This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 26 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration

Stuart K. Allison, Stephen D. Murphy

The Principles of Restoration Ecology at Population Scales

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 Stephen D. Murphy, Michael J. McTavish, Heather A. Cray Published online on: 23 May 2017

How to cite :- Stephen D. Murphy, Michael J. McTavish, Heather A. Cray. 23 May 2017, The Principles of Restoration Ecology at Population Scales from: Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration Routledge Accessed on: 26 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315685977.ch3

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 e c t t a p l a a f t c W p h i o d p e t e t T a w p a n u h i e e h n n n l h o c c c h r i o a e n o . n h r r r s

n e a

a o o o p d d d a m r y h p t

c )

n i d ( i t c W i e c t e b n . t l s l e

s s 2 u

r i u

h

o o t s t y

t m l

i r l c o t r e

g i c

e 0 a T s e o t b i l e e h e g g i m s

c o

a o s o t e a n s n S b

t 1 c u g n o

d y y h i i e t h

m e d p n

r o s c d y o

s R 5 i s n v n e t o

e p e

m e o t

c e w a s

n a s l ) e v – i c o o m h i r k s

i o M b o , a c n . r n r t

t r

o h s s p

e f m a o (

l e i a y o p g o .

d

T u e a p e h t a r t E s p

b m n o c w R h

y u r r e

s . a e y s c n p r o

o h .

h o e

a t e m n

m d

o

l

T a

e e e a e t h i a f w i m a t

s e u n o c

t e l

W t n c

i r i c s t n – t S e e e a h y t a e w o n a e m c r

f e i

o

o a t

l

s n g p

o

n

t e

e

t n

v s d o i i

a h P h b l h i e

h e D t r a s – o r d m n n

p o o o T r

n r ) e x e a r e u a . f o n e e

e

f l e

t

T i g n i

d c s b r n

a y H t a e a v i u s v

l r . s e a c

i e e i l e t

c O m

c

n s i

t e

m s t s d c i a o i l f s t

n o M s t O

o

a a e o

i c i r w d r l a a a c h a s w f l i k i l o n i w

f o s w l H e

o n l o t l t u e

g n z y

e

f . e e o s s

d s m i n

c u s t e g t o e r i e e y i

l ) t r l

( e n , h n P i

e n r l

u i f

e

y v 1 d c

k n u

n

r o R a x h u b t g a w

e g v g f n t e s

u 9

e h u r t s u p

t h r

u

o c E i

t i

i c r h e o e s 9

a a t m e

s a e a m t ,

l t U a w t e r o h m h

s t r f e n p t 7 u n t n w

t o t n i

d A

p

i f e e t i t h a

a l ) y

e r d r d t o e

a s r r

h s h l o

s

r

j e e h t h e e c s e e

c , n n a

– o

o d c e p u e a - t s e

s P d c o

a a d s h u n L v

t a a

t r t o b T M

s t r t x u t n o i t (

d r l

o

r m g c m g e o a

s t a h m o t c c a a i a s d l e a e c l s l e n e h o b c r o t

g o e e

n R d u a p a l i f u

r A m a r e a

t e m l l a g i s l

I t i n c n i e d m

c s t y

t f i l n s p p e

c r h t o i

i i e n u d i h g s e c s

t

i

u t o l c a s a o a o i O e

e f o

n e s e n e b s w r e

T I n l b a

p c a n ‘ s m e

f . x

t t c n i s t c n n

e t c l

p n h g l c h e n h l

a s

O

t t e o e t a N s r f e s f a w e o

r m

e t i o

v h e i

t o u

s l t l t o l e t b y

m n t c

c

I m o n r r o o t h N

e i i c s o i l o r y o

n c i i a

c s o k J

t s l e g

r

e e o a o

t

o o t h v

e - m

r 3 d O , m . e

l n 1

p

h c s i s a e R e n o C

l s r e u r n n r i c r e e

6 g n y e c e o g e M e e n s u – e s d g o s a v l

s t e o a a c

n s d

s i l p c g

n i l y

o p r – r i c i t a l r n r b l

d s

e

e n u a t e E i a r i

i e c c r N m r

i

r e s v I

e n e A e t t n t

i i r n

p a a p e g l s i T a

y r c s

e o d c a ’ t r g t n i t t s e g b a

e , y l i d e P t

r n n t o

a i

i f t d a ( t

c r p C s e s

c o i i

s p

i d o

i u a w e

r i p o c t o

o e n r c f d i a e v a t t n

i a a

r f a s e e a d i s n i h s r o l

n t r

e e a e p t o a r L

l p i .

L l s

s o

S . t r

i l

e e e

u t r d s t e

t s

a e o o y l ( O t s i i e l i p d w e

o i d s i r c h n n i f s

c e o r

r

n n a

o b e n t i

i b r

o

m a g C m

E b a t d e v n c ,

o i

f a t

a a

p p t e l b d l a n e e e h c e e a

t e

r r o a b a r o r o o l . i o t r c r e r c s i

y t a s L n o a

) n n o g j h d m o

c l i s l i

f o S a

t u e

c d e e n d m i A b

y i n a r t

e i s u l o d t l c p t m t t s c o p e , c e s l

u

s o y

i

h

s O t e - i u n t J u v s a l o e

a p

c

t e i w g t

n o e u r t s s

v H p o e h c c

l l o t n h

a e

c u a y v a O e i a L h c h e t l t o h t f e – . r t n m a s y

a t s r m

h n s u h

n

i e t

e

e

l

a , l W o

n l n i

o s o n a e c G r

o c o

b

t s m o

p a p e

r e t d C i E r

e

f g h n t f g w e

v g

e o n n i

p o

u s t .

h i i F u y t m

a t d e e

o

u a e s d s p

t i h o p l O w i w e t

n c n o n r t s n f f i t t r o o h i u u S Y d p i

m s i f u s h i e g s t i n e i e t m s i o u c a o m i l l t

i a o l s l e s h e

r a t s e a e s s y a u r l m

r r y s n a i

n r

t , s a t

t n y

e i t

a

f c t s r n ; i i n t

i

A N

c o t p

, u d s d l s

i e r o

a i o i e r i l n u b t

i

s n o n o A r

i s n o

c c r e n o n h l n u o t

. t e t u t s e y i

p

o e a o o n t

s r r , r h g

a v , n r n i

e

t

C g d l u

l i n n f

t i t

e m

y e c c d t i d v o c t f

s

T a h e i a k l h s

r o r o o r r

t t o r a r e r n e t l r t e s t e a a

i e

e i c l r m m t i h r a s h l s

o i c i v n t n

t s

g i u a

s

u s s l

o t o o o i p s e e u y

R w t i

i c m a i m m s o t i s s F k n a

n

s f s n o

i h r

z

o c

r

y n o c r c i e s a o t s s s u u e s p e t t a l e l o

s e

s h h

s

d n l h h a

s w t n n

d u t

p s l a a a a f l e i a a s i e a e v e e s a e i i i

o l n n n n n a s e

p p r e r t t m a i r t e s s l i e i e n n y y d d d d l y g y t e e e e c - - - r s t l , , , . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 S s b o p w a s c e m T W c w o g – t ( i t s v s f b c a g e a s b t t m t s i a h i p h o p o m t u n n s v a o o n e e i p e r r

e f r o o m r r c s e d i e o f e e o e e e

m n r e n

e n d d n a c c n n u c e u l n s n t a d l o v u c S i E I W c l e

n r d

d a n s a p a o l e

e c e t s c

o n m i s f p a e s e e - i

i n i d t e t a u h t a u i

n i u d v t

i r o r e r t t v d e h r y s i d d

d t u

t r a e l i e v i w e i u a a

s i o a l s s e i e t

) r o c y i v c s o t y n o n

n u n e l e

e e o s b r s e r t

e o

, v

r i m f

, e

l a c

(

r e

i i b a

t t f f

a g r d m d s f t

g u e y a r - e c d a w n n o ( g

s r i o a

t i e t l

h t n l a g

n r d

n o . p

h

o c w e

h t h i i e n h e v n

a g n u s d f s n g e a c i e e i m e i s o a e i a c B t r e

m i a y v e l m e s o i m

e

o

e e n t

e y i r e n r n l p o j t v a b i h t s c d s n

e i o i s t y t u y e u u n n u e

w n n h

B

p t t o r b o p d

p o h t d o

t , e p a l T n

o a

c

r

r

n s

e c t r t

o o o b g e e i l o c r n

l n o u c t

o d

t r u p o

i a a o e t e n e t m t e a h s y h

a r e r i b m c p e r s a t s a

f s u i f l c a o n n o x o s

c m

t r

h p e t f s k

p

s n s p t

c o

u u e m l e e i i r s e t t

r s t e c

g e m e

o p f p m a e

o

n i o o a e i e e o o d h

h h e

w s d r m n a g

e n r

o l n n t

) r f u u c a e e o f c n l s e g n f q s r o

t b m

e e o e e

n . s

e o e e k f f

n u c

o r o

g n i h s l i a c g

m

d u

b

d

t n

s W s a s d o r

e c t a e n t e l l t

g d n c h o u n g t p s

s s

t e r

n i

e c u t y i a

h t t e s f e o e f

e i - t a t k e

a h a a t , r b e

i i a l

n r f e s

r k

o

t

h e s d t f t e h a d d e s l o e o n f t

n n m t a m d e a a t n i h t y a

i h

t e p

g h

r n b t r

n i e c

o q

h n n i r n n t n s

b d h i n c a i p

a e

a n i a i s l e o e e r h e t e

e

e r e i g s g u r s e m e e

e

c r i s

c s e i g a s o m n o c e

g c p f a

i

i u

o t w a e

n e

t

.

d e s s i t r n g

a n

s e o t n a e m c t u c i d : p h i a a r t r p i a t

t n

e l t h

e v e h n e

e r s

s t e r i m e e o g A c , n m o w

r m e n u i e o m

o

e t t d i o e e ) v m s p a o a n e e l

i

s i

n g g n r

a h i t

l d l n f s t f s r d d s l o s t p

u u c i r r

p e

l e

a R e s

a o l s i e o e

y

h

e t

t

a a e e

t d e r c i

n e ) m l o l i v t i

r t n

a l m o h t e n r i e

m e o r x n r n o e u a s p , y p

n c i e a s c o i h n n i

o n e – m n s i e e a

o d v n

x e p n l u u s y b t d f i t t t x l r s t t a u n a u i e t

l c s a t

m

l

e i s i i h o

s i s n o e p e e u e g e

‘

n l a r

o . a i b n s o G o b o t d e

d

h r s

t w

e a l r p t

r d d s e

c e r s s i c l

r f t t r i e D y d u o e

m y n a y n a a u n e w a r

o d ) v

e

r d h i

i o a

n o u e e o c , r o

s

h n o o e a

t c e

t r s o s s a t

a r f s f l e e a e m e i b f p p d i e s e o n l c a o

f s

s

s e , q t t s i l n t i o r n

c i o o o

- t p i n

r s i p m t

s

b i l l t h u

a

h l e u o n m f s y n

o u

p g e n e l h e a n

d u e a

s b – o g r f e

o s p w r - n a l t e e l e .

t

r n n d e c ( n

e n t

i t i e e u i

e o e g e g e

y a c r a e r b h o u s e t p r o O s c h h y r d d u i g n . n

e v i i p d

t r d i t o e i

h v d

d

c

e

i y e c r l n

h g ( n t i w e i e a

t – i e u

o

a m r o T o e n

c l h o

a

h

o m s u

e s r r o b

e t s c h

s

e s r b n f g l e t

t s l

o t i p f g s a ’ n a i v - o i

c i e o i n c h e y o a

h o e o r

o

n s d ) n o o

n

r t s d r n d e a t a d t p o o g l

o . e

t t r l d

e h t s s g e s - e i e r t i

o o i n m n o o b c

o i

o o e e o y

s

i n i o x l s l o f n l a t o

l 1 y

t o

e t d

t i s u o a o t ( t i s c e i g d e e v d

i

b w f a

r h t m i a n y s m 7 y k

a n s t a p e d

o p n

d . r h o s o c s t m f y n o i u

m e a g a a a n e

p a t n

e g

t e

i t s c e a s n

r a

v l i

s

n m a ) o

d e d m r e n h

l

u d e s l e t p d e e t g ( a p t l e i i u h

r l s d e

w v y n i p n o e d

l d v i s

u n d e o a s l s n o l

v o a o r n

i e o c w r p i s e

a a

a s s ) d e e i

e k o n

t r f r w s

i

p , o e c h v e b o b

s f , g a r

t r

b n h o t o s n

t

r e i c s

i e d

d d r u i i

h o e h w s u l i f o u t t e

r n / t s l l u a o c t s

v e e r r i w l

e

m g h a e e i

u h

l

u a l h e y e e n t i r g r a n e s m o g t a f p e f

k t t n u d b t e h n v e t

a r v y i

o s o c i x e r

s h c i e

h d t

n t i p n e o l

s a

t

i l e

t n d p s s e

y e

i i t

t l

f o u o n r

e i n

e d i i i

l u t a i c v t o e s r a o h l h u o o

o n o . e n

r

o i m e u

o t n

a a o h l t i t f t t n t e d r h b t s e a s a o e s f r c c g s s f h l

n i f r p e h r l e h n e a p . e t u

u i i

n n

a u

v g l o

f o f

r o i i e m e g y s s e r o w

o

u l s x e a s e e r l i F u m e i m e e p e t g d , c c l p

o n y i a n y n

p

e r v n n

y p o e u o s a

s n

r n h u s c c

r i o r w l a t m e

d

e p e s o e t f e a a t n

a t o

l t i a r a

i l e e c t r o a r t o i n h o e m t i s o m d o s o

n r a r s n e n u e h l c e r c h b m t s h e p

p t s /

o e

o t l u t s

f

a t r

h s f n

o s t o d l e e r y y e i s j o l i

s

e p p e a a t

i

t f

y a d f

i n u e

r o b i v i e s c o v h y o i

p u h g r

a n t e l

t y l h z e l e o s f

n u m

– c n d h e r b o r a e e

i o a n u v

a e e m e l o a t

n f – e , f e y d o a f

l c p

g

i r

k n s a o r m l e s

t

m g g

l e n a n n o

t u

p – r d

e

i t

s g n t u c r

r f

e n d

t r h o e o t h e t n i ( – e g

p

D o r o o g e f o

t

o o e o e

i c o i e e a l b t t

n t

a a i x n y v n

e c

f m a d e

t c t n u i h p h e u

l e s o n

p n u n m t N t e t a y e e l n s

s u i n

n r u o e i p o

h n e

p u e e r r t a n u b

c g l n

o e n t h p s n f t e a s r o

i v d t t

i e e r

a d

A a , e

l e o e . h l

r e s c o

o a r e g i a c l

e a o e o b e t o a n d w n y e c

a s o v t i a

m n

r r

t T e p s

w

. t c x f r

n

h t r

e r t i

s e s f

d t , r m y o i i t f f

t e c

o

t o s l e h

d h

s p v T l e o

, x h t d e e n g o e i n m a o

o

i i o f

n o t p h e ( r k n e p e r r a v e n r ) m

c n i h e c l i

n

l

h ) r p t k m o e n r d l h

i e s i r

t y i e i

p a e n i a r . o n h o s

s e f t ( s a

e

t e c u i s t . s o n , o l t

h e r

t n

d s r

g w s t m

: i u

e w e r i s p v ? l o , , i e s l a n s

o n

n

d n t t w s i a e y e o e s e s o t r

d e g l r y t i c

s o t m i

e e

d t e

g h o e u r

o

s n n a h e

t e , n l r s m h e u o i i

i r n y

a i n o l m

o u d v p n n

e o c

t s t t e a a e p t

o

( l r m u r e y

e n

t r e – a o t r b s y s c n p e e - t

t r a n

i l o r t

e s i a

e s r g

i p a , n g

o n e r e e i

c

e r s e

r d o

p c e t o a r n t s c f b n l a a d o o o e x a

i c n s i e o

r g f e

e i

c

l n o o e n

v n e t e e e m i

o e n g s d u m e v r n f i b h l

o c t

n i s

s u u t i x a r d r e n g i s i e

n o n r n i r t a a o ; a

a y s u t o s u r s f a a t

s a a n n u a o i i e n i m h b b

b y e r l l i d w e

i m

f o f n n n g n l c c u n u s v o f c t

d a o m m t w e e l l c l a l i t i h o n h h d d y y g y ) s s e e e - - l - - - a r s s s s t t t t f . , , ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 o t u e s d t s t a p a n a c a d P s r p m W P t ‘ a i m a f p t f d a i ‘ t b n f r r o h r i o a h o c p a n l s r n r n o a y h e o l e o t n o

o r a a e l t s e e a t a i g e e r e h e

e m s y a t d i d f t m n i m o h g r e e p p d t a n p y n

m m h t i v a i e F T c , i

c e

t

t d n s n m a o h

r r u i u e r s

g e e n r t e i c h a e e t e t p o

r t l e

w t e m

h e e s e

a r o a i s e e h i l

l

h l e t

s v

s

d m ’ t a

e r c a l a n a g i e l

s l p b

f s r

e w u o

t ’ i d n e a s e s o

s i r i i

t i t w t c a n e r k y r

e v e

l t

r , a n n a c t e a i c u f i

t n d o e

r l a t e u o a a r p h h e t o o e i

p p m l a

s n o l s k e c n i h

e t v a n n a i l

n f r

y u r s g u r t n

a s t n e i n i e o - w e s e d r d n t m t , e e e e h o o – y t i c b c h d p e

t h c t n g

s i f s , s s

q

n

l r n

s

n

g o a h a o e

r e d

y ? n m e

i e c h s

y h

h e d t b d a t u y g r t ( l d l

a e t t d

s r r c o u

u n e

r t y h

l l h n s e m A e y a . s h i u c e r t m a a m e u e

y a y

i o i t s v s

u r m c , s c i t n e e o f

r t

f

n t e o m l s

a t a M

n c i a l

e f o l e s

t f t i i y o n

c p u i o t c a c f d r e o u f n i e i t p z h r o h a s r a z d m o t h

r e s e p o o n a a m i e r r a d u r t e r e a g s m n n d i f o e e n m g

o

e o f r a r

n e l g e

t t i f y h n l - H d y r s a y

a

c i

i h t t a u r i i e o

t l n b n c n

s s p r r

r c q a i w c o y o

i a c i i e o s r

a n c

t

o c o e

a n n l a e i n

i b t

t t a e o o t t

o o u c

n e

i n r g n – a n t t e h i i i t t n l e s h w o s s r z g

m

g l o t o h e a s n n y x p i r w b u e

t e s

e c

u a

d g d e

a d m o i r e

o t e e r d w h v f p

e

l a p g n u

i t o l o r e y a t g i a s e . o

r

i w e l n

i c t s i

e t r e v t

o i u e

l e d y e i n l d s d l f o

m n e a l h

t

h o b a a g

s o a B t y

o

e

– i

d f c n u h s m e

s n o o h

y i y n s n t f d e l i u o t i y y a n a c i n l n

g s

t o e e o i i n u

s

n e i o s i s t i

r t a

i n m t i , n

k

o t a l o

a

s

o n i t a

, h t t v

g r s s u

r a d – t s p r d

w g ( p g s n m h e e

b o

n c n n a

e . s o

n e p a a t t n p i e t r i s i

p e i i e d r m

i e c p

d

o i e g m f s v ,

v s o c

t a n a s s l e r n

o d o p s d m r o e

n o

w t o c y s W b

t g p e u a p k

t t y i s

t n g

w h

v

s

l l s o d n – d h i a r a v

d e

m m e n a i a r l l h a

E

a a i o o o e c m g i d a o n n t e n e h e o

t u

f l o e

i n o l n n d t l h e i s

h a o p t

e

e a t

n o m n i

r y n n

t

c f i o a a f e

t u s

i

a v l i e s n ( f c r e g d

u n b b e a u o t s n s a g )

l c p a

n l , g e e w ‘ a t a ( e

t c l e

o s o , r

a n v S r e g e

z e

a

o h t n p e

d e i h d r o l c

g . l t o

r c t r n s

n r

t a f t m a m s z d n i

o

r e s h

n t s i u r t e d

s i

,

- r e E e i a k e s i u r l m o

a r

n y o y c o v l i g n i i i t o t c g s s e p p e e

l s d s – i n e i t e s l m s s e i v . a

r

a g i

a r i r s e k t

e a

g

y h a x s t t

e o a o

d

n s

t

c l o u e p t t i s t M n a i i d n

e

b e e t e n p e e ; e u s c a p t n a n i o i o

s e w r

u r

n

’ n h r r p m o o , i c i

n

o l o a

s n

n i e n u r e )

o c l s d f a s o d e f v u r ( i a e

a

c a a o

o o s s a o

n h

f t m a t y e c p o n o a t d r s

D l

e e i n a

s f l b e n e t

t e e

i d l r s s w a v g

r e n s s w t e

i

h f o e t i e t e s o o – u r y e

s t

l i o n

i i a s m i . n m a

u a s s o a r

u c m e t

a f s m a n d

r e t

i e g d

c n

t e 1 p s e l M f a l l a u a n

i d m h c e e s

o n t o o

s

h .

t o p a n o y l a 8

n

l t e y b h o c a i i n a i c e

s b s l e i g a l o o . c e r s r t n a u v n o s

n

t

r s c t a . y t

d o t e

a

) t i r

f g g g i y e e m v a c s o n r

e e t i e r a v l

i c o

W . r

r l A s

. a n

, o n u

o

e s a n o e

i e l o p m

r o e ;

a i l r i t e d a i c

e n ,

I s b

s d y n t

t t n

s h e s

a a

h n r s e q a t l n t

n m p e t n g

i f

n h h d t

m

o h e a h c

e b i t e m s i y e

t e c c ,

u r p

n

m a o a s i

t o n

a e i

a i t g r p t

o l e a s a a s b e o d m e o c c t m m r r e e e w s e h e n

h r l a o

y

i n n i i h e r a e e e e e t e

o n a t w e c n a

n

w o s r n a e e

r d

t h

s s e f i

s h

e p p , a n

n t a ,

s o c

t a c

e

d c p

t o

u r b s d m t c

h g w i i u e e e t e t t h w y a o s

r d e l t

o a p o v i

s t e

l e h e r r

. u

e c n

a

e u e r r h w t b e s s

v o r c a e a a e e e r r o d m n m e

a e u a r , o n t e p s

a t

a n r r l

r h

k o a r l

r a d a s

, g

t u r

h a d m s s l l d a

l l p e r a i t i s r e c i e

e e t e b a r a

m

o

y o ;

n r d s o i i a o e y

e e e

s o i a t o t t y a x d

r a t o d e e t s a e h e i g

i m n a t s t

d c n a b n i o d d y t ? n

s g p p p w u d

c

a u , e

a n s k o y o u t

w o u g c t u i

c

b d

s

r t l r u e a f e h e a h b b r

a e t

w p m e e e d a a e h e n l o i r ( a

c e

b n r o l d t

i e o s l

n o

e s e e

u s r x

x a l t r y t t a h e a s n c

t e a a h e s d c

e ) g e i e g r y h

e l i t r o f

h t g s a

t o a o , d

n v o , c d c a ? o i o

o

a

i

i

s p d a i r b

m r m o n e u a e e a r t o v e l f e a n c v m d s e n a c l a r s r

t h e

a

a l

n v f

o u

s e u r w p a e a n c a l d o m h t

t w

a g i

t e s n

e r , y a e u

e b n l r d n

n g r x d t h k s t o e

b t e e r e

n

w t a d h e n

h e g d s h i s l a y a c

u t e o s

m e a

a f n

i i n a t t

a o

;

a t o ,

e

a p s r

r s y o

a

l e t i e h e

a r i b n h o

a r d

c

g g i r i t p s p u n h t f n t m , p o n l

m m t l s t a n z t

a t h e a o

d i a

e a n o

l e w h . l h o g

e

u i e o t o e p e a a y r s e x n r , m b r r c

s

l e e r a m

d r e h i a p m e

r s r g y p u : r o

o

a

t u c a

m a p e

s d n

b e s t

d

h

m

u t e

f g

u l

h n u t s f – t

t

u a t h i o

r e e i a a c a a g b

w u

e i r

l o e c a s l l o h i

l t o n s t s e r t a f a a s s y a p e l a o s i d a s n o n n b s i o

p s

i e

a y w v o t t r i v a i

t

t n i . n a o s u d o f

f z

i h o n c e

l

e d t a

i r n

n – e i e o

l b o R i

o i e i n i o l i r

o

y

r w l t r i , n g k

d l e o a n

s i p s

r , t e r t d i n n e , t o a

n

w s n m u c

t e e i t a

, s e e e m i

m t t o

t

h p e i h o m c s t i n e c . e o s g l

e

r r o s s d i

b f o e e

s

p e

o h h r o o e x a B a i n t t f r s

i r s a n u p f f

u r o

s e i a g o o n g .

l n s u . m a f a u

t a a

n d t

c

a e l

c e r

t d s m d d e e

r r c r

l y I m c S i

l w w c v u m e u h

) e c h l l a c a a a a s s n t n i e d t u t i e

a

t o e

s a a l

i c r a a i i t t t t r l

f p h i i

a a n e t i n n a s c a i o c n n g i i i i l s u i t m u t i t o n n a

t

e o o o o n n n n l t i n e l e e

u a d c g e n o o t a i r e s l l l i n d g s i n n n n n o n n d d d d y g y y s e e e e e c - - - - - s s ) s t t , , . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 a t a w T t p a t c e g p s l s e t o o t d c r i t t c i g T a a b o • s • s a n s h h e h y i i t i o u e r t r u l r r o c x e e h i i g l r f o o t

i t l h h t e e n i e v e e s o p t

e a e

r e l g y o o n n g i t n e t i e p r n n l a l

a a e v o i e i t r T F I H B

d s n i c x h a

o o w l m n e o o n l s d

e e s c o t n t t b s

r o

i b h n e n

a h t

a b I m G b s w s s e e e d v h

d t s m x

o t i p r t o i r n e t h

g p

l s

t e e i e s m o y t a i r a a s

s o d u e e a r e u k e a t f s

w n t a w

. t i e o

s s

a

c i e a n e v l m r p o t r i - e v

c

y o m y

n i i t

b s t e

t s r c b y

g a n e

a e a e l v s I c f s e p

m t l . t h u e

e e a o i e a p r n p

n e t i e a t

a n n n u i i s

t s u s r m i e

t e

u e i n v r s

d s r a s d c c

t v i v

h e b

v r e c s e s s

d r e

d s r o t p i e y

c s o l p a e a t s

g c a

o o , w m o y s u e w a e a e n i e a i y e a s

u a t : e e

s s

b r m

l

r c l n d a o e s i x u n a n i r p d

m

u

e .

p l s o

l

g o , s h

r e t i e n

n l ,

e n l d y r d o a f

l a p i

t

x d s o i i y l d e v r p l a d i m s b s d ( u t a

x n g v y a r l n d g n e

y i a

i e n e

n u u , 2 r p h

p

i f i v e a s ,

s r s l , n h , u e e l u t b

v

t r g

p g g t

d e e p d

e i f i l . 0 l c r e i e r e s d i e i t n l a o r m t y m n d o a s p a a r a f t

v n e e m h r s

o

o c i

h n 0

h

a x e b t u e h v t - l

o b l n a

o p a

o c m e

n t b g e

l e n n

i l

e 6 o

s p i e c e a a l o t h r d r o n a s y c o r e d t r n c a f p l s e i t

e n s o

d s

. d e r i ) d i y e

b a h t e v o b u

s e a

w a a h r i d t b n u s

.

n c

e u f s

o l p i

p ‘ r o

a a a e p c e T t t n r i k d e p z e e w t r o e

a o s t o a

s r

g l

l o n s

p t t o l o r

e P m t e y h w n v g t

e

i a o r r s o i t u e e y h a n

m g

r s s w t a i m h h d t d o n a i s

h t m o g

m e i e t o n

e u

f

s h p f

r c e e a

n i

o e n h r v

a i a t

g o a n e

– p c o s e e s o t f d w

l t

e e a l a n t b h x e b v d o r u u s u t s n i e

y a

e

g b e s

e e

h m u n t t f s s d

d

a

p y s e a e e t n i i

c v

r r p

i

i n r c

s

o

p t n r g t e l t i n m

t p t c

c l e e t

a p a e

a a e o i h t t e e a e a r n c y i h l i d a o i

e r n c d t s d o h h

r d l a a

t n

e l c q m t o e r i c c e p e a e o t

h

l c e f e e h e n e

n n i s t r R i a y r e y

s f

r d v b d u - l

d c s p

o e s t u i o

x y a

r p o r t a s t o w o s e o e

s n s

a a e

c o p i e o l

a i e h i s

r u

u

d n

d e r p i o p l s l e o l r s

n s r d r n r t a o e

f a a r – v r s n d f s a o a m s t v a t r

e o l e e y

g s o r s l r r n v n o o

t r t m l g e

h d o a a y m s e

a i e

t o t w s

e o i

e s

r x i p l a p i e r c t t

s t l

r v p r d o

i

r p l l

o

i e f t e e d i c l c o

h n b i n t w

’ y a d e i e g b e i k r a e t p d a e

p e

c o

y

o o i s c e r s n t a t h u a t f l

s r y –

i l i w c i a i e n e n

b s e a

l e i s i h e a

s

r a i c s i r v n s

s l l a t a e t –

a c i e o r u

a

o c t n

e l l

p a m i t b e s e s t o m o n y e e d l

e o t s e s

– t i a m e t t r i i

n a i h n t n i d

c w

t h b r .

o

i s n r o g

v

w e l i p a o n n c

i d r c

u d o o ’ e

o a f o s

c o a n

d s l o s l S a e s n g e o e

t n o x s e a a

d e

a r

e c e s i s p

u

a n e u e n g i u t c g e o n s t n a e r t a v v s e s e r l

g b

a s o t o t

n o

i

r s s o e e

n i r i s ,

r h s n p y l s v u a e m o

n i d

t e

( l w a e

e g e e o c a r l n d

m

c n

l i o x p e a n i d u o p a i o a i n – d a t v u i a n , n s g s s

a n e t n f

e

. u s n

a e s i i b t o g r p e s u l o d e i

l n r

l e d s i e m a g n r c o i c

i c e

w l n

u s . c

l t y r d u t

r t n a

p s m r y x 1 c

s r l v c t d a o

i o o h e r e o t h e

e w

b

l

t m r

d o I

t

c s h 9

u

d

o e e a r m i y

i s e d

i d s

e t u y e n e n n e

d p c e w o t

m e r h n

t h a

s n t h

i p e l i n r s y

o o i d

r t r m d a

c

i v a b t m l o a t q a f l e v

f

c e x p t

e h s e e l i a o c e c l

h

i t p

r a c s o e t s r o

c w x t u o k h o e r a t t n o i t i g g

s e e t o e n a a

u e r e h m a t r l e b e h r o a r i r s r r t

r

w i a p m o i a r s

e o n t g

v n s e n t n i

e r s

s e l r e n . a i s c e a e

n t k u t g t

i w e e f

m e e

e f

o a t i d i c

c e s i t m d s

t i h i m r

s

o

t t e r r t s v e l c c n

m e e a l a f t o s y o g o

t m i

t h a f y a h o . i a i

o

r t o

r e n o l n s r

l t t s h a

t t a

n e e o m b n t i o h m – t

s e a

h e e n

q

e i h t l r v z n i i o l g e i e e

p n c n i i s o

l m f h f

o o

s s e

n n t e

m u y n o s

e t a

d

o

e i

t

p s t o e

h r e a n

s n

a o g

o s

t t p a

t y h g o g s

i d s e

u r

p

e d g b r i n n s

h o e h i t i c

e u d b t s a i r

t p t o e o t v e a m s t s e n o

l r l e c e i l , a

k o e x h n d o e y t e c r r e c l

i

e s n e c e l

e r p p s r e

n a n v f r g e e a l a l a o

i m l i

i e t c e t i l

e t

n t s t a a o

y d u n r l c o

t a e o t

o s

m n l o

e i t a e ) h t r m

l e c t . i e y a s t m c n c i o m a s

r

i l

w s r r w o

i d t t o f i n d a

- s t e k s a i o b

n t

e I a e v s o o i h s

e i d

i y s e w l o s a t e c n s

t i r g

e l

r e n l b i

s n i e

n c i ,

r a o o t i

o p c

m p v

l l l

c e f r t t o a s g i

o g o y s v e

r n q b l t i d o

t t o d r h l s a n u e . t h n d o h

n t h e

e e n u s e p a a

i e e n f

w a u r e – g m b y i s r e

s G – n r u n i

p a a s n n n r r e e v q a

n r t n

s a u -

c e c

e

e

a s s g o i

e g c

i i y u e t o e o m t – e

i p t l u y d o a e e s o a

a s e s

q r n e h s o e a s i e e

d

r

, t t m n l e f

c l a t a n

n

m

e o s e f s r a s d u s v a i l i t

s a n a s s

a i m i

n

h d c b u t u y e o c

s i

r r b s i d o e

u n t n e v t i

n e l h a g e t t , p u e s e s

i l

w t a

n r e a

r p n b t l

l e n e y c , e n s a g

o o b . d t s e e e i

d q s v

i o o t s v r

c

o i e

t n r n c i

c t

.

h d y

t a W y

s n m

s g e f c l u i t r o i n p

o a a g o g

c d e . t

o t o v y e n s v

i

e a

e

r n t o e e u l f

c e v a c r m e s w g f r e e n e w S

t e o r t d

e s i

a n h

a s a s n e u e n

e r o

n n t l

s e s o r h

u t s i n a t n

e a w l n t h a h e m i s t a f

b

r t s v s i m e o n e t m a e k r i

l o u i t g t c s d r n i y s i c e s t h d e e o e e e n g s t p r o i t a t r t i e t e a i i w h e a l e

o t

s i

t

i n

a

p y e r l t c c t n l a

a o s g r

b e g p r t c s m p g n h y

y

e , p d b n i

c a

n a o

t o

p o k

e c p r

c e h r e a o

o o s a e s

i o b e h i u l e t o o s c

i x u o e a ,

m o s o t o – i s

d l u n n i

t t p s . o v r s o c e n s - e a e o s y u p n r o r i i

n e p m o n n

a n l h e d e e o u n g c t n c u n s s f e

e p a a m e s i d n p p u d o f n

d t , s n

d

b f

a a e l l s

s

d t

t o s r p s h m i

d i

u i o a a t p s l . l i s i c u c i n s i

f c p e s b t

s e a

a a e t t t o

o t l u t t e u

i w

g n a i h o o T l t

t

o s l i y

r i

u v i i t t c i r o t a n a n e a p l h s l m e o l c o o l y n i i s d i a p m h a x p i e o

n o

m t h i o o s n n i n l o a u

k

e v

n n n n t t a o a e e e i t r a i i l t s e i i i i n o n h n d y g s s e e e e c c ------r s s s s s s s s s s t t t t f . , . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 p l a c t l o W a d a w T g o t c q a • ‘ P f o i o s b n d ( t r d w B t a o p d a a d m e u y h o p c i s t n r l o o e o i u r i a o r r f u r e f a t o t s s h i

m e ) i i s e s p

e o r e o e g

e m n d i i n ) k n o u e t l l p a p

o t e p r e a

t t o o e - R T T T y l c l

e e o e a n b

d t

d u o i h h t n l n

n a u u t i t e r s e

l h i a d s n

n n d n k e d f

f

r M e p g D h

o r g l

h h h r e p t

e

o r

s e x l l a

g b a l e e l e i e x t

g s s i y a s f a a s o t

e m e e s w a s e i t

e e i t n r s i b r o s t t r

.

e

e , e h e f s k t a

t t h t s

p a

l

n a n t r a y m

m

e p

i o

r l r p e s , w i i g s .

e

e

d a

l l F o n

s e h , e r i

a z e s o e e o o

i

e o

t i o e

h r e n m o w o

i o o e x

t a s i i b

s

t e o i r s c o

a i s n m r a i m t t n n n

p n s u y f p

p m g h e s i

n n r a a i m r

n l r i e t l p p p

w r

v b o s l

o h s l

c e b s s f

r s a g t i r r i r l

r o t i n

d s

r o s t

e s r c l . o . o

e l o ( u i o r c s k e h a h r s t

o

e

s

2 r

e i a m h e i

o o i d d e

l n h

s o c a t n t e i t l p b o n d e r d g 2 s t i I

o s e n d e

l 0

t y a n o i a e m e n ) s d e n h

e d o f t a

f r m t

g

u u o l u u e ’ r 0

r

w

f t e 0 o o r

p

r p d o t o l g

s n

r d a e s b m f

t i

r p c o

b s l t h 1 c s s i

t a

o e a 3 e v

. r f o l h c , e

m a m q

e b

t v e c

i

,

h o s a n r a

r e y l f 1 t

p i c m s e l d e ; n m t o

t

m a

T s p e e i g e e u u

e s e n

c o h n e e a f

p e h

i a o g ) t o l r n s m l p e y e s , m

p o u s R

a r m y n e t o . e

r a e n

o p a t h u r w r e n t t a

l s e

s e t

e

l o s

b o m o s n r l o

o o r

h e i r e i o

e l d i d

r i s T p t s m

x a

s a i u t c c

p o b e s r e h s a f e u c e p a m c g s a

u r c

l c i d i

u c t m t

r e

i t h a o

m s . t z y o a h o n a

t f a y

t ( i k

e

t e c u i o u i m i m n o u l i e

c n o h i o e s o k c e

c s t o n w n i T

e i e n b o ; c

s

e o s l d n p

s s i o t d e l i r n p l o i r s o a n

a p m y o

c a

o – l a a e

n e s r s l

t n p n i i h

u

b

e i h e e r s p o i t t

h n y r n t s s n n i

e a o s s p

o t p

u n i t

i u a c s w i c d , s r c

k e t a u s y r o m p s n

e e c o i t t d w c d g s f a r

a o , f h n l

f i o t v t e l s i

n s r h s

f

- c o s f c e c s i u u f e e d l a r n e i

i t w i a

o

s r a i s a d e e o

; r m t i l h o l a l o d h

e o c f b

r s t o s p p n s p l

l E z e o a e l e n s l t v s

i e a e i n

l a

e i i

n

o

e n s t

s e l s e r e v

c r o n y n r a s h n o r e m f b d g r a m a o t o i r

. a l o

e

i r

t l f i i s e

i r c e d f o i

t a p r s c r g l

f n a a s a o t t e e

n n s i f s n g r ,

o

m i i

c d u e

l s a c r e

p l s o r y e p w D c v a a i r

g

l e o g

s i g l g t i s t i g o h e n n o t t i

o i

t l m r i r t c

s p e

t s r a h r h a n n e z o i r t

i

n h h o s , n i

c

o e d s N t y o s , r

i u

b n s l

s m

c t l

n a o e

i e

s

. n g

a e b a y t S o y r b t e p u t r t o

u w u l

s s u u

a m b p t g w n o

e e

s o

r n p a i s A e

o t u i m T g b

2 i e l

p t t t l b r e c

l l

u e m e r r a v r t i o n e t

o c n n y

t t h e d c

c m r h t u 0 o o n i l a

h p

l a o i t

h g a o e u

e u p s

o i n n s w y

c i e l t y e g a a

w r c 0 e s l w f h n p

( y g a o d n p

o i

e

r b o a e s a l u

b

m

k t , t g l

a n t t l n c r 3

t p e e y m

e w

g t a d a

u i i o c

t r n i p o

i u h ) i o e

e b e

s ( t n

c z a l

d e

g o ; c r g r

u n e l

a

a e i h e b f

n r a o a

n

s

t i o l s a n r i o t i

p l t

s

o i e v e l b a t

n t

c s n c t

a M l y t t D

w ) g l h a r t q n t

d p g n e r s e l

o a b o c n t y n a e s

c a a e e a s e i g s t

d

s t t e

b e e u p

i e c u t . d o t , a g e o u l n .

r

r d n u f i h r i

s e l

m

v e

c r d o e h e y g r 2 . e t h

e s s e a M p a r i i ; w f l

e

n i

A

s

u

c s e n i e K u

r n m u c a r m e e v b i g

e 0 t

F e t i x

f e c n o t

s a e i i s

e

r c

f e r t i l r i k w o a a e o

u i n c i n y

y t s r o

t t ) b a

o r o n i e s d i r s v t t

a i b d

a d t s c r a a

, l l o m q r k

n i y d d t e n g y e

– e w r i y i u e n u e

n

t e a i o

w t u p n p

o p h

n o o

u n t

h o d s a i

s

p t y g a

v

o

c s o d n s

n h e i s f s a t h

t c r t r r w

b p e i n t n p r r e s

i i e o

e c

e t t p h o

r b o r o n a n i c s y n e o t e n f o e m , t

i e f e r l o h s i d a e n

g r w

e t e c o i u

e a c e d g m e i

s d d i

o

t o w n d d a a t e a t i s r n a a

t a s g l e m m a n r

u r t i f

o e h r i u r –

r

i l o a t

n t i f

,

d m l n n w , s e f l t l n e a c

v

o a m e u

t f

t

f

d . r d t n l e o

i c a h w a i w n a d

s

i o r t h s r s , i

e i t y e e e r t

l s

s e g i l

a e u h e o t p s m p s c l

e t c 2 u i r t c e

e o a o

n r

u e

d h . h m a a u

– z i n e o

l v r p a u s a d e t e e m t l s 0 n n g c d n l c y a m n t r g a s

y a a o o o i n h e m

n e i l d i o c

r o

e e r i e y l 0 t l z i c s i

t

d l i t n a

i b b

r o

e i s

s c

e e a v m i l

m

t y c

r i o

e p e t s e 5 n s

s c a t

y e e r e r – t

o o r , e c n o d o

r e f s

p w r o a

i h

s . e r e u s t t i u ; l s s r t

i e i t a e i g t a s t

b e

r n c i d s m r

h r y

o t d

o

o d n s a e l u e t h v l A m l

n a n h

s l s a o e a h r t e c i i

a a

o

, d e i l m s f i

t

d m d e o n

p o a e l a n e s o p a u n r l k i a u

y y t e t

l

o a l r f

m

e u s m s t r e i e

l i i o y

r n g n w

t u d e e l n a r e

a m b r a t s

g i

t o

g r b e n

a e i i l b r m

a o

a b s u f i s s

d b a

t p t a n a n

t e r n a e o e c p n n i e o f v s e . , i n y i i n s e t h t r s u

n t

t r s i

o s o

l b

g c o e t

n

a h c v h r s o o t u i i s H d s n e v

s

p o p c v d c i t e t

a r e o

u v l

m

y p i

a n t i c p e h d e e p d p l r

s a s e e i h o – r r i f ,

r o

d r e

d u

i n

m o t s e v

u . a t

o

.

n n o

r i

r

e e u s o o t p o

a n a

p

p d r h i t n

s l a s a s o t a w

m

a F a l e d r

f

s

v o r r

l l n r n r t u o p e r a g l r s a l s e d f b s b d n g y o a a h n e p a f o e o o

e u

e , e s r t e

t m n o

e y s f

a t e p i

l e n o o

d

u i u

o t e a l

o g r o r s t c v r c i o e n l a v c f o u y p

v d t d h g c p e

o a t e s e t r

m m o f a e e e e r

r

r n , i - m b i i e e h h l i a n s

a

e i t e r a e n s a

e r n l a t e n n o

r f r r c i i d s v

n s u v e ,

p d n e s e i r e

m , s p c a v x n

b s o

e t x a o

s a s s o t c r

p e p e

t

e

r i o r n s s e a . o i e i s u i t

t l n

g n n h t a

t a n a ( m n e i e n l f g w a S s d o e m r i

o u c t p i

d p

h T n l m w m

s

t t o d t y w o

e h

b

n o . e e a c t e h

p t t

e i

s

e t

u a e i o ( l

t e n

e n r h r o d I h m o l a b t s a i o c a d t h s i

y e r u n a h d h t f e

n a a l n s i

c t n

l r e t

r o

t u e n u r

i n a u d n n

e

s , a a u

l n d e t t

e e e i s i

o o g

s

t i o e o a

s t i m h i o c v

n r

r o t n o t

b i c c a n h h r ( s

s

s e n v n i

q l s t w h m g c

s o f e

e H i e t

o e e f d e a c o n g o n a i t i g d a e o

r i n u d o h f r u g u e y d o

f o d s

c s t

s r e n )

g s

t

r e

a e i

u e p p e g u i o i m e p r s c a a g e s

e s

p

t n a e n a t w i v o 2 s a l i t s o e n p f t s s n t o o n

l o g

m s f f e l s e

s b

s r

h p f s t r d

n

i

0 a m r

n f t b , t m e t o t o o h n

c c e p p a i a e d i l

d o u o o o i i e o t s t a h

i e n n a 0 w o e

c o s n n e i n s t f h r

e i u u o u k e o u a r c c r u o m r e w e s

a i

l i r 7 a g s t s n d d d – d y y s s e e e e e e c - - - - a a a - - - r r s s s s t t t f . l ; , . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 1 w T t a W i t o t s w l w f d w m i u n a a f a r t c o t w h n m p t u a a h a a n o o o h o e h h i i e l b r b n c s o 9 y r r s o f a o b i m o g t h o e e o s e r h a i s s r r a f a e

e e e u r g e l l s a i m n 9 u i t t r s n

t e m e e

o

d o l l i

u u T T T B

r

h o q

l a i

a e k p o t m o m e e n s b 0 a h n m b y

e a

w r l e s h o n n l p l l

i u

n r u s

– m i r s h h o h f s e s e e . l d d l t s a e s p u r r w

t / r a

e t r a y

1 i o i

y

i o a i t p

o a I t p e a p u e f s e e c x )

e e s n a e

i t m t , s t l m o a t i

t n

b

s

. r n m c

a d t h l w o s r

e a s p p n c s p o r a

s g t s

i y i a i p r m e i

a p s r a t e c , b p

e

t h c a W

u s i b s e u

o ‘

a e r n

e

p i

e

s m t

o i l t e

t

o w c t r o w x o r – c t d

l t a e n r b l o q r

s u i f n o a g h p p t

p o e r u e

e d o h d n e

u u e

s u t d i r

r e o c t e e e u a n h r

g

s i r e - o r e g e

h e a n t e r e m . t

s

o

l r l e t s u o d a .

n e c d

o

m h e c e i e

e t

u a n

d l d n r p e r

u

c o s t T c w l

t o u ‘

h o o L s e c u y a

a x p n a

a r u h o

e s

T e d r

a m o c a u e c i u c t a t t

o f s m

n c e f m e m h

e n p s s n m d

d s e o

u n e s –

n e i c e f n

a p l b l

h h

s r u v p

u o e a

f e t r r d s e t e m n

e f r g

o s t o e y l r e l e s g e s e i s

e e t

u p c

t v p e o c i a s s d a r m m s e

s n h

t e

a . a i

f

u m o n e a i s e

e s v s e c m c b m i a h o t a o o o p p o m e s n n b s I c o e n

n

, L u f r

l n t i e n e a

e n n

e e i e p l f n u m p l r a y u r a h a n

i h h o f s s a

p t p t

e r n s e s o e s y t d

l

d g s

w n l

u p

o

t

u

l r w l e s e

k i e u h a e f e t a r a u a s l d a

i (

t

a c

r a

t –

f i m r d e a l e . l u l

n l l

e

e a b m t f

o h

u e s a t i y x P o t a a e t n p a i u a l f i t

c t

h m a

n

T

i

r n

l

r

e t c l n

f e n t

h a t r m

v i ’ l e t o o (

a i e l o n s i e w

r

i d u

t p c l i e c

a i

e g s u d a s d n m t w u e t h r x p

n y e e o o v o t d n o

t

d m o

m y h

a p l r s l d r o

a h ,

s e r i d h t

m u ’ e i e o c g

a

n e r e a e s t n

e t

b

t

a m n -

s o d a e

u t r u e e . a n

s o o d h d m e h s h t e – s d a p l i a p

l e e e

n e s f

i o s b

i

y c

n .

s u

e d T t

b

n v l e r a

f l

s

o p

t u o o r r s

a

h m b h e R i l r o e a

h e e i

a a m

i

t t A s e y t t e r t r c e m m i c r w l ‘ n l f n h l

d p i r o h a o l i e , e c n e r e r m u e a t a e u s l t o t

n n o x c e a o m e v t

a g h s i o

e s

e w h p t r f o

d t t x i

i a l n t m e

o d r t t ’ t a e n . i e d s h i i n d m – n a

s e o

o n

e i p i o o e l

h v t a

r m a o

o m x d

m e I

f o r n

a c l e x h o o m e

e

y o r f t

e u a b t t n

p m b s a t e b f m n i

u n i

s L r

a n n a l d e r

t

a e e f u n

s s

i t n t o e n l s a e u s p e e n a m e

w a s

s r t c d t t p o

– a n e e i

m

a u m g s m e f

t t e i a m s s i

n c v m p d

p o l t n s a s t r w f o

o o n –

r a y r e i l m a

i h e c a r h

a

e i e m t ‘ n i l

i s i a i o t n i g d i a u n i t

o e

a

r y

p t

n s d k a c y s ’ o t e o

n e t x e s l p f n

i l v d w w s h e a p h . a k o e

l

c y

t l a

d

e n e o

u o a

u

n n p m e e u r e p

b a d e n d o h l

a

t d a I d y u t e c t

r s s n e - e e c l v s i c n l a n r o r t h p c u r a o t

a l o p o s

, i u e i t a

l

e

o e l a a a i v e

e l

s e l i a i s n l f n o c o s s u m a i t N a e a o L r

t s c m p o f p l c m

d

n d t x r u m l d c m

i l i s

o e i e t

t b l g r d r i p t a r o

c r s c w i h s e e o o u o o y p

o i d

l c i y s o h g e r

s n e s e l e a

e e w o e

l

o n c s . t f a a f o

e o w s l

n a o s o e r r y

r f y a d i a s a r e t

r d t

2 y

s m t . o r l

N n r u p e d

s n l .

i

p e s k n r t e d r a e

t f s u

e i

r –

o 1 l t e t a

t

c F

i s f t e

r e e o s

u ) m i y m

D p o

h x p o h o t y a

a e o r n i h s e r

t n a i

d . s r m m r s d

g o r e s n n

l e

z

t l

w d f t p v i r e a

d e e t r l p t r o a a p g

b h o i a e u h u z e r r e i i o

c r e m d o a

s t l

p d i a

r

o t t c e o o n o p

i m t e

e i e

a

d c c r s o e l a t

a t d c e a i

t r x a

w r o

t x t , p e e i – o n a p o s

p d r e e b h i

h r y t d i c o a s t t h u e i a o n p . ’ d o r i u s t p r m l c p s e o i o f

n u

s p n

t

h . r h

o n b s a c n o

a e n c f i n t t h r

i m r i h – l e r l e e m

t y e n d l t t

r

h

r o t a t o e o e l

e

e g s p r e t s a h

o o e i i h r

n a

o , n a m r

i i a e t g e

d s e r

v e s s n u o t m a u s t u s u s v s d e a n w a f i N n

w e e

t

d o h s i d f h e

o e

n t t i o t

s i r t t e

t s s n o t o i i f

m g c

i e

a , m a i p e a t

e

e r

n s e

o e o o n

i e r e

s m s t t

e n t o d n i

s y a n

i s w t m i c

m

e o e r

b

h

u n n

u r a t f p a – o e m x . s v r x p s r

e d

o c s w u n

h x m m t a w p l a a t e c e e e m c

l

e e

T ’ n a t p

o l s i y h

f d t l a s t m u a c e s

h s u a

x w c

c c n r o h a u r a h u c d

a r i

k r e

w w

a l h e k

o l a y e e n i o n e l i e y b e y w i g t g a t a r i t p i e r a e e a c n m c e l w i n s d d s s h

a

l s f h t o g s l m e t d i r

y i l s

t r s s l i t e o x f p s c s e o h l r . n

a v l e

e

e

e e i

k e

f

i a r e

l

a i i a y m e s u e i o

l i d r o u c w

e e e e h p m l o l d t – f O d m t

e r

s w r i t s p e

p h s f

x o

l k n v n a d r w

i d e p l t

u

a

n

l

u f e i a e

n ‘ l c r a r

a a y i p t a a t o g e o a a n e v c i g s

y s u e f c – o t t o

l s a c n h a v e r n

n n

p e n - t

n , a a r h e o l i e o r n e e x t

l m e y

t

l d o i y d e n r e o a c

r r g n a i d d e r w

t o

c t

n e f f p e a

r v

f u t t s l

u o s g s t

s u o t

r d a

e a a t x t t n o u t b

i o s t r o e i

h f e h e s e c c i

h o o c o m l e b p u l t i o t o l u a e

l p g y a o d n

e v m

m d o a r s u h o e a e t i s p a

e

p s t s n

n s e t t s r

e i t i

p d e c r b s o p b e r

r s n e r e n t e h i h

c o t n e o h r e i t p e

c r e

t h e x

y m p

a r e e a e d n m v o c d s e a s i r s o i e a n o p p e

o t b d e

b

s p t o e m a e o s

e a l

i d s i

a r l n t t w r o

i w a e

u c a l i a f a ’ f r

o a l

r l n w a r a o h o b

o c n y i v

o

e o c t , t a

a a b s f v , t e b f l

r s n . n u t

h

e

s e l

a f

i n s a i i

l n p t r e o r p

i l a s t e t c w u u a

a e s w e w c

t g d n

d a e n t e

m

h s o

p p b

t . t m . o n r b o n v i a a

c t m

l i e w f

t i

h s t a e e o e e

h

r r

u T o u l

r e t l o w

h

W d c i u w e a

f p n w l o a e e

a a o e

m t

l n a o n i e t o n y e l l n

e

a t

m h h c n . t n s o t e d i

a g e t t

s c s o

m e t e s

e l s

e f

h r t – h

a

a F e i s r c d o a y a s p h

o s

t u h m

e

a s

h n i a f o t l

,

m

c

a e n h a s r o s

a

a

z u e u

r y u c e r a e s m o i a u t c e i i a n r w a x p

n l f d e o e i

z r f

r . s n o

f l

y s k l e

e e r

u e f m t p e m a a

e p w

m o , s

y n e u t

d a

c

h e T , l

d l w t

n t t

n s

t

r l h t t n o t o w o

r t a p a h e h h a a y e

t i b i u u m t t

a h h e i e r a f h o e o n n d n t n g h n h l n b e i u d r e s o o a a n u r r i i w r l l s a a l i i i n o n y p d d d d x l y y y y g s t t e e e e e e e - - - - r r r s s s t t t l . , , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 ( i g t e m s m I A s a e r w m t a w p L r t l t r c a t t g e g n e p e m h h h h h h p t t e n a a s n s y x m c x a e r a o o e , a g a s s t t

i h a e o o e o e e e e a e

m o r c y n p p s u t u r e h p t t m r a l t t e n i T M W T y c r

i

a w h l d d l

t l i r e r n s h g

r m m u a i i e e e k + o r n s e t

i

r e e t

i e n e

e

i t h h g e

t e i , r i r f w m e t s s l e – t g g t

o i t s s s n

h i s l l o a

e

i h l a ,

s e e s c h i e t a

y s s

c i p

e

n t 1 i r t

r t s o a n h o i g d i z e e r o i s

s l m i

t a c h N N ×

e h a i w e

a l t o g l g r ) o e t

h e

u d d f o p t e

e r r l v h a f y t

d e e

c i o a i l h s

p t

t

a

- f o i e t t

a

n e t l a

o r

n r i

a i o

o a n [ t

p s n t

L t r + + r s b a t c o u s t a r r s r a x m a t d h S

b

h s n p

e t

a

w

o t e s

g h e n i s p o 1 1 e s

t – f l a c e r b e e

v a t

d c

a v f a u a

a u

, o

p

c

a e s e g d o o t t l o s

n = = s t l y ( g e b o t t d e e l a t b i a l l u h h n , m o t w

p e u +

i r h

e t i

i

a p c v r r

n e

r l n e i u m ) e a a o

e i s

s a N e d

y c e n r

t l a o l y 1 o u y

, o i u N N i p h i

n

e l d d

a o n o i

l ( (

n o r s n

m v p s s

o e

l o s s i m i t n l t u e

s

o o

i

r d o

o f t t d t n e e e a

h u n d t t e i c c t i i o f i

s n ( a , x e a b a o - s m r n o p r m

s r h t n

u n

s

u + t o r t i h e i e l u n u t g f l a e x

i

t a p

a y f p o d e f r h m n a l a l p i

c

o

h t m b d o

r a f s w e o o t a a r g p y

p o r o o

r

N

u h t t c e a c i o

e s , e l B n d , l n t i e s c b

v h

c a d n a e l d

p o d u

n b u n l

a u s o

s e r b t

i a u w w l u s y n – u s i a c e n (

a a v ; e

f

a n o y a n m

c i , t r

e

n

t s a d s ( ,

i i l t i

p

l b s w c

t i t l e c l n l t v t a m i r u e n e t s a

e

p s n e c i v s t y

o s h e t e h

o e + y h t e o o t e g

s n b

u

m ( o d h o k n m h a u – a t

f

l y s

n w e e n s e f i a

m c m e t v 1 a s i p e a m e d

m t s

m n i

. s t i t , l

o ) a

m x .

l e

s a p h t t s o e

s i a n g

i h t u t s f a

h

o A t

m l ’ a

n m a a b – t e o n

l p

w h u

t

o i d b p

e h e e r l o o a o l m o e t y a c f l i s s m

g l g o

g f a g r

s ) y i r

o

i

e t e o e a i a d ) t t n e o e s D t r c s e v o c c

t

t r f p m a l a

×

r n . e e i m

n y e r / a o o i e i h o e c d s e o t a n a t a n f i

n r l o o z e a n ( s

r n r

h

n

, u a

e

t o r d l w l r

e i a l

n ,

p i i i s o

s

S y l u w p l g n S f

h s e c m t

a n n n a p s , r r u e e o – f o o - a i

i t c l

t 1 t m e t u

e t

n d

t, e s t i t s e , a n d y o l

g a w r

) a u h u t e m

s f t

m h a s

n

t i d l c S s g o e o

t + s e t

+ n

d p

+ f o f p i a h r r s

t n

h

e o e d e o

t t a o o m

n e

w m w r c

c o r 1 t t d

o 1 u e t n h t e t t y v d c

a ( d

a e i r t

o ( a n r o c e

u o r o p t . r r

I d o o l

e h e a c

e

e t e t

y e t m a g n

r h y e u a s

p t s ( r m p h a

u

u T

e r ( t r e e

p n n n l n r

e h

u i a r , e t m

d i a e

o f l e s e t o e e a L e : d t s a o

i n l w e i

n o d o t

e e d

a h e c s e

n + u

o s r

z x u t l s u e e x e g + m s a t l g

s d

i c e

c – p

s – c c K h i c

e

a

a n 1 h t p s r r u t s a d n f s t

p D p r

u o

i ( a

) e i u

s

m

v

e l l e u

v

n o n e

o o r e n o b a e y c l i

a o r a e e t m c r – s u 1 c . y p l e

y e

l a h w s a u

o t d f f r a

r n a f

j o n n o s

e p 2 h e M

) n

e s

e r

s e o a r l

y m m s

t m a e o

g t E

w d s f

o 2 m i s h u l u p e e t

a e t i s c t t

S a i o p r i n o a f

i a h h o u r h l

l

o v l

n n d m o a r ( v s o e l o e t e g e

i

e t n p f c g s a e a s r e . ,

s r t v

n c a e

m ) e

m u i x g o g ) n = a p t r t e ]

t e t u t p a d r m s i m r i e e o r i , e +

a n o r

i e + i c c r o

p

u g r r l h e i

s

i o s

f e

a d

i e n (

l t c s

a t 1 a i

t

f o r t a t e r l y x d

t e

t f h l o c s )

i o t n o e n r e v a a b l e e s a h e e a c h N v n

i m h n d

e o t + e n t d p e c r n a

n n s e t l r s m h w m e e a e t i t e l e e o g e i s t

e l

n t . a

t r o o

a

c s s

/ n n

( o e

i

s i b s l

n p a m o g o

t u

c I a a z c o 1 v t b e

u e n

s b r s t h r g g – n e n e i i e l e t l e n r e a – g e

s

h a ) e a d a - o r . e t r

i a

i c e

l o r i

i t

x m

d c l h y r s n e

e v e a s d d d u e n s ) f p t i n y a

a i p – i l , t f c w c c c m a

h

e

i n

g r l c i , u y s m u

s

n o

e o e s

a v –

l u e c h a r d t i K ‘

p e d

h

i u n i r h p

s x d p m e a a a t s l

t r u t f d r f t t

i m a f e o h i l

i ,

c d a a o g g l

s p . p i h r n h

u a e

y n

t i n p

a o

c m o i e t r m m p t e p e f e e t , v

r c r r i g e t l a

r

W h g e i

f e h e n p a y s o b u e u h a

s

r e m t u

t i

t c a

f

i i o

l r o b

c t i e s

l i r u a a c h r

m l e g c t y c a n t m a y c

r o e s o i a h c u c s n h n e a c

y . r r i s

a s b a a e r l

a a e

d t p r e l l d c e

e i h

t a i l

l e y c e a t s t f e o i d

d o l W e

l

x t i i o s n s k r ( o

h x o e

n

u v t e l

a

) y m t m c

f

o t n n u a e

i i b ) f y w i o e s r e g n

d ) c p m × o

t a s a e d

, m ) d e s o , s

f

i o a r t r e

e

t e t a

l u o .

u o e u n a n a t d h c ( s

i

m g u

s t m

o a n r

m v u h

t

m s s S r i m a n t a

a r c

i s e i s r s c s h b s e s d r h o d e n e p s t m e

l l o

u t h e h o e

i b e e , i l l

i u

a a o

s p a e b a r o

t r f t y g e a o r

r a o o m

d : r ’ s l t o

e o c l +

n

t r r t l e c t g d e r

h s a n t

i e n

e f e , r

g i i r o a g r a o p

s i

1

h m s

i e

s a n o

m t t g l v d

l

t ( l r r n e a . i a n m t t p

e

l p l t n i

t i t s

n o e e i a h h

r i o n v t g t u e c h

t t h T e r a s

i m t h n d i y

l

w - r s e s a e g e t e l u e

n

h i

r m

r a f e , i

y y i g a r e n e s h

l r b n e

e i c s i m r – m t s p s t e l e

m t a n r

L t v

. r . a r

o e t s e e w e x u e

o h

o

y c

g n

f t i , a t t

c p d e d I W r

r i a ; t s p s o c t o s a f

–

i , a u e g l d n m

e g t i o

f

t

b o l ) i

a r c l r c c r t m

a

t i r i e t j t r

. b c s n s e a e m i h t d i

n a f k h n u w u

o a i v g e a e t n s e u i

t n T o e n s c s f s p l e a s o t

e n i . a s a

s e n r e e s d e

e

b f l

a l r r e r n

t e a e o o l s v s s B e h a

c e t m

s d s m i

i i

n i n i s r o

u d s s

o w t i f f d n t s t i i c

n i a l i a a o

d

t t t i t

t e h

s i n

r l r z a i o o f n e

n s e h h l c e e b k a

o o e t t t o o

s e

e l a a i l a ) i i h h h n n n y d d d l y g e e e e e c - a a r r r s ) s s t f f l l , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 shows a rapid growth phase that is truncated at an asymptote.an at in shown truncated example is The that phase growth rapid a shows u cnitn wt ti mdl I n cs i te rwh ae anand t maximum at maintained rate growth the is case no In model. this with consistent but obviousexample;havesloweran arefungi.areare that lifecycles too annualPlants so Bacteria exist. times generation short – quickly offspring of massiveproduce numbers to advantageous evolutionary is it when time of periods are there ‘r-selected’. ingly,that termed means This functional response of NO of response functional aresites restoredulated muchquicker. Here werestorationa as ecological of measurepace the where we do not and simply hope these re-colonize from nearby source populations,sites versus the inoc- fungi and bacteria beneficial wewith where‘inoculate’ soil sites at restoration of success comparewe if cycling.– does nutrient likegroup researchprocesses our what is This maintain and re-initiate to needed be will that – fungi and likebacteria – ones and organisms restoration.ecosystem in step first major desirable of Wepopulations increase quickly to need a is this butaround material we’dspecies’the spreadand diversitywithin to populations genetic need maximize and material source about careful be process. to whole need the Westill fungi, other among ria, annual– and plants And this is usually true. A useful strategy in restoration ecology is to introduce beneficial bacte- ecology.restoration in ecosystems of keyestablishcomponents to inexpensivefast maybe and not variables. (‘random’) therefore is and deterministic stochastic or variables constrained) least at or (non-random bydeterministic aremoreaffected completely not is drought a predictable either. of This latter notion alludes to yet occurrence another broader issue – whether populations the and wide-spreaddroughtis the if drought’sdensity a population – the on dependent not is impact population.a affect will it bility growthpopulation to limits abiotic with case the often is This proba- Of the example.in variation more be will one there and density-independent be may variable be a course would density. Diseases with increases dynamics population affecting space;variable the so,probabilityof if the means this and variables density-dependent arethey all growth.population the slowingof a to will contribute herbivory predation, diseases, resources, for species between or within competition represented by capacity.the carrying One version of the equation can be symbolized as follows: based upon the interaction of the maximum population growth rate and resource limitation,change as population the as dynamics population expresses that – the Verhulstequation – tion This creates a curve that is also known as the logistic equation – it is a sigmoidal shape that shape sigmoidal a is it – equation logistic the as known also is that curve a creates This is a more realistic one than is often shown in textbooks where there is a perfect logistic perfect a is there where textbooks in shown often is than one realistic more a is 3.2 Any population growing near the maximum value of valuemaximum the near growing population Any some factors some – factors resources, diseases, random events. this,Considering there is a fundamental equa- bars) for presentation as an example but the variation was such that by the time 2012 arrived, 2012 time the by that such was variation the but example an as presentation for bars) where replicates 6 control.a wereas 6 un-inoculated and whereleft inoculated site a at species forb and herbaceous 12 planted wesoil; depleted curve – that really never happens with real data. The example is still a simple one where fungal the inoculated sites had significantly higher concentrations of the limiting resource of NO resourceof limiting the of concentrations higher significantly had sites inoculated the A restoration ecologist can exploit this knowledge. If the organisms are beneficial, then it beneficial,then are organisms knowledge.the this If exploit can ecologist restoration A given a in exist organisms howmany – density of function a be may causes these of Some To be more realistic, we should acknowledge that populations will in fact be limited by limited be fact in will populations that acknowledge should realistic,we more Tobe N N t t + 1 + + 1 + = = rN N t t (1 – (1 + rN N t t /K) 3 concentrations in what was a situation where it was an eroded, an was it where situation a was what in concentrations Restoration ecology at population scales population at Restorationecology -selected organisms – to a degraded start to speed to start degraded a to – organisms r-selected 23 has been simplified (no error (no simplified been has Figure3.1 r is likely to be one that is,surpris- that not one be to likely is Figure 3 r . – Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 S F F o i i g g u u u r c r r e e e :

M 3 3 . . u 1 2 r

p

h T w L Population of fungal hyphae [in thousands] y [NO3] (kg/ha)

o h ( i 10 20 30 40 50 1 120 1 u t g e 0 20 40 60 80 00 40 h n i

s p c 9619 0020 0420 0821 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 s t u o y i c b n m a l t i l b s r

h a g i e s o r t d o t

i

b w c d e

a t a t t h w a n

) d i e n

e t

n r a a 51

t n p h o s e f p o

Inoculated Soil Control u a r S m m l a t e t o a i p t o u i h o n n e n

t n

o a o

f l D

f

f b u . N

a 2 M n c O 4 g t u e a 3 Days r l r 01520

i a p Year h a c h

y c a y p u n

h m e d t a

u e f a u

l l a g n . t r g e o d i w

i n n

i s n o

i p l

e t t h r a i

t

d w i s a h s e / s w a s

n o t

i n o c u l a t e d Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 osbe hatn o rsoain n h tpcl csse wee hr ae morethroughtime.matures ecosystem an as arepopulations there where ecosystem typical the in restoration of thwarting possible the support that conditions ecosystem the until wait wegrowing faster often,the populations;with compete r-selected to able be to need will that ones be will restore we tions popula- the of some that species.means other also of It populations affects and/or population the of recoveryprecludes that level a at resourcesover-consumed excess the because crashes exceed might we – organisms many too support.can ecosystem an – wesize If introducetheir have– and thing – good a muchof too time.of period short a in masse en die they if population reality, populations can overshoot this theoretical cap and they may even ‘crash’ to a much lower available.space wasthe so and up used nearly providedwere nutrients the because example,was this it in – disease or scarcityresource like ing capacity is reached; again, capacity is caused byreaching carrying the real-world limitations conditions, least). laboratory at – species this but hyphae their in growth logistical show will fungi dishes);of species all petri not the in givenarenutrients theyproduce hyphae since will that spores (and hypha 1 of population initial an from dishes werehyphaepetri grown in outcome because the because outcome populations. source ecological restoration is implemented – rather than just waiting for recolonization from nearby assuming process intervention.accelerated human an byrestored be be to normally will This translocated. or seeded be to or enough time,this ablebe During or colonize to macroinvertebrates near begin vertebrateswill perhaps and are they if colonize to species plant selected resources.for capacity near moreallowbecomes will soil This the and restoredare cycles grow.can populations new so nutrients the recycle organisms soil the then and organisms soil the decomposition.feed or plants symbiosis The micro-invertebratesvia and protists the to carbohydrates returning begin soil,and the anchor accomplished, Once crusts. or provideareto herbs transplanted and seeded grasses to erodesfast-growingplants a of population soil sandy the before cycles water and ent micro-invertebrates,of nutri- populations re-establishthe to protistsbacteria, fungi,other and (Murphy stops farming once lost are quickly nutrients and water where soil sandy on farmlands abandoned the restore to years with restoring of strategy species,the selected saturating a site like this with this like site a saturating simultaneously that is possibility long-term. surviveAnother to resources sufficient acquire of ability the reduce to enough long survive would probably but term Figure 3.3). (Figurerestoration ecological successful to contrast in – happened has this wherehavebut ourselvessites monitored failure of type this experienced with resourcecompetition of initial conditions and limitation harsher withstand to able species exotic undesirable be could these but populations selected vn n as cniin wee n mgt xet hr t b slcin rsue for pressures selection be to there expect might one where conditions harsh in Even restorationecologist,Fora how consider wemanyrestoredto means need populations this The theoreticaldoes not allowdistribution the population to exceed the asymptote at hyphae51,000 (hereabout asymptote betweenat carry- The the when days) 15–20 occurs If we had simply restored all types of populations at once, failure would likely have been the water and nutrient that is outcome basic the but occur may paedogenesis minor Some , unpublished data). The best approach is to inoculate with fast growing fast with inoculate to data). is al.,unpublished approach et best The -selected species works. Our research group has done this in recently in this done has group research works.Our species K-selected -selected species would not have sufficient resources to survive long- survive to resources havesufficient not would species K-selected Restoration ecology at population scales population at Restorationecology - and r- -selected populations will result in some surviving surviving some in result will populations K-selected -selected populations to avoid that competition and competition that avoid to populations K-selected K n cet a eiu polm f h population the if problem serious a create and 25 -selected populations first and waiting severalwaiting and first populations r-selected slce ppltos ae re-established have populations r-selected Ischnoderma resinosum Ischnoderma -selected species.K-selected Wehave not -selected species to species r-selected – does (under does – K-selected r-selected K; in K- r- r- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 move to unoccupied cells).moveunoccupied to allowedmovementonly – to is conditions Wemore add then can time, moreonly certain can a directions,(likeit within conditions distances certain certain under or bit a be distances,certain move could certain only can population It or individual space. any – realistic two-dimensionaland complex in anywhere move can population or ual individ- anymodel. – the simple into quite added still is be dispersion could spatial This that population. Modelling population dynamics then depends on alreadythe factors discussed now 3.4. Figure shownas in rectangles(‘cells’) smaller of composed is rectanglethat likea polygon simply a as area geographical a represent can they that in models’. simple population quite be can These size.lation arecalled what on focus explicit usually ‘spatially why restorationecologists is This variation. spatial for habitats,increasepopu- will potential habitats the connected better whereand larger generally account don’t betweenconnectivity they the and habitat their of size the because by influenced are Populationdynamics oversimplified also are they variation), (temporal rates emigration rates,birth,death,and of immigration complexity the for account Figure 3.3 Figure Figure 3.4 Figure The one shaded area represents either an individual organism or it could representcould whole it a areaor representsindividualshaded organism an one either The yet don’t and constants as variables all maintain models both that fact the from Aside Alliaria petiolata Alliaria likespecies exotic by wasdominance result the – simultaneously species introduceall to tried that design ecologyrestoration failed a K-species’is populations.right the On introductionof staggered of years 10 after restoration successful a is left the On move next to any of the unoccupied cells at any time any at cells unoccupied the of anymove to next to area shaded allowthe to computer the programwe could that means ‘automata’ term simple twodimensional,A – automata’ polygons,‘cellular surface simple the population and after 10 years 10 after Stephen D.Murphy Stephen 26 et al. et - and r- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 in xss bcue hr i a udmna vle of value fundamental a is there because – exists tion populations. of varia- muchcohort how each on betweenYes, constraints rates be will there emigration and death,immigration,birth,differential be will there that – models Leftkovich most). yearat one only after die adults all where are large and dense and if their life cycles are complex (e.g. not populations if this do to difficult be drones,can and markers,it tags genetic barcoding of ogy technol- modern evenwith but whole a as population the shape will that pressures selection realistic,in as the water and so on. actual Our population or individual moves of through the worldtrees, map belowthat into is movefamiliar underground,and up to three-dimensional abilities be a will there because is space geographical it or GIS), with mapped (usually space geographical a of map actual an is it or polygon complex two-dimensional a is space the – still further go individual.or givenpopulation a survivalof for suitable is habitat the where cells wecan And Figure 3.5 Figure e lo ae o con fr h raiy lue t erir n icsig h Lsi and Leslie the discussing in earlier to alluded reality the for account to have also We of range a encounter will individual each because best are models individual-based The of movement of individuals between populations or habitats movementor betweenindividualsof populations of interactions other or migrations of complexity the by challenged be will desiredrestoration and abandoned be should farm a if species a severalof (or populations) population acrosstime.and betweenlocales variable be will matrix the restorea to ability The of part each of conditions organisms,movement ecological likesome roadsto the of and developments),estate-type are these because physicalbarriers arethereirregular surprisingly developmenthousing are the yardsof the – regularmoreare farms (the polygons irregular matrix. landscape a of photograph aerial actual An The and regular‘cells’ of mix nowarea Figure 3.5. Figure Restoration ecology at population scales population at Restorationecology 27 r bt nes n i wrig n a in working is one unless but – r-selected or at least not annual, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 t w i e – n l l T d t i e p c ( s v – t p m n n e • s m a i r v w e h m m e s S c i a n f n i i i a u e u e f a o c c x x s a a u

k e o

o o e o a

v o o b t h g o i n p l g

p a i a a l r c w r r g o t v p p t v n e e e a l r p p t

n

n n a o e . y e t t e r i i e T S H I T l e

c s o e a r r r v e l t r

e r s

i h a a

u u d e i n e s ’ s - o

r r t e c i e e a T t t

c e s

t t e a p r t s s ‘ i r , b b

h h v b o

a

e r

i i o i l l m

o a n n

v i d i s s s i g

a e s f l i o l s o a a e u e v e f g l l a u h n t s t t i e e m c = a n f

s r e w l o l o e o e e t ’ x i u o t t s o o

r e d , s l

r i

e n

l i i s r

a

c s e e g

n i i t

l o e s s o r . t

a s t n i e

n t o c c i i f r e

o o a r r c e y a u

a

d i

o s s b l y y s e d m i n

c t o r x y n a a I l c s t o e e v t

w o t t d a t a o h c l

. n n i p s a

m x u

p r e

n i

i a t t g e p i r o o

p

e s r

i n i o f a c r t a s f t n i p n

w i i i o

W u

p n g m

p t t e t r w

p

a a o

p h d r h t m m o o h r n m t t a b s

a h y u b p o g

s p m ,

n

e i m e e g n o o i i

p

h l p e l a r e n n o o s n i l a o u o

e h c

e d o i

r - r u s - o p

i u d t m e

d p t

d

e y a n u i r .

n r i o s d

s t a w s o m i b l l n i – s

e

g p e a n o l d a n e r a t

i u

a i a r e t n

c u t

e

l t

a e e T

n p r o a z

e c x

t r - u h a a l g w r r p n e t r e r e n h h g l l e t i t e s a m r

t e o s e e t a

s l

t c a r e p n t i g w i

h i h u l l a r

o e o c o e n e a c c

u d i o t i

x a a o s a s l s h w s t t f t e w c n p r h s o r v e s a e a r i a a d

a e

r

p

t o i h n u n d

t a l h

e

t n a t a g t

c u l o t o , c

d s s h e t l

i t a

o r n

a l a u e h y r e d

a c o h t l s t o

r

a t h

m e s r o

g o o r c - r t n y r i y

r e l u s

d i m i b e l c a

e

l e t o a

o n f a g f i n a . c a e t s e i l m t t m r m a f h s

g r

e

e

w s a u . a r

y t e o o

e

e t

t

u l

h e o

d

n m c t

t p m t i o

x o e n

b c l i i H c

/

t l d d s n i m n o t d o e h b o o e w o t o o t o i h s e l a o o h t h e r p m h l r o

c c h y

i

. o s e n o . r n t e e r s d e b

r n r n u b o e

t d t f o p n e o a o e i a a o i m t a

i i l B a t . d f s s

g t s

l o e n r ( s c e n n

l r I s

s n t r u e f

h d ,

t p r g e p i t t t m b d e p t

e e ,

e f

l i t o v t - y o i r

g m e i ; – p

s g r g r

l

e o e

n

r a i o

p m w

c y o e

l d r s t c e a w w t i

a n 2 n

w n e u e d

a

. e t n l

o -

w b a o t g

o

p

t t t a o n l i n p s i o l t r . a s v 0 o a s y t i S c e o h f i l i e

n n d e i b p

t

s e h l i t u

a

f r d i s s o o f t m b o e o k b

i

T a o

o n

l e u

o r f

o a w o

i a

a r t n l e n l p a d e

e e p s l v n e c w s

l e

o – i t g

t c t t a t t

b r r e

l h v p e

n v i t v

o l s h r e , b a a

e u h a u a i c u l s a v t a b y

p

a m p h s r l

c e e t

e i e o u b r

t i l r d r r t a e

w a , t o a

n e l e r f l i i h t s i l

o – o o i e e n s a e e ,

d t i i m a v a n

i r a S u o s g h t

c

w o b p s

u

o a

c

r n

p t s

e r n

, r r l t t s e c t

o l t e c

e

w p o u l s i a m b l e p n e t i

e a e e r n h o t m n e ) a

e o a o e w n e m l y

e o a n h r

i a r m r n t n n a l p m n r n l ; i r u d

i r

r

o s g s

o

l o e r

i i n n o m n a , s o a i e s h h a c c

t i l u h t v p

o a e g t t

c

n n s i t n e o e k o p r i i r

e

t g h b t

s t d u e n i e v b o a

i i h o a s i a n f e a a i i i d a o f o s , t e a c

a r

o s p n e

l

n o e i s e o n l n o l , l

w e s l i t w p

o n

e . c

q l w s

n e t e u i

u f o t

l

r

n n

u a

t p w f w s ) t

n i o

D y i m h u , S n s b r t u w r t

a

s

r n t

.

t y e r i c t t

e s o e

o d i

a

w

h s a f s e g l o i c h e h m e h i p a . u

o

h t e o

r a – u

e e f u m t n n

t p

c o u r u r a 2 e

,

h m M f e e e o h o i a c e w t

n a h

c e f i

e n c s c g c e g e u c i n

8 s i m s

n i l h a o w

a f n e e p n u w c a

o a v a u e e c l m

h n e t d u e p d s

l h a v i l i y

a o t o l u g a t n s n e e l s r t n l n s s w a e s s l t e

t r o e o e i r e y s i

v i

s t

y t v

m e t h u n a l r r s l

l p f e d o c

t r s d n a

i

i

g a a o

f e p a a l p e a c s h a l s o i c

k b ) o t s h e r a s r y

s i w e m i

o u t o n m y

i t g

o i u

t a r t g e e o t a

v n c l e c n l f

y i s n

w g e i f , h c a y i e w

i l s t c

m o l i r

i

l o e r f o i

r m r t e

c a o x i

c

n w t c y

r a n b , e e v e o

s o t e e a y a d

s n i d a h n d b u

a n e h a u t w a p t c a i d l c o s i a c s e s d w

f

e f i a t l

e l

z l

l y e l

e

l d n h t l a l i n t e 0 o o l o

r a l

i

r e l v o a m u t

e v

a a e n a e u

i e

n c o y a t t h i r l o d s ? w a i . d r s n t o f a t n s v l

a

h n . v b t n

n x w h 0

a d

i

e a l n i e o m

o r r i s

o i r

n e t a O s b a n d o r r a

h d p o a g m

i

t e m

a s i

h , w o d i o n e

r e n a r p f

s t s s e a r u

t v g u a

p e e

e

n n

i o e e e

i y o r f n

a t h f n i b t i

t c i o b o a a

p i r n r a r n u r h p e e t

s s u h c d l n w

i

a w r c f e e

l l v o b

a a i o b i l p e f , r n o l u

r l 1 a e l s

c a

e e m

s e p s

e l

t

n

e i e l e o s e . n l r o v t e . s i i g m p s o m s p o . o p w v a n e

e

c

o

r t t i x

a d t 0 e e e p e - m a p E b b

b u c o s n h i o a s a n

r

c c u c p n p n v o

r

i i

i x e

g

r w s y u

n e r e o l e x r a d n

p n t

t e h ( s r i u a c i a r i

r c f a s t r t h h o r s c p 0 u l g

e d u a t a s i u e

e t b r i i c e e

i t a h i a o

d l o t y t a t i t a e

c i

t t p % a e m i n r s a e c t s t r l

l t e i h s o i n b i e o i a u i n e l

a e n

h r s a a o m t o i v m r m r t u c p , f

s a i

e e

g o i r v d e t d p o t l e n

e s f d g d a t . n s i n o o g c t n l

i s a

i e e d

e e

t i e s n s s i i

y o l t r o o

i o o : e b a E c v t c s o v y n i u g e r a e t

d

x t

. n

o

i v i

g

b r n o

s e e n l i i e g o a e n v c s i

i n h m u o

r x o

i p T u v n o e e 1 e i n d : y r n l

t a n m

r c a

a

r g v d t t p t a n f e e

y a n d 0 l g n a i a o n r u

h l l

o a

t d c

n e a a n s

r p

r u r a

b

t t r i a

e i o 0

s w t u a t o a i o w i t r d u x

e a h i i i n c e r t

t i

h n i t e s i a x i g l % o l m z d t s t e m e l y m s c r e a l v s ( o r s

y e

g s i s s o

h e i d i a p s e w

e

t n i e

s m i m i

p l s e

c t

s ) n i

t n o e

n t n t

r e –

e e

. e o e e l y i n . m m t

y

i e y i o g

t s i s w d n r s

r h

x

t s l c g p

e o

n i f

a l h F

t g

p . e a e

n

.

a n r p

l o

d i c t , t

a a , b p

e o n l m f w o d

h n p a t

a e e c i t s r

e W e i

e t h t t d e f a s i y c w o i

t f d e t f c a i f c i t e a o a h h g

s o x e o r i

h n

p c i o a

t r i a i

s h n . a

u

t l r o e e s i h e o e p o w e e

t n m n a l t n l r e e d

p s o

v p t b

e

n

c o m

e m m n t o u t

i n o s n s g c c c c

n o e e d t e t w s o l

n o d e

s v d e r

w t l i s o o o

o o e

e r d n

t o p r a i a a , a a p o t p r a t e e

e l i t

t o o h f s

h h h h

n h o t i s t t s t t t t u s h i t

t

n r r t t r

a o h

t i i i i i

y n u r t t u a

h a o o o o e

d g e w e s a c c o o o o l e e l h h s e b v u e u

t p a o

l l r r c l s a i i i r r r j a a s i n o n n n y d d – y e e e e e ------a - - - r r s s t t t t t t f l l . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 t m m m • t n e • s • T T W • • • • • • w r a g a d s a l c w t S v p a o h h i e e r n s o c a e o o o u m t h h

e e a v n u i i

e u r o e r d i m 1 u u p m n z p s

e o i e i W T R O S a n d c

s p l

a m e s o 0 u t b V r i r c o

t

n p h l p

e b h

m e e d d d V V F F l e E

h c e a e 5 u l e l a p n m c i e e s g r e s a

e e a x p p p d e l o

f o o d e e s e i n t m 0 = o A x e s

r o l o o o

e y i i r c t a s

s h r p e i r

s w w p p p r e r n

n o h z e e d

i c

m

c p a s i s u u u n t b h

h f s o i e i t e o e a d c c f s u d e f u o l l l

g s i r

s t e n s a a a e u l l m y i u u

e l n m m u

t d i n t t t o o

n p e e

e

i c o

r i i i l l u s n s b u a d o o o ×

l c r f a l m s

h s e l

r r d e

m u t a e a a o n n n s o o l r n s t v l t e b t

o a d n p i ’ ’

w

d t l l r r o a t

e s s n

t h v r g g g l t u h

e

r d a

l b t e i e y y f (

d

l m r r r r t h c a l N(

w y a w l o o o i i t o m e o

n a p m m

l o o r o

r e o e d t

t w w w n d , c k

i s o u a t

s

o h n g e a d t o o a o r

w r u t t t h g

s t

i a s u

t t g

u h h h g s

o o d l t t s a m s x s s

u i i h

o 2

p r n n

n e i e s e

i

r r r

a

s e

n l i u ) e o

b d d s h e a a a m e a m w p h m a a o

5 s x f t u

a ; a

t t t l s t v a l

g e e e b n b l u m i t t s e e v d s f

i t i a l r b a 0 p f e l t c e n e i p c . n h o

f y ( o

y l l s a

o e a

d / / / l

h s c d w l o

0 a :

e s r p l r

p y

r e T t

s l o t y e d t

e d a

i

p e w e o e m a e

l u m h n i N i i r

s w k c d d d

l m

o n e n v

b s e c s o e r n l l o

e

h i e f b e s m i s i

e

e s b a , i

e n s o r

e i l

u l e

e i n p i t c e m n e

s i p t s t e w l s s s

o t t b : r e

a r w n m n + l i

a h a d e e d t h e v i . o s

i q y a s o o N

r h o a g

e t u s N o d

i s

p e c

o v n d

v n n 1 e c r e i T

i a

t u n s h

r d s b r a p o i p w v v e a t k r

m l

p t t e a l

a t n

u

r d

f t i t = i . a d r i y e

s a s a l o i

h e b o u i w

i l w d r a n r

h + c r e w c a i e

d l : n r t

t c w l o

i r

e u o t l i f i t

d l f e p y h e h .

n i

i r o n 1 a

N a o s h a

u e h i r i a R o m p t i e t t a s A

s g ) e

n N

s o b s t o r s t y n = u s c i e

a u w

o c o n s

e i l h r i e t

t n u m t d w l v

f l o

o o r t c s t n s l t e h h + r t e o n

s p s t r

( ( o a d u i o t r m h i C a o v

c m n N .

t e v 1

i

i

o n 1 o

e

s e u r o

r r s s r c s m i e ) a m m t g n

t i r A

r d s

s a i r g

i d e

i

= l h t t p a t t y f h m a – o e e

n w

n d a c w i n o

y i o a

e e

d a o + t b e s s a t a n s o t

o t e t m e g

s h h s

: i

r r a o o

i o h [ r r

a h o r t y a o l o r a e d n b

e o

t N w d n N e p s a

e o e t d u e c u e r n o s e o n u r r u n

a e

d n

a N

r i c e e a c u

a e m l t i s o l t

t

t c t g

p o c r a l ( /K e d b

d t

a h e e r

h t t o t

l l m n e 1 o m f t b t h s a d r c s h e p

l t a h s

1 a n ,

a

e c u a o d

– i : u o o - d ‘ m l n b

o s

o a o e t o 0 r e s h y b a r o b

] l e u n / p i

e s

n e t d e i t o n

r N n n c t 5 t s

i e o ’ p a A t e

d

p ) r t o s

s t h l

t s g t n

s

i e i 0

c

o y - a u n e s r

i u n e o v t p t y r t – e o f e w

o t 2 /K t a e h l

a

r

a u u r l l t

t t a i e

p . o h y d

w f m e o t s 9 t a

b s i n t n e i h i

a

n e r e m i

e o u t n y

c p ‘ e d v ( t f

l s n c i s a y e o i h

u d ) d

2 a e i

a n n t

i l

g u a m

t e p l b

g a a n b r t y i r b ’ s e n

0 a h r

m a m l

h o

e k r n t t

i t e n

d e k d u n a i a p

0

l e i e h m i p o n d a e

a r

s p d t s o u n t e n

i t d a o 1 n i a u s u e b i s t

s e d

o f

f o t

t n t m p o e

s o

e M r ) o p

l e l d b e t e t h t - o t o s a t

e p v n e c o

n

w h h l

r u e r m h 1 s , - b g w i t s n a w f e

a u h s

i

r

m g e e i p m

a t l a 9 e e s l i c o s l r r m o t a a o r l a a y e y t c h n h t e u b o o

a r y 9 a r b h n f t i v i i l s d u

r

o r s v n

d e p w o t i c n c o l p

0 o c l e

e

i e i o y e c i i g l y s r s c i i n

v c n o i o u d s o s t

a u

e t t r c a o e t w n n e e ,

s e e b p s o y y f i i t h

a

e n l u n a r i u f

n t e . s a e g t . / s

e n

o c

l h l s r t a

r i

s h l

t u t e e s f d

o

e

: a r l d e h e

n

p i o i o , b i s e E y S e

m a b

l a u f o c N f n m

t

i t d

s u l f r e

p t – n

n o h x - h h s a c n t e

v

t a r e

o c l i t a o p

p a a o d u s o e c a t

c a a

z a s ) e f + o t d r o e c l g t y o p , e a o t s

t t t t e r

i l

s t e 1 :

m i c c

w h e a

c n c t l

i i u p i

r o t t p o

v d r a N l h u n N l t i c

= h e t

u o l

a t h n a s e n A e o f

o a o n r w g s y e

n n t l

n r d a a s s

c t

p o a

e m o + t f r

r t a

i s s o t y t e d w e r a

h N t e

w u o f a u o i l

e l 1 r p i i

t r

o

n e o p

c t a e l o n c c u d

p i a

i l a = t r o i a t t h c ( b t

n g

d a e a t

c n a e

s r e

t h 1 b o o p h a r w

y e

i w

e w n i o n n r – s e r n

a

t e v . o w t u p

c

. N m s – t m i s a t h

d s

l s t H i i a g n a u n h l l

o i l T d u s h t h

a o r e

c u t l

t i

i i

s g [ p e ( w

s e t i h o o a t n r e m r n v l c a

N 1 t s a i o

h l e e

t

a w r h e

l e o a a e r e e

- b

b a l a u e r e r a h t p r t y t

y r x e x

v n / r l e e l r l i

t o a

i N r i e e

l o a i e n

a o o

p K e a

p s v c o y n u n a s f

c l a v t a p b b s

n o r e e

t t o u i

c o d t / o ] n b k

s s a o r s a s u l a r i

n

n o c . a

e K .

e r r s

e i l

) p , s

o s s r

l m i u s c e e t

. r e

f i T T s i

t

a a t o k f l o )

a f – h c h

u x

h n r

y T a r t t

N t b i p a h h s a

a

o i i i – a t i s r h

e t n

o o n h n n t h h l l e b u g i e e g

o m o r e l a e i a n n o h d – d y y g y e e e e e - - - . t f f . l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 r h f d e b e s r d s t m r b b s t ‘h a t w p l b T c t t p u s r o m l r t t l t e a a o o y h h o h h o o p e i a e e e a h g o x m n u e e e r o e o a a f n r t h m ’ t l h g t p m p u r

e e e e

a e

e i a

r l c i m c t c n c e y t h p p i i k m e n e r s m o e t p e F I a T W ‘n G c i

r e i i e v c

c t e a a e c

e

t e s

c n u u t p x e o s o r n

t s y n o i r d n n e h o i a o u i i u a p t o a

p t t a h h p h

e

a ’ e r r n n v p r l

l m d t

i

i l i i

s s c d g i r

g

h

n i s a s a w t

o f o c l s i l i e s o r m n i e e a n t t

e e r u n g a g t u e

e l a

y s c a

s n d t t

e t r

h a

l r l y i e h a b

p

d x n

m f e l e i i i g n e r e e h

y e m a t a s

e c n e a t s b u i l o a o p v z o o a s a

l a u e r r o n

p y

n i ,

n l t e p

o s t q n a s e s t

i e a t a w n

s t a r t s i r y i / ( s n n , w s

i o e t t s l

i n

r s

n

g h e g

e n h g o m

t u d a t

s i w

o l y a t n o i t t i i s u e f t

l w c l u u i o v s t t r n

d n h

n m h i i e o i – t o

e b r a

h a s i y w n u c s g

i s h i r c c a o o n a i . f e e l n d t u n ,

t g t y b s c d n

t g a

r l e u s

o e

a

i

s

n

e

t

r o i I a i e

u t r o r k s u k q n y t d

t i l l

u e l t

a t p

f o a

o t

o b a n h m n e m k t l d y t

s v e f h m c h u h a t

e l u t p e

u n a r n t

g s e t n o

a o l

, n e r d n p h d e r s

a a

c

i

o e v r m h l d e i l e M o l a l

b p e d d w

v

c . a t s u e p

s w b d s p r

o s

d e

t

l y o

s i

s c e –

e l n o s

n o e y p b b F

r l o

i x t v o u u n u

o a o

m f

p a

i t t l a a n f e a V r e i h

d

e u

o u e e s f o s c o e a r i p o c f h

w f r n l t d e f w c d t t u t c i

n

l o u o . d r v w a a

r c

r . f i

m

i r i i i l f g r e P o e o a

a s c

t o h e t i n r s l e a t o o v

t t i e e

n r t

a u

w i u h w v

O c

a l r t i e y e f c o a

i

t o t l h t t s

v n t i y n i u

i b n n s e d t o

i n t , e i o l h t h i f e

n n x a m o r m a

t u , t , h n e a a e e o i i o w f r s h a

e s

n

o K i

n i r t d h v

o r i e u i

o

t C e m r s n e s

e n l 2 v

c a e e f c e p s r n c e m e k o u c a n p

d e g p

r o

d e

n l r a , s

, x

t a a

c o d 0 t t

t

i

a a e n t

e r n n . v e o

m x o

r e

m

e o l a h

e u w t e h l r , h e i e a t o m t t 0 r )

l c o

e h t a t l i u o

s d 1 r f h i r n n l c i f t

e . a d l a x r i i n

a h a o m a t

+

a e v e l v m e d e s

d h e k w w s e d m h ( t e i = a t r i s s t t v e g p F t a n b d c e

e n m i

g i s

i

,

h e

i p l h

i r t

d s l

( f t i a ( o c p t t ( o o t s l

-

h d l t

i e n b h t e

u l h s

a i h p r i a i e y t s y a

v e

a i r x a e i p a w l o g d e i a a n n c r

e o t h i

t i b g n e t s k r o a n o

o

- e t

n i l

i z s h )

o g i c l e t

e p r w e o

n t d r

n d l e n , o d e d s e

. w

a d n d

e t e e

e u e h t n w w e d v e

s l a b

n u e

e u s

s u t s s h e i r t

x

r

q g a a s

e n k m a

‘ t s u t

s

u e f l

u a h n l o t l t a t o a t p a b p v a i c

o t u s s o e a

f m - m x r u d a S i n o r t d s i n m a c n h e f

s l i t n p t e a f m

e a

t o i s

l a

t i a c t t s f

s a , n i t l o r

i

c t l g a f r d e p c

d i l a o s r l e i u e n

d

.

n a l h o a

p o b l r r b

e o t l c t w e f a i o ) w r a y

t p p r l i g o n n

l o ( p a d t h c

d t m o i s

e n F u y n

e c m e n e i l s m n m 2 i h o

t u l l n c r w u y p p e h d a a m e h s e e

o r a

i

e r o m

o

l c d o

0 e f e n o m a

r n a t F s )

l u r m i w

s e

n t ( n i

, e e n u e w o d n c

r w

l k m

m o t 0 r o

s e

t a a a

d d t o a p o y l

r a g

c a

t i i a

i

l t

i p u w w s h

a ’ d x

b 1

r e f n n o i i h o l D l e

c o s w

a r n e i t a t a c i t p i

n e n y e t r o N l t g n

e e o i

o ) e d e n r l i c

v n n e t o n

i a d i u s a m r . o s r

= n t

c a l h t o t s t r l r u d i

g u l b e

e

t i e d p n

r i d

3 e u

w

l e

M i v h h h t o

t n r r s m i l w a . b m

i n b m

) n a (

s

a i r r

i r 0 a i y r e o a

d e t s l s a a e a

. a c M m F i q f 1 t s d n a a v u o b d

a e h

n

u

m n i a

r n y h u n l f t n t o s r a o v G i m t s

i u o m e t n

o o s

f t i

d

s

r o t g

c s e

g a

a t

h c e m e t

e m l l e V i a d i s o

b e p i r

u t c e m a i v a o u a r a t h i e n

u n

w o o s

r i t p c l d e e

, t v e

e h v a p e

a

l s d u t t p b a e p e P M p f

c c

y t d p l t g m d n

x r s

h t e e l n

f

p t y a

d r a

p

s e t i a e

o l s

u h ) e i l

l s j f a e p r n s

r d l a t t w i a a i a e w n s o o y

a o

t u o c t V

t o e o e o i v i c a o h a s e e s i l l t m n n i s r y n h o

i t b n d d

p i t

o u

a

l n b s

s r o e t r a f i s f a e

y t n e a e P a f

p

t d i e t e i s

e z

b g f e – t

t

l h u p s a c d r - s l

s p s n n s f s

s

e e

e o e w e

e m d

5

c

r c e f s l p t a l

b

f

n a – ( o a l

c a a l t t r

d e a . i e

e m u t e n

r x a e F a t n p 0

t e t h t h o h s e e a u t o s e d n a e p

s e –

o c a

t d i e t r n

d

t t h

g u

a a c t o c n o l c o n e p e i m o m i a d f t x t u d t i i p

d

c g

, o u o

l i l p d c

e e o n r r

i e a l

w

f k h t v u

k y h r e u i r

i l o u l a

w o e 2 a m

m f r u

n n t

p b e

m d b a n i m c

e – e i o d n t s l

t e g n v e c n g

z p l 0

o r s t r a r e h e e i t

e i

s e

a h a

w g . o u l e o d i a i a a e e s b

o o i u s a t u a u

t 0 e i i t d r r p i t r t o n l e o

l e l i t

t i s r s n W h d c n

c s m

n l e y h a i n

t m ( a – l o u l n

o

i

o

m n k t o t t t n t a

t P y e t o d d

c i m

g b l m a e r

h 5 h h p l d i c

e o

n i d s . u t

b

n n a

i

d

e m a u s

h i

V e

n i

o a

i i a s 0 p c r k i e e a

2 n

a s e p n p o a e o n e o s b s s d t y

s r c n o o t a ) b n t s A e i r t

0 e o t t g ,

n n p 0 p f r

p i n s

e f y

f

c s k n u n t h o

a o t b o f n e a o s f l o

v o e

i p

o y 0 r e s t ) a i l

u

t y k

a o

e a e u s n o s

r t a a i o t h b r l i s . n a

n o f r r t o u

i 6

n

r i e h

t

c e t m . r e h u

b f

o b n d o r f

o v l l T s c e e r i y

e e f

t t u l ) e a F r

l

a u i K. p a y m e t s i c a

l a t e r

o h o f

y l . a r e s

i o h b l d c h

e f h r l o r a a l

r g t

n

n o t o a t c

g i

n

T e p u

e w m

a f h k l e

h r a i p t g t a s s t e p w i n e s 1 s e a f e p r a o g r k e

y o d t

g n l s d e b

c

e

e

l o a h o n o a i n a g

m t e

b 0 i r i u r o s o b

n n a

l n l c c s i i t

a r h r s i n s g r h

i m h e d d e e p b i g t l – i l o v n

s u

e l

c h u a

s

n o c t t s o a n e a w a a e

r i t n i a

s i u o

o i a a e 1 o t l a m a f i t m e i r r w x n i

d t n r i

t t

t i c

a e

s

r n

n t n c t x v e 0 l t s t a s o 5 a h i e m s

d m t m i t t o

s t a a o e s

h i o

o , s

c e t l s s d p m o h t t

a y s h i

f a n e t

t t e

a d h s t s

t i s , s o

f

n y w r o p o c

( e i

l s b p s r a w m n o a t o

u o k ; n s s o d b . o - e . t l u e

, t

g e t n c u

d e d r o p c

t l i i i h c r e h

n p e h

y d g

t r T

e o e n c

k c s u t m e o b

r

h a d

a e r

u

t t

d p s e h

e o V e o w

e s

i o

a a e t r

l

r a h b i t r i l h t i a t p n

r n

l c s e

r n n

s l o s

i w s n a n e i

m e e s u s a

c s e s e

a o o i

p

e m o c h e i d p o e e o t s e c

s t g l o r n s a s a

t r e n l s c

e

d e o i b n

n o m o

f d

h e e h i d o e l n a o

f t

h t u c

d n a v m a

w

o

w e

t t t u

l r n h d n t

a p n

n

e u d t b n

u t t t t e o h h h

r e o i

f f o d s o n i r h h h e e b o e o a u g d d c c o o o e a a l t u m o e e r s w w a a a a l s s s o n n d d d l y y e e e e e e e e e l ------r r r r r ) t t t t t t f l l . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 t i i e a u n l o t m W a d e O o 1 i p r g o n d t t A s t w e t o o C F a l n s h i h i h h c e n n n f c a a l h e g a f f e t n o f v c o r t r o f a u s c

o

e e h e e v l t o r d v d o a i m e i e e h i e k l t t l m l h t v o u r d 2 F r t

n s s e

e r t e a

o e l m d i ,

c

h n

i h y e g t t d h o a s r r v

0 e t r D

n s l t O e

r l t

t s r t r e a t o l e o d a a i ) e a o e i s r r i h s

e – r g i ,

h a a r r a t a n s

s n v A d

e i v l s m

i l m

o n

d f i t o r 2 p a

r i t y g k a r i t l a t a i a o w t b n e v y c e . a m e e t , y i n w , n g l h

e

5 m t t o

p

t t

n

y o a r

o o a g e n p g L

R

r

i n

g e e r e . p p g s o o J s l r n d r m o a

a i

h e e n e

n r i e e y s P h t

l

i r o o o s e

o i s c s i f s e s e a

h D

a t j f m n s

s o n

a c n n u c G

o e u

p

n a y i f f

t p r

d s g m h i o n e h b e

g w e

e e v o t o

c m e x P e u c s

f u

c e l M e u e t a a

t i f p f a o , c l x o f r a y o n c

h n l

r

e o

n i l e

n m

f l t b r s a a s l ‘ c t S r p a a o d c t t t n f

e h n e e n d a

n i n , t m s t u

i t t

i i

i i

c l a t e m i r i h v

p c t e r ’ H – x i s n n e a

t . f a t t r i e e l

o r o n d h

b i o

a a i n m o e s i h t a e a t d i u n b ,

C a o g ( c n c d n p k

d v

i s n e i

t a e n n l

2 s e n e h g e v r i o t l t

t b b . l n s t e a e o e a n l t i M

d a t d e i

r

i e , 0

. d w e

e i

n e o r

t n

u e , n t a o l o w s n e t f a g

d

N a d e e E o n y d

0

‘ n , y i t i

r ,

t s n c

n o p n i N e

n i . o a x c n t u , t e e a w a

1 t c P M t i

c m e o h o d s o b

t r r r s o o n

t

d p s

d t n g c r T ’ ) e J .

o J

e

l k

h a o

i

i e y e o

m .

, o r l

e g r o

t . p a

s o r

b n t r s n

s o c h a e s e a h n g e d f 2 h H

r e

w h

e u n t U r . n

s e e i s e e t m a s a d t g

d s e 0 o u a d c o h c a l o i t k

h p e t t e s y

e F l s a

i h n

a i

0 t b e s h r i v u u s w c i u a s m e n i a s l i o p d e

l m s i e o e N o 7 i

t e

g t i v e b t s i i s n c d

m c k

b M s o p r e t r e s n

e s h . n s

o

i R s i e d r

i l i a

h

o l

g ö

r e n / d e d n o m e t e r t e D n a g e y e

j h a o e

e t u s A i n

t

c s a , t u n x

t e p

v i o x

a p

d s g n p n

r r t y i s a ( i o r e n r d o i b t K M v t p r s

n e e e

a a u o a i g i

o f e v e x -

o p a h e t u l n s y . s a m

e

s i m e

e s e

l d e s c l n c

r e a t

s c m t e i

l t I , s t t a a

i f e t f t

x a r i n h a u a y a

i .

c t o M h e o s . ( f K

e f o

t h n t p

e s i i w n m t g b e o t u 2 o m o a s a h r r

i l O o

e e

r

i i r g s a l f o n e e e c a l l b d A o 0 l s a f e s r n 1 a e i n n - r e

a l e t a a

s

e a d e d l e n t n n t e

t e n i r

0 4 s

a s t h a s h , c l

n c ) t i p p s

i t a d e r n u b

o i u ,

g r s v n e . 9 s e w P 1 o

t a e a a a o

e e p i y r n a

h i

a w i r s s e c , n R d :

t e H d c ) b r o n b d e n

d t S

o h

m n o e t e m i t m

e

e

2 o E i f

r

a n

t r i

i f d

o

n

u e e

n

a u r

a a m e p

l

t o 0 o t r

i p E t f t e w e o o b u g r a

o b s a m a t n r f d d e n c o d

h h 3 o t w m N

o b

i c o h g . l

e t

r t a e s r o s i i

n H r t i e d i a r – u r e e r s p

o e 2 u y t t n l e t f o o s p e n i t t r e 3 e

r t e r s

s

o

2 a f o n

s i c

m

0 r h a u H l s r i v e

g

v r e

b u e f a 1 g a c t d F k i t o 1 m o l l u i e l r 0 t

q a t d o o s l d i o s e d

r i n a m i t e

l u 1

T e a a e d i g t a d t f 6 k t

c e t a e

a u p e r l s d y n t i

u u t o o p

t l . r y

w u . c l c y t . , c

n

x e n c a

o i p r n

i e o c t y

r g t i o t n 2

r

r P t e c o e e

l a l h t t o g o t e h s w c o o y

o t y

o a

p p y d

t 0 h t – i o

d

r s s t s n i l

e r

p r o i e n t n a l s

r r u r s e

a u i 0 f h e y p b o p

i a e a a i y n p i i

f o v y c k t r o m s s d c f o l 1 t n r n s l e d o s u m u n o m a s n a

u i

e h e

e a e n s

t p . c

n d n b l w

i x l t p

o i

t e a c x d s e e l e r a k n U

d b

l a e u i o o

o i b

t t e d . t y n t x h u i m

– o d f

i

o i e l w i i n i i

i e l v

n s g e e r m n s o l i p n q n l O o o d a u l

e d ( a n n p i l s t s l s a a l i s c g t

l i l n

e t s

n

u x a c

d f

l y

m

n o i . h l t o

t s o o w r i

. a

a e d ( t t c x g

l u

c h

) i o c e n t . g i – h e t o

a u e T

s n t r o o i d e .

h a d ( s a a l e h

s s i t y T a n

n x m d

t

a i a 2 k

s f d n . m n

f

n l s . l a i h a r l

w i s w f e d e s s i

t e t e y g t 0

h s

T t

u e o

l n s

s a o e h ,

i m t m d

t t

q i i m h t l

w i 0 e e e h c r d f l o s f t n h i h y r c c r f

e e t

l

u f c t t r t y 1 e i t y e a i i r

h n e n a o

e i e a i o i

e s i r e i . o m c e

e l h s n c ) l

n e o d n v q a i p

e s g x e

l d

a l h T s n s a a i t

s x

n u s e o s g c m u

s p r p s t r e

t i r h

e s p s g

e c e n c h a l a u g t a i s e t a

h m i u e e n l r l y e m n o u n v

o

r r n m o

o i n

p i s

a o d s e

u c t e t c e

i

s a t n c d s a r t b

p s h

h c v l c E y t y c a a a ‘ h d s a r i i r i t g y t h n e h i

r o i t e e u o e

l n i a e n m

,

s

i c e a

f t

e

i i

x i c s a u - o

a a e

n

g e e n o l a v t n h n e v a t d m h s r l

l t K c w b a o t e s

e s f t d o g g

e l t i n c e u

e t

v o

f m e a

e t l n o g

t t a

o c o

e w e u e d t n i e o e y r u a y r h d w s t n n r i e t h i a r

m c a f a s e i n p u s c r

e ) c n n h s t

e s a a

g i p n

e a e o l . t n e i i c t e P e o s n l

c g ( w

s

e

c i a e n e t i e d

k t r l d f e h

s d v

s

A r o e e v m g u , V s b a o d e

s c I n

l t o

a x

h

e m n

o n i u b ’ r

i r l g a c s r o t r p A s

p t m t u . i n a e E e e a t e h h i

a i g c e o d

t e n y e n o h h m i q t s n

t

r c

T m t v o a o e r a d n n r s i n

l

o h

t c t

i p a e u o o s a c e t c i i

h b o t o u p w t o

i e h s e b l a r l e i n n

o u s n a e

e a n m u o o t o e e n t t t l t

o n f

r e r i l u

p i r l s d h d l o t i i a m

e p r

c l t t

n t e f a i i

c

e

o m e y r e a w l a

o b r

u s s

e s e a o s c t w l i

b a f a e s

c o n k n o t

n h

y i t t t t i c f t u l l s t n p a a a

w e l o l a r a y i h e i m

o o s e d a e c n i o

a o 2 n n n n t l e b p o n u g

c

n c o o e r e w w l a s a e h x l 3 n n – d d – p d y g n k e e e e - - - - - r r s s s f f l . , : Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 18:41 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315685977, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315685977.ch3 R W R M M H F F e e u o i e o c r r c e f r r s K t E M p 2 R c T a P t e n e f e e e r h k

o c o 7 r r

r t a c a

p r r o e e a K o e s a o D n 7 r n K a a y n

o c

l l s d b l s s A c –

v o J s e s d o t B A p

,

i l e g , i J o

2 n P s

P c o R g K c u E K y , p

, , W

9 .

h d

y c

e i

l m t G A M S S n , . 0 , 2 a a a a a s

u a u

a t n n S u t P . 0 M C a e a i f E s i , b n d g

o g x o 0 a o o h l r M l

h c

g n e r y ,

1 n r n e n i o i

E o n

r e r R s

u

. l

a s

W

a s e a N i o

n S s v g

c L s u s z

C d g i H P , v t i t s k

n 1 y e e C a a i o i ,

e i D

a M l s r 4

n I r

s b . P s l n

o

. a n

c b

i

s – i d e 1 i n a a S P n , 2 h i l

, e

n 4

A n i s l m , 9 m J D d 0

a r C t o c

Y

. 1 g y

9

i n B n t 0 a e m s a 2 o E C

E h

7 n p

g 3 g i r n t a 0 u e n v . , a t h S e . e e i .

n

0 o n n

r e

L l e l M R 1 H a g e l i y 3 F s g g d u

s , l : t e s

n e . y

a

e

a r t

a 4 n A e D R i f l F P x s s u r M n o k f 6 i n , t e r

G e . c l n s a o L

i 9 D t i v a

c c B t F g D s i r o , , n – u i c , 1 o

t

e a

i e r i s

F A f t Y 4 s n r o

8 o t n J

l

e i i a l r 7 o K t g u : e o n , , o o b

a h m 8

f c 1 r g P f a m n n e J S m

e e

o . i , 4 n e e

a s , c

r k

k S

e

a t 7 e l c d s i B I b M h y m R t

c n

l b s o –

e i S u p a t r E o t a C e s 1 p o o e , i . m s c e

y s

r c l A : 5 r h 2 r e

y T o

o h s i s e

a

a : 5 a v e n t 0 m , g

M m r

R t

e n n o g . s e 0 i y g H K m e o m

e x l

a 1 : , A e r u l D

n n J n l v y o . n M

. a e e

t ,

a r n e .

n . R f i

e t r

e t Z 2 f o t 3 R r

M p x

i i t m i s o 0 t i e J n i 2 S c e . o t c c e c C

n s 0 o u

a : L d A s a p h

t d t n 5 r r , p o l r l 1 ,

u o e

e

a e n i . p n G e r r 0 f i l ‘ l t C s r i a e l f n h a H r

i m t

0

e r t o

s A o t J t y o N i a h : r p i a B e o o

n r

o e f r A 1 a l e n e r a w

J

y

n n W b - 2 , c t t o

C ( .

i t p

E

t e i 5 M n o a i t C i 2 , b o a l d a

v – c a l o

n 0 R n t o t i . s t e f , i 1 c o i

c

l ) i l

s 1 . o o i l s h 3 o

, e H e a l

e n 1 h E g o r n l 6 e F

r r v y .

. a

g c

d v

. t a o r i i n E o h K

y o A 1

s e t u n i l

D d

n e d c 3 n o u A

s o l p

e s n n t u d : o t J f l

e h i , l e . o a a

e 4 c o

c

s 4 r e g B c t 2 c n e 3 a s S s i i

: e i t o 0 l

a p c y 2 N a n ? i m a 2

n r v 1 r e g –

o g l y 6 s , n A i c 5 e

4 o f

t M 5 A t

e

o . N y 4 t r

g i – o

f h v t P

0 p r

o l M a 2 a f i e o e e r d p r .

n l e b 7 . v o

i e b e

l s ,

t i h 4 b

l i t R p c c a y a l e o C a a i . e o l o

? n w r e

t n m n a

l c o i s s g I o o

t e t

e h m a i o n e g G d 3 o o f t a r t i s i n e a

0 p n f t a c P b

s s t

4 0 p l g , a i

e

i p e o : : l o D c e c

a

P

s n r o 7 1 . a n p t r

a l r J

t e 0 F 2 o c d u , i i E m

s g 9 m o – t r

E l t y o i c a – o 2 n r o c o n l . t a

i 7 d 9 a r l s i d c s t I o o

a l i 2 r k . s e k f

g e t i n l r 5 s y l r i a a

d o i

s o

. n n n R g

o m o n 5 o d d g e f f f , . :