DOCSLIB.ORG

Assignment By:- Prantik Banerjee Refining of Metals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assignment By:- Prantik Banerjee Refining of Metals ASSIGNMENT BY:- PRANTIK BANERJEE (2019UGMM027) NISHANT (2019UGMM083) REFINING OF METALS In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal. It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining, the final material is usually identical chemically to the original one, only it is purer. The processes used are of many types, including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques. METHODS OF METAL REFINING Refining plays a crucial role in metallurgy. Any metal which has been extracted from its ore is usually impure in nature. This impure metal which is extracted is called crude metal. Refining is a method of removing impurities in order to obtain metals of high purity. The impurities are removed from crude metal by various methods based on the properties of the metal and the properties of impurities. Some methods involved in the purification of crude metal are: • Distillation • Liquation • Electrolysis • Zone refining • Vapour phase refining • Chromatographic methods Distillation: This method is used for the purification of metals which possess a low boiling point such as mercury and zinc. In this process the impure metal is heated above its boiling point so that it can form vapours. The impurities do not vaporize and hence they are separated. The vapours of the pure metal are then condensed leaving the impurities behind. Liquation: In this method, melting point of the metals are taken into consideration. Metals with low melting points are purified using this process. The melting point of the impurities is higher than the metal. The metals are converted into liquid state by supplying heat at a temperature slightly above their melting point. Pure metal melts and flows down from the furnace leaving the impurities behind. Electrolysis: In this process the impure metal and a strip of pure metal is used. The crude metal is made to act as an anode and pure metal is made to act as a cathode. They are dipped in an electrolytic bath which contains the soluble salt of the same metal. As electricity is passed through the solution, the less basic metal moves towards the anode mud leaving the more basic metal in the solution. For example copper is purified using this method. Zone refining: Metals such as germanium, silicon, gallium, indium and boron are made free from impurities using this method. In this process the impure metal is attached to a circular mobile heater at one end. As the heater is moved, the pure metal crystallizes out and the impurities pass on to the adjacent part of the metal. This way the impurities get accumulated at the other end of the rod which is cut in order to obtain the pure metal. Vapour phase refining: In this type of purification, the metal should form a volatile compound in the presence of a reagent and it should easily decompose in order to recover the metal. The metal is transformed into its volatile compound. This volatile compound then undergoes decomposition in order to give pure metal. For example: nickel is purified in this manner. Chromatographic method: In this method the crude mixture is put into liquid or gaseous medium. This medium is moved through an adsorbent. Different components of the mixture are adsorbed at different levels of the column. These components of the mixture are removed by using suitable solvents. DISTILLATION OF METALS LIQUATION REFINING OF COPPER The purpose of refining to get Cu extraction is twofold as • First, to obtain metal in pure form. • Second, to recover precious metals containing in blister Cu produced. (i)Fire Refining: The purpose is to remove S from liquid blister Cu as SO2 by oxidation with air and eliminates O2 by introducing hydrocarbons. In this case, the refining is done in reverberatory furnace of 400 ton of capacity contains blister Cu get oxidized to recover Cu removing the impurities such as S, Fe, Se, Zn by converting its corresponding oxides and then skimmed off. But, some Cu also in the form of oxides. To prevent Cu loss poling with green branches used to reduce Cu2O using hydrocarbon or some other reducing gases. In this case, the purity of Cu obtained 99.97%. Fire refining is also done in rotary type refining furnace, where blister Cu directly treated by blowing air. (ii) Electrolytic Refining: The purpose is to further refined the fire-refined Cu by electrolysis. The electrolysis done in a electrolytic refining tank made of concrete or wood of 3-5 m deep and utilization minimum space with maximum cathode and anode area. The electrolyte is CuSO4, H2SO4, some glue and alcohol at temperature 50-600 C. Cu transferred from crude anode to pure cathode. Impurities in blister Cu such as Fe, Co, Ni, Se, Te etc. go into the solution and precious metals get collected below anode known as anode slime. (ii) Newer Process of Cu refining: Flash Smelting: Fig. 2.6: Flash Smelting Process: Enriched preheated air or pure O2 used to increase combustion rate and autogeneous smelting. The gases coming out rich of SO2 due to high combustion rate and used for H2SO4 manufacturing. Process is autogeneous provide exothermic heat. Air used as oxidant to preheated. The composition of concentrate used in flash smelting has Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) 66%, Pyrite (FeS2) 24%, gangue (SiO2) 10%. Whereas the Cu matte contains 70% Cu, 8% Fe, 22% S, slag contains Fe 40% at furnace temperature 13000 C. Main reactions of flash smelting of Cu concentrate are mentioned below Continuous Smelting: It encompass smelting and converting in a single vessel i.e. Cu concentrate charged at one end and Cu metal withdrawn continuously at the other end. Mainly three are three processes, given below (a) WORCRA. (b) Noranda. (c) Mitsubishi. (a) WORCRA Process: This name divided as the first 3 alphabets stands for the developers and last 3 alphabets for the place. Features: • Counter current movement of gas and concentrate. So, continuous production of blister Cu. • Directly blister Cu i.e. metal instead of matte form. • Combine smelting and converting. • The heat required for reaction directly obtained as the reaction is exothermic. • Counter movement cause continuous production of H2SO4 due to continuous extraction of gas. • Cu% continuously obtains from slag by means of cleaning operation. Process: The process combines 3 different operations in a single furnace as • Continuously smelting • Continuously converting • Continuously slag cleaning by conditioning and settling Efficiency: It increases by means of counter current movement increase the reaction surface area in the smelting and converting zone. Hence, effective removal of impurity occur i.e. mainly Fe due to counter movement of slag and matte. As a result, Cu gets reverted back to matte and obtain. Advantage : • Continuous process • Capital cost low • Concentrate passes large surface area. Hence accelerate the reaction Disadvantage: • Not durable • Operating cost is high Noranda process: The Noranda reactor is a horizontal cylindrical furnace with a depression in the centre where the metal collects and a raised hearth at one end where the slag is run off. Pelletized unroasted sulfide concentrate is poured into the molten bath at one end, where tuyeres inject an air-oxygen mixture. This causes an intense mixing action that aids the melting, smelting, and oxidation steps, which follow one another in sequence, by taking advantage of the exothermic heat. The TBRC also is cylindrical in shape but is inclined at 17° to the horizontal, has an open mouth at the high end for charging and pouring, and revolves at 5 to 40 rotations per minute. A lance inserted through the mouth can give any combination of oxygen, air, or natural gas to impinge on the molten bath and create the conditions required for smelting and oxidizing. The combination of surface blowing and bath rotation improves the performance of the converter. In this process, the slag contains high% Cu compare to WORCRA process. Mainly 3 layers present in the product as • Cu – First layer. • Matte – Second layer. • Slag – Third layer. Condition: • If given air is more than the stoichiometric amount of air required for oxidation, then matte level decreases and Cu level increases. • If insufficient air required for stoichiometric amount then unoxidised iron and S tends to combine with Cu to form matte. So matte level increases and Cu level decreases. • If air supply is equal to the stoichiometric amount then both matte and Cu level get increases. NORANDA PROCESS REACTOR NORANDA PROCESS FLOWCHART The Mitsubishi process: The Mitsubishi process is a continuous smelting-converting operation that uses three stationary furnaces in series. The first furnace is for smelting, with oxygen lances and a fuel-fired burner inserted through the roof. Slag and matte flow from here to a slag-cleaning furnace (heated by electric arc), and high-grade matte flows from this to the converting furnace, where oxygen-enriched air is blown into the bath through roof lances. Exothermic heat produced here is sufficient to keep the bath up to reaction temperature. Process: First, in smelting furnace (wet concentrate + flux + air + O2) is smelted to produced matte of 60-65% Cu and rest is slag. Secondly, both matte and slag goes into slag cleaning furnace where slag get discarded and matte goes to next furnace operation. Thirdly, in converting furnace matte oxidized to blister Cu by blow of O2 enriched air and limestone add as slag. So slag discarded as lime ferrite. Blister Cu produced of low % S and hence, obstruct the transfer of Cu to lime ferrite slag. REFINING OF NICKEL 1. Carbonyl Process for Refining Ni: (i) Mond’s Process: In 1889, this refining process of Ni recovered by Carl Langer and Ludwig Mond.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calcium-Looping Performance of Steel and Blast Furnace Slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power Plants
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by idUS. Depósito de Investigación Universidad de Sevilla Calcium-Looping performance of steel and blast furnace slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power plants Jose Manuel Valverde a*, Juan Miranda-Pizarroa,c, Antonio Perejónb,c, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménezc, Luis A. Pérez-Maquedac aFacultad de Fisica, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. bDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Prof. García González 1, Sevilla 41071, Spain. cInstituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (C.S.I.C. - Universidad de Sevilla). C. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain. Abstract The Calcium Looping (CaL) process, based on the carbonation/calcination of CaO, has been proposed as a feasible technology for Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. The CaL process usually employs limestone as CaO precursor for its very low cost, non-toxicity, abundance and wide geographical distribution. However, the multicycle activity of limestone derived CaO under relevant CaL conditions for TCES in CSP plants can be severely limited by pore plugging. In this work, the alternative use of calcium-rich steel and blast furnace slags after treatment with acetic acid is investigated. A main observation is that the calcination temperature to regenerate the CaO is significantly reduced as compared to limestone. Furthermore, the multicycle activity of some of the slags tested at relevant CaL conditions for TCES remains high and stable if the treated samples are subjected to filtration. This process serves to remove silica grains, which helps decrease the porosity of the CaO resulting from calcination thus mitigating pore plugging.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Copper on the Cupellation of Silver
    Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1908 Effects of copper on the cupellation of silver Charles A. Baker Miles Sedivy Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Baker, Charles A. and Sedivy, Miles, "Effects of copper on the cupellation of silver" (1908). Bachelors Theses. 240. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/240 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. bl.':~M J1IJ!(JWI.'.~1.. ""'~tlION T ,~~. ][VI'ECTS Ol~ COPP}1~H OU TIm CUPlilJJJAT Ion OF SI J~VER • Charles A. Baker Miles Sedivy. MSM til~ t~lCrlt. \lYj,M.cmloi\l (1) ::.:.. :.. : -~..-. : ...... "' .. " : .. ~ --- The ob~iect of this work is to rind--t-he effec't o~ coppa- in - .. = : : .... : - - .. tbe cupellation of silver. - .. Our Method of attack was: 1st. To find the effect of varying the amount of copper with constant lead and constant temperature. 2nd. Effect in cupel"' ation of varying the temperature and the lead in the presence of a constant amount of copper. 3rd. To detecnine the rate at which the copper is removed during cupellation. R.W.Lodge in his book on Assaying states,"If a lead button contains much copper,CuO will be formed with the PbO and this,when absorbed by the cupel,seems to take silver with it into the cupe1.· 2 ~ a....
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Flotation Recovery of Copper Minerals in Smelter Slags
    Heliyon 6 (2020) e03135 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon Research article Enhancing the flotation recovery of copper minerals in smelter slags from Namibia prior to disposal V. Sibanda a, E. Sipunga a, G. Danha b, T.A. Mamvura b,* a School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa b Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Namibia Custom Smelters (NCS) process a range of copper concentrates in their three furnaces, namely; top Metallurgical engineering submerged lance, copper converter and reverberatory furnaces, in order to produce mattes and fayalitic slags. The Materials characterization copper content of the slags range between 0.8 to 5 wt. % and this is considered too high for disposal to the Degradation environment. Currently, the slags are sent to a milling and flotation plant for liberation and recovery of residual Metallurgical process copper. The copper recoveries realized in the plant are much lower than expected and it has been postulated that Metallurgy fi fl fi Materials property some copper minerals may be occurring in forms that are more dif cult to oat like oxides or ne disseminations Top submerged lance in the gangue matrix. Mineralogical analysis of the slag samples was done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Converter slag Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The analysis did not reveal the presence of copper oxide min- Reverbetory furnace slag erals, however most scans showed copper sulphide minerals as free grains and some finely disseminated in Copper recovery fayalite gangue.
    [Show full text]
  • Flotation of Copper Sulphide from Copper Smelter Slag Using Multiple Collectors and Their Mixtures
    International Journal of Mineral Processing 143 (2015) 43–49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Mineral Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijminpro Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures Subrata Roy a,⁎, Amlan Datta b, Sandeep Rehani c a Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India b Formerly with Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India. c Birla Copper, Dahej, Gujarat, India article info abstract Article history: Present work focuses on the differences in the performances obtained in the froth flotation of copper smelter Received 14 August 2014 slag with multiple collector viz. sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX), sodium di-ethyl dithiophosphate (DTP) Received in revised form 11 February 2015 and alkyl hydroxamate at various dosages. Flotation tests were carried out using single collectors as well as var- Accepted 20 August 2015 ious mixtures of the two collectors at different but constant total molar concentrations. Flotation performances Available online 28 August 2015 were increased effectively by the combination of collectors. The findings show that a higher copper recovery (84.82%) was obtained when using a 40:160 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with di-ethyl Keywords: Flotation dithiophosphate compared to 78.11% with the best single collector. Similar recovery improvement (83.07%) Copper slag was also observed by using a 160:40 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with alkyl hydroxamate. Sodium isobutyl xanthate The results indicate that in both cases DTP and alkyl hydroxamate played important role as co-collector with SIPX Hydroxamate for the recovery of coarse interlocked copper bearing particles and has an important effect on the behaviour of Dithiophosphate the froth phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Xstrata Technology Update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building Plants That Work
    xstrata technology update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building plants that work You have to get a lot of things it takes another operator to get them right to build a plant that works. right. Someone who has lived through the problems, had to do the maintenance, operated during a midnight power Of course the big picture must be right – doing the right project, in the right place, failure, cleaned up the spill. Someone at the right time. who has “closed the loop” on previous designs; lived with previous decisions After that, the devil is in the detail. You and improved them, over and over. need a sound design, good execution, good commissioning, and ongoing This is why Xstrata Technology provides support after commissioning. You need a technology “package”. Just as a car to operate and maintain your plant in is more than an engine, technology is the long run, long after the construction more than a single piece of equipment. company has left. That’s when all the Technology is a system. All the elements “little” details become important – how of the system have to work with each easy is it to operate, how good is the other and with the people in the plant. maintenance access, what happens in We want our cars designed by people a power failure, where are the spillage who love cars and driving. So should points and how do we clean them our plants be designed by people with up? Are the instruments reliable and experience and passion to make each is the process control strategy robust one work better than the last.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization and Recovery of Copper from Smelting Slag
    CHARACTERIZATION AND RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM SMELTING SLAG A. P. GABRIEL*, L. R. SANTOS*, A.C. KASPER*, H. M. VEIT* * Materials Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazi SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. EXPERIMENTAL. 2.1 Hazardousness test. 2.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 2.3 Leaching 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Hazardousness Test. 3.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 3.3 Leaching. 4. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES. 1. INTRODUCTION The generation of industrial solid waste constitutes an environmental problem that requires efforts for adequate disposal. Currently, in Brazil, solid waste management is standardized, with a classification determining the management according to its hazardous characteristics. ABNT NBR 10004 is a Brazilian Standard to solid waste and classifies its as: Class I (hazardous), Class II - A (non - hazardous and non - inert) and Class II - B (non - hazardous and inert) according to the concentration of elements that have potential risks to the environment and public health (ABNT NBR 10,004, 2004) A process with a large generation of wastes is the production of copper. Several studies in the last decades investigated routes to recovery copper and other metals of interest from the slag (solid waste from the foundry). In the case of primary production, the slag has copper contents between 0.5 and 2% and the volume generated is twice the refined metal (Schlesinger et al., 2011) In addition to primary copper production, there is a significant rate of the copper production from scrap/waste metal. Secondary copper production in Brazil in 2014 reached 23,600 tons, representing around 9% of domestic production.
    [Show full text]
  • REFERENCE GUIDE to Treatment Technologies for Mining-Influenced Water
    REFERENCE GUIDE to Treatment Technologies for Mining-Influenced Water March 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation EPA 542-R-14-001 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 5 Notice and Disclaimer..................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 9 Passive Technologies Technology: Anoxic Limestone Drains ........................................................................................ 11 Technology: Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS).................................................. 16 Technology: Aluminator© ............................................................................................................ 19 Technology: Constructed Wetlands .............................................................................................. 23 Technology: Biochemical Reactors .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 12 Converter Steelmaking Practice & Combined Blowing
    Lecture 12 Converter Steelmaking Practice & combined blowing Contents: Refining of hot metal Composition and temperature during the blow Physico-chemical interactions Developments in Top blown steelmaking practice Concept of bottom stirring in top blowing Top blowing attributes Characteristic feature of converter steelmaking Environmental issues in oxygen steelmaking Causes of high turnover rates of BOF Key words: Top blown steelmaking, combined blowing, bottom stirring, hot metal refining Refining of hot metal After the previous heat is tapped and slag is drained, lining is inspected. Scrap and hot metal are charged. Converter is tilted into the vertical position and the lance is lowered in the vessel to start the blowing. Selection of the starting lance distance is such that the concentration of the force at the bath level should not cause ejection of tiny iron particles (sparking) and at the same time maximum bath surface area is covered by the oxygen jet. The starting lance distance(Xi) for specific oxygen blowing Nm 3 3 rate ton ×min can be calculated by 1.04 Xi = 0.541(db) db is bath diameter in meter. For 150 Tons converter, db = 4.87 m and Xi = 2.8 m, when oxygen flow rate in approximately 450 Nm3/min. Initially oxygen is blown soft by keeping lance distance higher to promote slag formation and to avoid ejection of small particles, because hot metal is not covered by slag. Lime may be added either at the beginning of the blow or in portion during the blow. Oxygen is blown for nearly 15-20 minutes by progressively decreasing the lance distance such that slag foaming remains under control and oxidation reactions occur uninterruptedly.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Expansion Material Used for Roof-Contacted Filling Based on Smelting Slag
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new expansion material used for roof‑contacted flling based on smelting slag Hua Na1, Guocheng Lv1*, Lijuan Wang1, Libing Liao1, Dan Zhang2, Lijie Guo2* & Wenchen Li2 The improper handling of smelting slag will seriously pollute the environment, and the unflled roof of the goaf of the mine will threaten the safety of the mine. Expansion materials have attracted more and more attention because of their excellent properties. In this paper, copper‑nickel smelting slag that has some active ingredients of gelling is used instead of traditional aggregate and some part of cement in order to reduce its pollution to the environment and its costs. For safety reasons, hydrogen peroxide was chosen as the foaming agent. Sodium silicate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) are used as additives. Our results showed that after 28 days of curing, the material has better mechanical properties and the early compressive strength of the material was enhanced by sodium silicate. The efciency of foaming was improved by CTAB. It also proves that copper–nickel smelting slag can be used in expansion material. At the same time, the utilization rate of the copper– nickel smelting slag of this formula can reach 70%, reduce its pollution to the environment. Mineral resources are one of the most critical parts of the development of society. Filling mining technology is a mining technology that uses flling materials to fll underground goaf. Tere are many kinds of flling materi- als, such as barren rocks, slags, tailings, cementitious material and cementitious material prepared with cement and the solid waste mentioned above in the land mines 1–8.
    [Show full text]
  • The Advanced Mining Technologies and Its Impact on the Australian Nonferrous Minerals Industry
    Paper Title: PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES FROM XSTRATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR COPPER SMELTING AND REFINING IN CHINA Paper Presented at: Hainan Conference, China Authors: Mingwei Gao, Philip Arthur and Nigel Aslin, Xstrata Technology Date of Publication: 2004 For further information please contact us at [email protected] www.isasmelt.com PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES FROM XSTRATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR COPPER SMELTING AND REFINING IN CHINA Mingwei Gao, Philip Arthur and Nigel Aslin Xstrata Technology, Australia 1.0 INTRODUCTION The world’s non-ferrous industry has achieved significant improvements in efficiency in the last 20 years owing to the advanced technologies such as ISASMELT™ and ISA PROCESS that have been invented and developed at Mount Isa Mines in Australia,. A number of large nonferrous mining operations in the world are still in business today largely because of the commercial benefits that resulted from applying these technologies. ISASMELT and ISA PROCESS technologies are marketed worldwide by Xstrata Technology, a division of the Xstrata plc group of companies, which was formed upon Xstrata’s takeover of MIM Holdings Limited in mid 2003. Xstrata PLC is a diversified international mining company and has operations in Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, South Africa, Chile, and Argentina with around 20,000 employees worldwide. Major products are copper, lead, zinc, silver, coal, ferrochrome, and ferrovanadium. In addition to these commodities, an integral part of the group is their independent process technology business – Xstrata Technology. Xstrata group companies have a long record of developing process technologies for in-house use and for sale to external clients. 2.0 ISASMELT™ TECHNOLOGY ISASMELT is a modern bath-smelting process for the production of non-ferrous metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Losses in Pyrometallurgical Operations - a Review
    Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 255 (2018) 47–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advances in Colloid and Interface Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cis Historical perspective Metal losses in pyrometallurgical operations - A review Inge Bellemans a,⁎, Evelien De Wilde a,b, Nele Moelans c, Kim Verbeken a a Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Technologiepark 903, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium b Umicore R&D, Kasteelstraat 7, B-2250 Olen, Belgium c KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, bus 2450, B-3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium article info abstract Article history: Nowadays, a higher demand on a lot of metals exists, but the quantity and purity of the ores decreases. The Received 24 October 2016 amount of scrap, on the other hand, increases and thus, recycling becomes more important. Besides recycling, Received in revised 4 August 2017 it is also necessary to improve and optimize existing processes in extractive and recycling metallurgy. One of Accepted 7 August 2017 the main difficulties of the overall-plant recovery are metal losses in slags, in both primary and secondary Available online 10 August 2017 metal production. In general, an increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing these losses could help further improve production efficiencies. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the current sci- Keywords: fi Pyrometallurgy enti c knowledge concerning metal losses and pinpoints the knowledge gaps. Metal losses First, the industrial importance and impact of metal losses in slags will be illustrated by several examples from Slags both ferrous and non-ferrous industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Worldwide Vol 7 No 1 Jan-Feb 2017
    JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2017 VOLUME 7 | 1 See Buyers Guide pp26-27 n Key Words: Innovation and sustainability n News: Głogów Smelter Kamoa-Kakula More copper mined Project issues n Smelting features: Converting (2 of 3) Two-step method at Dongying n Spotlight: Electrorefining progress UMMC n Optimisation: A 4-step process n Copper in Germany: Jonathan Barnes on Europe’s copper major n Copper semis: Producers and capacity survey n Events: 30th Intl Copper 16th World Copper Conference Copper/Cobre 2016 Coming up in 2017 n Contracts: Outotec re-orders Toquepala Steerhorn Chuquicamata n Buyers Guide - In search of added value ISSN 2046-9438 www.copperworldwide.com www.copperworldwide.com CONTENTS | 1 We transform … Key Words the world of copper 3 Innovation and sustainability News Kamoa-Kakula progress; Rise in mined 4 copper; Głogów starts up flash furnace; Project acceptance study; IWCC Technical Seminars; MIDAS undersea research results; The MD issue around commissioning; MKM into e-mobility; Market in surplus; Aurubis update; Glencore knowhow; Peru output Spotlight Electrometallurgy 2016 review; 6 UMMC tankhouse Contracts & People Outotec re-ordering and Toquepala 20 contract; Steerhorn cathodes; Gas management in France; Iran and Indonesia The Głogów Copper Smelter (see page 5) items; Chuquicamata acid plants ordered; Copper crucible restoration Inside this issue ELECTROREFINING/ 16TH WORLD ELECTROWINNING COPPER CONFERENCE The SX-EW cost burden; G Corner top Preview and latest CRU analysis 9 in refining; Dias d’Ávila milestone; 19 Ion exchange processing SAFETY AND Copper working process – from the melting bath to the fi nal product PLANT INTEGRATION MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL Stories relating to these SMS group has been active in the copper fi eld for more Our integrated solutions are a byword for robust and reli- Optimisation of control systems via the two key operational areas than 50 years.
    [Show full text]