures. should be (6) The measures for environmental protection and the main body construction and the designed, built, and put in production at the same time, and the completion and the before-acceptance-check of both the measures for water and soil conservation main body construction should be carried out at the same time. 12.3 Contents environment, Aiming at the disadvantageous influence of the project construction on the environmental the measures of the project for environmental protection include water sound protection measures, atmospheric environmental protection measures, measures, environmental protection measures, geological environmental protection protection ecological environmental protection measures, and social environmental measures. 12.4 Scheme of environmental protection measures the principles of The scheme of environmental protection measures should follow economy, high efficiency, and convenient in administration. 12.4.1 Measures for water environmental protection (1) Treatment of the wastewater from the foundation pits Adopting the sedimentation method to do the work, according to the practical experiences in the Three-Gorge project, after still placing the wastewater from the foundation pits for 2 hours, the content of the suspensions containing in the wastewater reduced to below 300mg/l, attaining the requirement of 80% of the reduction. The technology for draining the foundation pits is reasonable, efficient, and economy; therefore, the project will adopt this technology. If founding the conditions of high content of oily water in practical operation, it can be resolved by adding in flocculation agents. (2) Wastewater treatment from sand and stone processing system (D Scheme of wastewater treatment According to the properties of the wastewater from the sand and stone processing system, it is planned to adopt natural sedimentation method, the treatment flow is shown in Figure 12-1. The wastewater containing high content of suspensions flows out from the screening tower into the sediment pool, natural sedimenting without using flocculants, natural sedimenting in the pool, draining the upper clear liquid. The features of the scheme are simple flow treatment, no high requirements on capital construction, easy operation, low operation cost; for attaining better results of treatment, the capacity of the sediment pool should be larger. (®) Selection of the schemes for sand sedimentation The sediment separated from the pool still contains more water content, which needs further treatment. If adopting the natural drying method, larger grounds are required for water filtration with the gravity principle, water evaporation with the acceleration methods of solarization and wind blowing, the dried sediment sand will be carried out to the residue ground nearby. If adopting a screw type sand-water separator for sand dehydration, the sediment sand can be carried out to the residue ground nearby at once, no more grounds are needed, excellent result of treatment can be guaranteed, the water content rate of the dehydrated slurry can be declined to below 30%, it is easy to transport, the volume of discarded sand reduced greatly, and freight is saved a lot. In view of the large daily output of sand from the project, the construction sites situated in high mountains, and narrow grounds, the method of naturally drying is obviously improper, so adopting the screw type sand-water separator to dispose the sediment sand. ( Technical process , Upper clear liquid Screenincg towr * Ntrlsdmnigpo | Returned lSediment sand water . |Screw type sand-waterseatosprtr| Sand carrying out Figure 12-1 Treatment Process Flow of Wastewater and Sediment Sand from Sand and Stone Processing System As it is shown in Figure 12-1, the flushing wastewater from the screening tower flows automatically into the horizontally flowing deposition pool. The sandy mud at the bottom of the pool will be pumped by using a movable vehicle-loaded pump into the screw type sand-stone separator to dehydrate automatically, and after that, the sand piled will be carried out to the residue ground nearby. (3) Treatment of wastewater from concrete mixing systems Aiming at the features of intermittent draining from the concrete mixing system and the small drainage volume, every system will adopt the unified types and capacities of rectangle pools, the flushing wastewater at the end of every shift will drain to the pool and still place until the next shift then drain into a temporary conservation pool, depositing for over 6 hours, then it can be reuses as the concrete mixing water. Its feature is simple structure, lower building cost, and convenient management; the only thing to do is cleaning the pool regularly. The flushing wastewater is a little higher in PH value, but for small water volume, the influence will be not so obvious, the measures for neutralizing the PH value will not be taken at present, if big influence occurred in operation, the method of adding in the neutralizer temporarily will be chosen. (4) Living sewage (O Scheme selection Because of the only 3 years of construction period, adoption of small-scale complete treatment equipment of living sewage will be expensive and unpractical; therefore, aiming at the practical conditions of the project, the project will chose the method of primary disposal of the sewage and excrement through the cesspool and then collecting the conservation flowing out from the pool for further use as virescence water, which is both economy and reasonable. © Design of cesspool The cesspool is designed in accordance of that there is groundwater under the pool and no cars driving across the top of the cesspool, and for easy to clean the deposit and avoiding the smell waving and dispersing out, the pool will be structured as a type of double pools with the earth over the top of them. The selection of the type of the cesspool for every living area conforms to the standard type of (5) Oily sewage from repairing systems Aiming at the features of small volume of water consumption in the repairing systems and small volume of drainage of oily sewage, it is decided to adopt the disposing fashion by adding flocculate regularly. Its characteristics are simple structure, lower building cost, and convenient in management, but only the work needing to do is cleaning the pool regularly. 12.4.2 Measures for atmospheric environmental protection (1) Decreasing and control of powders from excavation and explosion O Construction technology head The prior selections of engineering explosion modes are crack-chiseling explosion, reducing the crack explosion, light plane explosion, and cushion explosion, etc., for output of powders. ( Measures for dust control no-rainfall days, In the explosion centralized areas of dam (gate) site and station site, in the influence of by taking sprinkling water to speed up the dust precipitation, to lessen the dust in the time and scope. reduce The underground work should increase ventilation facilities, enforce ventilation, devices at the the concentration of waste gas; the measures of installing water sprinkling work sites or dust arrestors to reduce the dust at the work sites. (E) Individual prevention of strong The employees influenced by the air pollution should take the measures individual prevention modes, such as wearing dust-proof respirator, for protection. (2) Decrease and control of dust from sand-stone aggregate and concrete systems (D Construction technology cracking with The technology adopted in sand-stone aggregate processing is damply pay lower dust production to control the dust pollution; at the same time in production, sufficient attention to the maintenance of sprayers for ensuring the aggregate getting damping. containers for The transport of cement and powder coal dust should be in closed conditions. avoidance of raising dust pollution and ensuring the containers in hermetic (® Devices of dust precipitation period, the In order to reduce dust pollution from concrete mixing tower in construction mixer should equip with the devices of dust precipitation. ©) Measures for dust precipitation can control Every processing system assisting with water sprinkling for dust precipitation processing the time and scope of the influence of the dust from sand-stone aggregate systems. (3) Decrease and control of the waste gas from fuel During the project construction period, the vehicles employed are mostly the heavy-duty lorries with diesels; the volume of tail gas exhausted and the pollutants contained in it are higher than those with gasoline engines. In order to guarantee the discharge conforming to the standard concerned, the transport vehicles should equip with gas purifiers. (4) Decrease and control of traffic dust In order to decrease the influence of traffic dust, the following measures will be taken: 0 Establish a team specially in charge of highway maintenance, repairing, and cleaning, to keep the roads clean and in well operation conditions. (® Adopting sprinkler truck to sprinkle water for dust precipitation on the days without rainfall. (E) Planting road trees on the sides along the highway for virescence, according to different conditions of excavation and fill back of the side slopes of the roads, shrub and lawn will be reasonably planted. 12.4.3 Measures for sound environmental protection (1) The construction unit should adopt machines and transport devices conforming to the state standards concerned, and install noise control devices at the noise sources with strong intensities. (2) In construction explosion, try to adopt noiselessly explosion technology, do not make large-intensity explosion and night explosion for decreasing the influence of explosions on the nearby builders, residents, and wild animals. (3) The construction machines with higher noise value, such as air compressors, should be set indoor or the place with noise shelters. (4) The builders working in high noise conditions should wear anti-noise earplugs, ear-covers or anti-noise helmet anytime. (5) In order to prevent the wild animals in the traffic noise zone and the residents along the road from the influence of the traffic of the construction transport vehicles, it is planned to set signs or caution plates at the road sections with heavy traffic and the area _..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~____ with centralized residents in the district, the road plates should marked clearly that all cars are forbidden loudly trumpeting at daytime, and forbid any trumpeting at night. The velocity of cars passing by the district should be restricted within 15km. (6) The construction district will conduct closed management to reduce traffic pollution from outside cars. 12.4.4 Measures for geological environmental protection In water engineering layout design, the avoidance of main buildings directly across live faultages has already been considered, and according to the seismic parameters of horizontal bed rock and the over-burden with different probability level, the engineering anti-seismic measures have been taken. 12.4.5 Measures for ecological environmental protection (1) Measures for protection of terrestrial living things (0 Terrestrial plants A. Because of the weaker ecological environment in the project district, the project will combine all the measures for water environmental protection, water and soil protection and ecological protection, to protect the project cons*tuction district and its around circumstances, especially the major plants and vegetation in the district. Water and soil conservation is an important environmental protection measure, in which, the plants measure will play a very good role in restoration of the landscapes damaged by the project construction. B. In the project construction, the builders should be educated in strengthening the protection of plant resources, raising their consciousness in environmental protection, and working in organizations and planning, and try to reduce the damage of present vegetation. After the completion of the station, try to restore the construction remains timely, through planting trees and forestation, make the local environment gradually restored and improved. © Wild animals A. Enhance legal education and administration, completely carry out the laws of (2) Measures for hydrophily living things protection Ensure the minimum water discharge volume in the reaches of the river during low water season to protect the living things in the reaches that water flow reduced. 12.4.6 Measures for social environmental protection (1) Measures for crowd healthy protection (D Measures for protection in construction period A. Measures for sanitary and epidemic prevention a. Set up files and epidemic situation survey In order to prevent the prevalence of infectious diseases in the project district, before the builders coming into the district, every construction unit should carry out full-scale healthy investigation of the builders and establish epidemic situation files. The contents to be investigated and filed should include age, sex, health status, infectious disease history, area coming from, etc. The peak number of persons investigated and filed is 2821. b. Quarantine Before the builders coming into the district, sampling quarantine should be done according to the investigation. The contents of the quarantine are intestines infectious diseases, respiratory tract infectious diseases, and other infectious diseases. The person number to be quarantined is calculated as 10% of the investigated persons, i.e., 282 persons. B. Administration of environmental hygiene a. Launch a mass patriotic sanitation campaign among the builders, carrying out on schedule mosquito destroy, fly destroy, rat destroy, and cockroach destroy, for reducing infectious media of infectious diseases. b. Make a water consumption program in the living area as quickly as possible, choose a clean water source, regularly monitor the drinking water sources, ensure the sanitation of the drinking water. c. Enhance the sanitary administration of mess halls and restaurants in the construction district; sanitation inspections should be done once a season, only the persons who obtain the sanitary licenses can engage in the eating and drinking business. d. Enhance the management of building and living garbage and excrement, to prevent diseases from spreading. e. Combine the program of administration program of environmental hygiene in the construction district with the environment, create a sanitary surroundings for the builders, decrease the threat of diseases to the health of local residents. C. Epidemic situation monitoring and emergency measures Every construction unit should assign the person in charge of the sanitary epidemic prevention, managing according to the epidemic situation management and report system of local sanitary department, and accept the supervision of local sanitary department. Every construction area should equip with the medicines and medical devices for treatment of the common infectious diseases, such as diarrhea and hepatitis, etc. Once epidemic situations are discovered, the measures of cure, isolation, and observation to the infectious sources should be taken, and the prevention measures to the infection-sensitive crowd should also be taken. D. Treatment of living garbage The total workday for the construction builders are 21.6 million days, provided one builder produce lkg of garbage a day, which has the volume weight of 0.8t/m3 , the total living garbage produced by the builders amount to 2700m3 . Because of small amount of the builders in the project construction and small volume of garbage, special garbage ground will not be set. According to the population volume of the living area, there set 2 garbage bins and 1 vehicle for the garbage transport, the garbage should be regularly carried out to the garbage stock ground appointed by the environmental protection authorities. 3 garbage bins will set at every construction district, there are 2 persons will be in charge of the garbage cleaning and piling according to stipulations. ( Measures for protection in operation period A. Sanitary cleaning of reservoir bottom According to the stipulations of After the reservoir is conservation storage, the rat in the area submerged will move to the places upper the water level, the density of rat distribution will increase. Therefore, large-scale rat destroy activities should be organized regularly for reducing the rat density to the unharmed level. 12.5 Budget of investment for environmental protection The budget of the investment for the environmental protection of the project is shown in Table 12-1. Table 12-1 Budget of Investment for Environmental Protection of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Unit Cost ISra. Item Unit Quantity price (10000 Remark (yuan) yuan) Part one Temporary measures for 253.23 environmental protection 1 I Cost for water environmental 166.32 protection 1.1 Treatment of wastewater from 147.37 production Wastewater from sand-stone 136.31 processing Wastewater from concrete mixing 6.94 and flushing Oily sewage from repairing 4.12 systems 1.2 Living sewage 18.95 Sanitary cleaning of reservoir Reckoning in special cost 1.3 bottom of reservoir submerging 2 Cost of air environmental 38.75 2 protection Dust collection of boilers 20.00 Water sprinkling truck Vehicle 1 120000 12.00 Operation cost Year 3 22500 6.75 3 Measures for sound 0.80 environmental protection Alarm plate Piece 5 200 0.10 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sound isolation wall m2 180 38.89 0.70 4 Measures for restoration of 18.07 ecological environment 4.1 Measures for water and soil 17.62 conservation Measures for temporary 12.46 constructions Measures for highways for 5.16 construction 4.2 Propaganda education Year 3 1500 0.45 5 Measures for crowd health 29.29 protection 5.1 Sanitary cleaning 3.39 5.1.1 Measures for public media hm2 3 3000 0.9 5.1.2 Administration of environment 2.49 5.1.2 hygiene and food sanitary 2.49 Monitoring of drinking water cost Health inspection of persons in Year 3 1500 0.45 eating and drinking businesses ._T_i Public hygiene facilities (garbage Piece 300 0.24 Two in each of 4 living bin) Piectation0Year4 areas Cleaning sanitation Year 3 6000 . 1.8 5.2 Epidemic situation survey and 7.9 quarantine plan Epidemic situation survey before Person 2800 15 4.2 coming in Prevention and monitoring of Person 2800 10 2.8 epidemic situation 2800 _ _ 2_8 Medicine and apparatus Year 3 3000 0.9 5.3 Garbage treatment 18.00 Purchase of vehicles Vehicle 1 120000 12.00 Traffic expense Vehicle 3 20000 6.00 Continued to Table 12-1 Serial Serial Item Unit Quantity UnitpUnit price ~~~~~~~~~~~Cost(10000 Remark No. (yuan) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~yuan) Part Two permanent measures for 256.26 environmental protection Measures for water and soil 256.26 conservation 256_26 Part Three Monitoring cost 21.68 1 Item monitored in construction period 13.28 1.1 Monitoring of water environment 1.82 Surface water Group 9 800 0.72 Wastewater from construction Group 9 700 0.63 Living sewage Group 3 1000 0.3 Drinking water Group 1 1700 0.17 1.2 Monitoring of air environment 0.54 Atmosphere in construction district Group 9 200 0.27 Sensitive spots of residents Group 9 200 0.27 1.3 Monitoring of sound environment 0.94 Environmental noise and noise at Group 36 100 0.36 sensitive point Monitoring of noise source Group 58 100 0.58 1.4 Survey of ecological environment Time 1 75000 7.5 1.5 Monitoring of soil erosion Group 6 2.48 2 Items monitored during initial stage of operation period 8.4 Monitoring of water quality Group 18 500 0.9 Survey of ecological environment 1 75000 7.5 Part Four Independent cost 1 Envionmnta I Environmental sAccording to 2% of the total from supervision Part One to Part Three 10.6 2 Environmental administration 2______According to 2% of the total from 10.6 Part One to Part Three l U.O 3 Charge for survey and design 37.8 Charge for working out report on 8.8 environmental appraisal Charge for working out report on water 6.0 conservation Charge for design of measures for 7.0 environmental protection Charge for design of bidding and 16.0 working drawings 4 Charge for post- appraisal after 10.0 acceptance check Charge for supervision of construction According to 3.5% of the measures 17.83 quality of environmental protection Basic preparation cost The rate is according to 8% 49.88 Total static investment 667.88 12.6 Analyses of effect of the measures of environmental protection After taking relevant measures of environmental protection corresponding to the improper influence from the project construction, reducing the disadvantageous influence on the environment in great extent, making the potential economic losses arose from the environment problems reduce to the minimum limit. Therefore, the effects of the measures for environmental protection of the project are apparent. 13. Analyses of loss and profit of environmental economy 13.1 Analyses of engineering economic benefit The site of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is located in the bounds of Sunan County of Gansu Province, at the upper stream 17km away from Longshou Hydroelectric station that is in construction, there is not immigrant from the reservoir submerging, the total installation capacity in the station is 98,000KW, and the annual electricity generated is 380.4 million kwh. The station consists of hinge, tunnel, workshop, and switch station. The total static investment amounts to 619.3771 million Yuan, and the total dynamic investment amounts to 679.3059 million Yuan. The unit kilowatt static investment is 6,320.00 Yuan, unit kilowatt dynamic investment is 6,932.00 Yuan, the unit electric volume investment is 16,300.00 Yuan, the cost of equipment is 35.0991 million Yuan, the interest rate of loan for project construction is 5.76%, and the interest is 59.9288 million Yuan. The detailed economic indexes of the project are shown in Table 13-1. Table 13-1 Synthetic Economic Indexes Serial Item Unit Index No. ______Remark Total investment for fixed 1 10,000 assets Yuan 61937.71 Static 2 Working capital 10,000 Yuan 118.00 3 Interest in construction period 10,000 Yuan 5993.00 4 Repayment period of lending Year 16 5 Financial internal rate of 12.13 (Standard rate of return of total investment return 10%) 6 Financial net present value 10,000 Yuan 1495 More than zero 7 Time period for recovery of Year 1127 Containing investment construction period 8 Profit margin of investment % 8.80 Average value Profit and taxation rate of 9 .% investment 11.55 Average value 10 Electricity price on network n o n p dYuan/KWh 0.290 Average value in operation_period ______Seen from Table 13-1, the electricity price on network during the operation period of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is 0.290 Yuan/kwh, loan repayment period is 16 years. The internal rate of return of total investment is 12.13%, more than standard rate of return 10%. The financial net present value is 14.95 million Yuan, more than zero. The time period for recovery of investment from the beginning of construction period is 11.27 years. The profit margin of investment and the profit and taxation rate of investment are 8.80% and 11.55% separately. Through the results of the sensitivity, when every uncertain factors vary in certain ranges, the electricity price on network are all in variation, all the financial internal rates of return of total investment are more than the standard financial internal rate of return. The synthetic analyses above indicate that the project possesses strong capacity in risk prevention and will gain excellent economic benefit. 13.2 Analyses of environmental loss and benefit of the project The influences of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project construction (including three periods of construction, operation, and conclusion of operation) on local environment are multi-sided, there are influences in both the construction period and the operation period; and there are both direct influences and indirect influences. According to the natural, social and economical environment of the project site, the factors for calculation of environmental economy can be divided into the loss term and benefit term. The loss terms include: reservoir submerging and the land occupied by the project; and the benefit terms of the project environment include: the environmental benefit of an alternative project. 13.2.1 Environmental loss According to the theory of environmental economy, if a construction project brings about the descent of environmental quality, and leads to the loss of productive assets, the expenses in the restoration of environmental quality and productive assets may be the lowest evaluation of the loss in the environmental benefit. The execution of the environmental protection measures of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station will decrease the disadvantageable influence of the project construction on environmental protection to great extent, according to the appraisal result of the influence of the project on the environment, aiming at some disadvantageable conditions of the influence, the total investment in environmental protection of the project amounts to 6.6788 million Yuan, this expenses can be used as the cost of restoration of the environmental quality, i.e., the execution of the environmental protection measures of the project will decrease the disadvantageable influence of the project construction on environmental protection to great extent; besides, the disadvantage of the project construction for productive assets focuses on the influence of the submerging of the reservoir and the loss from the land occupied by the project, these compensations for the losses can be regarded as the cost of restoration of the productive assets, no influence occurs from the submerging of the reservoir of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station, the investment for compensation of the occupied land by the project is 129,580 Yuan. Therefore, the losses from the environment of the project are estimated 6.80838 million Yuan, accounting for 1.10% of the total static investment of the project, the unit kilowatt environmental investment is 69.47 Yuan. 13.2.2 Environmental benefit The environmental benefits from Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station are many-sided; they mainly include benefit of electric power generation, economic benefit, environmental benefit, social benefit, traffic benefit, and other benefits. Because most environmental benefits in hydroelectric engineering are hard to indicate in money, the alternative scheme of a thermal power station will be adopted for the calculation of the cost of the environmental protection. According to the practical situation of energy resources in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, a thermal power station burning coal will be chosen as the alternative scheme of the project. The annual power generation of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station in normal operation period can replace a thermal power station with 399.42 million kw h of the annual power generation, 104,860kw of the installed capacity, 330g/kw *h of standard coal consumption, 220 Yuan/t of standard coal price. Converting according to electric volume, 130000 tons of standard coal can be annually saved, and the reduced discharges of the pollutants in the air amount to: 2951t of COD, 26t of S02, and 5460t of dust, taking the static investment per unit kilowatt of thermal power as 4000 Yuan, the cost for the treatment of the three wastes (including desulfurization facilities) that will put into operation at the same time with the production accounts for about 20% of the total investment, the investment in environment construction of a thermal power station with the same capacity will be 83.888 million Yuan, this expenses may be regarded as the environmental benefit of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station. 13.2.3 Analyses of environmental loss and profit In comparison of the environmental loss and the environmental benefit of the project, the environmental loss accounts for 8.12% of the environmental benefit annually generated. Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is a nonpolluting project, according to the characteristics of the project, after completion of the station, the increase of compensation for the environmental loss will not need an annex to the investment along with the time goes on. Along with the operation of the station, the environmental benefit will unceasingly increase. After 10 years of operation after completion of the station, the environmental loss will be less than 1% of the total environmental benefit, therefore, analyzing in environmental cost-benefit, Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station has apparently excellent economic indicator. Summing up the above mentioned, the project possesses very good conditions for development, taking relevant measures for environmental protection will decrease the economic loss for environment, through the analyses in three respects of economy, society, and environment, a coordinated development of the project will be basically realized. 13.3 Analyses of social benefit of the project The construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is not only in favor of Zhangye Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Development Company Limited in keeping certain economic benefit, but also changing the traditional ideas, relying on land for their livelihood, of the farmers and herdsmen in the project region, this will accelerate the development of Sunan County in society and economy, the social benefit of the project is more obvious. 13.3.1 Pushing the relevant industries forward Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station has 98,000 kw of installed capacity, its annually average power generation amounts to 380.4 million kwh. The construction of the station will promote the development of the relevant industries in Sunan County, provide the mining, processing of agricultural products and byproducts of the whole country and the surrounding areas with power supply, and thus facilitate the development of township enterprises and the growth of Gross National Product, and the improvement of industrial constitutions in the countryside. 13.3.2 Decrease of environmental damage After completion of the project, many farmers and herdsmen can use ample electric power, replacing firewood with electricity for preparing meal and heating, this will lessen the extent of damage of natural forest, facilitate the execution of the policy of "grain for green, close mountains for virescence", make for the gradual extension of woods and grass vegetation area of the whole county, decrease the soil erosion year by year, and make the ecological environment development in benign directions. 13.3.3 Boosting the development of spiritual civilization The project construction will boost the development of spiritual civilization of Sunan County, it will provide ample electric power for the project of power transmission lines to "villages one by one" and broadcast and television to "villages one by one", this will promote the household appliances market active and prosperous, enrich the cultural life of the crowd in rural areas, quicken the speed of information transmission, and create the advantageous conditions for the crowd in remote depressed area to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity. 13.3.4 Improvement of investment surroundings The construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station will optimize the surroundings for investment, set up a good figure of local government, and improve the contradictions between the supply and the consumers in electric power. This will be in favor of the stead development of attracting investment and growing up of tourism industry, and increase of employment. All these will accelerate the economic development of Zhangye Prefecture, increase the revenue of local finance, and improve the living standard of the local crowds of farmers and herdsmen obviously. 14. Environmental administration and plan of environmental monitoring The environmental administration of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station is a part of the whole management system of Gansu Heihe River Hydroelectric Development Company Limited. Because the feasibility study report of the project has not offer a program on environmental management, we suggest the project unit should make the environmental management functioning in all the construction course and all the levels of the enterprise, distributing to every link of the course, combining with production management closely, and reducing the pollutants produced in the periods of construction and operation to the minimum level. The environmental administration and plan of environmental monitoring of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project include: * Frame structure of environmental administration of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project * Environmental policy * Scheme of environmental administration of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project * Environmental monitoring and administration * Appraisal and improvement of environmental administration system 14.1 The environmental administration of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project The frame structure design of environmental administration of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project should insist on the guideline of pollution prevention and steady improvement, i.e., the aim of the management activities and the principles followed should be programmed; the above principles should be realized during the execution period; examine and discover problems, try to take measures for correction, to ensure no departures from the aim and principle occurring in the course and realizing the mutual improvement in course and results. 14.2 The environmental policy of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project In order to protect the natural environment surrounding the project district and reduce the interference on the natural protection zone, the following measures will be adopted to reduce the influence of construction and operation on the environment. * In accordance with the responsible attitude to environment, to carry out the activities of construction and production, and at the same time, implement the duty of protecting the environment; * Obey all the laws, regulations, and other requirements suiting to construction and production; * Execute pollution protection and reduction of wastes produced, dispose all the wastes for environmental protection * Bring an effective environmental management system into practice; * Employ the construction and production technologies friendly to environmental protection; * Lead the business partners to pay the same attention to the environment problems; * Engage in and participate in the research and development activities on environment; * Offer the information on environment influence openly and objectively; -Implement daily environmental monitoring and check to ensure the employees to follow the procedures and maintain their effective functions. To make the influence of construction and production activities on the natural environment and the local communities to reduce to the minimum level; * The executive administrator will be in charge of the execution of the policies and measures. 14.3 Scheme of environmental administration In order to attain the national standards of discharge of water, gas, sound, and residue, ensure the steady improvement of environmental administration, production and management should be in accordance with the principle of clean production strictly. The administrators of Zhangye Heihe River Hydroelectric Development Company Limited are the operators of the environmental administration system; the key point of the successful implementation of the system is the complete efficiency of the managerial personnel of the company. 14.3.1 Environmental administrative organization The board chairman is the supreme governor of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station. The governor should appoint a vice general manager to hold the post of the representative of the administrators, in charge of the environmental protection. Setup an environmental administration section in charge of the environmental administration in the periods of construction and operation; and an environmental monitoring organ in charge of construction, the monitoring the discharge of the "three wastes" in operation period and the operation of the environmental facilities. 14.3.2 Administrative duties (1) Duty of the supreme governor Establish environmental policy according to the state, province and local level of environmental policies, regulations and standards on environmental protection; clearly stipulate the functions, duties and power of the representative of the administrators; provide the environment administrators with resources support in manpower, financial power, and technical. (2) Representative of administrators On behalf of the supreme governor execute the authority in environmental affairs; supervise the operation of environmental administrative system. Whose main duties are the follows: (D Implement the relevant laws and regulations of the state, according to the practical conditions of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station, workout environmental protection program and detailed rules and regulations, organize and supervise their execution. (2) Take charge of the discharge of "three wastes" and noise monitoring in the periods of construction and operation, control the discharge trends of "three wastes" from different pollution sources in the periods of construction and operation, workout the report on environmental monitoring. ® Enact practical feasible control indicators of discharge of "three wastes" in the periods of construction and operation, and check indicators of operation of environmental protection facilities, establish execution and examine regularly. (3) All the employees should engage in one's own work with the serious attitude to the environmental protection, and undertake relevant duties on environmental protection. 14.4 Environmental monitoring and control plan 14.4.1 Environmental administration, monitoring and control, and supervision (1) Organization of Environmental monitoring During the construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station, the construction work of earth and stone excavation, sand and stone mining and processing, concrete mixing and placing, and workshop at the dam site, station site, and permanent roads will produce large amount wastewater, discarded residue, powders and dust, and waste gas. The construction units of the project should execute their duty in accordance with the laws and regulations on environmental protection in their work. The unit receiving the construction should assign a vice general manager holding the position of the representative of the administrators, in charge of the environmental administration, setup relevant administrative sections in charge of the work during construction period. (2) Monitoring and control plan The work of environmental monitoring can be entrusted to local environmental monitoring organs to do; they will take charge of the local monitoring and control of the discharge of "three wastes" and the operations of environmental disposal facilities. Combining the distribution of the pollution sources and sensitive objects in construction period, the characteristics of pollutant discharge and requirements of regional functions, decide the positions and technical specifications of environmental monitoring for water, gas, sound and ecology, these are shown in Table 14-1. The monitoring and control for the working sites will be determined according to the local practice and the requirement of local environmental protection authorities, for example, when construction will be done in crowd densely area, noise monitoring will be done. Because the station construction is near the natural protection zone, the builders should be strictly administrated, they do not allow to go outside the boundaries of the construction district. (3) Supervision plan 1) Aim of supervision During the construction of the station, according to the design and requirement of environmental protection, to implement the environment supervision of construction period, supervise and examine the execution and the effect of the measures of environmental protection of every construction unit in full scale, deal with and solve the affairs of environmental pollution temporarily occurred timely. 2) Contents of supervision According to the policies, rules, regulations, and laws on protection of Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region issued by state and local government, supervise the construction contractors to carry out the articles on environmental protection in the signed contract. Their main duties are: © Workout the plan of environment supervision, draft the items and contents of environment supervision © Supervise the contractors to prevent and decrease the environmental pollution from the construction and the damage of vegetation, wild animals and plants and other destruct activities and forest fires in the natural protection region; 0 Supervise and examine the execution and the effect of the measures of environmental protection of every construction unit in full scale, deal with and solve the affairs of environmental pollution temporarily occurred timely. (1) Examine the treatment and restoration of residue ground and construction remains of every unit, mainly including the stability of side slopes, restoration of construction remains, virescence, and virescence rate; ( Take charge of execution of environmental monitoring, examine the report on environment, according to the results of monitoring of water quality, air, noise, put forward corresponding requirement on construction and management of station to try reduce the disadvantageous influence of construction on the environment. ( Make supervision record and report in daily work for reference and completion and check for accepting. 3) Environment supervision organization The environment supervision organization is determined by the project owner through bidding of qualified bidders. 14.4.2 Environment management and supervision in operation period (1) Supervision organization Aiming at the features of the environmental pollution of the project, there is no need for the project to setup its own environment supervision organization during operation period, the task of environmental monitoring can be entrusted to local environmental. monitoring station, adopt the standard environmental monitoring method stipulated by the state, and regularly report the monitoring results to the relevant authorities according to the stipulations concerned. (2) Monitoring plan According to the features of the environmental pollution in the operation period of the project, the environmental monitoring mainly include the regular monitoring of water quality and ecology of the power station, see Table 14-2. In order to track the effect of the environmental protection measures after the project putting into operation, and the dynamic variation of the environmental qualities, at the same time of monitoring the pollutant discharge intensity, try to execute the environmental monitoring, restoring and protecting local ecological environment. Table 14-1 List of Requirement of Monitoring Plan Object Monitoring spot (course) Monitoring factor Monitoring time period Monitoring method Remark and frequency Surface water: in construction period I Surface water Upper stream of gate site, downstream Surface ofwtaionsieer mPH. SS, COD,,, BOD normaltime during water rich, level low, in accordingater to ______( GG 1 6 8 9-1 9 99 7 7)9-1 )_ _ _ Continued Table 14-1 List of Requirement of Monitoring Plan Object Monitoring spot (course) Monitoring factor Monitoring time period and Monitoring method Remark frequency 3 _ of dam I time of monitoring per monitoring3 spots of dam month in construction peak Construction site, station site, year (3rd year); 4 times of district Dayimalonggou construction yeari(3 a 4 times of district monitoring a day, 2 times at daytime, 2 times at nighttime Spots 1Nnm, 20m, 30m, 100m Choosing the normal working away ffom the sand and time of sand and stone Pollution stone processing mill; 3 processing, I time a year, . source spots 5m, 10m, and 20m monitoring in different time Soundawayseparately from the Noise intensity periods; I time twicewcmo monthsIntegralDisemeasuremetm Sound traffic main road in station in traffic peak year at mainmeter distrhipt road eI time of monitoring in areamofnBajiaorin tan rsigetof construction peak period; 4 times every day, 2 times at Xiliushui Township Sensitive daytime, 2 times at nignttime o0 point 1 monitoring spot at station I time of monitoring in sitemonstorucspotiaton livinconstruction peak period; 4 times every day, 2 times at r district daytime, 2 times at nignttime u I course of fixed survey line Monitoring and recording spots and number Terrestrial along reservoir and water of traces of wild animals, type of vegetation Investigation course Ecology animals and reducing river reaches, one and the activity of surrounding animals and Investigating and . should pass through plants sampling spot every 1000m people; investigating preponderant tree and I time of investigation in I g different ecological of space is chosen grass species, vegetation types and cover rate construction period according to relevant stipulations regions of the Hydrophily I section separately at dam species on biorigicon investigated objects Hydrophily site, water reduciji. niver Regional fabrication, species characteristics, as much as possible living things reaches, and station site preponderant species of hydrophyte and fish Soilerosion No.1, No.2. No.3, No.4, and November (before rainy Collecting data of Yingluoxia No.1, No.5 Residue Soil erosion No.5 Residue stock ground Rainfall, rainfall intensity season) of 3rd year, August Gorge Hydrological Station grounds are bank Slope a (rainy season), November Instrumentation type, the residue (after rainy season) of 4th year Measuring the slope of length H of consists of the Height of piling up residue ground, calculating mixed eanh and H=LX sina stones; No.2-No.4 Volume Topographical measurement are bank slope type, the residues are Running off of discarded residue Volume evaluation fme tuel from the tunnel excavation. Taking Effect of measures of water and soil one from each conservation Range estimation on tour ground as the typical Refer to relevant standards on monitoring object Conditions_ of forest and grass growth . forestry ______fe Table 14-2 List of Requirement of Monitoring Plan Object Monitoring spot (course) Monitoring factor Monitoring time Monitoring method Remark 19 parameters of Water 2 years of continuous temperature, PH, SS, DO, CODC,, monitoring after the According to < BOD5, non-ion ammonia, nitrate reservoir in Any project construction will bring advantageous or disadvantageous influences on its surrounding natural and social circumstances, and directly or indirectly affect the public benefits of the neighborhood. The public, from their each own advantages and disadvantages, will hold different attitudes and viewpoints for the project, the public participation is the activities of public investigation and expert consultation in the course of appraisal of the influence of the project on the environment, to intend to understand the attitude, viewpoints, and suggestion from all circles of the society and the public on the project, to understand the influence of the project on society, economy and environment, and to avoid the unilateral that may bring the work with difficulties and troubles. 15.2 Methods and principles The public participation in the appraisal of the influence of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project construction on the environment will employ the methods of visit survey on spot, distribution of questionnaire, which is designed according to the requirement of the appraisal outline of environmental influence, and group discussion, to ask for the opinions of parties concerned, crowd, environmental experts, and governmental department concerned on the power station project. The principle of selection of the objects to be investigated or given the questionnaire is combining representative with randomicity. The representative means the objects to be investigated come from all circles of workers, farmers, merchants, and students, the representative also demands the objects to be invested should live in the bounds of the project district, especially the herdsmen whose land will be expropriated. The randomicity means that the selection of the objects to be investigated should possess the features of random sampling of statistics, i.e., to select the object randomly in the crowd with confirmed sample type, all the persons to be investigated will have equal opportunity, it is justice and impartialness. and does not bring any subjective intentions and individual feelings of the investigators into the work. The important objects to be investigated are the crowd in the villages, where land will be expropriated, and the regions neighboring the project district, the crowd includes delegates of National People's Congress, workers, farmers, technical engineering personnel, teachers, students, environmental protection workers, the contents of investigation in the questionnaire should be the problems most close to the public, they are mainly: attitude to the project; the influence of the project on local environment; the influence on the environmental quality of the water in the Heihe River; and the influence on the development of regional economy. This will be valuable for reference in the appraisal of the influence of the project on the environment and put forward countermeasures for environmental protection. The form of the questionnaire is shown in the attached Table 1, 2. The consultants are environmental experts with high theory level and rich practical experience, and government officers and representatives from public media. 15.3 Public participation and investigation brief The investigation was carried out in January 2001. The investigators, through wide communication with local crowd and department, collected their opinions on the construction of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project; randomly issued 150 copies of Table 15-1 Basic Fabrication of Investigated Objects and Formation of their Occupations Statistical result Number Proportion of people (%) Male 83 61 Number of investigated Female 53 39 people Total 136 100 <30 22 17 Distribution of ages 30-45 85 62.3 Distribution of ages 45-60 24 17.4 >60 5 3.3 Primary school 29 21.6 Junior middle school 30 21.5 Educational background Senior middle school 28 20.7 Middle vocational school and 49 36.2 above Workers 23 16.8 Engineering technical personnel 16 12 Farmers 43 31.5 Fabrication of occupations Teachers and students 26 19 Delegates of National People's 4 3.3 Congress Environmental protection workers and others 24 17.4 15.4 Results of investigation of public participation The results of investigation of public participation are shown in Table 15-2. Table 15-2 Statistical Results of Investigation of Public Participation of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Contents ofNumber of Proportion Contents of project Adoption people (N) Known 42 31% What degree do you know about the General known 69 51% project? Don't know 25 18% Have influence 54 40% Will the project influence local No influence 60 44% environment? No idea 22 16% Influence of the project construction on Advantageous 49 36% the water of Heihe River and the Disadvantageous 71 52% environmental quality No influence 16 12% Increase 78 57% Influence of the project construction on Reduce 5 3.7% the No influence 53 39% Increase 61 45% Influence of the project construction on Reduce 17 12% the No influence 58 43% Remarkable 88 64% Influence of the project construction on Common 46 34% the development of local economy No 2 1% Support 115 84% Against 3 2% Your attitude to the project construction Indefinite 18 13% attitude Proper 76 56% Is the selection of the station site Not proper 11 8% proper? Basically proper 49 36% 15.4.1 Public understanding on the project From Table 15-2, the investigated public accounting for 51% of the total answered: "general known", it is obvious that the project is an influenced object attracting more public attention in the region, the public participation and investigation have aroused great attention of the public and extended the transparency of the project. 15.4.2 Support of the public to the project Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project will bring many-sided influences on local environment, the station construction will not only improve local power supply, but also directly influence the economy, environment, and living conditions of the residents in surrounding areas in the project construction period at the same time, the influences aroused are both advantageous and disadvantageous. From the Table 15-2, the public in support the project accounts for 84%, those with indefinite attitude 13%, and those against only 2%. 15.5 Analyses of public participation and investigation results From the integration of all the opinions from investigation and consultants, most of the local crowd and units are all for the execution of the project, in their opinions there are both assentient, and opposed or expressing anxious, and also demand and suggestions. Their main opinions and reasons are sum up as follows: 15.5.1 Opinions on assentient or able to accept the project (1) The construction of the project accord with the strategy of the West Development, it can facilitate the economic development of Zhangye Prefecture and improve local circumstances for investment, it is a very good deed with merit glowing in history and benefit for future generations. (2) The project construction will create more opportunities of employment and lessen the press on the government. (3) The project construction will strengthen the potential power for regional economic development, and reasonably utilize the water source of the Heihe River. Therefore, it is a very good construction project, and it is better to start construction as quickly as possible to bring it into play to gain great benefit. 15.5.2 Opinions anxious about the influence of the project construction on the environment (1) Anxious for the damage of the environment from the construction of the power station The station is located in the Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region, which is the conservation of headwaters of the Heihe River valley. The construction of the project will cause great damage for surrounding environment and new soil erosion. It is hoped to pay more attention to the measures for water conservation and environmental protection in the course of design and construction of the project. (2) Anxious about the future life is the idea of part villagers, whose land has been expropriated. Most of the villagers investigated are worry about their income decrease for the reduction of grassland area per capita after the meadows, which are their dependence for life in generations, have been expropriated. 15.5.3 Demands and suggestions (1) The construction of the project will occupy some grassland, thus some people suggest more virescence should be planted around the power station for increasing greenbelt-covering rate and maintaining the current ecological environment. This will beautify the circumference on one hand and reduce soil erosion on the other hand. (2) They hope the government to solve the problem of compensation for the loss of their grassland for popular support stable. (3) The government should strictly inhibit agricultural activities in the natural protection region, execute the policy of grain for green, enhance the administration of employees during construction period, they are not allowed to destroy animal's nest, and prohibited to kill wild animals. (4) The experts thought that the construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station will play a great role in accelerating the economic development of Sunan County; it will improve the configuration of energy in the region, but at the same time, the consideration on the match and mutual benefit of the environment should be given. 15.5.4 Understanding of the public on the project Persons of 64% of the total investigated public thought the construction of the project will facilitate the development of the economy of Sunan County and even Zhangye Prefecture, and improve the configuration of energy, investment surroundings, and living conditions. Those holding against position or indefinite attitude mainly worry about that the project will affect their normal life, they also thought that if the problems concerned by everyone can be perfectly solved, the project construction is still a good deed. 15.5.5 Public understanding on the influence of the construction and operation of the project on the life of the residents Those of 57% of the investigated public thought the project will bring advantages for their life; those thought it will not, and those who cannot accept it account for 39% and 3.7% of the total separately. Those who cannot accept the project mainly worried about the coming damage of the environment brought by the project construction and their life source after their grassland to be occupied. Summing up all the opinions mentioned above, through the activities of public participation and investigation, we have concluded that the construction of Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project has gained popular support among the local public. At the same time, aiming at their opinions and suggestions put forward, we fully considered them in the appraisal of the influences of the project construction on the environment, society, and Qilianshan Natural Protection Region, and aiming at the disadvantageous influences, we have taken environmental measures, established a series of administrative systems of environmental supervision, plan of environmental monitoring, and environmental management, all these have basically replied the environmental problems of the project that the public concerned. 15.6 Determination of public liaisons According to the Document GanHuanFa [2001] No.98 "Notification on Execution of Temporary Regulation of Read and Edit of Chapters of Public Participation of Appraisal of Environmental Influence of Development Construction Project of Gansu Province ", through negotiation and discussion with Sunnan County Bureau of Urban Construction and Environmental Protection and Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region Administration, we have chosen 2 public participators from the whole as the volunteer public environmental inspectors of the project. Their concrete conditions are shown in Table 15-3. Table 15-3 List of Environmental Inspectors of the Project Name Sex Age Educational Political Work unit, post Family address Telephone background status Building of Director of Residents of Fireproof office Qilianshan Middle of Qilianshan Natural Guan Male 55 professional Party Natural Protection 8212532 Dening school member Protection Region Region Administration, Re,o No. 177 East Administration Noad7 East Road, Zhangye. City Director of Tian Middle Party Sunnan County Hongwansi Male 47 professional Y Bureau of Township, Sunan 6121477 school Urban County ______I__ Construction Note: The questionnaires of the two inspectors are seen in attached Table 1, 2. Questionnaire of Public Participation of Environmental Influence of Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Project Name Sex Age OccupationT Educational Work unit or background inhabitancy Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project is a incomplete daily regulated composite hydroelectric station, the installed capacity is 98KW, it belongs to Grade Three construction, it is one of the step hydroelectric stations programmed on the upper stream of Contents of the main stream of the Heihe River. The station site is chosen in Gansu Qilianshan State-level project Natural Protection Region, which belongs to the experimental zone of the natural protection region. The construction of the station will bring both advantageous and disadvantageous influences, the disadvantageous influences on the regional environment can be reduced or avoided through the functions of the measures for environmental protection. Location of Bajiaowan Village, Xishui Township, Sunan Yugur Autonomy County, Zhangye construction Prefecture In order to protect local environment and increase the public participation in the decision-making of the construction project, we have designed the following questions for you to reply, this is only for asking for your opinions on the project of Zhangye Heihe River Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station: (Please tick v in the square box that you think suitable). 1. What extent do you know about the project? EOKnow El General known E Don not know 2. Will the project influence local environment? ElYes ElNo ElNot clear 3. What influence will the project bring to the water environment of the Heihe River? ElAdvantageous ElDisadvantageous ClNone 4. What influence will the project bring to the cultural life of the residents in the project region? El Improvement El Descent O No change 5. What influence will the project bring to your living standard? El Improvement EIDescent El No change 6. What influence will the project bring to the development of regional economy? ElRemarkable FlOrdinary ElNone 7. Are you for or against the project? ElFor ElAgainst ElNo idea 8. Is the site selection of the power station suitable? ElYes ElNo ElPerhaps Your other suggestions and demands on the project construction: 16. Conclusion and suggestions Gansu Zhangye Heihe Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station project is one of the step hydroelectric stations programmed on the main stream of the Heihe River, its site district is under the governing of Bajiao Village, Xishui Township, Sunan Yugur Autonomy County, Zhangye Prefecture, it is a newly constructed project for the development of water conservation and hydroelectric energy, the construction is grade three, middle-scale. The project consists mainly of three parts of a hinge gate, a long diversion tunnel, and a workshop, the station will be equipped with 3 sets of water-turbo generators, the total installed capacity is 98KW and the annual power generation is 380.4 million kwh. 16.1 Conclusion 16.1.1 Conclusion of the appraisal of the present environmental conditions (1) The construction site of the project is located at the place between Shilabangou of Dagushan and Xiaogushan, the straight distance from the two spaces is about 9km, the length of the river reach is about 11.5km, the average descent rate of the riverbed is 9.1%, and the head drop is 163m. The valley is narrow and appears arborescent growth, they are mainly shaped as "V", and there are isolated large stones at the bottom. (2) The topography in the site district is higher in southwest, lower in northeast; the rocks on the mountains are exposed open, the mountains are high and precipitous, their elevations are over 1850m, and the river is flowing rapidly. There are Grade I-VII incomplete eroded accumulated terraces growing along the banks of the river, among them Grade III, IV and VI are growing better. There are generally floating gravel, pebbles, and sandy soil accumulated on the eroded surfaces of the base banks, they are loose and unglued micro-glued structures. The front edge of the terrace appears upright barranca, the widths of the terraces vary from lOm to lOOm, their surfaces are covered with earth or gravel, they are the results from the cycle of the fourth age eroded sediments. (3) There are not basically woods and shrubs on the mountains on both banks; there is only meadow vegetation with the cover rate of 15%. In the periphery of the appraised region, there are scarce woods and large area of grassland, the trees are mostly willow, pine, and birch. The vegetations are mostly the grasses of acicular esparto, purple flower acicular esparto, and flat-ears ice grass; the cover ratio is 30-70%, the grass output reaches 65-95kg/mu. (4) The project site is located in the experiment zone of Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region. Because of the scarce of the vegetation and the poor circumferences for animals to inhabit, there is not any state mainly protected animal species; there are only some birds, and amphibious and creeping animals. The birds are mainly sparrows, pheasants, and tomtits, etc., the amphibious animals are mainly hoptoads and frogs, and the creeping animals are lizard and snake families. (5) The stream of the reaches in the project district has a large fall, the water temperature is low and the water is clear, it is suitable for single cellular plants or floating plants with multi-cellular clusters to grow. The results from monitoring of the hydrophily living things indicate that there are 30 species, 13 genuses of alga, and 14 species, 10 genuses of hydrophily original animals. (6) In the point of landscape environment, among the advantageous values of every mode in the planned construction region of the project, the advantageous value of the grassland is 94.33%, which is the most of the all, the landscape proportion LP value is 89.8%, the frequency Rf of occurrence is 100%. Meadows are the part that control the quality of the regional environment, thus the better quality of the regional environment possesses the capacity of restoration after interference. But the type interfered larger on ecological environment has a advantageous value 2.9% for farmland. Therefore, at present, the artificial interference has not reached the recessionary stage. (7) The project site is located in a small grass zone of Qilian forest of earth-rock sub-region of the southwest of the protection region of inland river valleys, the erosion types are of hydraulic and frozen-melting, and the former is the main type. The soil water erosion 2 modulus is 100-300t/km * a, belonging to the light-degree pollution, its potential dangerous degree belongs to danger type. (8) The basic earthquake intensity in the project region is 8 degrees. The geological conditions in the areas of dam and gate are better, and there is basically no poor physical and geological structures; the side slopes in front part of the diversion tunnel are stable; the topography in the workshop district appears a 5-20 degrees of slope, the partial distributed unstable rocks and unloaded rock body need to be further disposed in engineering. (9) The project region belongs to Bajaowan Village, Xishui Township, Sunsn County, the villagers are most engaging in agriculture and animal husbandry, there is no industrial enterprise, and the development of the third industry is relatively backward. (10) In the project region, there is scarce population, little industrial and agricultural pollution, and the whole ecological environment is in good condition. In a word, the environmental quality in the project region is better, it is suitable in content, and the whole environmental system is in good development. 16.1.2 Conclusion of analyses of the project (1) The project will permanently occupy 474mu of land, the total layout of the project is river block gate + long diversion tunnel + station site in Xiliushui. The hinge is situated at the downstream of Shilabangog of the Heihe River valley, it adopt the layout of side-way drainage and front flood discharging sand flushing; the diversion tunnel is laid in shape of a broken line, the tunnel is shaped round and its diameter is 5.8m, the U-shaped is 7.8m, the total length is 9840. Im, the workshop is at the upper stream 1.6m away from the joint of the outlet of Xiliushuigou and the Heihe Rive, it is ground type, in the workshop there are 3 sets of type HLA-LJ water-turbo generators installed, the total installed capacity is 98MW, the main transformer and switching station are arranged on the left of the workshop. (2) The total volume of the earth and stone work excavated amounts to 1.1495 million m3, in which crushed stones and gravel 249,300 m3 , rock openly excavated 84,300 m3 , rock excavated in tunnel 570,700 m3 , over-burden excavated from material ground 245,300 m3 , all 3 3 work stones recycled 157,100 m , the total discarded earth and stone 992,400 mi. (3) The number of the builders at the peak time period of construction is 2821. There are 5 concrete mixing systems, in order to meet the needs of production during early winter and early spring, the boiler rooms will be set up in the mixing systems of the dam site and the workshop site, 2 sets of 4t/h and 1 set of 4t/h steam boilers are set up separately, a mechanical repairing and steel-wood complex processing shop and the necessary facilities of compressed air, water, power supply, and communications will be equipped with. (4) The maximal power load at the peak period is 3120kw, and the daily water consumption is 2085m3. The maximal drainage is 2036.9m3, in which concrete flushing 342m3/d, the main pollutants are SS and COD; air compressor station 3719.5m3/d, main pollutants are SS and COD; automobile repair shop 25m3/d, main pollutants are COD, SS and petroleum; flushing water in sand and stone processing mill 3116m3/d, main pollutants are SS and COD; drainage from foundation pits 12960m3/d, main pollutants are SS; sewage from boiler room and the workers 198.4m3/d, main pollutants are COD, SS and BOD. The wastewater and sewage from sand flushing, foundation pits, concrete mixer flushing, and air compressor station will all drain to depositing pool for subsiding, the drainage should conform with requirements of the Grade One of Table 4 from the standard GB8978-1996, once the living sewage and the wastewater from the automobile repair shop disposed integrally, it can be used as the vegetation watering. (5) The wastewater during the operation period comes mainly from cleaning vehicles and equipment, employees' daily use, the daily drainage is 29m3, the main pollutants in it are COD, BOD, SS and oil, then the wastewater, after disposed through an integrated equipment, can be utilized as virescence water in the station district and the surroundings. The water quality drained should conform to the standard Grade One shown in Table 4 from the standard GB8978-1996. (6) The wastewater during construction period mainly comes from coal-burning boilers, fuel power generators, explosion, rock cutting, and truck transportation, the main pollutants are smoke and dust (powder dust) and S02, the boilers are equipped with water bathing dust catcher, the rock drills are equipped with bag dust catchers and road sprinkling, after taking the above measures, the drainage and the work site sanitation can be up to the standards concerned. (7) During the operation period of the project, there is no waste gas exhausted from the project, electric power will be used for heating. 16.1.3 Conclusion of appraisal of environmental influence (1) The main influence of the project construction on the vegetation is centralized at the places of the hinge, residue discharge outlet of the tunnel, and the workshop, the area of the original landform disturbed by the project construction primarily estimated 63.41hm2, the newly increased total soil erosion will be 275,600t, it is easily to cause the danger for the project itself and the surrounding regions on the downstream. After the completion of the project and along with the the execution of the measures for restoration of the vegetations on the land that the construction activities ever traced and ever occupied by stock grounds, partial vegetation and landscape will be improved in some extent and become a line of scenary along the reaches of the Heihe River. (2) After the completion of the project, the scope submerged by the reservoir is small, the species influenced distributes widely in the region, it is impossible to bring about the isolated and fragment procreation and affect the succession and transmission of species; the mountain rocks on the banks of the stream-reduced reaches in the project district are mostly exposed open and have scarce vegetation on them, the project will have little influence on them. (3) During the construction period, the animals in the constrction district will move to the similar environment nearby, the number of the species and the quantity will not be influenced obviously; the noise from the construction machines will bring about cirtain interference and influences on the animals and birds in the areas surrounding the construction district; the construction will cause some disadvantageous influence on the hydrophily living things in the stream-reduced reaches. (4) The construction and operation of the project will make the average production capacity of the natural system in the appraised district decrease from present 193.5g/(m2 a) to 188.6 g/(m2 * a), the average reduction is 4.9 g/(m2 * a), the range of the reduction is small, hence the influence of the project on the production capacity of the natural system in the appraised district is acceptable. (5) When the project put into operation after completion of construction, the formation of the reservoir and the stream reduction in the river will make the water environment of the reaches in the project district change greatly, they are shown in the respects: stream flow rate in the reaches of the reservoir district will slow down apparently, the rate of filling up of silt in the reservoir district will quicken rapidly, and the flow rate in the stream-reduced reaches decreases evidently. (6) The construction sites of the project is arranged in subareas, the drainage of wastewater from production and living sewage in constrction period is relatively centralized, the wastewater not well treated will bring about disadvantageous influence on the water quality of the downstream of the Heihe River. The production wastewater from the tunnel excavation contains suspended materials with higher concentration, in which TNT and petroleum content may be higher. In order to prevent the disadvantageous influence of the wastewater draining in construction period on the water quality of the Heihe River, the facilities for sewage treatment should be built at the same time of the project construction. (7) The noise sources in construction period are the motor vehicle driving, sand and stone processing, concrete mixing, and excavation explosion. The objects influenced in the construction site district are mainly builders; they must take necessary measures for labor protection. (8) The solid wastes in construction period are mainly the residue from the construction excavation and the garbage and excrement from the living district of the builders. The total discarded earth and stone amount to 992,400 m3, they are mainly piled up at the teo waste stock grounds at the upper stream of the hinge district and Xiliushuigou. The components in the living garbage are very complex, if they are not treated timely, it will not only pollute the environment and destroy the landscape as well. (9) The project site is located in the experimental zone of Qilianshan State-level Natural Protection Region, the project district does not belong to the habitat of wild animals, the influence of the construction on the wild animals will decrease to the minimum, if the scope for the workers' activities is strictly limited and civilized construction is executed during the construction period. The influence of the construction on the species diversity will be the most slight for the plant species in the district are commonly seen and widely distributed in surrounding areas. The influences of the project in operation period on vegetation will mainly be on the advantageous side, but influence on the animal inhabit may be disadvantageous. (10) The results of the public participation and investigation have shown that, in the objects investigated, those 84% of them are for the project construction, 13% of them thought it does not matter for them, and 2% of them are against the project construction. The reason for opposition is that the partial villagers, whose land will be requisited, thought that their income would decline for they lost their grassland. Summing up the above mentioned, the environmental factors in the project district are simple, the species of protected wild animals are scarse, there are few resident areas and infrastructures. The banks of the reservoir district are stable, and vegetations are scarse. During the course of construction, if executing civilized construction, reasonably disposing the discarded earth and stone excavated, and the wastewater from construction and living sewage; and during operation period, cleaning the construction sites timely, environmental restoration of the temporarily occupied land, mining ground and stock grounds; and realizing the environmental requirements on "three same time"; the project will be feasible in environment. 16.2 Suggestions (1) Strictly dividing the scope of construction, the activities of the builders in non-constructive scopes are forbidden absolutely. (2) Conducting peophase propagada and training on environmental protection to builders. (3) Carrying out the environmental design and restoration after the construction sites are completed. List of Examining and Approving for Environmental Protection of Construct Project Serial No.: Person in charge: Xishui Township, Sunan Name of project Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station Project Location County, Zhangye, Gansu Province Gansu Zhangye Hydroelectric Post _e r Development Company Limited code T Classification Hydroelectric industry (D4412) project Newly constructed Grade Ill, Midium type project, Classification Scale installed capacity 98MW, annual of report Report power generation 380.4 million kwh Promotor State Planning Commission Document Ganjijichu [2002] Time No. No.256 Unit of approving Environmental Protection Agency of Document Time Gansu Province No. 689.1058 million Investment for Proportion Total investment yuan environmental 6.6788 million yuan 0.97% protection Design unit Gansu Provincial Design & Research Expenditure 88,000 yuan Academy of Environmental Science for appraisal I Present conditions of Stndr ofevrnena .ult Discharge standard environmental quality execute Executing Grade One of Indicators of Pollution Control 0 Cpntol~~ ~ ~~~t 0 As to'> 0 _ Controlme0 0 X X.=0E .- - ~~~~~~~~ d~~~~~~~''~~~~~-o S-0 :,~ COD 4 1 _ _ Waste 328.37 water 270.13 Hg Cd _ _ _ _ _ Pb _ _ _ _ As Hexavalent chrome______Cyanide____ COD 13.68 _ ___400 100 100 Petro 'Waste gas 15072 so., 0.001 ______Dust 0.023 Smoke dust Solidwaste 0.2 2 1 0.22 0.22 ______Unit: Waste gas volume: X 104 m3/y; Wastewater, solid wastes: 1O,OOOt/y; Hg, Cd, Pb, As, hexavalent chrome, Cyanide in wastewater are kg/y, the others are all t/y; Concentration of pollutant in wastewater: mg/l; Concentration of pollutant in waste gas: mg/m 3 Appendix I Zhangye Heihe Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Development Construction Project Report on Environmental Influence Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Research Institute December 2000 1. Main points (omitted) 2. General conditions of environment (omitted) 3. Construction analyses (omitted) 4. Identifying and filtration of factors of environmental influence of construction project (omitted) 5. Special topics and work content Aiming at the composition, scale, location, and operation mode of Zhangye Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station construction project, combining the characteristics of natural and social environment around the project district, and on the basis of the identification and filtration of the factors of environmental influence on the project, the main work contents of the appraisal of environmental influence of the project are determined as follows: 5.1 Investigation of natural and social environment around the project district The contents of investigation of natural and social environment of the construction site district of Zhangye Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station mainly involved climate, geographical and geological conditions, and biological factors. The indicators for the investigation are shown in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 Main Content of Investigation of Natural Environment Cotn of. Indicators of investigation investigation Precipitation Precipitation and time distribution ClimateEvaporation Evaporation Light, temperature Annual sunlight hours, annual accumulated temperature Extreme climate Sandstorm, rainstorm Geographical Landform Types, distribution, relatively relation geology and Sufface water Characteristics of runoff of water system, volume of water and water resource, water quality, functions, and utilization soil Geology Structure, characteristics conditions Geological disaster Landslip, mud-rock flow, collapse . ~~Types, distribution, area, cover rate, growth conditions, Biological Veeainbiological amount, utilization factors Anml Types, distribution, species quantity, feeding habits and ______tem peram ent 5.1.2 Investigation of social and economic environment The investigation of social and economic environment mainly involves the development of regional economy, living standard of people, health of crowd, and social and cultural background. (1) Development level of regional economy, industrial structure, conditions of industrial development of the project district (2) Total population in the region, population density, cultivated land and water resource per capita, income level and main source, inhabitation characteristics and distribution of villages and townships. (3) Characteristics of regional society and culture, special folk custom, degree of education population, cultural character of the population, human cultural landscapes and protection objects of historical culture. 5.2 Analyses of present environmental conditions of the project district On the basis of investigation of present environmental conditions of the project district, the important point is to analyze quantitatively and semi-quantitatively the vegetation and water resources in the region to be appraised. 5.3 Project analyses Brief introduction of basic conditions of the project (name, nature, site of construction, content and scale of construction); analyzing the excavated and filled earth-tone work, mode of excavation and filling back, output of discarded earth and stone work, whereabouts of the wastes, methods of treatment in different construction sites; analyzing water consumption, output of wastewater, quality of wastewater, the final whereabouts and the way of utilization of the wastewater, output and disposing method of living garbage; and analyzing the reasonability of the two schemes of Xiaogushan and Xiliushui. 5.4 Appraisal of environmental influence of project construction On the basis of present environmental investigation, analyses of present conditions, and environmental effect of project in the appraised region, combining the time limit of construction, construction method, construction management, and construction measures, the important point is to appraise the soil erosion, vegetation damage, geological disasters, and pollution of living sewage that are led to by the project construction, and the influence on the regional society and economy. 5.4.1 Soil erosion in the construction period (1) Analog analyses of soil erosion in the construction period Because Xiaogushan Hydroelectric Station and the eighth-stage hydroelectric station, Longshou Hydroelectric Station in programming, are all located at the Heihe River, and they have the basically similar environmental conditions around them, therefore the soil erosion conditions in the project construction can be obtained from the analog analyses in comparison with Longshou Hydroelectric Station that is under construction. (2) Analyses of the estimated soil erosion in the operation period Analyzing the influence of the execution of the measures for environmental protection and prevention in operation period on regional soil erosion. 5.4.2 Analyses of the geological disasters in construction period According to the characteristics of the landforms, and stability of the geological foundation of the different construction sites in the construction period of the project construction, and combining the construction methods and construction features, analyzing the influences of the construction on the stability and landslip of side slopes along rivers and construction roads. 5.4.3 Analyses of the environmental risk of the project Through the analyses of the extreme weather and regimen information, combining the environmental conditions and characteristics in the river valley, mainly analyzing the risk of the Longdao second stage power station at the downstream aroused by the dam collapse. 5.4.4 Analyses of the influence of living sewage discharge during the construction and operation periods According to the number of the builders, the dispersing degree of the construction sites, and the characteristics of meeting and parting of the builders getting off work in the construction period, combining the management of the construction personnel and the perfect degree of the temporary public utilities in the living district for the builders getting off work, it is the main point to analyze the reasonability of the methods of living sewage utilization in the construction period, and the influence of wastewater discharge in the operation period according to the fixed number of the employees and the personnel management, and then to determine the feasibility of pollution treatment measures and the final direction of the sewage discharge. 5.5 Analyses of the influence of the project construction on Qilianshan Natural Protection Region According to the location of the project construction in Qilianshan Natural Protection Region, combining the development program of the protection region, and on the basis of well defining the core zone, experimental zone, buffer zone, and major protected object in the natural protection region, to analyze the influence of the project in construction and operation periods on the natural protection region. 5.6 Analyses of environmental feasibility of site selection of screening material grounds and discarded residue grounds According to the characteristics of the landforms around the screening material grounds and discarded residue grounds, regional drainage conditions, and the area of regional water collection areas, combining the local weather conditions and the temporary stock of the accumulated and discarded materials on the grounds, and under the premise of concurrently paying attention to economic benefit, to analyze and demonstrate the feasibility of the site selection of the screening material grounds and discarded residue grounds. 5.7 Analyses of loss and profit of the environmental economy of the project Referring to the environmental target and social and economic target in the project program, comparing with the present conditions of surrounding areas, balancing the environmental improvement and expenses on it in the project development, employing the method of systems engineering, distinguishing the real value of economic benefit of project environment, to analyze the loss and profit of the whole environmental economy of the project. 5.8 Measures for environmental protection of the project Aiming at the main environmental problems that may exist in construction and operation periods of the project, by adjusting measures to local conditions, to put forward practical and feasible measures for environmental protection. 5.8.1 Protection measures Following out the thought of "prevention first", putting forward preventive protection countermeasures and concrete measures for the water quality of Heihe River and the vegetation resources in the region being appraised. 5.8.2 Restoration measures Putting forward restoring protection countermeasures and concrete measures for the timely re-cultivation and restoration of the land, vegetation, and farmland that are damaged in construction activities. 5.8.3 Compensation measures Putting forward concrete compensation measures for the farmland and cultivated land damaged in construction activities of the project. 5.8.4 Engineering measures Putting forward concrete engineering protection measures for some unavoidable environmental damages in construction activities of the project. 5.8.5 Management measures Putting forward practical management measures for some environmental damage caused by some poor management possibly occurred during the periods of construction and operation of the project. 5.9 Plan of environmental administration and monitoring of the project Aiming at the main environmental problems that may exist in the periods of construction and operation of the project, to define the duties and responsibilities of the construction contractors and all-levels of environmental administrative departments, and to draft correspondent environmental monitoring plan.. 5.10 Public participation Issuing questionnaire to the public for investigation, to collect the public opinions and suggestions on the project construction, and then statistics and analyze the results of the investigation (See Table 5-2). i I i I (State Environmental Protection of the Administration of Environmental [20]
, the classification of Environmental Protection
group) issued (The first by the State Forestry Administration in 1999; Appendixes I, II of International Trade Pact.
(The National First Group) passed by People's Congress in 1988. (2) Appendix I, Appendix II, and Appendix III to