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H8 Government: 1529-1547 1540S H8 Government: 1529-31 1531 Rise of Cromwell Reformation Parliament Church weakened Pressure on the Pope 1529-1547 Thomas More accepted Cromwell had advanced 1529-1536 saw the Humanist criticisms of Colet 1531: Clergy collectively Lord Chancellor position his career under Wolsey longest Parliament of the and Erasmus and the accused of Praemunire provided he did not have and, following the Tudors. anticlerical satire of Simon fined £118,000. to deal with the divorce. cardinal’s death, he rose Anticlericalism aired in the Fish weakened standing of 1532: act in conditional church. Norfolk & Suffolk swiftly, not least because House of Commons. restraint of Annates Church’s claims to legal increased power in Privy of his proposal to enable Significant that H8 used supremacy challenged in 1532: House of Commons Council. Henry to secure his statute law to Break with 1528 by lawyer Christopher supplication against the Little achieved due to marriage annulment and Rome. St German, who asserted the Ordinaries. focus on divorce & FP thus Cromwell filled in the superiority of English law 1532: Formal submission situation. vacuum left by Wolsey. over the Church. of the clergy to Henry VIII. Act of Supremacy 1534 Treason Act 1534 Succession Acts 1536 Act of Union with Wales 1536 Act of Resumption Council of the North H8 Supreme Head of the Made it capital offence to 1534 Made Henry’s marriage to Reorganised local government, Lancashire, Cheshire and North far from London so hard to Church in England. slander the Supremacy or Catherine invalid and marriage to Wales divided into shire counties Durham were technically govern. POG proved danger. Anne was valid. Heirs of 2nd which operated like England. ‘palatinates’ or separate Council of the North - permanent deny King’s new title. marriage legitimised - Mary Welsh shire counties were given jurisdictions from the rest of body based in York and with Treasonable to describe bastardised. All adult males had direct representation in the England. Durham was still professional staff. It had both the king in writing or to swear oath of succession. House of Commons for the first technically separate until 1536. administrative and legal speech ‘heretic, 1544 Named Edward, then Mary time. Act reduced independence but functions. if he had no children then Wales incorporated into England palatinate court of chancery Proved effective as north quiet in schismatic, tyrant, infidel, Elizabeth. Also set out in his will. with little remnants of a separate continued to operate 1549 disturbances. usurper of crown. identity. Royal Council Finances Fall of Anne 1540s Cromwell More professional Royal Cromwell set up the new When Cromwell & Anne’s The fall of Cromwell saw the emergence of a Privy Council with fixed Continuity: Council emerged with no financial institutions alongside relationship broke down he membership, supported by a secretary who kept a formal record of the Privy Chamber due to the united with the conservative proceedings. more than 20 members. need to manage new incomes faction to secure her downfall in In 1540 power lay with conservatives in the Council such as Norfolk, Made up of professionally after the Break with Rome. 1536. Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley. It was the problems trained lawyers and Court of Augmentations – Anne was then accused of created by Henry’s marital issues which helped shift the balance of bureaucrat not nobles or controlled land and finances adultery, which for the wife of the power. gained from Church. monarch constituted treason, she Norfolk set up the marriage between Henry and Catherine Howard. clergy. Smaller grouping of Court of General Surveyors was executed. There was an allegation of an affair between Catherine and her the Royal Council after initially to handle ex-monastic distant cousin, Thomas Culpepper. Fall of Cromwell Change: 1536-7 – reaction to POG land became part of above. This devastated Henry and thus Catherine and her lady of the th or due to need for expertise Court of the First Fruit and the Catalyst -failure to manage the bedchamber were executed for treason on 13 February 1542. Tenths – collected money King’s marital affairs. Tried to Norfolk managed to extricate himself from the whole affair but he was for dealing with previously sent to Rome. arrange a marriage with a wounded politically. Reformation - professional Court of Wards – the king had German Protestant princess, Henry chose his sixth wife Katherine Parr but Norfolk was fully aware administrators rather than ancient feudal rights to collect Anne of Cleves. However, this of the danger which Katherine, as a Protestant, posed to his untrained members of the monies form the estate of a Anne unsuitable to Henry ambitious and tried unsuccessfully to embroil her in accusations of minor (under 21) who had personally, and match become herself. nobility and clergy? inherited. unwelcomed politically. Marriage was annulled, destroying Cromwell’s creditability. Key people: Summary: ● Thomas Wolsey Henry’s reign lasted for almost 38 years. ● Thomas Cromwell – Vice Regent Spirituals (deputy to H8 in religion) The reign changed England permanently but whether it was for the better or ● William Warham worse is debateable. The King can be seen negatively as a bloated and unpredictable tyrant who ● Thomas Cranmer destroyed much of what was positive about English life, or positively as the ● Anne Boleyn embodiment of an English national identity and the person responsible for ● Jane Seymour-lady in waiting of Anne Boleyn transformational and necessary change. ● Edward Seymour .
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