MAY/JUNE 1984, No. 46, $3.50

Plywood Basics Here's Front-Page News: ANOTHER MR. BLADE -

We got fancy...FOR last Fall and did a'IB survey. TWOI{ planer bladeSAW strictly for their SHOP! table . One that will give Out of the hundreds who came to our shows, we hand-picked them a GLUE-LINE cut right off the blade. 358 very serious woodworkers and asked them to fill out a They least enjoy ripping heavy stock and cutting up large lengthy questionnaire. Here's part of what we learned: sheets of material-- so they want to get the job done as quick Of the 358, table- are used by 242. Radial-arm saws by and clean as possible. But more than that: Without changing 212. And 124 own BOTH. So --35% have TWO-saw shops! blades, they want to crosscut and miter with an equally good What's more, they convinced us: My original Mr. Sawdust cut. blade is ideal for those "perfect, polished cuts" on either So, for the TWO-saw shop, here's another Mr. Sawdust machine --but they also want an all-purpose, fast-feed, blade. MR. SAWDUST I (For the ONE-Saw Shop) MR. SAWDUST II(For the TWO-Saw Shop) This is my original Mr. Sawdust blade --most desired by the My new special-purpose blade --strictly for your table-saw. American craftsman. Kerf: 3/32".60 teeth. Modified triple­ 1/8" kerf. 30 or 40 teeth (see below). Modified alternate­ chip with micro-finish grind. Exclusive Forrest 400 carbide. with micro-finish grind. Exclusive Forrest 400 carbide. Perfect, polished cuts in every direction. The one blade that Designed for super-fast and planer action in ripping heavy, does it all --for as long as you'll cut or plastics. solid stock with glue-line quality of cut. Slices ply-panels, Designed for use on either table- or radial­ particle-board and one-side laminates quick and clean. saw. A MUST for your radial. Crosscuts and miters with equal quality and ease. Generally, recommend 40 teeth. However, if your ripping Available in 8", I includes a lot of heavy , specify 30 teeth. See 9" and 10" dampener information pertaining to table-saws. diameters. (*) Available in 8", 9" and 10" diameters. *WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE FORREST DAMPENER! It's a vital part of the Forrest blade design -­ expose blade above material.) For maximum-­ to suppress harmonics caused by motor, 3" depth of cut --table-saw or radial belts. even change of grain in wood.For 10" remove dampener. (For 8" and 9" blades, blades. specify 6" dampener. This allows a 2" figure dampener size accordingly.) Want depth of cut.(For table-saws, if you cut a lot some expert advice? Our 800-number is toll of full 2" stock. specify 5" dampener to free!

America's Foremost For information or to order. ..PHONE TOLL FREE! Power Professional 1-800-526-7852 (In N.J.: 201-473-5236) We honor Visa & MasterCard, Money Orders, Personal Checks and COOs. FORREST MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC., 250 DELAWANNA AVE" CLIFTON, N.J. 07014 Let me show you these great blades at work! NATIONAL FUR ITURE WORKING-WITH-WOOD SHOW SHOW Penta Hotel (formerly Statler) Kentucky Fair Expo Center 7th Avenue and 33rd Street LOUISVILLE. KENTUCK Y NEW YORK CITY MAY 18thru 20 MAY II thru 13 FINE WOO DWORKING Editor John Kelsey Managing Editor Paul Berrorelli Art Director Deborah Fillion Associate Editor Jim Cummins Assistant Editors Dick Burrows Roger Holmes David Sloan Copy Editor Nancy Stabile MAY/ UNE 1984, NUMBER 46 Assistant Art Director Roland Wolf J Editorial SecretaryNina Percy Contributing Editors Tage Frid, R. Bruce Hoadley, DEPARTMENTS Richard Starr, Simon WattS . Consulting Editors 4 Letters George Frank, Oceo Heuer, Ian J. Kirby, 10 Methods of Wo rk A.W Marlow, Don Newell, T - guide; vacuum ­ Richard E. Preiss, Norman Vandal ing system; rip Methods of Work 16 Questions & Answers Jim Richey Broken rocker legs; frame-and-panel fit; hide-glue preservative 22 Books Two volumes for the student of American furniture 94 Events Cover: Tablesawing . These wooden sandwiches come in a beguil­ THE TAUNTON PRESS 100 Notes and Comment ing variety; shown above are Baltic Quebec rendez-vous; A.W Marlow; Paul Roman, publisher; Janice A. Roman, asso­ , cherry lumbercore and walnut ciate publisher; JoAnn Muir, direccor of admin­ Wintermarket; furniture to go on fiberboard. Article begins on p. 48. istration; Dale Brown, direccor of marketing; Tom Luxeder, business manager; Barbara Bahr, secretary; Lois Beck, office services coordinator; Patricia Rice, receptionist; Liz C tosby, personnel ARTICLES administrator; Mary Galpin, production man­ 36 Veneering ager; Mary Glazman, data processing;Pauline by Ian]. Kirby Fazio, executive secretary. Accounting: Irene Ar­ Preparing substrates is the first step faras, manager; Madeline Colby, Catherine Sulli­ van, Elaine Yamin. Art: Roger Barnes, design 40 Files in the Woodshop by Henry T. Kramer director; Kathryn Olsen, staff artist. Books: lau­ ra Cehanowicz Tringali, editor; C. Heather Brine, They're often a good alternative to assistant art director; Deborah Cannarella and ScOtt Landis, assistant editors. Fulfillment: Carole 43 Treatise on files and by Dick Burrows E. Ando, subscription manager; Terry Thomas, assistant manager; Gloria Carson, Do tothy Dreher, 44 Covered Bridges Claudia Inness, Cathy Koolis, Donna Leavitt, Peggy leBlanc, Denise Pascal, Nancy Schoch; New technology extends the tradition Ben-Warner, mail-services derk. Robert Bruschi, distribution supervisor; David Blasko, Linnea 48 Plywood Basics by Ann Taylor Ingram, Marchelle Sperling, David Wass. Pro­ The ideal material for box furniture duction Services:Gary Mancini, managet; Nancy Knapp, system operato r; Claudia Blake Apple­ gate, Annette Hilry and Deborah Mason, assis­ 54 Made in Taiwan by Paul Bertorelli tanrs. Promotion: Jon Miller, manager; Dennis Copycat give U.S. makers a run for their money Danaher, publicist; Elizabeth Ruthstrom, assis­ tant art director. Video: Rick Mastelli. 58 A Swing-Away -Press Table by RJ. DeCristoforo Advertising and Sales: Richard Mulligan and Versatile accessories help sand and rout James P. Chiavelli, sales representatives ; Vivian E. Dorman and Carole Weckesser, sales coordin­ 59 An Oscillating Spindle by Wesley P. Glewwe ators; Kimberly Mithun, coordinator of indirect Taiwanese drill press spins and bobs sales; Laura Lesando, secretary; Kathy Springer, customer-service assistant. Tel. (203) 426-8171. 62 The Great American by Jon W Arno Forry species yield three distinct families of cabinet

Fine WOOdworki (ISSN 0361-3453) is pub­ 65 Jimmy Carter, Woodworker by Jim Cummins lished bimonthly, anuary, March, May, July, A visit with the former president, and drawings of his porch swing September and ovember,� by The Taunton 06470. Press, Inc., Newtown, CT Telephone 68 Building a porch swing (203) 426-8171. Second-dass postage paid at by Jimmy Carter Newtown, CT 06470, and additional mailing offices. Copyright 1984 by The Taunton Press, 70 Making a Blind by James A. Rome Inc. No reproduction without permission of The Miter hides the router-cut fingers Taunton Press, Inc. Fine Woodworking'" is a registered ttademark of The Taunton Press, Inc. 72 Seat-of-the-Pants Chair Design by Jeremy Singley Subscription rates: United States and posses­ sions, $16 for one year, $30 for twO years; Can­ A scrapwood mockup solves basic problems ada, $19 for one year, $36 for twO years (in U.S. dollars, please); other countries, $20 for 78 Ideas Go Further Than Technique by Lewis Buchner one year, $38 for twO years (in U.S. dollars, Two California shows highlight a new direction please). Single coPy, $3.50. Single copies ourside $4.00. U.S. and posses SIOns, Send to Subscrip­ 82 Water-Gilding tion Dept., The Taunton Press,PO Box 355, by Nancy Russo Newtown, CT 06470. Address allcorrespon­ How to match the golden age's incomparable shine dence to the appropriate department (Subscrip­ tion, Editorial, or Advertising), The Taunton 86 Mass-Producing Cleopatra's Mirror by Robin Kelsey Press, 52 Church Hill Road, PO Box 355, Newtown, CT 06470. U.S. newsstand distri­ Making a living without jigs or a tape measure bution by Eastern News Distributors, Inc., III Eighth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10011. 108 Cosmic maypoles

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I am in the process of building the small highboy designed by versus circular-sectioned needle, I hope that none of your Carlyle Lynch and featured in FWW #42. I'm using mahog­ readers will find any doctor who would "give you a couple of any and I'm having difficulty bending the cock beading used ones." I know of no better way to produce a full-blown around the curves of the apron. I followed Mr. Lynch's case of hepatitis than to introduce a used needle into the skin. insttuctions and boiled the strips for 10 to 15 minutes, but -James R. Morrow , M.D., Anderson, S.c. every time I apply pressure, the strips break. Mr. Lynch makes it sound very simple and routine. I have been able to make replacement blades for the Stanley -Thad W. Evans, Midlothian, Va. #45 and #5 5 out of old-style can openers. The length, CARLYLE L YNCH REPLIES: I made my highboy of cherry and width and as well as the quality of the steel are close had no trouble bending the cock beading. I mistakenly as­ enough to the originals to make rough-grinding and filing to sumed that would be JUSt as easy to bend, but size and shape fairly easy. The steel takes a good enough edge when I steamed some mahogany strips for an hour in my for soft woods, but can be made harder (and also more brit­ wife's canner, I too fo und that they cracked when bent into tle) if heated to a cherry red and quenched in brine. Finish­ the tight curves of the apron. The practical solution for build­ sharpening can be done with appropriate slip stones, as for ers working in mahogany is to use cherry or walnut for the any cutters. -Peter Birnbaum, Sebastopol, Ca lif cock beading and then stain it to match, as the old fu rniture­ makers here in Virginia often did. By and large, the article by Paul Bertorelli in the Notes and I might add that the cherry and walnut pieces I've bent Comment section of issue #44 (" On equipping the small so easily have been from "garret-seasoned" wood, which I shop") is well written and gives some good tips for getting prefer to use instead of kiln-dried . information. The elitist tone taken in the fifth paragraph, however, disturbs me greatly. A couple of points about The implication that "Harry Tage Frid's article on drawers Homeowner" would buy only in FWW #4 5: He doesn't poor equipment and that any- mention the possibility of glu- thing made by Sears falls into ing thin srrips near this category offends me. There the outside bottom of each are those of us who cannot af- drawer side. I have used this ford some of the marvelous method on all sizes of draw- and generally expensive tools ers, fr om small trinket draw- available today. Although I ers to the nine-inchers in a do not think anyone would chest. It permits most of the compare Sears to Inca, there is side to have easy clearance in- 'A palm is a very handy tool, as it is about 5 in. long. no question that for those of side the carcase, and if the Here's a photo of three of the palm planes I've made. The lact us in small towns, Sears tools that srrips are rubbed with paraf- I h ve a, Miller pri ters' wit c met a ust- are available, generally reli­ mentsh i e 'Ps . . . � -If"!!: any rIC son, ou� � orwk , onn. fin, it reduces friction to al- t � � able, and easy to get parrs for. most nothing. As regards lumber for drawer sides, Mr. Frid I consider myself relatively well versed in woodworking, says that and poplar are too soft. I have used sugar pine but I also consider myself a "Harry Homeowner" and resent on many drawers, with no problem. I do see that the wood is the implication that I am some kind of second-rate wood- quartersawn, however, even if it means resawing the sides worker because of the tools that I use. from heavier lumber. -Douglas W. Lieuallen, M.D., Madras, Ore. Incidentally, I don't consider that a drawer fits unless it can be pulled Out and pushed in with one fmger when fully loaded. I'm an amateur woodworker and metallurgist, and presently -Stephen Mill er, Essex, Conn. I'm going through my back issues of Fine Wo odworking, rereading articles of interest. I must admit that I have won­ I read with upsetting interest the article in issue #43 about dered about, and been amused by and sometimes horrified at shop-testing five -planers. It was interesting because it the myths and misunderstandings that people have about the was a needed article, but upsetting because with a few words steel in their tools. There's nothing mysterious about fine cut­ it passed over rwo of this country 's most nicely crafted and ting tools; quality is a matter of selecting the proper material, cost-effective machines : the Parks No. 11 combination jointer­ heat treatment and fo rming procedures. planer and the Parks No. 95 planer. Today's steels are better than those at any other time in Not to fly the flag too high in these days of esoteric im­ history. Anybody who pines for toolmaking of bygone years is porrs, 1'd like to say that these machines are crafted by American living in a make-believe world. Those rare tools that have machinists in Cincinnati, Ohio, and have been since 1887. survived for a hundred years are the product of good crafts­ Perhaps Mr. Parks will need a cabinet someday and I can sup­ manship and exceptional care, or even lack of use. Never for­ ply him because he is solvent. I doubt that any of my compa­ get that for every hundred-year-old that exists today, rriots are expecting work from Mr. Hitachi or Mr. Makita. thousands probably went to the scrap heap. Anybody who But emotions are inconsequential when I run a 12-in. wide doubts the advances in cutting-tool technology should throw laminated board through my Parks fo r counter sections, plan­ away his carbide cutters and high-speed and go back to ing off Ysin. in a single pass. I believe that your readers and splinters. would appreciate adding the Parks machines to their list of -Randall Anderson, Vallejo, Calif choices when shopping fo r a tool that they can pass on to their children. -Richard Raucina, Midpines, Calif All of us in woodworking feel concerned for our safety in the shop. Usually we do try to take precautions. But sometimes I appreci ated the splinter-removal method of Dr. Tompkins we slip up under the pressures of production, or when taking (FWW #44, p. 6). While I can see the advantage of a flat those precautions seems inconvenient. There are simple remedies,

4 ASHMAN TECHNICAL LTD. Machinery• Tools • Shop Equipment 351 Nash Road N., Hamilton, Ont., Can. L8H 7P4 (416) 560-2400 �Y.!:'�II Factory Lumber Outlet '1'SUPER SALE Domestic and exotic Woods PRICES All Domestic East Indian 10" ROCKWELL Rose Angelim wood UNISAW English Brown Apple Model 34-457 SX European Peorwood Bolsa 3 H.P. Single Phase -230 V Goncalo Alves Benge Magnetic Starter Holly Boxwood. European Electricals meet Canadian regulations and Brazilian Honduras and may differ from U.S. specs. Brazilian Rosewood Jelutong Funds Bubinga Macassar u.s. $1240.Unlfence optional. Ceylon and African Mahogany Price on request. Ebony Mexican Rosewood ROCKWELL DELTA 12" Ceylon Sotinwood (Bacote)

Coc obolo Podouk WOOD LATHE 4-Speed Model 46-201 Cu�y and Birds Eye c/w Cabinet -Electrics Extra u.s. Funds Variable$880. Speed Model - 200 Shrewsbury St. Boylston, MA 01505 Price on request. (617) 869-2791 Shipments Freight Collect N.E. WAITS 1-800-222-1420 -No Other Charges - "WOODS OF THE WORLD" (Limited quantities available) i------. ' l' " I •••the closest thing to Introducing �orgens�AN D ® Dust Free ...... "-is lightweight to give CLAMPS"POI\y'� normal routingaction and leel. Routin Dependable extra hands for all g types of clamping and work-holding FIla .ny Standerd VacUln jobs: woodworking projects, with 1 'h" air intake. Helpa ProtectEy ... Flngen home maintenance, and Routo-Vac minimizes chips and dust. Edge guard shields lingers Irom furniture repair. R Yec K outG- _ WorkA ... CIMn ... Will .... router bit ... a real safety plusl M., Wort< Sucks up both dust and chips to leave routed area clean and almost totally dust-free. Satin smooth base glides over the linest surfaces without damaging wort<. Worka for both * RY edge end rae. routing. 4�� ellWrite for FREE LITERATURE. For big 32-page "how-to-claI�mp-it" catalog, send 50¢ ASK YOUR DEALER ADJUSTABLE CLAMP COMPANY THE CLAMP FOLKS 431 N. Ashland Ave./Chicaga, IL 606 22

5 Letters (continued) • • • >-• EBONY MILLWORK ORY KILN FACILITY • BASSWOOD • though. Safety glasses are a prime example. Sometimes the � 0� glasses are lost in the shop somewhere-in the rack behind the o 0c: radial-arm saw, buried in bench clutter, or, for all we know, � in a space-time warp (I know these exist where I work). :z:: Anyway, a simple solution is to make the glasses more visible. � ,"":� :z::n :� One way is to put black and yellow stripes on the headband or UJ the earpieces. You could use colored tape or the new opaque­ :z:: • pens to do this. You'd also be giving your glasses a more fashionable look; you could be the first in your shop .• • � '!U(On520 22nd St Norfolk, LUmEliC=I Virginia 23517 (804) CO. 625-7131 with New Wave specs. -Charles Dubman, Pikesville, Md. W. Furniture and Cabinet Woods Custom Millwork a: Boatbuilding Lumber Exotic Hardwoods The two-part article on glues by George Mustoe (F #43 � WW a...... J and #44) was informative, but there is one type of glue that oa.. is little known yet deserves to be added to the list. It's EPI COCO BOLO • BUBINGA • PURPLEHEART • ROSEWOOD • WENGE • (emulsion polymer isocyanate), a relatively new adhesive de­ veloped by Ashland Chemical Co. and available from them at Box 2219, Columbus, Ohio 43216. It's an interior/exterior glue similar to resorcinol, being at least as water-resistant but having a much lighter color (about like white oak when cured). EPI is prepared by mixing two liquids, the resin (water­ based) and the crosslinker, in variable proportions, depending on how much water-resistance and strength are desired. The glue has a pot life of several hours after mixin g, and the recommended clamp time is 30 minutes at 70°F. EPI gives good results at temperatures as low as 40°F, and it doesn't release any formaldehyde, as do the other glues. All in all, I've found EPI to be the most versatile glue in my shop, and although I don't use it for everything (it's not practical to mix just a dab), I certainly feel that it should be recognized as a very important woodworking adhesive. Exton, PA 19341330 -Paul A. Geiger, Ga ithersburg, Md. (215) 363-7B�J!.r:�1

In 1937, my wife and I bought a house for $ 50. We knew that it had been standing in 1740. Despite its dilapidated condition, the inside trim was worn but in restorable condi­ tion. Making measured drawings and setting up a catalog was the prelude to carefully ripping out the trim, producing bun­ LASER WOOD! dles of numbered sticks, panels, doors, etc. We moved this Engrave/Cut fine details in collection some 15 miles in an old touring car. Even the mor­ tised-and-tenoned staircase came along whole on a flatbed Wood, Plastic, Glass, etc. ttuck and was reassembled in my shop, where it sat, leading WE DO CUSTOM LASER ENGRAVING to nowhere, while we rebuilt the house from the inside out. MANUFACTURE AND SELL LASER ENGRAVERS Preparing the old trim for installation was a big job, so I For Brochure and Sample -call or write: bought a lO-in. tablesaw. My father, a devotee of the old­ fashioned hand methods which he had carefully taught me, wanted to know what I had bought "that thing" for. He V Laser Ma�hining, In�. predicted all sorts of lost fingers and blinded eyes, not to P. O. Box 219 Somerset, Wisconsin 54025 mention ill-fitting joints. Twenty years before, I had been Phone (715) 247-3285 trained to use power tools by a high school teacher who would have none of the safety devices he was sure were dan­ gerous because they were always in the way. He even hated push sticks, allowing us to use them only when absolutely necessary. His insistence that students relax and never hurry Learn woodworking comprised a goodly portion of the flow of excellent advice. and furniture design. An intensive full' time learning situation em­ I have followed the teachings of this man for 65 years with phasizing traditional technique as well as great success. I have all my fingers, even though I use a table­ modern methods of woodworking. Individual level instruction, ample work areas saw with all its attachments for all sortS of cuts, some forbid­ and an industrially furnished machine room pro­ vide a stimulating and efficient learning situa­ den. The point is this: in the comments on safety stimulated tion for the serious woodworking student of by the article in F #36, there is hardly any mention of limited experience. Bench splices lire WW IIvllllllbfe for Fllif 1114. Ask us about our the need to relax, plan every cut and learn to keep one's fm­ summer workshops in traditional hand tool gers away from the blade. This simple habit of relaxing is joinery. surely as important as putting the guard back on the saw. Write or call: -Frederick Johnson, Andover, Mass. Primrose401 West Railroad SI. Center(406) 728-5911 Simon Watts' two-stage router/tablesaw method for cutting Missoula, MT 59801 raised panels (FWW#44, p. 56) is too prone to error, as

6 PHILIPPS BROS. DAD'S DAY SPECIALS FOR THE • WORKING CRAFTSMAN • BOSCH, #192ORK 3/8" 2-SPEED REVERSING • CORDLESS DRILL· Capacities: Wood 1", • Aluminum 112". Steel 3/8" Supplied with Battery charger, replaceable ' battery, and screwdriver bit . No load RPM 0-1.000 Craft Artists for the • list Fully insulated. Ullisted. complies 10 '13900 list '135'0 National Craft Showroom 1985 Collection. The January '84 opening of the National Craft Showroom has proved so successful that the selection #36/37 ---#SPC-886 process has already begun for the 1985 collection. Precision Drill Guide Dowel Maker Set. 4 complete with Chuck. I sizes. Plastic Case------Selected craft artists will exhibit samples of their Key and Adapter \11' 3210 work for a full year to buyers and gallery owners from '25'" DOWELING KIT INCLUDES: every part of the country. (Both direct orders and special , #S·31 #888 "840.#SPC886. #887. #888 commissions are promoted.) Sel of 3 Plug Cutters. Dowel Centers '7200 VALUE For application, send $1.00 to: 3n�II2�5n· �_" _ �-- - '1710 �. ALL FOR #887 $5900 . D el ling Jig Wit h • ow Former nd -'l'o'" Bitg:� Stop ����::,: Save 1 8% over '24M tft- 1/4".5/16". buying separately! - ---- 3/8" 112" ,- ---, All� order Ppd Cor! II.S.A. '11.0 I GIFTCERTIFICATE I VISA =-= MASTERCARD fill CHECK OR MONEY ORDER Available in all amounts NATIONAlCRAFT SHOWROO M CR�:T11 Easl26 Streel BROS. INC NeYIYork, 10010 PHILIPPS SUPPLY, 212/689-0010NY � � �• wi J ·The National Craft Showroom is a non-profit enterprise. sponsored by the 3159 14215 .716Supplia/834-8353 BAILEY AVE. BUFFALO, NY � Society for Art in Crafts_ �� � universal 'wood-working machines Brass Backed Tenon Dovetail Saws of [xceptional Quality Robland By myI made the work-mate frame of my roof myself for -as well life as windows,. doors and wall furniture. My Robland is really Roberts & Lee ve I use it for: sawing, jointing, mitring, planing, drilling, mortising, sanding and shaping. My Robland is easy to use and saves a considerable amount of money for Tenon Saw-I 2/1Blade anyone building or renovating. 131h Teeth per inch Dovetail Saw-8" Blade Inc. P.O. BOXRobland 1011 -HIGH POINT 20 Teeth per inch NORTH CAROLINA 27261 Both saws are crafted to the most rigid standards, assuring highest quality performance. Dovetail Saw $34.65 PPO Set Price Tenon Saw $36.50 PPO $64.00 PPO

Offer expires June 30. 1984 FINE TOOL MasterCard Visa MO Check Call Toll Free & 800-255-9800 r in Oklahoma Call Collect 1I -- Name: ____ _ WOOD7923 N. STORE 405'842-6828 : _____ May Send $2.00 for Catalog 1 Address: Oklahoma City, OK 73120 1 ,�:1 I L ______-J

7 Letters (continued) well as being difficult and time-consuming. Here is a simpler, fool-proof method using a router table: WHY NOT THE BEST Buy a I-in. dia. straight steel router bit and have a radius These hard-to-find socket firmer are ground on the corners. Don't try to grind these radii yourself among the finest hand-made tools still in pro­ unless you're an expert-take them to the local precision duction -and they're the best tools for the job whenever heavy chopping and paring is called grinder. Also, relieve the top center of the bit to give a flat for. Unlike lighter bevel-edged chisels, Henry cut. Except for heavy production work, carbide bits are un­ Taylor's socket firmers are rectangular in cross section, long and thick enough for the toughest necessary and steel bits are easily honed by hand on a stone. I joint-making applications in and keep two bits on hand--one with a %2-in. radius for fme pan­ other hand woodworking. Made for use with els and one with %2-in. radius for larger panels. or hammer, they are supplied with virtu­ ally indestructible steel-hooped handles To use the bit, set the table's fence to the fmal width of fitted snugly into deep tapered sockets_ cut and the router to less than the fmal depth of cut. If you The blades are forged and ground by hand, creep up on the fmal depth, you'll get a tight sliding fit in the and are individually hardened and tempered to Rc 60·62for long edge life. Buffed to a high frame . Make end-grain cuts first, backed up with a polish, they'll rank among your most beautiful block to prevent tearout. Then do the long-grain cuts. tools -an unusual pleasure to hold and to use. Blade length averages eight inches; overall length -James Clifton, Green Bay, Wis. about sixteen inches for superbly controlled work. Five widths are available to suit any scale Mter the usual delay in the mails, my July/August issue of of joinery work from furniture ·making to post and beam construction. They may be purchased FWW arrived. It was worth the wait, and wooden spectacle individually or as a set of all five sizes. frames have now been added to my list of forthcom ing projects. Me/Visa u.er. I'm writing to comment on David Papke's letter concern­ W' ...... $23.50 ing Belizean bee boxes (p. 4). Mahogany is not a suitable ORDER W' ...... $24.50 wood-it is too heavy for easy working with the hive and TOLL FREE 1" ...... $25.50 is 241-6748 1W' .....$29.50 not patticularly termite-proof. Ask any termite here and it (800)lOrd ... Only) 2" ...... $3 2. 50 will tell you that mahogany () is one Set of 5 $125.00 of its favorite foods. Now, what that termite really doesn't POSTPAID like is the bitter taste of cedar (C edrela od orata) ...and that, not mahogany, is what we use for the majority of our Or send check, money order, or Me/Visa info. bee boxes. -R.A. Ja rrah, Belmopan, Belize Prices are postpaid in U.S. Offer good thru 104 5 N. Highland Avenue, NE 8·31·84. Send $1.00 for our tool I'm vety upset with my recendy purchasedlO-in. Inca tablesaw, Atlanta, GA 30306 (404) 872·4466 catalog {free with order}. and I would like to share my observations with other wood­ workers so that they can more accurately assess this machine. Inca's claim that this is a lO-in. tablesaw is technically cor­ rect, but misleading and dishonest. The saw is really an 8-in. saw with the capacity for a lO-in. blade. With the lO-in. blade on the arbor, the least amount of possible blade expo­ sure still leaves the blade IX in. above the table. Tablesaw safety recommendations say that for cutting, the blade should I�M·�I extend no more that X in. above the stock, yet this is not possible with the Inca with any stock less than I in. thick. This makes the saw inherently unsafe, and also incapable of performing tasks that other lO-in. saws can do, such as groov�g and rabbeting in thinner stock. My first thought upon discovering this unusual feature was I I that I had been given Inca's smaller saw by mistake. When I called the local dealer, I was informed that it was the correct • ARE YOU GOING IN lI1 saw, but that they recommend an 8-in. blade for general saw­ ing and the use of a larger blade for heavier stock. By all standards, and by Inca's own admission, this is definitely an rI a e r r a d other standard shapes have unlimited application on all 8-in. tablesaw. I kinds� f��l� of decorative�� prolects���l And �� Immediate� shipment��� I I don't know how Inca has gotten away with this deception from our large Inventory of standard sizes lets you � DeSign In to your eXisting lines With a minimum of fuss l!!I for so long. I feel certain that my own reaction and the reac­ • and delay 'ill tions of knowledgeable people in the trade constitute warrant­ BEVELED MIRROR CIRCLES-With steep polished ed complaints. It will be interesting to see if other woodwork­ BEVELED MIRROR BA GUETTES-In square and ers who have used this saw share my dissatisfaction. diamond shapes -Lou Irion, Paoli, Pa. THE MIRRORA" COLLECTION-a system of Inter- EDITOR'S NOTE: Garrett Wade Co., Inc., the impotter of Inca tools, changeable mirror modules I calla r Write for Illustrated catalog and I nformatlon . I told us that other buyers have complained about some of the Inca's Iii! Free Ii] features, but that the company insists that its advertising is not FLORAL GLASS & MIRROR, INC . deceptive. Henry Lanz, Garrett Wade's vice-president, pointedout .. l "': � ;1,,,:.1, 'j\ .;.: :.;. :J .. :. ". ',\ .� '56 that a recent catalog described the Inca's capabilities thusly: ...... the minimum depth of cut with a lO-in. blade is 1 in. This trade-off, we feel, is more than compensated for by the added preci­ sion. An 8-in. blade (or a 6-in. industrial groover) will cut the I I shallowest grooves when necessary." I.anz also says that tablesaws are sized by the maximum diameter blade they will accept. �������[i 8 GUARAN TEE Rather than our claiming (0 be "The World's Best", why.not stop in and see us at the National Working With Wood Show in New York. or The International Woodworking Fair in Atlantcr.and make up your own mind about us. In the event you are unable to stop in and see us, please fill in the coupon and we will send you more information. Next time you are considering the purchase of a high quality guaranteed tungsten carbide tipped cutting tool and not merely a saw blade. you can turn to us with complete confidence. About the blade pictured on this page ... If you are taking the challenge please fill in the coupon below with your answer attached.

*Worklng With Wood Show. NY In£. Woodworking Fair. Atlanta. GA Penta Hotel May 11-13 Booth #185 August 25-28 Booth #2623

I EVERLAST SAW & CARBIDE TOOLS. INC. I 1406 UtICa Ave. : Brooklyn NY I 1203 0 Yes. I would like more information about your Saw Blades. 0 I I'm taking the challenge. atlached are my answers. I Name ______I Address ______The Company Whose Name Says It All ��-----��----�--� EVERLAST™

HOTLINE We have a craftsman hotline 1-800-221-0885 to answer any technical ques tions you may have. to give you general information or the name of a dealer near you.

9 Methods of Work edited and drawn by Jim Richey T-square router guide sioning arm should fItthe vertical suppOrt with a pivoting bridal-joint arrangement. Scavenge the slave wheels from an old skateboard and, us­ ing the existing hardware if possible, fa sten one wheel to the tensioning arm 12 in. to 15 in. above the drive wheel. Fasten the other slave wheel to the back of the vertical suppOrt. Make sure the wheels are attached so that they can pivot to allow the small adjustments needed fo r alignment and per­ fect belt-tracking. Other construction details are shown in the sketch. -Leon O. Beasley, Lafayette, La. Routing dovetail slots for Shaker tablelegs Although the Shaker pedestal table design has been around fo r 150 years, its dean lines have a contemporary feel. Inex­ A couple of years back, I grabbed an old draf ting T -square pensive to build, the table requires only six wooden parts and fo r a woodworking student to use as a guide fo r routing a a handful of screws. The only construction problem is cutting . When he approached the end of the cut, he stopped the sliding-dovetail housings fo r the legs. The jig shown be­ and told me that if he continued to the edge of the board, he low solves this problem. would rout through the head of the square. Since I had a few spares around, I told him to go ahead. When he was fInished, we were surprised to fInd that we had produced, by routing off the tip of the head, a very useful dado guide. The head of the square, now perfectly sized, could be used to align subse­ quent cuts with the same router and bit. Now we have eight T-squares with lopped-off heads, each dearly marked as to the router and bit they go with. Four go with different size dados (X-in., o/s-in., Yz-in. and %-in.) on a Sears router; the other fo ur go with a Rockwell router. The T -squares are handy for other operations as well. We use them with a Yz-in. carbide bit in the router to "saw" wide To use the jig, fIrstbuild up a hexagonal turning blank fo r or long boards to length if the operation is awkward on the the table's stem, chuck it in the lathe and turn the lower 5 in. tablesaw. Nothing could be squarer. of the stem to size, leaving the remainder of the blank hexag­ -Jeff Sherman, Finn Rock, are. onal. Now remove the blank from the lathe, mark out the centerlines fo r the dovetail cuts on three sides of the stem, and Homebuilt vertical sander mount the jig in place on the workpiece. The jig has two halves that mate with the hexagonal parr

Skateboard of the workpiece, thereby positioning the turned section under wheel the router guide slot. Be sure that the marked centerline on the blank is correctly positioned in the alignment window. arm � bench holds the entire setup. Start by hogging Out Spring all three dovetail slots with a o/s-in. straight bit. Use your router's guide bushing to guide the cut. Next, dean out the Grooved slots with a dovetail bit. After the dovetail slots have been guide cut, return the stem to the lathe to complete the turning. -Bernie Maas, Cambridge Sp rings, Pa. Wh eel mounting plate pivots here to allow tracking adjustment. Contour sander

This homebuilt vertical performs well and is easy on the tool budget. All you need to drive a standard I-in. by 42-in. belt the proper 1500 to 2,000 FPM (surface feet per minute) is a small 1725-RPM motor, a 3-in. to 4-in. drive pulley, and two slave wheels installed on a fr ame with a ten­ This shopmade sander fo r lathe work and curves uses a length sioning device. of doth tensioned, bowsaw fashion, by a twisted A satisfactory drive wheel can be turned from wood, or cord. The abrasive doth, which can be purchased in %-in. fabricated from a tuna can with both ends cut out. Take a or lYz-in. width rolls, is damped into the sander with tight­ small pulley that fIts your motor shaft and epoxy it in the fItting dowel pegs. -Richard Tolzman, Excelsior, Minn. center of the can, being careful not to cover the setscrew on the pulley. For greater traction, wrap the circumference of the Vacuum clamping system drive wheel with duct tape. If you have a central dust-collection system in your shop, a For weight and strength, construct the frame from 2-in. simple addition to it will provide a usefuldamping system. thick hardwood. Plywood will suffIcefo r the table. The ten- Cut a 5-in. hole through the top of your bench, the

10 High Profit in Wall Cabinets Turn common inexpensive pine 138 into beautiful colonial-style wall THE cabinets for use in every room of the home. Easy to make and very profitable. Send for step-by-step plans XylophCOMPilANYe' s of 3 best selling styles. $6.95. BOX-ART Dept. W, Box 8069, Woodridge, Illinois 60517 MAKITA FREUD B04510 4" finishing sander $ 47 LM72M 10", 24t, rip $ 42.00 DP3720 3/8" var/rev. drill $ 49 LU73M 10", GOt, cutoff $ 46.00 $ 45.00 1100 31/4" planer kit $169 LU84M 10", SOt, smooth comb. ALL THREE ABOVE $129.00 1900BW 31/4" planer kit $98 SET 10", triple chip 1805 6 118" planer kit $279 LU82M GOt, $ 49.00 2401 BW 10" $229 LU85M 10", 8Ot, super blade $ 74.50 6" dado 1/4" -13/16" 3600B 1/2" plunge router $188 DS30G $ 99.00 3600BR round base version $183 DS308 8" dado 1/4" -13/16" $120.00 GUIDES for 36OO's $20 3601 B 1/2" router $129 OUR PERFECTIONISrS SET 3608BK 1/4" router $86 Includes the LU85M super blade, the 3700B 114" trimmer $ 85 LM72M rip blade and the DS308 dado set. 4300BV jig saw $123 ALL THREE ...... $229.00 GOOOR 3/8" clutch-drill $1OG ALL SHAPER CUTTERS 20"10 off GOl0DWK 3/8" cordless drill $ 89 ALL ROUTER BITS 25% off G012HDW 3/8" cordless clutch drill $1OG 6510LVR 3/8" low speed drill $ 69 THE 25 WORCESTER 9900B 3 x 21 belt sander $126 WORCESTER SAGAMORE MASSACHUSETTS 9924DB 3 x 24 belt sander $135 CRAFT ROAD 01605 9401 4 x 24 belt sander $173 CENTER (617) 753-8183 5007B 71/4" $94 9045N 1/2 sheet finish sander $108 MACHINERY LS1400 14" miter saw $419 MAKITA DP4700 1/2" var/rev. drill $99 2030 jointerlplaner CALL 2040 15-5/8" planer CALL 9 HITACHI $128 ,;;, Fl000-A jointerIplaner CALL compElecletet ro��• - ilc MOiS�iDure Mete 1r :::! . : �'. Pl00-F 12" planer CALL One low price includes meter, 54" cable, high HITACHI BGOO-A bandsaw CALL impact probe, and full instruction manual. The TR12 112" plunge router $195 comprehensive manual includes information on TR8 114" plunge router $127 INCA the dynamics of wood moisture and the TR6 114" trimmer $ 94 550 jointerlplaner CALL principals of drying lumber. This complete SBll0 4 x 24 belt sander $183 710 20" bandsaw CALL package can be the basis for higher quality SB75 3 x 21 belt sander $136 259 10" CALL woodworking through greater understanding DR10 3/8" super drill $109 310 10-1/2" bandsaw CALL of wood and wood moisture. Meter kits are DTC10 3/8" cordless drill $ 89 also ava�able, write for details. DRC10 3/8" cordless wlclutch $94 Cl0FA 10" miter saw $279 Wood. C15FA 15" miter saw $409 CALL TOLL FREE 1616Jackson Capital Avenue Madison, Technology WI 53705 1-800-IN KENTUCKY354- CALL9083 Rocking Horse Plan LEIGH (606) 254-9823 TD514 12" dovetail jig with 114" bits for 1/2" dovetails $145 TD514 12" dovetail jig with The Xylophile's Co. 1/2" bits for 3/4" dovetai Is $173 138 EAST LOUDON AVENUE TD514L 24" dovetail jig with LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY 40505 1/2" bits for 3/4" dovetai Is $248 �'The WoodloverJs Companyn MAIL ORDERS: Simply enclose your check or money order Build this all-time favorite. Size 25 x 36. Full­ with a note describing the item(s) desired. Ky. residents please size plan & accessories kit available. Kit con­ c=VISA tains vinyl & foam for padded seat, fur fabric add 5% sales tax. We will ship right away. for mane tail rings vinyl for bridle. & .!, & PLAN-245 ... ;)6.00 ppd. Catalog ... $1.00. on ordersof otherwise ple:ue HA KIT (accessories only) ...... $9. 00 ppd. $35 PRICES INCLUDETO THE CONTINENTAL SHIPPI u.s. NG add $1 95 shlppmg ARMOR PRODUCTS or more . p.O.Box 290, Dept. D, Deer Park, NY 11729

11 Methods of Work (continued)

hole and use the other as a guide for the drill bit. Note that Workpiece the distance between the overlap and the end of the first hole will determine the overhang of the miniature logs, which as­ Apply weatherstripping semble as shown in the sketch. to top and bottom -Gerald Robertson, Angus, ant. edges of box frame. "Poor boy" radial-arm saw Plug fits For crosscutting long boards and making miter cuts, this hole in table when system shopmade saw guide is accurate, portable, easy to use and C(is not in use. economical to build. The guide is simply an angle-iron and plywood track sized to fit the base of a portable circular saw. The guide is perched atop legs at each end. Each leg is made from a pair of 3�-in. pipe flanges connected by a :X-in.by 1�-in. pipe nipple. The Connect dust-col/ector hose legs provide clearance for the work and allow the track to to hole in bench to provide vacuum for clamping work. pivot for making angle cuts. To use, clamp the guide at the proper angle in relation to edge of the hole with a router, and cut a hardwood plug to fit the fe nce on the plywood base. Before cutting, secure the flush-it will leave the bench smooth when you're not using saw's blade guard up out of the way with a screw threaded the clamp. Connect your dust-collection system to the bottom through a hole in the blade housing. Make sure you remove of the hole with whatever piping is necessary. the screw before the saw is used in the conventional manner. To use the clamp, make a box fr ame, and cover the top and bottom edges with self-adhesive fo am weatherstripping. Angle iron Place the box on the bench over the hole, place the workpiece on top of the box, and turn the vacuum on. The workpiece will be held firmly for edge-routing, sanding and other oper­ ations, with nothing to obsttua work on all four edges. Be­ cause of the padding of fered by the weatherstripping, this is an ideal way to hold flat panels for sanding between coats of finish. The hole in the bench has a side benefit: it makes cleaning shavings off the bench easier and faster. -Mac Campbell,Harvey Station, N.B. Another note of caution: The direction of blade rotation Stabilizing tall candlesticks tends to lift the work from the table, so make sure the work To stabilize tall wooden candle­ is tight against the fe nce and can't shift. Othetwise, the sticks, I pour molten lead into a work might pinch the sawblade and cause the saw to lift out :X-in. by I-in. hole bored in the of the guide rails. bottom. If you starr a screw in On my 7X-in. saw, the depth of cut is limited to 1:X in., the hole and pour the metal but this covers most of the crosscutting work I do. around it, the lead will stay in -Jack Fisher, Dayton, Ohio position. To avoid burning the wood, I cut the lead into small ingots that I can heat with a Shop made tool rests propane torch and I drip the lead into the hole one drop at a time. Old wheel-balancing weights fr om a gas station are good raw material. -Eric Sch ramm, Los Gatos, Calif Miniature log-house joint

Drill bit , Stacking arrangement

Roughing down a whole turning at once is such a pleasure that I've made a series of hard-maple tool rests in various lengths. I use them instead of the skimpy metal rest that came with my lathe. Support the wooden rest with a metal post that fits your current tool rest's base. For long tool rests, Top view you'll need more than one base.

Hole overlaps -Jim Ryerson, Guelph, ant. dowel by half. Keeping padauk's color Many woods that have brilliant color when fr eshly cut, pa­ This simple little jig makes joints on dowels or short tree dauk for example, will darken and turn brown in time. Bruce branches fo r a miniature log house. Choose a drill bit the Hoadley points out that the major culprit in this color change same size as the dowels or sticks to be used in the house, then is ultraviolet light. To shield the wood from ultraviolet light drill a block of wood from two sides, with the second hole and thus effectively slow the darkening process, I use a prod­ overlapping half of the first. To use, insert a dowel in the first uct called Armor-All, a spray-on protective liquid for auto

12 DOVETAIL JOINERY by MARK DUGINSKE n1E �;rri�e�ON ROUTER Saturday, June 23: 10:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. -Hand-Cut Dovetails 1 :30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. -Tablesaw-Cut Dovetails HANDBOOK 7:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. -v.bodworking Design, If you own Q router-or Lecture and Slides will ever buy one-this Sunday, June 24: a.m. to p.m. - Making Router Jigs is Q must! 10:00 12:30 for Dovetails p.m. to p.m. -Bandsaw Tecbniques 1:30 5:00 for Dovetails Sponsored by the ArtDe enL Fee: for two Finally! The definitive guide to a revolutionary woodwork­ days. Dorm room Saturdapartmy nigbt: $40.00 ing tool that belongs in every workshop. Patrick Spielman $7.00 explains every step of its operation for beginners and ex­ Contact: Continuing Education perts alike, and includes an incredible variety of routers, Tbe University of Akron Akron, OH bits and accessories. You'll learn how to make the router Tel: 44 325 simplify and facilitate the creation of every project without 216/375-7826 any additional expensive equipment, what standard and Seminar No. Register by Mail 918:025:401:01 unusual techniques you can do, how to build woodwork TheUniversity 01 Akron isan aids and devices, plus 600 photos and illustrations to Equal Education/Employment Institution make the entire process easy to follow. You'll find it an incredible source of information! •Disc over: Scores of available routers, with an analysis of their • advantages and disadvantages • Safety and sharpening ,procedures Techniques for making and fitting carving designs on wood surfaces, and creating panels, cabinet doors, • and wood signs Routing techniques for dovetails, plastic laminates, joints, and surfaces, as well as the use of templates • and patterns Money-saving ways to make jigs and fixtures that will THE SAW THAT TURNS help in unusual routing techniques and production • carving machines BEGINNERS INTO EXPERTS! • Overarm and pin-routing techniques Use this high-precision sa w to make And mUCh, much more' All this, plus patterns and instructions for dozens of hundreds of profitable. unusual items projects that incorporate all this know-how. toys, name-bars, fi lagree work, clocks, Nothing is left out-no bit, jig or fixture escapes his holders ...the list is nearly endless! Because notice; no shortcuts, no effects are ignored, From basic operating procedures for every woodworker to specialized the Model 1600 cuts so smoothly. sanding is skills every craftsman wants to know, this all-inclusive virtually unnecessary! handbook will become the indispensable book on the TOO• Plus S1 50Postage L! essential tool for the home workshop . BUILT FOR THE PROS! 17 95 MA ReSident add 5� Act nowl Send your check for an incredible, Dealer Inqumes Welcomed $9.95, The new Wood master Model 16 00 gives you send today for brochures value, and we'll even ship postage free, HOT TOOLS Inc. STERLING PUBLISHING CO., INC., Oepl. FWR-2 all the fea tures found in mor e expensive P.O. Box 615-F • Marblehead, MA 01945 .61 639-1000 Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016 machines including a big, 16 -in, throat 1 capacity, 2-in. cutting depth, a generous. oversize worktable. ball-bearing drive . and much more! FURNITURE KITS FULL TILTING WORKTABLE! DOMESTIC & FOREIGN Unlike any other , the Wood mas­ Unique Queen ter's table tilts and locks in any position up to Anne and 45° right or left. This means you can prod uce Chippendale HARDWOODS work on the Model 1600 impossible to dupli­ fu rnirure kits of Quality stock for cate on any other parallel or C-arm scroll solid walnut, Cabinet Work saw! Can be ordered complete with motor, cherry, and stand and dust blower. Easy Terms. mahogany. For Most all sizes from complete full color 1" up to 4" in thickness 30-0AY FREE TRIAL! brochure send Send For Complete Facts! See how you can $1.00 roo use the Wood master Model 1600 in your HARDWOODS own shop for one full month completely WINDSOR without risk! MAIL COUPON TODAY or ; � CLASSICS LTD. Call Toll-Free 15937� Washington St. Dept. 03 ASH -BASSWOOD 1(800) 824-7888 Oper. 642 Gurnee, II 60031 BIRCH-BUTTERNUT Woodmaster Power Tools, Inc. CHERRY - Dept. CE1 EBONY -MAPLE-OAK 2849 Terrace, Kansas City, MO 64108 POPLAR-ROSEWOOD HORTON BRASSES TEAK-WALNUT ooks Hill Road. P.O. Box 120r Cromwell, CT 06416 Also hardwood pl ywoods 6.")5-4400 (2en) , Woodmasler Power Tools Dept. eEl 2849 Terrace Kansas 64108 SUGAR PINE-CYPRESS City. MO o YESI Please rush me. free and without CEDAR- obligation. your Complete information Kit DOUGLAS etc. on the new MOOEL 1600 SCROLL SAW plus facts on Wood master's 3O-Day FREE TRIAL MAURICE L. CONDON CO., INC. Mo__ney-Back______Guar___antee'______248 Ferris Avenue Name ______Mfrs. of While Plains, N.Y. 10603 Address______Fine Hardware for Over 50 Years 914-946-4111 City Send $2.00 for a catalogue Monday through Friday ______4:30 State Zip 8 AM to PM I_---_------�

13 Methods of Work (continued) vinyl. This product, available at auto supply stores, is quite effective-I have yet to see the color of padauk change, even after four years. To use, spray three or four coats of Armor­ [§jtt,em'e Power All on the wood before you apply the finish. I use an oil T&-251U Miter Saw finish, which is compatible with Armor-All, but other finishes UnsuMiterrpassed Saw accuracy for such as lacquer or may not be. You'd best test the trim, baseboard and other particular finishyou plan to use. woodwork miter cuts. -David Lewis, Phoenix, Ariz. [Q] Double Insulated $1 58.00 Ppd. in Cont. USA • Permanent cast aluminum Masking-tape drill stop turntable. Call for further information on tools. • lightweight... 33.5 Ibs. catalogs. prices. parts. accessories and/or The best depth stop for a portable is a • Carryinghand le. service. masking-tape flag around the bit stem, as shown in • Cast anglemarki ngs. CaPITOL caRBIDE co. the drawing. Masking tape works on kinds of • Blade included. 1000 Universily Avenue all • Electric braking system. St. Paul. MN 55104 bits, is easy to set to the right depth, and never mars 1-800-328-8152 1-612-644-9622 the workpiece. The advantage of the flag is that you don't have to strain your eyes to tell when the tape reaches the surface-you simply stop drilling when the flagsweeps the chips away. RESIDENT DESIGNER / MAKERS OF FINE FURNITURE -Richard R. Krueger, Seattle, Wash., David Powell Kristina Madsen Bruce Volz and Norman Crowfoot, Pinetop, Ariz. John Tierney William Bauer

Stopping gumming If your sandpaper loaas up with residue when you're sand­ LEEDS DESIGN WORKSHOPS ing wood that has been stripped, fo r example, throw some pumice-stone powder on the work. The paper will keep INTERNSHIP: Within the context of a working studio craft work­ working and won't load up, and the abrasive will stay sharp shop the Intern Program provides aspiring designer/makers of fine longer. Add more pumice as needed. furniture with the strongest possible foundation of skills, techniques -Jon Gullett, Washington, Ill. and design training essential to their profession. For further information write to: Leeds Design Workshops, One Cot­ Bandsaw rip fence adjusts for drift tage Street, Easthampton, Massachusetts, 01027.

Pivot fence to match blade 's drift angle, then tighten wing nut to hold adjustment until next blade change.

Clamp to table here.

Ask for our free catalogues of finishes and tools.

' Those who use the bandsaw for ripping and resawing know WOODPECKER S TOOLS, INC. that each blade has its own line of cut, which is rarely par­ 614 AG UA FRIA ST. SANTA FE NM allel to the fe nce. This shopmade rip fence reduces the time­ 7 1 consuming chore of redetermining the drift angle every time you move the fence. The base damps to the front of the table, and the fence itself pivots and locks as shown in the sketch, allowing you to set the drift angle into the fence. To set the guide, first determine the drift angle by free­ hand ripping a piece of waste stock. Feed the board, angling A division of BROOKSIDE IIENEERS, Lm. it until the blade cracks straight down its center. Transfer the drift angle from the board to the adjustable rip fence with a T-bevel. Tighten the guide at the angle, and the drift is set 3' x 7' Faces in: 15��l��fcALNUf & MAPLE into the fence until the next blade change, VENEERRED OAK. W , -Richard Farwell, San Luis Obis po, Calif Specializing in BROOKUNE IIENEERS· Methods of Work buys readers ' trips, jigs and tricks.Send Mail order, retail, all inquiries are welcome. details, sketches (we 'll redraw them) and photos to Meth­ REAL WOODS ods, Fine Woodworking, Box 355, Newtown, Conn, 06470. 215 Forrest St., P.O. Box 908 We 'll acknowledge contributions when the final decision Metuchen, N.J. 08840 has been made, and return those with an SASE. pholle : 201· 494·3730

14 �clockbullding supplies for more than just clocks. We use our 36 years experience to offer you the highest quality movements available. But we also know that a movement is only one of the elements that total a fine timepiece. In our catalogue you'll find, among other things, the highest quality solid brass wea ther instruments available in the world.

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BRATTON MACHINERY COAST TO COAST Only Bratton can ship from up to 5 different locations in the U.S. to help you save even more money! Rockwell Pow.,m.cic Joint.r Roclrwell 14" •• nd •• w Mod./ SO 28·283 8" Jointer, with Stand with enclosed steel l1h single phase 115 volt motor, stand, beltguard. toggle switch. ready ¥. hp single phase 1 List: 5.1.: $13" to run with ph., motor & push button (F.O.B.$1451 McMinnville. TN. Salt 3 h.p .. magnetic switch mounted and controls, exten­ Lake City)· wired in stand ·(Salt Lake City and Tallahassee sion wings, "see thru" splitter­ List: 5.Ie: $649 Powerm.clc Model .. $866 inbound freight will be added) mounted guard, (F.O.B. Memphis, Tallahassee. (with Biesmeyer) rip fence. com­ Salt Lake City .Wilkes-Barre. PAl 10" model66 Table Saw bination blade, complele with Bieoemeyer Model SO, 50 inches rt. of .• 3 .• ble _. , ph h.p 230 YOIt � �� I ;�insert.��� moto� magnetic controls r List: $2239 5.,.: $1841 pulley and (EO.B. McMinnville. TN. Roc/rwellUni •• w 34.763 V-belts. Ta llahassee, Salt Lake City)" 1 ph. 3 hp 230 volt. magnetic controls List: 5./e: $1SS6 c el .. $1971 Pow� Mod (F.O.B. Memphis Salt Lake City) (Standard) List: 5./e: $1741 (EO.a.$1989 McMinnville. TN. Tallahassee. Salt Lake City)· Hitachi A TTN: Dept. FWW � s -Ii· ... 1 Street HIt.chi F1000A I Commercial PI.ner·Jointer r---:?� il015 P.O. Box 20408 . FL List: 5.'e: $13" Tallahassee. $1999 Cell toll free: 1-800-874-816032316 (F.O.B. Memphis. Tallahassee. In Florida: 1-800-342-2641 Salt Lake City. Wilkes-Barre. PAl Local: (904) 222-4842 Cell tor other Hit.chl Write for catalogs. 5peci.,. IE,nc/"se $3 for postage & handling.

15 Q&A Broken rocker legs-All fo ur legs on my antique roc ker with no success. I also tried both Clorox and a mixture of have broken, been glued, and have broken ag ain. Th e potassium permangenate and sodium thiosulfate. How can grain ru ns across the legs at about a 45 ° angle, and the I remove this stain? -Gerard Ferretti, Brookl yn, N. Y. breaks occur where the legs are drilled fo r the rungs. I GEORGE FRANK REPLIES: Your bookcase was dyed, not stained. softened the old glue with white vinegar and removed it by As the French say, "Au grand maux, grand remedies" wire-brushing and scraping down to the wood. Is further ("Grave illnesses need strong medicine"). cleaning necessary? I plan to inlay sp lines across the Here's how to solve your problem. To a quart of water, breaks and shape them to match the leg. Is aliphatic glue add enough lye to make a strong solution. Stir in 2 oz. of okay fo r this repair? wallpaper paste to thicken the solution (don't usean aluminum -John Ramsay, Pollock Pines, Calif container, because lye ruins aluminum). Heat this mixture DALE BOYCE REPLIES: Ideally, a repair on an antique should until it's warm, put on rubber gloves, and spread the creamy restore structural integrity but disturb as little of the original solution on the wood with a rag. Keep the wood wet for 10 material as possible. People often use wood screws to reinforce to 15 minutes. Next, wash off this lye solution with lots of this type of break, but adding unnecessary foreign material is water and a scrubbing brush, preferably one with stainless­ not very sympatheticto wood movement or to the piece's value. steel bristles. Let the wood dry, then bleach it with Clorox. It sounds like you've cleaned the joints sufficiently. I, too, Neutralize the Clorox with vinegar, and when dry your book­ would use aliphatic glue. Be sure that it's fresh. An extremely case can be dyed any color, and finished any way you wish. strong glue joint here is not as important as good alignment [George Frank, a retired European master wood finisher, lives of the repair, because the problem is in the construction: the in South Venice, Fla.] grain runout in the legs. If you use epoxy to glue the legs, chances are the wood will break somewhere else. Fit between -I made a sugar pine cabi­ The glue-up can be difficult. To align the parts, use firm net with ra ised-panel doors, my first attempt at making gluing blocks (I like �-in. Baltic birch) on all four sides of the this type of door. I didn 't want a gap to show between the leg, and clamp lightly in each direction. Be sure to use plastic, panel and the frame, so I made the panels fit tightly in waxed paper or silicone release paper under each block. I pre­ their grooves. Is there a potential problem that the stiles fer silicone release paper (available from Conservation Materials will crack if the panel expands ? Is it re ally that impor­ Ltd., Box 2884, 340 Freeport Blvd., Sparks, N.Y. 89431) tant to allow fo r ex pansion? because it seems to allow moisrure vapor through, so the glue -George Fitzgerald, Detroit, Mich. dries more quickly. Apply light pressure to align the joint, SIMON WATTS REPLIES: If you made your frame and panel as in then, using another clamp fr om end to end of the leg, bring the drawing, the stiles won't crack. Fortunately, wood is rela­ the joint tight. Let the leg dry for at least 24 hours before you tively compressible, and the Stile won 't ... because fibers Start to work with it again. fibers will just crush slightly crack here. . crush here t. On each side of the leg, inlay a spline made from wood as the panel swells. that matches. The spline should be approximately one-third You need make no allow­ Panel the diameter of the leg in ance for expansion along the ! I both width and thickn ess, -and length of the grain because 2 in. to 3 in. long, depending wood moves scarcely at all in on the length of the split. that direction. But across the grain is another story, and you The grain should run parallel ignore it at your peril . For each fo ot of panel width in a red to the length of the leg. Either oak panel, you should allow about % in. for expansion (1{6 in. pre-cut the splines for the rung on each side); fo r a mahogany panel, only about X in. White hole or re-drill the hole after oak moves even more than red oak, but sugar pine is almost the splines are in place. Lay as stable as mahogany. out the mortises and carefully I usually pin my panels to the rails at the center, top and chisel out by hand. Unless bottom, so that any movement has to take place equally on you have a flawless jigging both sides of the centerline. This also stops the panel from system, stay away from the sliding around in the winterti me. router. Don't glue the splines [Simon Watts is a boatbuilder and furnituremaker in Berke­ in while the rung is in place, ley, Calif] or you may lock the rung in the leg. This could cause prob­ lems with wood movement and make future repairs difficult. Te legraphing gluelines-'-About a year ago, I made a red­ Leave the splines slightly proud and shave them down, try­ oak coffe e table with 4-in. square legs glued up from thin­ ing not to disturb any of the surrounding surface. Then stain ner stock. I used Titebond glue. The table is finished with and finish the splines to match the adjacent area. an oil stain fo llowed by three coats of tung oil. Since then, This method is, of course, a compromise between saving all it's occasionally been dusted with le mon oil. of the original material, and being able to use the chair. I feel Traces of the glue have begun to ooze from between the it's worth it to be able to use the chair. laminations. Th is glue ooze is not very conspicuous, just [Dale Boyce is a furnitureconservator and boatbuilder in visible . Since I discovered this, I've found it has also oc­ Bristol, R.I.] curred in some of the joints on a piece of fu rniture that I - brought fr om Germany to New Mexico. Ca n you offe r an Dye or stain? I stripped a heavily carved, late-Victorian, explanation and a solution to prevent this fr om occurring white oak bookcase with a methylene-chloride-based strip­ in fu ture projects? per. Then I washed it with water and bleached it with a -George A. Hays, Holloman AFB, N.Mex. warm solution of oxalic acid (4 oz. to 1 qt. of water) . The R. BRUCE HOADLEY REPLIES: "Telegra phing" of gluelines is the wood appears to have been colored with a red stain that result of moisrure-related dimensional change in the wood, resists bleach. I repeated the bleaching process twice more, and subsequent stress on the glueline. It's caused either by a

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17 Q & A (continued ) A small wonder slight shifting of the laminations, or, as in your case, by ­ at a low price. ing of the adhesive layer along the glueline. The flexibility of SPECIAL OFFER. NOW ONLY $3.95 A PV and aliphatic glues enables them to retain a bond in (limit of two. offer good thru June 15. 1984). conditions of dimensional conflicts, such as in moruse-and­ FREE HANDS INCLUDED. tenon joinrs, but the same flexibility also resulrs in flow or Germany's best now costs even less. Backed by Junghans' 120 years of excellence. this quartz creep, and causes telegraphing. For side-grain to side-grain movement puts advanced features in an ultra-thin gluelines, such as in laminations, the more rigid urea resin case. • Only 21/4" square .. 6" thick. A free call and catalogue. • Rugged. accurate mechanism. �lues are a better choice. Call toll free today for complete details and a free • Tough synthetic case. catalogue. Or write Clockwerkes. Dept. (FW LR. Bruce Hoadley teaches wood technology at the University Quiet stepper second hand. l) 2419 • Foster Ave.. Janesville. WI 53545 (WI call of Massachusetts at Amherst.] • Runs on one "AA" cell. 608-755-1000). Include $1.95 postage and handling • Three shaft lengths: dials to per order. 1(,".3/8" or 5/8" thick. The pride lasts forever. Hide-glue preservative-I'd sure like to know what my • Major credit cards accepted. • Full three year warranty. pipe-organ-building boss put in his hot gluepot to kee p the stufffr om rotting. He's dead now, so I can't ask him why 1-800-356-4011 his glue would last fo r months in the pot, whether or not the pot was kept going, but my glue turns into rotten soup in three days. -D.R. Lane, Jr. , Vallejo, Calif GEORGE MUSTOE REPliES:Probably the best way to keep hide THE ULTIMATE FASTENER glue from spoiling is to add a tiny pinch of thymol crystals. liThe Dowling Screw" Thymol, a disinfectant, is available from chemical suppliers Will replace the Phillips, Slot, Square and Hex screw head. and some pharmacies. I've heard of people using phenol (car­ FEATURES: Screw will not fall from screwdriver · Does not depend on bolic acid) crystals instead, but phenol is potentially more magnetic screwdriver . Any type of material can be used in screw. Screwdriver will not slip out of screw when torque is being applied hazardous to handle. The final dilute solution is safe, but either right or left · No pressure is needed to keep screwdriver engaged concentrated phenol is poisonous, and corrosive to the skin. in screw head in either mode · Screw head is practically tamper proof. If you can't get thymol, try adding a few drops of some As it is practically impossible to foul screw head, screws may be used indefinitely . Very seldom will it be necessary to drill screw hole as no water-soluble household disinfectant such as Lysol. pressure is needed to keep screwdriver in screw head · Screwdriver [George Mustoe is a geochemistry research technician at has lesser diameter than screw head · Brochure sent free upon request. Western Washington University in Bellingham, Wash. He For sample and brochure, send $1 to cover handling to: wrote about adhesives in F #43 and #44.] WW Woodshed Shop P.O. Box 74 Drilling longholes -I sometimes need to drill long, accu­ Oberlin, Kansas 67749 rate, 3fs-in. holes fr om edge to edge across the width of a board. With a brad-point drill, I drill halfway in fr om each side, but the holes never meet in the center of the FOR SMAll PRODUCTION SHOPS AND board. Is there a way to drillthese holes accurately with­ SERIOUS WOODWORKERS. out a drill press ? -Lazlo Sp ectrum, Tucson, Ariz. HEAVY DUTY INDUSTRIAL QUAUTYAT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE. MIKE PODMANICZKY REPliES:Drilling a long, accurate hole is RT-600CHAM P FOND one of the few procedures in woodworking that really require SP-IOOMINI PIN ROUTER assistance from jigs and guides. SPINDLE SHAPER To bore an accurate hole through the width of a plank, I make a jig. If the drill-locating hole in the jig is accurately bored (a drill press helps), I can't miss. For this job, I pref er

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Jig On the plank, mark the line you want the hole to follow and clamp the guide bar parallel to it. Then clamp the jig against the guide bar as shown, with the drill-bit holder against the edge of the plank, and bore a shallow hole in the edge of the plank. Unclamp the jig, slide it along the guide bar so that the drill-locating end moves away from the edge of the board, and reclamp, keeping the jig against the guide bar. Now the drill bit will be supported farther back along its shank. Bore halfway through the plank, then flip the jig end­ for-end without changing the position of the guide bar, and

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Premium Quality Q & A (continued)

The former Louisville and Atlanta repeat the procedure on the other edge of the board. Fairs come together to create .. [Mike Podmaniczky is a boatbuilder and period furniture­ maker in Thomaston, Maine.] The New Super Showcase of High Clearinga multi-spur bit-Wh en using multi-spur bits an Technology for the inch or more in diameter, I have to stop my drill press after each hole to pick out the disc of wood that stays inside the Woodworking World You can't offord to miss it! bit. This is particularly annoying when drillingpl ywood. I've tried backing up the stock with various materials, International Woodworking Machinery and varying the dri ll sp eed and depth. So fa r, success has and Furniture Supply Fair-USA been sp otty and unpredictable. Is there a cure fo r this, or is August 25-28, 1984 this something which just has to be lived with? Georgia Wo rld Congress Ctr., Atlanta, GA -Robert M. Vaughan, Roanoke, Va. TAGE FRIO REPLIES: To remove the disc without stopping, I eComplete state-of-the art woodworking machinery in usually use a blast of air from my compressor. Another trick: operation from the leading manufacturers worldwide. Drill one side first until the spur comes through, then flip the e Learn from industry experts on productivity, manag e­ board over and fm ish the hole. ment and marketing techniques that will increase your [Tage Frid is a cabinetmaker, and professor emerirus at the profits at IWF's comprehensive seminar program, Rhode Island School of Design.] e Find solutions to your toughest production problems with new fechniques and technology, Don't woit! To ke advantage of Fire-hardened tool handles-Will you please give me a the most profitable 4 days for "Progress Through Technology fe w pointers on how to fire-harden the hickory tool handles your business. and Education" I make ? -William Hood, Ebber ton, Ga . If you manu facture furniture, cabinets or woodworking prod· IWF '84 is sponsored by: DREW LANGSNER REPLIES: Some years ago, the USDA Forest ucts. millwork, mOUldings, panel· Products Laboratory ran tests on fire-hardened tool handles. ing and veneers, you belong at tWF '84. If you can't offord to fall Wood Machinery The results demonstrated that this praaice doesn't improve a step behind your competition, Manufacturers of America strength or durabiliry. The FPL concluded that fire-hardening you belong at IWF '84. is purely cosmetic-a gimmick to sell tool handles. For tree pre· registration mote· AfMAAmerican Furniture I don't fire-harden handles anymore, but until I learned rials, write to IWF Show Manage.· Manufacturers Associa�on ment, 12233 W. Olympic Blvd . better, I fire-hardened tool handles with a propane torch by #236, LA. CA 90064. Or call (213) ..,... The Woodworking Machinery simply scorching the wood surface for the desired effect. 826·6070. Importers Assn. of America [Drew Langsner is the director of the Country Workshops in Marshall, N.C.] Follow up: Peter Koch's reply to Steve Ketch on planing crosscut slabs (FWW #44, p. 16) doesn't mention the potential danger involved. I once tried to surf ace-plane the end-grain face of some cutting boards glued up from oak blocks. The cuts were so thin that I could hardly hear the knives CUt. After a couple of passes, I felt less nervous about what I sensed was a dan­ gerous practice. Then one of the cutting boards came apart. Fortunately, I was standing to one side of the planer, as I usually do. The piece that hit me only lacerated my thumb, but a few other pieces went through the garage door. I couldn't fm d any failed gluelines, but I did find an abrasive planer to fm ish the job. -M. Felix Marti, Monroe, Ore. Sources of supply: -Casein paint in a tube is available from Shiva, Inc., 4320 West 190th St., Torrance, Calif. 90504. -For addresses of distributors for 3M Dry Lubricant, write to 3M, AC&S Division 223-1N, St. Paul, Minn. 55144. Re· aders can't find: ..parts for the General Electric Workshop combination machine.· . -Doug Shower, Wi nter Park, Fla. . a book on the construaion of, or plans for, a pedal harp. -Roy A. Pitsch, Los Altos, Calif · ..a device that compresses sawdust into bricks for burning in· the fireplace. -E.H. McMurrich, St. Omer, France ..plug cutters, sizes X6-in. to 7i6-in. -Charles T. Johnson, Chula Vista, Calif

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20 THE ULTIMATE DOVETAIL JIG

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21 Books

Three Centuries of AmericanFurniture by Oscar P. Fitz­ From time to time, pictorial evidence is introduced and gerald. Pr entice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 07 632, thoughtfully analyzed. Two chapters, "Away from the Main­ 1982. $34.95, hardcover; $1 6.95, paperback; 323 pp. stream" and "The Frontier and Vernacular Traditions, ". survey by major subject what was being built away from American Furniture, 1620 to the Present by Jonathan L. the eastern seaboard, but also present examples of such Fairbanks and Elizabeth Bidwell Bates. Distributed by Arts unexpected work as American Indian and Norwegian-Amer­ Americana, PO Box 464, Dedham, Mass. 02026, 1981. ican, together with a fa ir sampling of pieces from Texas $19.50, hardcover; 561 pp . and Utah. It is on the Victorian period (after 1830), however, that While possession of these two recent volumes would not ren­ Fairbanks and Bates concentrate a major effort. Their discus­ der unnecessary the owning of Wallace Nutting's Fu rniture sion is a sympathetic effort to convey the high seriousness of Treasury (1928), fo r the student of American fu rniture they Victorian aesthetics, advancing beyond Nutting, who had de­ present a considerable amount of new material organized on clared at the outset of his 1928 Treasury: "The limit of styles quite different lines, and a great deal of informed commen­ has been fixed at the end of the Empire period, which indeed tary almost entirely absent fr om the earlier work. Nutting's brings us to the beginning of the degraded styles." Since book is a typology of American furniture built before 1850, 1970, when the New York Metropolitan Museum showed with commentary kept as brief and elliptical as possible (save the exhibit "N ineteenth-Century America," Nurting's view that on construction); the present works are socioeconomic has been officially discredited, and the two volumes reviewed histories, arranged chronologically and by region, which take here signify above all that the Victorian era has been rehabili­ us to about 1910 in one case, and in the other to the pres­ tated, not soon again to be ignored or condemned. ent day. Those who approve of the resurrection will doubtless enjoy Fitzgerald is a lecturer fo r the Smithsonian Institution and the extensive illustrations and the detailed expositions of the the Associate Director of the u.S. Navy Memorial Museum various stylistic periods between 1830 and 1890. Those who in Washington, D.C. Sure of his taste and not hesitant to disapprove, or who have not yet caught on to the new dog­ judge a piece successful or othetwise, he maintains a scholarly ma, will fm d much to think about, and may be converted. decorum for the most part. But Fairbanks, curator of Ameri­ There is a full-page portrait in Fitzgerald of a superb writing can decorative arts at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and desk built about 1875 by Herter Brothers in New York, Bates, a cultural historian, regularly adopt the stance of art and Fairbanks and Bates show a large and equally graceful critics, explicating and appreciating the internal life of each wardrobe by the same firm. These two pieces (and there are piece. This diffe rence affects the diction of the two books­ others to be seen), by their utter clarity of form and careful such phrases as "enormous visual excitement" are common in organization of surface, demonstrate that the ability to de­ American Furniture, rare in Th ree Centuries-and their sign serene and lucid fu rniture did not lie dormant for fifty or graphic design as well. sixty years. Th ree Centuries uses a dense three-column layout, and the The remarkable diversity of Victorian work may also strike legends, text and small photographs often comprise a thicket. the reader as a fitting prelude to the diversity of our own One does eventually get used to it all, and the thickets are centuty. In the final chapter of American Furniture, "Mod­ well worth penetrating. American Furniture uses a comfort­ erne to Contemporary, " there are photos on facing pages of able two-column layout for plain text, and around the illus­ work by Wendell Castle, William Keyser and Judy McKie. trations as much white space as anyone could wish; many That such different kinds of work should appear simulta­ pages show but a single piece. Both books contain hundreds neously proves no peculiarity of our time; rather, it is the of excellent photographs (fourteen hundred in American continuation of a habit at least a hundred years old. There is Furniture) and a number of line drawings (of consistently fair an instructive voyage here for the reader curious to know quality in Three Centuries, but of uneven quality in Ameri­ what of modern work is thought essential. Fairbanks and can Furniture). Fairbanks and Bates regularly fe ature opu­ Bates sail rapidly and confidently fr om Frank Lloyd Wright lent color work, but Fitzgerald restricts it to a fo ur-page insert through de Stijl, the Bauhaus and Art Deco (with appropriate showing selected period interiors. comment on changing industrial design as well as furniture Fitzgerald's survey ranges from the Ja cobean period styles), to Cranbrook and Rochester (nothing about Den­ through the Arts and Crafts movement, with regional excur­ mark, but Tage Frid is here), identifying fm ally a "generation sions into the countryside, the South and the West, and a of artist-craftsmen" (Nakashima, Maloof, Carpenter) whom special chapter on the Pennsylvania Germans and the Shakers. they see fo llowing fr om Wharton Esherick, and whose work Each chapter begins with a detailed sketch of the salient they propose is "a sought-after remedy to the inner losses events and ideas of the time, then advances to a series of experienced through mechanization and depersonalization." It discrete subjects which vary fr om chapter to chapter but nor­ may be so. mally include architecture, the new style, and influences. The Dr. Johnson once said that the dancing dog must be furniture is then discussed by type or room location. Al­ praised not fo r doing it well, but for doing it at all. The though this system requires a patient reader, it is nonetheless achievement of these books-the gathering, or ganization and well suited to displaying the author's considerable erudition. successful display of an immensity of data-must thus be ad­ The final chapter, on connoisseurship, is useful on most mired, though not on these grounds alone. Fitzgerald we points, yet inadequate on others (drawer construction, for ex­ must praise for his sense of order, and to Fairbanks and Bates ample). But the body of the work is so strewn with pearls of we can be grateful for their inclusion of the modern era. May observation concerning design, ornament and construction we then fairly ask for some general expression, missing in that inadequacies here do not weigh decisively. these volumes, of what is American about American furni­ Fairbanks and Bates cover comparablehistorical and re­ ture, and for some thoughtful speculation, beyond the socio­ gional ground, opening each chapter with a polished essay on economic, on the springs of design ? -Kenneth Rower relevant social, economic and intellectual marters, fo llowed directly by ex amination of the furniture, usually by type. Kenneth Rower is a joiner in Newbury, Vt .

22 HARPS ICHORDS &: FORTEPIANOS Build it yourself from one of our kits or let BUY DIRECT AND SAVE! our experienced crafts· • BOSCH • HI TACHI men build it fo r you. Three Centuries of BOSCH Harpsichord Making Air and Electric Power Tools by Frank Hubbard ('25 postpaid) For brochure HUBBARDsend 'l.OO to YOUR CHOICE! HARPSICHORDS Variable Speed INCORPORATED 144-w Moody Street, JIG SAWS Waltham,MA 02154 (617) 894-3238 ONLY $11900 M dels 1581 VS . � 1582VS DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEMS D.,· 300; 650 or 1200 CFM � complete, ready to plug-in units 10. TOOL LIST SALE 1920RK 'lo P Oral. 2 ...... r... rsi .. $139.00 '15.00 cordi ... w/b.n.ry • cb .... r 1151YSR 'lo P driU .... i.bl•• pll d 82.00 49.00 1162YSR ';'P drill. •• ri.bl •• plld 179.00 115.00 1604 PI,' Rout.r 179.00 129.00 3254 finishi .. S •• d.r. 113 sh •• 1 99.00 69.30 90321 B.k S.IId ... 3 PP 250.00 175.00 90496 B.k S.IId ..... 310.00 217.00 90497 4P B.k S.IId.r. w/ •• c .... 330.00 231 .00 1700 W.I/Dry Y.cu_. 10 1'1. 275.00 192.50 1410YSR Clutch Scr.wdri •• r 259.00 181.30 1591 3" PI ••• r 340.00 231.00 Write for FREE brochure to: 90900 H •• I Gu. 89.00 62.30 TYSSENS Mfg. Inc., 35216 McKee Rd . Abbotsford, 8.C., Canada V2S 687 SPECIAL! SPECIAL! ALL ROUTERS �. 30% DISCOUNT . I' FROM LIST ' � HITACHI Power Tools

C12Y 10" Tobl. S.w $1400.0 PlOOf 12" PI ••• r $1100.0 TR12 Plu ••• Roul.r. 3 hp n05.00 SD75 B.k S •• d ... 3".24" 136.00 Cl0FS 10" Mil.r Bo. 210.00 DCT-l0 Cordi ... Drill 10.00 COME BY AND SEE OUR SELECTIONS OF POWER TOOLS AND FINE HAND TOOLS. DRC-l0 Cordi ... Drili/Scr.wdri •• r 90.00 CR-l0Y R.ciprocating Saw 100.00 eBOSCHelNCAe 81 1 OLD ATLANTA ROAD D-l0Y "''' y .. i.bI. Splld R ... rsi .. Dr�1 75.00 CUMMING, GEORGIA 301 30 C7SA 7" Circullr SIW 60.00 SEMINAR INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON REQUEST 404088909823/4 CALL OR WRITE TODAY B-600A B •• d S.w. I" Bl.d •. R.bb.r Tir •• 1554.00 THE FULL TIME SCHOOL SEPT 84 DALlAS AND STORE 1936IlECOIlDWOO CROSSINGD 214 63'-5478TOODAllAS TEX"SL 75235 KIRBY STUDIOS is where you come for an PLANER JOINTER education in design, with woodworking as its Model F-l DDDA major focus and principal hands on activity. Education here is a process of leading out, Lightweight. Portable neither being confined by canons of pure woodworking, nor becoming the victim of a needless search for novelty. The course work is rigorous and self-disciplined holding a careful balance between the demands of craft and design, without losing the essence of either. It includes design studies, drafting skills, furniture making by hand and machine methods, marketing knowledge and techniques, and materials technology.

KIRBY STUDIOS PRODUCTS Two years ago at KIRBY STUDIOS the design CAll TOll FREE parameters for a combined woodworking 1-800-525-0750 bench and veneer press were established. In Colorado Call 1-355-2391 This well researched product having all the characteristics which can be built into a high AVIATION INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY quality tool is now for sale. It offers new P.O. Box 38159 • Denver. CO 80238 capabilities to the woodworker. FULL information 0 education, calendar and product is available on request. MOST TOOLS PREPAID ===-==-==-=",5'.'8 ==-====Zip _===��

23 Slipcases for your back issues

Bound in dark blue and embossed in gold, these durable cases - will protect your back CHICAGO 12-14, '84 issues of Fine Wood· Oct-ober Ulorkiflll and help you PHILADELPHIA- November 9-11, '84 keep order on your TORONTO 1-3, '85 bookshelf (or in your Februar- y shop). Each case NEW ENGLAND 12-14, '85 holds at least 6 issues HOUSTON - Apri11-l 13, '85 of the magazine­ January f more of our earlier, � O thinner issues. The �,\O cost is J!S.9S each, d b� the SOC\ J!17 for 3, J!30 for 6. �S Outside the U.S., add C;\l t\.,ot o��\� � J!2.S0 each (U.S. cur­ o \J� � rency, please). �OO \O\� Please send your or­ The First International der and payment to Jesse Jones Indus­ Wo odworking Association tries, Dept. FWW, "... dedi cated to the advancement P.O. Box 5120, Phila­ of woodworking, delphia, PA 19141. as an industry, a hobby & as an art:' YEARLY DUES $15 $18 Canadian Funds

WOOD35 MaWinORKING Street, Su ite ASSOC 6, PI outh, IATION NH 03264OF NOR -(603)TH536 AMERICA-3876

RING"The second MAS new ideaTE R in power woodworking THIS COUPON to come along in 100 years " IS FOR THOSE Cut Perlect Rings In Any Wood.. , any angle, any size up to 1" thick,12" diameter. WHO lUST Cut flat woodinto angle . or straight-edged rings, stock the rings and creote 11 theblade CAN' in your T X-Acto· CUT kni1e can' ITcui . /W'{HaLOW CYLINDRICAl. el10rtiessly Uuoughthe coupon below-and at E .. Just glue, sand least twoof the pages behind ii-then you're the SHAP and finish ...create craftsman who needs Ih!scoupon most. matched Bec ause unless your blade passes Ih!ssimple lesl, ii's no longer giving you Ihe exacting precision iI sets of items. was designed for. And, sooner or later, Ihat lacl< of accuracy w1llmal

SAVE 25¢ ON YOUR NEXT PURCHASE OF 15 X·ACTO BLADES In a IS· count dispenser or any coupon. bV'.hedealelelor ha5ede mp41ctedudedonI8P1e" thIee S-count tuck packs. fromsenlsl thelhalretalheedilIOCe sellillQ'at the pricevalu l bee of n the brclIldsl sil.e5 ndioal ho$e eonsu.meL MinInot condltlontune drcuJaIed OCPUICgang and cutbycou· !he 10andredeemed porw(cou pons bylhec:onsumer)WllInot be r not be edeemed Thlscou ponmoy /'nI!ICtIanlco one couponper redeemed Uy pwchase COUPON�lIlVMreproduced.� I ---

24 r------, FREE SANDING BELTS EXOTIC DIRECT FROM THE MANUFACT URER GET SIX FREEBELTS FOR EACH DOZEN ORDERED. Allbelts are aluminum oxide first quali­ AND ty. Our electronic presses make smooth bump-free spUces. Check your size and how many 9" x 11" Paper Sheets DOMESTIC dozen. We ship assorted grits will AlO Cabinet Paper No Finishing Paper unless otherwise specified. Load 50/pk. lOO/pk. 50/pk. 100/pk. Walnut 01" x 30" -$12.70/doz. HARDWOODS o 40·0 -$17/pk. D$31/pk. o lOOA -$II/pk. 0 $19/pk. Coco bolo Maple 01" x4 2" 12.75/doz. - o 50·0 16/pk. 0 28/pk. 220-A- II/pk. 0 19/pk. Bubinga 01" x 12.80/doz. o Cherry 44" o 60·0 -15/pk. 0 26/pk. o 280·A -II/pk. 0 19/pk. Padauk Wenge 03" x 18" 13.75/doz. o 80-0 -14/pk. 0 24/pk. o 320·A -II/pk. 0 19/pk. 03" x 21" 14.25/doz. Ziricote o 100-C - 13/pk. 0 22/pk. o 400·A -II/pk. 0 19/pk. Zebra Shedua 03" x 23W' 14.70/doz. o 120·C -13/pk. 0 22/pk. Wet or DrvSIC Paper (Additional Species Available) 03" x 24" 14.75/doz. o 15O·C - 13/pk. 0 22/pk. 50/pk. IOO/pk. 3" x 27" 15.25/ doz. Logs, lumber and musical o 220·A -$15/pk. 0 $25/pk. D4"x2IW' 16.75/doz. o instrument components. 0 320-A -15/pk. 0 25/pk. Our specialty: sawn veneer 04" x 24" 17.25/doz. NEW ITEM! o BELT CLEANING STICK· $6.95 0 400-A- 15/pk. 0 25/pk. S2S 'I .... '/4', W', 04" x 36" 20.95/doz. Walnut, Cherry, Maple, o 6QO·A- 15/pk. 0 25/pk. 06" x 48" 26.95/% doz. (3 FREE) Bubinga, Zebra, and Padauk. Prompt deUverv from stock. Other size belts on request. Free form table tops MONEY-BACK also available. GUARANTEE Wholesale inquiries only. Shipping Charges - Under $35 add $2.50; $35 or more add $4.00-PA residents add 6% sales tax. For more information contact: o Check or Money Order. ____ _ o MasterCard 0 VISA Exp. Oate CALl. TOU. FREE # ______1-800-428-2222 Acct.______PA Only -1-800-222-2292 Name ______INOOSTRIAL ABRASIVES CO. C.F. MART IN & CO, INC. Address __ 644 North Eighth Street PO Box 329 Nazareth, PA 18064 Reading, PA City, State Zip 19603 215-759-2837 & �------� 24VNE2-W!in. 3-SPEEDBAND SAW3a-Day Free Trial

At last, a pro-size, band saw priced for the home shop! Big 24Y2-in.thr oat easily hand les large scrollwork, complex curves, 4 x 8 sheets. 9-in. vertical cut makes it easy to resaw valuable hardwoods. Ball bearing construction, all-steel welded frame to eliminate deflection. Can be ordered complete with motor, stand. dust collector, rip fe nce, scroll saw table. Full instructions. 30-DAY FREE TRIAL! Send for complete facts on how you can try this versatile saw without risk' Easy Terms.

Call Toll-Free 1(800) 824-7888 Oper, 642 p------. Wood master Power Tools .. �-- Dept. SEl l �- -.�.;;-.- - -, 2849 Terrace ·�..�i: ·�·� I 64108 I Kansas Cily. MO -.:::::��� J. Philip Humfrey Ltd. I 3241 Kennedy Road, Unit 7, Dept. EF 5/6, Scarborough, o YES! Please rush me, free and without obliga­ I , Ontario Canada. 219. Tel: (416)293-8624 tion, your Complete Information Kit on the new Humfrey_,:"",!�'s ...... MIV 24'h"MODEL 500 BAND SAW plus facts on __qI I Inspection assPreu-areslit you I Wood master's 30-Day FREE TRIAL Money­ 0 Pleaseme rush }\XIr free folder on Back Guarantee. that every Excalibur 24I the Exca1iOOr 24 PrecisionSaw. I Harne Precision Saw is in ame I perfect wor king order I N Address I beforeit leaves our I City Address door. ____ _ I Slate Zip I �------State Zip I City I �------�

25 CONTINUOUSSWISS LIGHTS FLEXIBLE ...... ;;:;: iii1..0;'10 ... LIGHTSTRIPS OLD WORLD TOOLS 1.0...... 100 CAMPMEETING AVE � SKILLMAN, NJ 08558

U-shade

The smallest light source to beautify art­ work and glassware. Ideal� for shelves , wall units. counters, platf orms. mouldings. 10 watts/ft. , 40.000 hr. lamp life. No trans­ former necessary. plugs into 120 volt outlet.' Installation: Clips-stick&clip; U-shade­ peel & stick 24" ($30), 32" ($40), 40" ($50). Incl. shade, 6' cord, switch. Other lengths in multiples of 8 " ($10/8") 6' shades ($12 length). Add $4 for ship.lhdlg. $18.75 POST PAID High Carbon Steel . Hand Forged Modulightor���9 �;:���6:i!ii:Y' TOOL CATALOG ON REQUEST

TWO-DAWOY TU ODRNERS'TU WORKSHOPRN [SINCEERS 1976) For beginners and experienced turners. Midweek or weekend throughout the year. Two students per class for personal attention. Sharpening and proper use of tools for faceplate and centers turning. Build confi- dence and experience. or just find out if you like to turn. I Full accommodations available. (Too far to come? Send for your FREE copy of our new color­ Living in the South or Southwest'? Ask for our winter I ful catalog. Fully illustrated with the finest "on-the-road" schedule.) woodworking tools, supplies, books, hard­ MYFORD ML8 FOR FINEST QUALITY AND DESIGN I or between centers with outboard tool rest. ware, and more. Satisfaction Guaranteed. 36" 42" I Write today for your catalog. THE ZIMMERMAN LETTER FREE #1: Green wood in faceplate turning; #2: Bowl lurning I techniques; #3: . All three issues (76 pages) 57 ppd. 19 84 SUBSCRIPTION, 3 issues: 58 ppd. WCDDCRAFTOJ SEND 40C IN STAMPS FOR DETAILS on workshop. . Dept. FW54 lathe. turning tools, chucks. and double-stick tape. I \j 41 Atlantic Avenue, Box 4000 (Why use messy glue and paper to hold on bowls?) Wo burn, Massachusetts 01688 I I RUSS ZIMMERMAN, RFD 3. BOX 242 I OH PUTNEY, VERMONT 05346 LO ___' ______� Deft, Inc.. Irvine, CA 92714·Alliance, 44601

Be You Draftsman, Craftsman or Cabinet Maker

SAVE VAST SUMS. Build. restore. re­ finish anything of wood! Here's ev­ erything you need. Fine woods, veneers, spec ialty tools, Cabinet Get Into hardware. period& modern. Pro fin­ ishes. Cane. Lamp parts. Uphol. supplies. Picture 'lloldings. Clock kits. l00's of plans. Instruction books. Thousands of The Woods hard-to-find woodworker products in big new catalog. Mail ad for Catalog & 20 identified beautiful Wood Samples. CONSTANTINE ESI. 1812 With Us 2065 Easlchesler Road. Bronx. N.Y. 10461 Top Grade o Here's 51 for l04-page Wood"orker CalaJog, ooJy. 52 eoclosed. SeDd 20 Wood Samples "ilb CalaJog. o 51.50 refundedOD lsi Calalog order. Hardwoods ______Appalachian • Imported Name ______Softwoods • Veneers • Turnings Address _ ------ZIP Kiln Dried Bob Carr Don Guice

Catalogue $1.00 Refundable First Minimum Order

NOW! Brand your own name permanently on wood and leather handcrafts! Simple to use. Long Oept_ MO lasting U L approved electric handle. IllliMJill!:rj'lil,�IP.O. Box 5373 FW:!liIijIJm,5 Brands full name. Guaranteed. Asheville, N.C. 28813 CRAFTMARK PRODUC• TS, INC. (704) 255-8765 P.O. Box 630B -F-5 Marietta, GA 30065

26 ••• , give .ou a gift ce cete worth $5.00 when purchasing MAKITA TOOLS RyoBi TOOLS _._ABLACK" DECKER INDUSTRIA ZINE L TOOLS r ourrtlfl log. Few re.trlctlon. applw. f om ce .. 1100 3",' Planer Kit $168.75 B7075 3x21 Belt Sander $118.95 1165 3/8" Angle Drill $1 13.90 . . - 1805B 6·118" Planer Kit 278.75 B7100 3x24 Belt Sander 148.50 1169·10 3/8" Yare 'l This ad expires June 30 , :I Sp. Dr ll 49.95 1984 - VISA,,�.'. 'I 1900BW 1172-1 0 3/8" 63.75 n . 3'14' VS Drill a Planer wlcs 86.50 B7200A 4x24 Belt Sander 167.90 Freight prepaid i 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 VS R D i l l 9 4 . 5 0 � 3/8" Var. Sp. Drill 89.50 �n orders' 2030 12" Planer/Jointer 12 99.00 0101 0 : f Continental U.S.A. o 1 3 1 1 0 9 1 /2 v SR D r , l l 1 1 5 . 7 5 2040 15·5/8" Planer 1195.00 Dl 01 5A 3/8" Screwdriverl :: 2400BW 10" Mitre Saw ' wlblade 254.75 Drill 111.95 1940 3/8" Cordless Drill of $35.00 or more. Misprints subject 2401 BW 10" Mitre Saw w/blade. 01 31 0 '12" Drill 89.95 wlcharger 11 4.75 (under $35.00 add $2.00 freight) to correction. wlelectric brake 208.50 D1 320R 2 Sp. '12"Rev. Drill 99.95 19 75 3/8" Cordless Scrudrill SPECIAL SALE TO READERS OF THIS AD! 3600B Plunge Router 187.50 E3700A Drywall Screwdriver 69.50 No Charger 99.50 � You Must Mention This Ad When or r ' Drywall Screwdriver 83.70 - g. 3600BR Plunge Router 182.95 JS·60 Jig Saw 99.95 2034·1 0 800-343 3248 Nationwide . 3601 B Router 128.95 JSE·60 Electronic 125.90 2054·09 VSR Screwdriver 147.75 800-322-61 00 M ass. 3608BK Router wlcase 87.50 L·120U 3·5/8" Planer 79.00 2931 Cordless Screwdriver ,, i 3700B Laminate Trimmer 83.50 L·1323 ALS 3'14' Planer 129.95 No Charger 128.95 617-324-5500 Non-Order Calls , , : 4200N 4·3/8" Circular Saw 91.95 LS·35 Finishing Sander 46.95 3027·09 7'14' Circular Saw 67.50 TREND-LINES, INC. 4300BV Jig Saw Var. Sp. 119.95 L-580 6-1/8" Planer 189.00 3037-09 7'14' Circ. Saw 99.50 365A St. 5007NB 7'14' Ci rcular Saw 93.95 R-150 1 H.P. Plunge Route r88.00 3038-09 8'14' Circular Saw 110 .95 Beacham 501 2B 12" Chain Saw 119.95 R·330 2 H.P. Router 139.70 3051 7'14' WormdriveSaw 144.50 Chelsea,I MA 02150 3091 10" Miter Saw 189.95 5081DW 3-3/8" Cord. Saw 110.40 R-500 3 H.P. Plunge Router165.00 Minimum Order $15.00 5201 NA 10'14' Circular Saw21 9.55 RA-2500 10" Radial Saw 449.95 31 03·09 2 sp. Cut Saw Kit 93, 50 43.95 Marple. 4 Pc. Chl .. 1 Set $18.85 6000R Uni- Drill 106.00 S500A 3x5'!,Finishing Sander 31 05-09 Var. Sp. Reciprocating 601 00 3/8" Cordless Drill 79.95 SU-6200 Finishing Sander Saw Kit wlcase 10 9.50 6010DL Cordless Drill wlcharger ';' Sheet 86.50 31 41 Cordless Jig Saw light & case 99.50 TR-30 Laminate Trimmer 74.90 No Charger 114.95 601 0DW 3/8" Cordless Drill TS-251 U 10" Miter Saw 189.95 31 57-10 Var. Sp. Jig Saw 114.25 wlCharger 84.95 TS·251 U wlaccessories 19 9.95 3265 Laminate Trimmer 14 5.65 601 0DWK Cordless Drill wlCharger W630 7'14' circular Saw 99.50 331 0 1';' H.P. Router 13 9.50 & case 88.75 W730 8'14' Circular Saw 109.75 3330 1 H.P. Router 99.95 601 2HDW Cord. Drill Kit 2-Sp. S QUARE RECESS WOOD SCREWS 3370-1 0 3'14' Planer 119.95 wlleather holster 105.95 Si ze 1� 1000 � 401 0 Palm Sander 43.95 601 3BR '12" Reversible Dri1l 119.00 8xl $2.25 $1 3.90 401 8 ';' Sheet Sander 87.95 6300LR '12" Angle Drill 149.30 4247 4'12"Disc Sanderl 8xl " ' 2.50 16.70 0LVR 3/8" Dril·Rev. 66.75 ;" :-<:YGrinder 651 8xl' 2.70 18.15 671 DOW Cord. Screwdriver 107.10 115 V Charger 8x2 2.95 23.40 98060 6800DBV Drywall Screwdriver 97.50 12 V Charger 8x2';' 3.15 26.15 98065 9030 1·1/8"x21" Belt 120.50 U 8x3 5 Professional Woodscrew 9035 Finishing Sander 49.95 _ 3.3 30.25 SqR w ers$ 3.65 Kit $13.85 9045B Finishing Sander 10 2.50 Scr. dllv These screws are widely used in fur· 9045N Dustless Sande Square Recess Drill Bits 75 ' niture manufacturing and cabinet mak- r-10 7.95 ea .65 ea 9207SPB 7" Sander Polisher 136.95 Phillips Drill - Bits ing. Kit contains 400 flathead screws 9401 4"x24" Belt Sanderl 69.95 WOOD SCREWS Flathead Phillips (100 each, 1 ", 1 '14', 1 '12",2"), hand 9501 BKIT 4" Sander· Grinder NEW Hardened Furniture Screws screwdriver ' and*' power drill bit. Kit71 .95 Il"r 1000 100 pa ck � 9900B 3"x21 " Belt Sander l25.50 6xl ", <'5 ..,... 9924DB 3"x24"Belt Sander 128.95� $1.75 $ 10.95 HITACHI TOOLS �•.". =& 2.05 12.70 B04510 Finishing Sander 46.95 8xl B-600A 14'12" Band Saw $1 525.00 DA3000 3/8" Angle Drill 116.50 8xl ", 2.30 15.40 CJ65VA Electronic Jigsaw 132.75 Hita : hi 14V." Planer- , Ba w DP3720 3/8" Reversible Dril 56.90 8xl ';' 2.50 95 lprocaling Saw 124.75 " .. a.eOOA Joi nter P100F $1085.00 16 CR10V Re� . 7 . 23.40. , $1525 00 F1000A $13 5 00 DP4700 Drill Reversible 94.80 8x2 • 2.75 Cl0FA 10 Miter Saw 289.00 . _. . _. . . _. . 2.95 25.10 DRC -l 0 Cordless Screwdriver 98.50 GV5000 Disc Sander 49.95 8x2';' V _• Black& Decker_ Specials Extended_ _ To June _251 3.1 5 29.25 ...• HP1030 105.00 8x3 DR· 1 0 3/8" DrililScrewdriver 108.00 _ , ,', _ JG1600 JIO Saw Smole Sp. 95 10 W .. co Da nish 011 D6V '14' Var. SpeedRev. DriIl71.00 " I ' 3103-08 JR3000V Reclpro Saw 134.75 Natural, Medium, Dark, Black or Colors Dl0V 3/8" V Sp R Drill 79.95 . 01 . , . � , JR3000W 2 Sp. Reciprosaw Kit124.75 $5.75 . $1 6.20 Gal D1 3V ';''' Var. Sp. Rev. Dri1l99.75 - _ PONY CLAMP AXTURE S E mE BOND � 01 F-20A 3" ,''9 Planer 9 . 75 , . $5.75 . $1 2.95 Gal �. '" / ' No. 50 '1<" Pipe Clamp 7.70 � 6.95 ea Fl 000A PlanerlJointer 1375.00 •_ 4010 - No. 52 6.406.90 ea JH-60A Jig Saw 99.75 Black & Decker • '/2" PRICES SLASH EDI No. 1215 Band Clamp P50 6-5/8" Planer 295.00 Two Speed Cut-Saw Kit FREU D WHISPER SAW BLADES Black & List $1 45.00 (WEB) 15' 6.40 5.80 ea PlOOF 12" Planer 10 95.00 a r . Tee'h Sale _ Palm . � � S nd Our Price 93. • No. 7456 Clamp Pads 2.50 2.25 ea WS73Ml� 0F ine Cut 60 103.50 59.95 PSM-7 7" ," Circular Saw 114 .95 wldu.t Rebate 20.0050 - List $73_00bag Mfg. 8" Circular Saw 141.90 Your Cost $ JORGENSEN BAR CLAMPS WS81 Ml 0 General 40 90.20 49.95 PSM-8 (Heavy Duty) Our Price Each SB-l l0 4x24 Belt Sander 2-Speed _• Rebate43.95 10_00 -• � wldust bag 183.00 Mfg. '. No. 7224 24" 16.50 14.95 ea Cost ' !, FREUD SAW BLADES 1 0" 5/8" Bore SO-II OA ';' Sheet Sander 33. i , __ --""'""l No. 7230 3�'' 17.25 15.65 ea = Carbide Tipped Bore � • 12" = I" wldust bag 119.95 • No. 7236 36" 17.85 16.15 ea Teeth Use Price \, !!L. No. 7248 48" 19.75 17.90 ea SB-75 3x21 Belt Sander-2 Speed LU72Ml0 2@ 10" 40 General $38.50 No. 7260 60" 21 .55 19.55 ea wlDust Bag 134.75 • - "ol- ll"'· Black & Decker • LU73Ml 0 10" 60 Cut· 39.75 SB8T 3x24 Belt Sander-2 Speed · No. 7272 72" 23.40 21.20 ea Off 3J. w YSA Ho!tun LU73M1 2 12" 72 Cut-Off 67.00 wlDust Bag 149.95 Black & Decker List $100.00 No. 7284 84"* 25.30 22.95 ea Drill LU78Ml0 10" 80 Plastic 73.50 TR-6 Laminate Trimmer 92.25 _ 4'I.w An 1e Grinder e $ *(No. 7284·3 per pack) • 8$90.00 Our ric - List 63.75 • LU82Ml 0 10" 60 Cut-Off 48.50 1 H.P. Plunge Router127.50 RebateP $1 0.00 TR-8 Our Price 69.95 JORGENSEN CLAMPS Mfg, (Mod. Duty) LU82M1 2 12" 72 Cut·Off 81 .50 TR -12 3 H.P. PlungeRouter1 94.75 Your Cost $ _ Mfg. Rebate 10.00 53.75 � � LU84Ml0 10" 40 Comb. 42.50 W6V Screwdriver 94.50 • Y ost -• 42 50 No. 371 2 12" $5.85 $5.30 ea LU84Ml l 10 " 50 Comb. SUNGOLD X-WEIGHT Sold in packs . Cut-Off 73.95 .. � ::i No. 3724 24" 7.20 6.50 ea LU85Ml0 10 " 80 SANDING BELTS ��-.-.-.�r-\ of 10 only No. 3736 36" 8.80 7.95 ea LM72Ml0 10" 24 Ripping 45.00 � set 264.95 ea JORGENSEN HAND SCREWS TR1 00 3 blades & Dado 3"x21� " 12 0,1 00 $ .9B ...Q!i! ea $.84 1L Each DS306 6" Dado 98 .95 _ 1.00ea . 86 ea � 80 :�3 119.50 , "-.=�� No. 3/0 3" $8.85 $8.00 ea DS308 8" Dado '"'C 60 1. 05 ea .92 ea SUN GOLD SANDIIG SHEETS No. 0 4'12' 10 .40 9.40 ea 50 1. 07 ea .94 ea • • No. 1 6" 11.80 10.65 ea 9x11 Aluminum Oxide C Weight A obi .,�. " . 3 H P BIM. Sh8rpener 40 1.10 ea .97 ea. Pk. of 100 Aouter MIter Saw No. 2 8'12' 14.10 12 .70 ea � 3"x24" 120,1 00 ea 9 ea JORGENSEN BAR CLAMPS 1.20 . 3 $118.811 (5" reach)15 0, 120, 100 $21.95 80 ea ea 85.00 TS251U $1 88.85 Blade Holder Each ,,\'1>\ 1.22 .97 � 80 23.70 "\. 60 1. 26 ea 1. 12 ea $3••• a No. 451 212" Open.16.25 14.65 ea 60 28.90 �\S \II�()'1. 50 1.31 ea 1.15ea No. 4524 24" Open. 18.15 16.35 ea 50 32.05 \)\\\�\\S 40 ea 1.18 ea 1.34 Black & Decker No. 4536 36" Open.20.20 18.25 ea 40 38.30 4"x24" 120,1 00 1. 68 ea 1.46ea 10" Mitre Saw JORGENSEN CLAMPS 9x11 Nan-Laadlng SlIIcanCarbide Ca"log $1.0080 1. 73 ea 1. 51 ea 3 $5.15 $4.65 Weighl Pack of 100 3081 $188.85 No. 3325 Way Edging ea � A _ Fr.. with 60 1.7Bea 1.64 ea Palm Sender 1623 3" 6.85 6.17 No. Hold Dow n ea 400,360,320,280,240 an. order. 50 1.85 ea 1.70 ea B0451 0 No. 3202HT 2" 2. i5 1.95 ea 220,180,1 50,1 20 $19.60 40 1.8g ea 1.76 ea $48.85

27 BRIDGEWOOD F'mls . h' mg S d an er HJ12L ALL CAST IRON �..�.... \ Model B045 1 0 �� $4prepaid4.95 in U.S.A. LONG BED �trMiss. residents add �U 6% tax. Visa & MasterCard accepted. Planing Knife Sharpener For quotes on other power tools, call collect (601 )354-3756. Ask for Max or Keith. JOIN12" X 72:' BEDTER WITH 2 HP MOTOR • Knives remain in the shaft • Grindstones have 4 sides for long life 126 E. Amite St. • Suitable for long planing knives and port­ .� able planers and cutters Box 102 • P.O. Uncomplicated, simple. accident proof Jackson, MS 39205 and low-priced Only $15.80 FOB Jersey City Additional stones $1.3 0 each

Holz Cabinetmakers Bench BUILD THIS OAK • Highest quality hard red seasoned ICEBOX and oiled Order plans for this • 6'7" long, 25%,' wide, 4" thick, 32%,' high fabulous reproduction • 2 , steel screws, bench stops FREIGHT$1 F ,995.00 Our charming replica is sure to stir pleasant memories. FOB Delivered Check . , Inside we have frtted shelves to make this cabinet the perfect Price: $725.00 with order. VISA or (!t�9SEND $1.00FOR CATALOG�;; storage place for small kitchen appliances and the like. MasterCard accepted. To order, specify icebox. Send check or Write for more information. WILKE MACHINERY CO. money order for $9.00 (Canadian residents Also available, our complete catalog, only S.W. Corner Exit 11 1-83 remit postal money order In U.S. funds) to: $5.00, refundable with first purchase. end $1, refundable with first order, for catalog. 120 Derry Ct., R.D. #5, York, PA 17402 S Rudolf Bass, Inc. Phone (717) 846-2800 HArTTTlERmARI<- ASSOClATE.S 45 Halladay SI. • Jersey City, NJ 07304 Box 201-FW Floral Park. N.Y. 11002 1-800-526-3003

Over 70 Different

FOMINIATUREDOM RE POWER TOOLS ® HAKI>WDD�S From Afrormosia to Zebra Wood AN D ACCESSORIES Featuring You can choose from hundreds of Pacific Northwest Woods steel cutters, abrasive points, buffs, SITKA SPRUCE, OREGON MYRTLE sanding drums, dozens of other spe· ALASKA YELLOW CEDAR cial tools for operations like these: and other Northwest species. GRINDING CLEANING No minimum order. POWER Ship anywhere. FEED! SAWING SANDING Send for FREE price list. CARVING ENGRAVING- K �W't WCUJ.d PlWckcU, Jnc. 4603 35th S.W., Seattle, WA 981 26 1/8" and 3/32" diameter shanks (206) 932-3584 Birds, ships, furniture, woodcarving Established 1947 PLANER/MOLDER of every type is faster, easier with Foredom. Perform the most intricate operations with finest professional New low-costJOINTE power snapR/SAN makes you moneyDER ... saves you money! Outperforms them all! Quickly turns rough lumber results. Don't settle for less! into high-value. finished stock. Molds all. popular pat­ terns ... any custom design. Planes or JOints Without changeover. Quickly converts to power-feed drum sander! Comes complete with 115/230V motor, stand, knives, full instructions ... ready to use. 30-DAY FREE TRIAL! Easy terms. CALL TOLL-FREE 1(800)824-7888, Oper. 642 See your dealer or send now for FREE Catalog 280 HP ______Wood master Tools. Inc. Name 2849 Terrace. Dept. PE25 ______o 64108 __ __ Kansas City. iss uri Street M I f r ti I ______o YES! Please rush my FREE n o ma on Kit and I City State Zip details______on your 30-Day Free Trial Guarantee. I __ Name A dress : I� - d City Address : Bethel, CT 06801 • 203-792-8622 I I _ I .�______� ______I_ i« � gE�M�E�c�I�r ICiIY ______��_ _ �___ � L J

28 Fine Tool Shops Inc.�% My favorite woad drill bits ••• and they're yours for an incredible

It1s a piece set. 7 professional quality $9.1495 drill bits and 7 matching stop collars. Furniture Hardware Advertised up to $17.95 Qhair Cane La mp Parts You won't find these in hardware & 0 $2.50 stores. These are wood drill C,,"' 9' 'm co" brad point - bits. With brad pOints , you make the .. or $3.50 st Class. �"n 1 holes exactly where you want with no 7818 Bradshaw Rd., D ept. 84 "jumping" or "walking", Each bit has Falls, Md. 211 592- U 8505 two cutting spurs with extremely sharp flutes, You get router clean ,------holes every time with none of the splintering that __ happens with ordinary __d""- !. metal drill bits. ��I VENFREE!EER CRAFT Iii' No ser-ious pro I/(! CATALOG PLUS would drill without rJ a stop collar when SIMPLIFIED precise depth is INSTRUCTIONS �It! f�"=;::;"""�:-=� I ! important. I n doweling, veneers ft. to 8 ft. long. Flexible veneers that for instance. This 11bend 101 around3 corners. Extra wide and extra thick veneers. ply and 2 ply fancy matched veneer faces. stop collar set comes I Glues, tools,1 exotics, inlays, burls. Re·veneer old surfaces instantly! Create beautifully veneered fur· fitted with slotted locking I niture quickly and easily! Illustrated catalog has screws for exact no-slip I simplified veneering instructions that you learn fast. I Send for FREE catalog and get special bargain drilling of clean unsplintered holes. I starter offers. Write today! Morgan Veneers, Dept. FD4K52 Drill bit sizes are 1/8", 3/16",1/4", 5/16",3/8" , I 1123 40204 .. ------Bardstown Road, Louisville,------Ky. 7/16"and 1/2". Usefor aIl 3/8"chucks .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • YES, please send me your 14 piece wood drill bit and stop collar set. If I'm • _ e· -_ not perfectly satisfied, I understand I can get a complete refund by returning 'l1lC. • my order within thirty days. SALES & SHARPENINGStUtJ[l[!J�W& 7�SINCE ,19 68 • 0 Check or money order enclosed. (Include $2.00for shipping and handling.)' •_ Industrial Carbide Blades • Charge my 0 VISA 0 AMEX 0 MasterCharge 0 Diners. . 10" 40T ATB 538.65 lU72M �.,x General Purpose P.pd Signature - 54T ATB $47.75 • LU73M 9" x F�h��g�a�M P.pd _ please print _____ LU73M -10" x 60T ATB Smooth Cut all $43.50 P.pd • � _10.1.1:0. '" Account No. Exp. Date -. Also stOCkmg other popular Freud sale 'terns 20 Backus Ave. MO Residents Add 5',0r0 Sales Tax • • BLADE PRICE INCLUDES 1 FREE SHARPENING • DanburY, CT 0681 0 • (Use Check.For Mor. Money Informalion Order, BankcardWrite or Call or C.O.D.) • Dept. Name • BALLEW SAW & TOOL, INC. Address 420 BOON VILLE AVE. • • � 65806 SPRINGFIELD, MO. a= • City State Zip • � (41 7) 865-7511 t MO. Residents 1-800-492-3322, Ext. 2 All Other States 1-800-641 -3322, Ext. 2 ,•• ••••ii tidiit.u•• •••••••••••••� 29 A professional saw *� fence system priced for -;1 hitachBlack & Decker i the home shop. THE BEST The Super 40 T-Square 1M saw fence system from Biesemeyer gives fast, safe, accurate cuts just like our TOOLS & SERVICE professional system, but at a fraction of the price, METRIC MACHINERY CO. Get the same easy front-locklever, a full 40 inch ADVANCE, N_C. 27006(919) 998-4051 cutting capacity to the right, plus our famous hair­ 1-800-334-9355 line pointer and guide rail scale that eliminate hand please write or call for catalog, measuring, At $209 you can't afford not to have prices and specifics.------_ state-of-the-art technology in your shop, / Fo r information or the dealer nearest you, write Biesemeyer Man ufacturing, 216 S, Alma School Road, Suite 3, Mesa, Arizo na 85202, Or call toll-free (800) 782-1831. DelmhWood orMoisst tuModelre Detector G-30 • "One-step" operation . Single four function ore T-Square' Si"NVfence corrpany switch . Temperature stable circuit � II � � � Iiffil � � � • 6-30%range moisture content in wood • Use with any Delmhorst electrode, Delmhorat -the name for reliable experience Ind outstlndlng servlcel Call today toll free 800-222-0638 201-334-2557 (NJI DELMHORST Instrument Compan y OlD� 908 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 130 I i!I Boonlon, NJ 07005

1/3 OFF SALE on ..... --- -.. - Recane or re·rush heirloom chairs -for yourself or for others as a profitable hobby -with our full line All prices include shipping 01 materials & instruction books. Arkansas Stones Since America's largest 72.-10" Rip, 24t Reg. 142 ppd 1934 l. $65 SALE selection of basketry 85.-10" Crosscut. Reg. $1 11, -& LU BOt SALE '72 materials su plies Bench Stones (All prices postpaid) 73.-10" Crosscut, Reg. $79, & p 6x2xl LU 60t SALE 141 SIll '12 l14li-10" Combi., Reg. $71, • Superior quality wUYing tJne 8x2xl '1 7 LU SOt SALE 145 mJthine Woyen tJne Combination Stonll Illustrated catalog & Hlrd 6x2xl '18 San-Hard Shlptllliltl .. nlfl -Add $8 lor 1'1,,' arbor hole with complete how­ • Flat, onl & round reeds 8x2xl 123 6x2x'h 800-8" Adjustable Dado Reg. to·do-it informa­ • & genuine tion, prices. order Fibre rush .1.cIt 4x2xl 120 All $63, SALE 141 i h tord 'lD 8x2x'h 125 OS 306-6" Dado Set Reg. $140, SALE 118 form: $1 (refund­ • Dans snl 6x2xl 128 OS 306-8"Dado Set Reg. $1 70, SALE '1 20 able with 1st order) • RJffiJ, rJttJn, seaguss FrMld Ctrbld. Tlpptd RMillf 8111 SII 01 'I" ¥.. 'I," SIr. dlubll lIutl Reg. 138. SALE 128 Carnlf round, ball bearing. Set 01 2 Reg. $57. 137 Tyzlck SALE CANECothran, & BASKET Dept. Fw. Los SUPPLY Anleles, CA CO. "Nonpareil"' Saws Solid COVI bll ball bearing. 1'4" cut. dia. Reg $32, SALE '22 1283 S. 90019 8" x Brass back, IInllln 20 IInlllll bhl, Set 01 2. II.& 'h" Reg. $25, SALE '18 tpi Reg $34 SALE $30 ppd 10"'.15 tpl R.g,13D SAlE 132 ppd BOOKS ON SALE t 2" x 15 tpi Reg. $38 SALE All prices include shipping 133 ppd Tlchnlqun 1 Ihru 5 Reg. $17, SALE '15 MILL• (Ail S - $72) The WOOD·MIZER is one man porlable with a huge Tiel Frld -Joinery or Shaping Reg. $18 ea. a '16 Blth f SALE 130 �;swllhd� an:I!, .fh �6cienl�;����:? traveUng c,.,� bandsa. ��� Willi - Houselul 01 Furniture Reg. $19, carriage. Why waste lumbef and money by cutting wilh '16 an o4d fashioned Circular SALE mill when the W Ho,dley -Understanding Wood Reg. QOO. $20. MIZER can give you 118 �moreusabMI SALE lum� 01,1101 each Dnlen III Reg. $14, '12,50 k>Q 01'l leS5 than SALE halfthe fuel and Bllnnl,1 Dnlen Reg. $10, On. II holse POWIl1'? This SALE " accurate Culling Reg. $12, '10.50 SALE aystem Isevll1'y'­ l Reg. $19, 'I 8 thing asawm,11 Wlldwrilne willi Kdt SALE should be I .. - Ddlll- Japanese Tools Reg. $23. SALE 120 and more. Cary -Kilchen Cabinets Reg. $12 '10.50 FOl MOfe SALE InformatIOn Manny's Woodworker's Place 0,11 Illh -Set 01 2 woodturning books 125 Send $1.00 to' $29, SALE Dept. Set 4 booksin 4000iWooD·MIZER, ...!!.... S. Broadway Jlllln KrenlV - 01 $54, SALE 145 W. IOlh 51., 602 (317)IndianapoltS.243-756&IN 46222 Lexington, KY 40508 ______Call 606-255- 5444 to place order. Visa, Brink a Cotton Vise Name _ _ Mastercard, checks, COO ($2). Hours 7x3 jaw, opens 8", front dog ______10-5:30 Address _ _ Mon.-Sat. Ask lor Iree sale brochure. Reg. $37 SALE 132 ppd

30 ROCKWELL 10" UNISAW with UNIFENCE NATIVE AMERICAN UNIFEEOER available separately

WALNUT, BU HARDWOODSTIERNUT. CHERRY CURLY & BIRD'S-EYE MAPLE • Most Other Domestic Woods • EXTRA WIDE/EXTRA THICK STOCK • TURNING SQUARES/BLOCKS • QUARTERSAWN/BOOKMATCHED LUMBER SPALTED LUMBER/BLOCKS 'T• HIN STOCK NO MINIMUM FLOORING/PANELING WHOLESALE & RETAIL Comprehensive Listing-One Dollar IR.I•••• bl.1 NATIVE AMERICAN HARDWOODS LTD. Rl, W. VALLEY, N.Y . 14171 • (716) 942-6631

PORTER-CABLE Roll Top Desk Plan SPEEDMATIC ROUTER 738 Seventh Street, NW .. Washington, D.C. 20001 �.,....- TOLL FREE ORDER LINE: 1-800-638-6405 I I -Please send Ihe indicaled malerial: W.S. Jenks & Son has the product and the prices I Rockwell 10' , UNISAW with UNlFENCE 51775.00 I professional and serious-minded woodworkers -Rockwell UNIFEEOER w�h Mounl 5 454.00 Porter-CableSp80dmalic Rouler 5 219.95 want. Specials this time inclu de: Rockwell 10" I _ I Porter-Cable Speed malic Rouler 5 229.95 tilting arbor UNISAW with UNIFENCE, a big­ I _ w�h O-Handle (nol shown) I capacity saw powered by 3 HP motor and a high­ Porter-Cable Speed-Block Sander 5 59.95 accuracy fence that sets up true from the front of I _Prices includeFREE W.S. shipping Jenks anywhereWoodworking in Ihe Tool conlinenlal Calalog U.S. I the saw--an un matched dollar-for-dollar value ... _(excepl lable saw··shipped10 freighl collecl). VA residenls Rockwell UNIFEEDER stock feeder with mounting I I add sales lax: D.C. residenls add sales lax hardware for improved cutting quality, efficiency -4%Check/ Money Order 6% . FULL-SIZE PLAN includes instructions for and safety ... Porter-Cable Speedmatic 1-112 HP I MaslerCard Visa Amer. Exp. I pedestal base& upper tambour roll top with router with failure-protected motor, high torque bookshelf. Desk has 2 pull-out manuscript power, big control knobs and micrometer depth of I _Sjgnalu e __ __ I boards 7 drawers, two with suspension files_ & cut control ... Porter-Cable Speed-Bloc finishing ��Name Full size template for tambour is included. IAddress ======I Size is 21" x 55" x 48" high. Price is $12.50. sander with palm grip design, orbital action and flush sanding capability on all sides. To order, Cily � Siale Zip ARMOR PRODUCTS I• � � � I• P.O.Box 290, Dept. D, Deer Park, NY 11729 write or call TOLL FREE. ------_--_ __ .. CARBIDE TIPPED SHAPER CUTTERS Other & iGENERALi HIGH SPEED Wo odworking STEEL KNIVES Machines for your consideration Write or call today for your free Tilting or Saws brochure and price list of a complete line of high quality cutters and knives Lathes& Arb Accessories at a low low price. 6" -16" We accept special order of custom Band Saws made cutters. Surface Planers Satisfaction guaranteed. 15" 6-Speed Drill Press The Sunhill Enterprises Co. 414 Olive Way, Suite 205 Seattle, WA 98 101 (206) 622·5775

The Toymaker Ta ble Saw, as shown, with 3-Hp motor $1450. US. Shipped Supply Co. \ freight collect. r--- -� Humfrey's Pre­ : J. Philip Humfrey Ltd. 3241 Kennedy Road, Unit 7, Dept. CF 5/6, : Delivery Inspection I Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. 2J9. I Largest selection assures you that w.... 'I1LtLV W MIV <�'t -: I :l!.UJ'I!�� Tel: (416)293-8624 I w toy patterns/parts/ ks every machine you 0 rush )WI'latest, fully g ood • • • boo select from our I IPlease $3.00Ire (refu illustratedJXI catalo). I Designs for novice to expert catalog is in perfect I errlose rdal:le______� rchase I working order NaIre Dept F2 5, Ta hoe City, CA 9573 0 I �. ��,. I before it leaves -''''-'-'- ______Name $I I I Address Catalog our door. __ __ L- CityAddress Zip City/State/Zip I State I L ______�

31 ,. � 131 · 12th Avenue S E., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2G 029 • Phone (403) 269·7365; Telex 03·824749 HSEOFTOOLS CGY I-IOUSE CF TOOLS8 PRICE ROLLBACK!! MAKITAt (F.O.B. Calgary, Alberta).. each USS 2040. 15·5/8" ...... 999.95 2030. 12" Planer/Jointer...... 1,199.95 ROCKWEll-CANADAt (F.O.B. Calgary, Alberta) 340SOA 10" Professional Tilting Arbor... Saw.. with Stand (less Motor & Electrlcs) ...... t. . .. 349.95 34-457SX. 10" Unlsawt w/3HP Motor & Magnetics...... I,ISO.OO 34-457SXF . 10" Unlsawt (as above) w/Unlfence ...... 1,3SO.00 37-2SO- 6" Delta Jointer; Open Stand (less Motor & Electrics ..... 475.00 t NOTE: Electricals meet Canadian regulations and may differ from u.s. specs. THE BUCK BROTHERS GUIDE lAMEllOt . TO FINE CUTTING TOOLS TOP Jointing Machine ...... •...... _ 499.95 is gours for the asking Jointing Plates(Please Specify 10,#10, 120) ...... 24.95/M GLUER ..... 19.95 Back during the Civil War-, ten years after Out' SANDING BELTS fo unding, we supplied hand forged, hand ground Cloth Back, Aluminum Oxide, Professional Quality EACH tuming tools, chisels and gouges to naval ship 3X21 ...... 40 Gril ...... 0.90 builders. 3X21 5O&60 Grlt ...... 0.80 3 X21 SO Grll& . Finer ...... ,...... 0.75 Today, we are still recognized as Amel'ica's 3X24 40Grlt ...... 0 .95 oldest and foremost manufacturer of high qual­ 3X24 5O&60Grlt ...... 0.90 . . . ity woodworking tools, all fully illustrated and 3 X 24 SO .Grit & Finer ...... 0.85 4X24 40 Grit ...... 1.45 descl-ibed in the latest edjtion of our Catalog. See 4X24 5O&60Grll ...... 1.35 them all ...chis els, carving tools, gouges, power 4X24 SOGrlt &Flner ...... 1. 25 III NOTE: Minimum Order of 50 Belts, Assorted #II bits, and much more ...weighted , balanced and FORESTER® ... finished to mak e the most of your woodwork- Carbide Tipped Circular Saw Blades, 7'/u 24T ...... 9.95 skills. WR ITE FOR YOUR IndiVidually Tensioned, Top Quality, 71fu 40T ...... 14.95 High Performance, Extra·Thin Rim, 9 x 60T ...... 29.95 CATALOG TODAY! For Smoothest Cuts 10 x 60T ...... 34.95

Clean-Boring Auger Bit Set., Precision Machined and Designed to Ensure a Smooth, Continuous Flow of Chips. 6·Pce Set of BUESr4BLCK lSHEDBH 1853QS. rNC. 1/4" Shank Bits, in a Sturdy Vinyl Pouch: 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 1: I" 29.95 Millbury, Mass. 01527 * 4% Duty Applicable on Rockwell, Maklla and lamello. All Order. over USSSO.OO Prepaid, Excluding RockweU I: Maklta(F.O.B. Calgary)

TOOLS ON SALETM Presents CH€ CUIT1NG €6G€� 1984 TOOL CATALOG FINE HAND & POWER TOOLS Over 300 Tools 100 Pages BOOKS • MAGAZINES • CLASSES • GIFT AMERICA'S LO WEST TOOL PRICES CERTIFICATES· EXOTIC HARDWOODS PLUS PREPAID FREIGHT Workshops by Master Craftsmen 24 HOUR SHIPPING INCA • HEGNER • HENNIKER BIESEMEYER • FREUD • BOSCH CALL TODAY FOR YOUR MAKITA • LAMELLO • SORBY· RECORD STANLEY (English) • JAPANESE TOOLS * FREE COpy * CUTTING EDGE 1-800-328-0457 LOS ANGELES, CA 90066 BERKELEY, CA 94710 Seven Corners Ace Hdw. Inc. 3871 Grand View Blvd. 1836 Fourth St. 216 West Seventh St. (213) 390-9723 (415) 548-601 1 St. Paul, MN 55102-2599 SAN DIEGO, CA 92126 PHOENIX, AZ 85029 7626 Miramar Rd. #3500 10844 N. 23rd Ave. (619) 695-3990 (602) 997-8665

32 THE BEST THING THAT EVER HAPPENED TO THE AMERICAN WORKSHOP ************************ NATURAL STO NE GRINDER This grinder is a must for every shop. Simply indispensable for sharpening chisels, knives, , Available in Brass, etc. . without removing the German Silver or temper from the cutting edge. Sterling Silver MODEL G1036 ONL Y $129.50 PREPAID TO YOU! WOODTURNERS FEATURING: • DALENISH WORKSHOPS The finest selection of English • BURLED WOODS and American woodturning tools • TURNING BLOCKS available. Woodturners from • TURNING KITS all skill levels can choose • CERAMIC TILE from: • PEPPER MILLS -SORBY • ROLLING PIN BLANKS -TURN MASTER • CLOCK PARTS -HENRY TAYLOR • HARD-TO-FIND CHUCKS, -BUCK BROS. DRIVE CENTERS, BOWL -PRECISION MACHINE 4" x 36" BELT, 6" DIS C RESTS, BALL BEARING and many more-all at This lightweight sander is ideal for shops that require a sander for CENTERS, etc. very competitive prices. smaller jobs, but do not have the room or need for a larger one. All Exclusive Agents for ball-bearing construction, complete with motor. Belt section locks HARRISON LATHES horizontally, vertically or anywhere in-between. Comes with mitre­ Send $2.00 for our new expanded gauge. 44 page catalog with color. $2.00 refunded with order. Model G1012 ONLY $95.00 Prepaid to you! MORTISING ATTACHMENTS CUT SQUARE HOLES IN WOOD! Fits all drill presses with 2 Y, or 2' ,." collars. Attachment includes chisel holder that slips onto your drill press collar plus a clamping attachment for the table to hold your workpiece. NeW" EnNumber 1 glanINCA Dealerand Authorizedd INCAer Services! Center with each and every INCA and everything for every INCA in Model G1083 ONL Y $1 4.50 Prepaid to you. k a s M 0 t i r offers SET OF 4 POPULAR CHISEL SIZES a t I t f�� ;: g��� r�CA 6�:���o"������������� and II�cem New England's most complete HEGNER Dealer with each Yo", 'Yo", y," %,"- ModeI G1074 and every HEGNER and everythingfor every HEGNER in HEGNER stock and on display. Monthly payment plan. ONL Y $32.50 Prepaid to you. New now in New England! The GARRETIWADE cataloge of - CR SS SLI ING VISES hand tools on display and widely in stock in sales-tax-free 4" O D Garrettwade New Hampshire! Heavy duty cast-iron construc­ tion, 4" jaws. top slide We accept all major credit cards and telephone orders. Free Delivery. travel is 4" and bottom slide travel is 6". Use on your Enter BEAR BR OOK STATEPARK drill press to mill or rout. make and follow the -INCA-signs cross-carriages for your MAIIOGANY in scenic SALES-TAX-FREE wood lathe. Weighs Ibs. MASTERPIEC ES New Hampshire, near Concord 25 Located01 Exactly in the Center (603) 736-8227 Mode) Gl 064. New England Only $3995 Q PREPAID!

We have the finest quality Japanese - carbide-tipped saw blades for circu­ r BEA uiiFulWatco WO ODDanish FiNiS Oils provideHEs an-1 ele- lar saws, table saws and radial saws. gant, extremely durable penetrating Sizes from 7 y," -12"_ All at super I I low prices and all prepaid to you! finish IN the wood, not ON it. Write for our catalog as outlined I Primes, seals, protects and beauti· I below. I fies in one fast, easy application. I Makes wood surface up to 25 per· PHONE YOUR ORDERS IN NOW! I cent harder. Outlasts surface coats I We also sell jointers, planers, lathe-chisels, , carbide­ 3 to 1 or more. tipped shaper cutters, metal-working machinery & accessories - I I all at super low prices! Send for fully loaded catalog - Natural and seven attractive $2.00 I Danish Oil colors. No pre'staining I you won't be sorry! needed. GRIZZLY IMPORTS, INC. I I P.O. BOX 2069 VISA WATCO·DENNIS CORPORATION, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227 [ I 1756·2 2nd St., Dept. FW-S4 I PHONE (206) 647·0801 LI Santa Monica, CA 90404. JI I ------33

Fine ------� ��� Ve neering Preparing substrates is the fr rst step

by Ian) Kirby

eneering can lead to furniture designs that just aren't possible with solid wood. Lots of furniture has the shape Vit does because of wood's hygroscopic nature-you have to allow wood to expand and contract. Once you master veneer­ ing, however, you don't have that restriction. You can turn particleboard and fiberboard into dimensionally stable panels that are as attractive as any piece of solid wood, opening up a Polished veneers: whole new world of design possibilities. app le (toP), padauk, A veneer is simply a thin layer of wood, which can be maple burl, curly koa. glued on top of another material. At its best, veneering pro­ duces superb results. Done badly, it's a mess. You must plan every step before you begin . Unlike other woodworking, you MDF is basically the same: it has no grain, is square-edged don't start with a large plank and carve it down; you begin and uniform throughout, and weighs about 48 lb. per cubic with a small piece and build it up to the size you want. foot. It's a material that is very stable, but so boring that it Veneering allows you to use woods that would be too ex­ cries out for the application of something with a little more pensive (rosewood or ebony) or just toO unstable (burls or life. Veneering both sides of a o/s-in. thick MDF board pro­ crotches) to be worked in solid form. Veneers have been duces a board thick enough for most furniture designs. You available for centuries, of course, but what has now brought may have trouble finding MDF, since it is made primarily for veneer into the small-shop woodworker's province is the ad­ industrial use. Some large lumber companies do carry it, al­ vent of man-made substrates, the material OntO which the though they may require a substantial minimum order. Pro­ veneer is glued. Particleboard and medium-density fiberboard fessional woodworkers in your area may be able to recom­ have changed the whole nature of veneering. mend a local source of supply. Allied Plywood Corp. (which In this article, the first in a series on veneering, I'll discuss has seven warehouses along the East Coast) and Paxton Lum­ veneers (p. 39), substrates and how to prepare them for veneer­ ber Co. (which is headquartered in Kansas City, Mo., but has ing. Future articles will deal with the application of veneers, warehouses in several states) handle both MDF and furniture­ and with design considerations when using veneered boards. quality particleboard. These materials are also available through some Georgia-Pacific Corp. service centers. Until the turn of this century, woodworkers had to make Plywood isn't a good substrate for veneering. Since it's their own solid-wood substrates for veneering, and that was a made by gluing together layers of wood at right angles to real problem. If you veneer solid wood, laying the grain of the each other, it has decent dimensional stability, but it can warp veneer at right angles to the grain of the solid wood, the and twist. Particleboard, which is made by gluing wood par­ veneer will come under tremendous stress as the substrate ticles together, is dimensionally stable, but some people get shrinks and expands, and can crack or delaminate. Even if into an awful mess because they veneer ontO building boards, you orient the grain of both materials in the same direction, not furniture-quality boards, which are multilayered boards you'll JUSt have ordinary wood with a different wood glued with very smooth surfaces. Surface irregularities of the coarser onto it-with all of solid wood's moisture-related problems. building boards are liable to telegraph through the veneer. The traditional solution was to make large panels out of You can recognize furniture-quality boards (sometimes called many small panels within frames, the assumption being that industrial-grade) because they are oversize-a 4x8 sheet really each little panel would shrink and expand less than one large ' measures 4 ft . 1 in. by 8 ft . 1 in. Building board is always panel would. It seems to have solved the problem in many 4x8, because builders commonly work to a 16-in. module. cases, yet it shouldn't. Lots of little bits of wood will expand The edges of man-made boards are just as boring as their and contract collectively as much as one big piece of wood. surfaces. If the edges are going to show, you have to cover Today you can sidestep all of these problems by using par­ them in some way, as shown in figure 1. The usual technique ticleboard or fiberboard as the substrate. These materials are is to glue a lipping of solid wood or veneer onto the edge of so stable that seasonal movement is negligible. Probably the the substrate, clean it off, and glue veneer on both surfaces best substrate is medium-density fiberboard (MDF). It is of the entire panel, including the lipping. Veneering the edges made by breaking down wood into its fibrous form, then has one disadvantage: the edges will remain square after pressing the fibers back together again with an adhesive. All they're veneered. The only thing you can do to improve the ap-

36 ______.;-- May/June1984

pearance andto help prevent chip­ ping is to soften the veneered edges Fig. 1: Edge treatments with sandpaper. You could make a Choose lippings to suit your design. To minimize chipped edges. ease the arris of a veneer-lipped panel with sandpaper or a hand softer edge by applying twO or three plane after adding surface veneers. Th icker lipp ings can be cham­ layers of veneer so that you 'd have fe red. radiused or molded with a shaper or a router. more material to radius. One of the nice things you can do with veneer lip­ ping, however, is to accent the edge treat­ ment. If you wanted a five-veneer lipping, you could glue on three layers of the sur­ face veneer and two layers of a different col­ or veneer. This colored border picks out the edge and gives the job a lot of life. For more shape on the edges , or what in woodworking terms is called molding, use solid­ wood lipping. Other edge treatments include gluing on strips of leather, Naugahyde or even metal, such as fine copper foil. In any case, decide what the lipping's width will be before you cut your substrate to size. The procedure is to first determine the size of the finished veneered panel, including the lipping. Then determine the width of the edge treatment, and subtract twice that fr om the length and width of the finished panel to get the dimensions of the substrate. I prefer to glue the solid-wood lipping around the edge of the substrate before it's veneered. This gives enough material to mold the edges, and the surface veneer blends into the lipping, making the whole piece seem more cohesive. It's common to make the lipping of the same material as the surface veneer, but don't sacrificea rare, exotic hardwood like ebony for lippings. Use a multilayer veneer lipping instead. Lippings can be either mitered or butt-jointed at the cor­ ners, depending on the quality of the piece anq the effett you want. With thin lippings, you can just about eliminate the visual effea of the by radiusing the corner. If you wish to miter the lipping, it's best to miter the lippings for the long edges before gluing them to the panel. If you do it this way, the lipping must be glued on vety accurately, with no slippage along its length. On the short edges, when you're filling in, you have to cut the miter correaly at each end, and Glue leather-covered moldings to veneered substrates. the length must be dead-accurate. Alternatively, you can glue the lipping on first and then cut the miters, but then you've got only one shot at getting them right. The most common fault in making lippings is to have them too wide. The lipping should be the width needed to accommodate the molding on the edge, plus a safety margin of no more than Ys in. So, if you want a' :X-in. thick edge rounded to a semicircle, all you need for lipping is % in. plus a little, since % in. is the radius of a :X-in. circle. The main reason for keeping lippings as narrow as possible is the shrinkage differential between the stable man-made substrate and the solid-wood lipping. After a few months, a wide lipping may shrink and show through the veneer, a con­ dition known as telegraphing. Cost is also a consideration­ you'd be surprised how much material goes into the lipping. The simplest way to apply lipping is to keep the wood for the lipping wider than necessary until after it's glued OntO the substrate. It will serve its own clamping block, so you as With the mitered lipping glued to the panel sides, use a mark­ don't need a lot of clamps and battens, as you would if you ing knife to scribe the miters on the end lipping.

37 tried to glue on thin lipping (figure 2). After the lipping is Fig. 2: Two ways to apply solid-wood lippings glued onto the panel, you can quickly cut it to width. The

A. IIVide lipping stock serves as its own clamping block. Rip to size lipping stock should be just slightly thicker than the sub­ after the glue has cured. 1{6 3-I·n. I I··pplng stoc k strate, at most in. more on each side. You could make it the same thickness as the panel if you could position it exactly when you glue it on, but this is difficult. Leave a small amount on each face and plane it flush after glue-up. The lipping need be only 1{6 in. or so overlong at each end. Don't -' Substrate try to buy insurance by leaving excessive amounts of wood ev­ erywhere. It's tough to remove before you glue on the veneer. The key to spreading a thin, even coat of glue on the sub­ strate edges and the lipping is to use a narrow paint roller (the

Allow extra length -' bubble pack it comes in makes a good reusable glue tray). -� � RIp· h ere. on each end. You don't need any exotic joinery to secure the lipping: once the lipping is glued on, it's never going to come off in con­ B. Put stock wide enough to make two lippings between two pan­ els. glue. and clamp them together. Wh en the glue has dried. rip ventional use. In fact, I once put lipping on without glue-I the stock to size the lipp ings. and repeat for the other edges. just pinned it, leaving the pins proud so that I could remove them. I veneered the top and bottom, then took the pins out.

Clamping pad Try as I might, I couldn't break the lipping off. White PYA glue is fine fo r both veneer and lipping. Don't Rip put excessive amounts of glue on either surf ace. Remember, you're going to have to deal with the accrued amount from both of them coming together. All you've gOt to do is wet the surface with glue. If the surface has dry patches, it won't Rip here. adhere. If you put on toO much glue, you'll get dribbles and

Lipping stock they'll be a problem when you trim the lipping, whether with a router or a plane. All you want visible are little beads of glue. If you trim this lipping with a router trimming bit, the bit's pilot needs to travel on an absolutely clean surface, oth­ erwise it will hit glue bumps and won't flush the lipping. If the pilot has a clear path, you can set the bit to no tolerance and clean the lipping perf ectly. The alternative is to plane off the excess lipping by hand, using a . Clamp the panel to the bench. Put the toe of the plane on the surface and plane in a circular motion across the grain, with the substrate acting as a register fo r the toe. Careful, though-once the plane gets down to the sub­ strate, stop. Don't remove lipping by planing straight along the grain. It's toO easy to tip the plane and taper the lipping. Planing across, rather than with, the grain gives you a slightly less smooth surface, but that doesn't interfere with the gluing on of veneer. The thing you've got to guard against is lifting Sp read an even coat of white glue on the substrate edge with a the plane's toe off the substrate, else you'll lose the absolutely small paint roller before applying the lipping. flat surface. Keep a straightedge handy to check your work. Clearly, it's bad practice to glue on the lipping with X in. of excess on each side, or to put it on high at one point and down at another. It's easy to get it on, but you pay the price when you have to remove the excess. Nothing other than care and accuracy will do. Cleaning up the lipping is not done rapidly. You can't do it accurately with a belt sander. Once the lipping is absolutely level with the substrate, the panel is ready fo r veneering . If you're not going to veneer right away, cover the panel to keep off dust and contamina­ tion. Contrary to an old popular practice, there's no need to scuff the sutf ace with a toothing plane; glue doesn't need a rough surface to work. The surface is now as flat as it's ever going to be-scuffing will only ruin it. 0

Ian ]. Kirby is an edttcator,design er and cabinetmaker. He recently moved his woodworking school fr om Ver mont to Rest the toe of the jointer plane firmly on the substrate to pre­ Cttmming, Ga . Drawings by the attthor. For more on par­ vent tapering the lipping. ticleboard and fi berboard, see F WW#29, pp . 76-81.

38 Getting on the good side of veneer Veneers come in three types: sawn, and the twO sides of each veneer piece sliced and rotary-cut. Sawn veneer is Veneer surfaces will have very different characteristics. the oldest form, and was very common Two different surfaces are created in Europe in the 1700s. It's simply as each new slice curls o(f the parent a piece of wood, any thickness log, as shown in the drawing (for up to Ys in., sawn from a log or a more about knife checks, see board and then planed. Sawn veneer FWW #12, pp. 83-85). hasn't been used much in recent years, This diffe rence is impottant when though modern band resaws offer a you're deciding which side to glue good chance for its revival, especially Magnified to the substrate. By putting the since any wood can be sawn into veneer. -.tl"'!:/ view smoother compression side up (the Modern resaws saw wood thinly and tight side), you'll have the more accurately, and because they make a Loose or or cohesive side of the veneer on the very fine kerf, thus minimizing waste, tension side '>f� LTi9htcompressed outside, with the deeper cracks of the they're economical, too. L1 side tension (loose) side against the sub­ Rotary-cut veneer, which generally is Te nsion cracks are much deeper than strate. Smooth-side-up is best for confmed to the manufacture of ply­ compression cracks, since the tension hand-woodworking, because when wood, is made by mounting a whole side is stretched more as the slice curls. you clean and sand you will go log on a giant lathe and peeling off through the small compression cracks veneer as if it were wallpaper. It's and get to the solid part of the rarely used as a surface, show-wood veneer much more easily. veneer in furniture, although it can look These twO surfaces also affect nice, as in some birch used bookmatching. If you have a highly for drawer bottoms and carcase backs. figured veneer 6 in. wide and you Rotary-cut veneer can be very thick want a 12-in. panel, you might be (Ys in.) or very thin. Only diffuse­ tempted to open two consecutive porous woods that grow abundantly pieces like a bookand put them in plywood-manufaCturing areas, such together so that the pattern matches as lauan in Southeast Asia and birch down the center (you can do this in Europe, are rotary-cut. since veneers are stored in bundles or Woodworkers are most concerned swatches in the order in which they with sliced veneer. Any wood can be were sliced). This works in solid wood, sliced: hard, soft, ring-porous, diffuse­ but with veneer you expose one tight porous, fast-grown, slow-grown- side and one loose side. The visual it doesn't matter. Essentially, a guil­ effect when finish is applied to book­ Bookmatching shows the difference be­ lotine-type knife is brought down tween compression and tensIon surfaces. matched veneers can be quite poor. through a block of wood to slice off Compression side, right, has more sheen A surface that looks fine all through thin pieces, usually Ya2in. to %8 in. and is smoother than tension side. the process suddenly takes on a differ­ thick. The veneer doesn't lose any ent feel, because the tight and loose measurable thickness during drying. sides will absorb the finish differently Veneers canbe sliced thinner, but and that makes the surfaces reflect I find that Xo in. is about the thin­ light differently. nest that can be handled easily in There are several ways to tell a small shop. which side is which. You can tub the Sliced veneers are most commonly surfaces with your hand-the loose or available in 6-ft. to 8-ft. lengths, the tension side will be rougher. Or you size of most slicing machines, but can look at the stuff, and generally lengths of up to 16 ft. can sometimes the side that looks smoother is the be found. Widths of up to 30 in. are ( tight or compression side, and it will possible, but getting a wide piece have more sheen than the loose side. of veneer doesn't have the same Neither of these methods is reliable, attraction as getting a wide piece of though. The best way to differentiate wood does. It's easy to CUt, match between the two sides is to bend the and join veneers together to create the veneer and imitate what was hap­ widths and grain patterns needed for pening to it when it came off the any job. Wide veneers frequently machine. With the tension side up, are rougher and coarser in the center it will bend sharply without any than on the edge, so they can be audible or visible cracking. If you turn difficult to smooth and fmish. it over and do the same thing on the Veneer-cutting technology is com­ Veneer bent along its grain with the other side, you'll feel greater resistance plicated, and the only thing that most tension side up will bend a great deal and hear cracking. Thus the side without audible cracking. With the com­ that is less prone to bending is the woodworkers need to understand is pression side up , the radius of the curve that there is considerable cracking of will be greater and you'll hear cracking compression side; the other is the wood tissue during the slicing process before the piece actually breaks. tension side. -IJ.K.

39 Point Files in the Wo odshop They're often a good alternative to abrasives

by Henry T. Kramer

iles seem to be poor country cousins in secting sets of teeth forming sharp, dia­ a typical woodworker's shop, often mond-shaped points designed to remove neglectedF by even skilled craf tsmen. But material faster. They'll cut wood quickly, it's wrong to ignore a tool that can be so though not as fast as a , which qas useful and that frequently is the best tool freestanding, clog-resistant teeth. Rasps and for shaping, smoothing or sharpening. rifflers (small shaped rasps) are made pri­ Single-cut Files can true up all kinds of tools, espe­ marily for woodworkers, carvers and far­ cially new planes and spokeshaves. They riers. Rasps come in several combinations sharpen saws, scrapers, cold chisels, axes of length and tooth grade, but all you real­ and screwdrivers. Files can also smooth ly have to know is that in similar lengths

knicks and dents in everything from drill and grades, the wood rasp is the CGarsest, Double-cut bits to drive shafts. They're efficient and the cabinet rasp is a little finer, and the economical alternatives to abrasives for patternmakers' cabinet rasp is the finest. shaping both wood and metal-they last a These cut wood rapidly, but leave a rough long time, and there's a size, shape and surface which can be smoothed with a cutting grade fo r almost any carving or wood file. In addition to regular rasps, smoothing job you might encounter. there is also a tool called a shoe rasp, or Rasp You may not consider a file a precision four-in-hand, which is a combination of tool, but I've brought the badly hogged rasps and files that looks a lot more useful than it really is-its sole of a 22-in. jointer plane to within toothed surfaces are too short for an eff ective cutting stroke. ± 0.00125 in. of dead flat with only three Any file can be used on wood, but you may find that the files. And it doesn't take as much time or majority are toO fine and clog up toO quickly to be of much experience as you might think. As in any use. The coarseness of a file is controlled by two factors: the woodworking or metalworking, the slogan grade or size of tooth used, and the file's length. Today it's is "Measure twice, cut once." Stress the hard to find more than three grades of teeth: bastard, second­ word "cut": you'll never learn how to use a cut and smooth. Years ago, rough, coarse, dead-smooth and file properly until you realize it's a cutting dead-dead-smooth grades were also available. The grade usu­ tool, not one that abrades the work. ally is stamped on the heel of the file, but this doesn't give More than 650 types of files are avail­ you an exact gauge of the tooth size unless you also consider able today, but I'll discuss only 10 groups the length of the file. Within any one grade, a longer file has of "American Pattern" files that include larger, coarser teeth than a shorter flie, and fewer teeth per about 170 flies useful to woodworkers. The inch. There appears to be no indus tty-wide standard, but American Pattern designation is a tradi- generally a file that's one grade finer and 2 in. longer has the

Fig. 1: Parts of tional one stemming from post-Civil War same size teeth as its coarser, shorter counterpart. Thus, an a file days when Americans first began manufac- 8-in. second-cut or a lO-in. smooth has the same size teeth as turing files on a large scale, instead of im­ a 6-in. bastard. If you find a number on the heel of the file, porting them from Europe. These American Pattern files usu­ it's a Swiss Pattern type; 00 is the coarsest and 6 the finest. ally are coarser than their European or "Swiss Pattern" The two files designed for wood are the wood file (essen­ counterparts. I won't consider Swiss Patterns here, since they tially a lO-in. coarse half-round) and the cabinet file, which are finishing tools used by jewelers and modelmakers and toO has somewhat finer teeth than the wood file.Any double-cut fine for most woodshop jobs, or circular-tooth files designed bastard file, 10 in. or longer, can be effective, however, as for soft, ductile metals such as copper, brass and aluminum. long as you keep the teeth clean. Regardless of the type, a The terms commonly used to describe files are fairly self­ file's teeth face fo rward and won't CUt anything when going explanatory and probably already part of your vocabulary backward-they'll just get dull. Don't move your file back (figure 1). Most files have cutting teeth on both faces and and fo rth like a saw. Pick it up on the return stroke. both edges, but some have one or two smooth or "safe" A file's name is based on several things: the shape -of its edges so that they can be used in tight corners without acci­ cross section, such as flat, square, round or half-round; its use, dentally damaging adjacent areas. such as fo r sharpening an auger bit or a ; or from The "cut" of a file describes how its teeth are arranged. traditions that no longer clearly speak for themselves-a mill Single-cut flies have one set of COntinuous, parallel teeth run­ flie, for instance, is a single-cut flat flie originally used for ning in one direction. These files are designed primarily for sharpening mill saws. The way in which files are identified in sharpening or finishing metals. Double-cut files have inter- a catalog or a store may seem mysterious, but it's simply a

40 combination of the file's length , name and tooth grade. For example, you'd ask for a 16-in. flat bastard when you really FILES FOR WOODWORKERS want to rip off material and have a lot of working room, or a Name and 4-in. mill smooth when you want the smoothest surface an cross section Cut* Description American Pattern ftle can produce. Mill S For sharpening sawblades and scrapers, Taper files, for sharpening handsaws, are a special case. shaping and smoothing wood and me­ Tapers are made with only one grade of tooth, but the size tal, drawfiling,fitting, and truing. of the tooth increases according to the degree of slimness and These files are tapered in width and - thickness. Every woodworker should the length of the file. The four sizes are regular, slim, extra have a selection of these. slim, and double extra or extra extra slim. To sharpen a saw without damaging the teeth , you must use the correct size Flat D The standard machinists ' file for shap­ ing and quick removal of material. Ta­ ftle. For a 5- to 5X-pt. ripsaw, I recommend using a 7-in. pers in width and thickness. Used for regular. For an 8-pt. , use a 6-in. slim, 7-in. extra fo rming grooves, squaring holes and slim or 8-in. double extra slim. For a lO-pt., a 5-in. or 6-in. - filing in sharp corners. Good for start­ extra slim does the job best. For an ll -pt., use a 5-in. extra ing jobs that the mill file will finish. slim or a 6-in. double extra slim. A 12-pt. calls for a 5-in. Hand D Same as the flat file, but tapers only in extra slim; a 12X-to 16-pt., a 5-in. double extra slim. The thickness. Has one safe edge, making number of points on a saw equals the number of teeth per it useful for filing in corners where inch, plus one. . one surface should not be filed. Good A table describing files of probable interest to woodworkers - for rough, heavy work. is shown at right. The metalworking ftles that a woodworker Warding D Tapers to a fine point. Useful for get­ would likely find most useful are the 4-in., 6-in., 12-in. and ting into tight SPOtS, such as when . you 14-in. mill smooth; the 4-in. mill bastard; the 12-in. hand - are fitting plane irons and fr ogs. second-cut; the 12-in. hand bastard; the 14-in. flatsecon d­ Pillar D Narrower than a flat or hand file. Has cut; the 4-in. flat smooth; a 5-in. extra slim taper; and a 5-in. twO safe edges and no taper. Useful double extra slim taper. - for filing slots. I'm not suggesting that you immediately buy all these files, Half-round D The flat side is useful for filing on flat but as you learn how useful they can be, you'll probably want and convex surf aces; the rounded back to, if you can find them. It's a vicious circle: merchants can­ is good fo r filing on concave surfa ces. You don't need a half-round often, not be expected to stock files if there is no demand, and but when you do, nothing else will woodworkers can't be expected to demand tools they don't do. The rounded backs of finer, shorter know about. If you do buy ftles,I recommend that you avoid half-rounds have single-cut teeth. foreign-made American Pattern files, which don't seem to Wood D Essentially a coarse half-round. Specifi­ amount to much. I'v e also found that ftles packed in plastic cally designed to resist clogging when bubbles don't seem to be of the same quality as those �old in used on wood . Available in lO-in. machinists' supply houses. length only. Cabinet D Another filedesigned for wood. Thin­ One of the first things you should do with a new file is put a ner and with a shallower back and handle on it. An uncovered tang is dangerous: you can drive fm er teeth than the wood file. Avail­ it through your palm. If you want a removable handle, buy able in 8-in. and lO-in. lengths. one with a. threaded ferrule or built-in clamp. It's cheaper to Taper S For sharpening 60° teeth on handsaws. make your own hardwood handles with ferrules of thin cop­ per, brass or steel pipe. Once you've fitted a fe rrule onto your • handle blank, use a bit the size of the tang end to drill a hole Three-square D A general-purpose file for working in slightly deeper than the tang's length. Then open the top half angular corners of more than 60°. of the hole with a drill the size of the middle of the tang. Insert the tang in the hole, hold the file, and bang the end of Square D A flat file with a square cross section. the handle with a mallet or on a bench or other hard surface, driving the handle onto the tang. Another way to enlarge the hole is to take a worn-out filewith the same size tang, heat RoundII S&D A tapered file used for dressing the the old tang to a red glow, and shove it down the hole. Keep (Rat-tail) insides of holes and small-radius curves. a bucket of water nearby in case the handle catches fire. Round files longer than 10 in., except You should use diffe rent files for wood, soft metal and the 12-in. smooth, have double-cut. steel. A ftle that has been used on a hard material will not cut teeth. Others have single-cut. as well on a softer one. So if you want to use a file on wood, Chainsaw S&D Has special teeth designed for sharpen­ don't use it on anything else. Except fo r small sharpening ing . This file is not tapered. ftles, new files that will be used on steel should be broken in first, to eliminate any irregularities that might cause teeth to Auger-bit S A double-ended file with each end ta­ break off or dull. To do this, filefo r a total of about an hour pering to a point. Has saf e edges on on a soft metal such as brass or aluminum. Properly broken one end, safe faces on the other end. in, Very handy for sharpening the CUtting a file will last a long time, cutting about the same throughout edge and spurs of auger bits. its life. When it does go, this will happen quickly and you'll * S is single-cut; D is double-cut. 41 know it. Files can be resharpened , but it's impractical and dangerous in the small shop. It's best to buy a new file. There are three common ways of filing: crossfiling, drawfil­ ing and flatftling.In crossfiling, which most people consider the only filing method, you usually push the file across the work, but it is sometimes done with the file held so that its long axis and the long axis of the work coincide (avoid this variation on narrow edges, or you're liable to round them). Clamp the work firmly at elbow height. Put one foot in front of the other, and stand up straight. Do n't hunch over your For a heavy cut, hold the work. For heavy filing, hold the handle of the file with your point in the palm of your thumb on top and the point in the palm of your other hand hand, as shown. For a light cut, hold the point with (figure 2). To make a lighter cut, hold the handle the same your thumb and fingertips., way, but place the thumb of your other hand on the point and curl YOut fingers around the file. Think of your arms and Fig, 3: Crossfiling curved surfaces \ shoulders as a parallel-motion machine swinging from the shoulders, and push the file across the work, maintaining a Drop the handle throughout the stroke as you push the file across the surface. constant angle to the work. When filing a flat surface, first catch the vertical angle by rocking the file on the surface until it's flat. Do this each time you've stopped. On very thin ma­ terial, hold the file at an angle to make a shearing cut, so the file teeth don't catch. From time to time, change the lateral angle of filing-errors in maintaining the vertical angle and any high spots will stand Out dearly after only a stroke or nvo. If a wavy surface appears, try damping the piece more securely, using less pressure on the file, or try a finer file. Cross filing with a taper file is a useful technique for notch­ ing a bar or other sutface, say, to start a hacksaw cut. Notch an edge and file at a slight angle. You can crossfile a rounded or cylindrical surf ace if you drop the handle end of the file throughout the stroke (figure 3). Drawfiling (figute 4), which usually is done with a single­ cut mill file, is very useful to. woodworkers. It's slower than crossfiling, but you'll find it easy to control the cut and pro­ duce a smooth surface. It also has the advantage of letting you file the entire surface in one continuous stroke. Drawfil­ ing is a sharpening or finishing stroke, so don't use any more pressure than needed to fe el the file cut. Position the work so that its long axis runs away from your body, not fr om side-to-side. Hand position is important to ensure that the teeth are in a cutting position. If you're hold­ ing the file wrong, it won't cut-it'll just get dull. Grip the Fig. 4: Drawfiling handle in your right hand, lay the file across the work at the desired angle, and grasp the point in your left. The file should Note the direction of the file teeth: the file won 't cut unless you hold the handle be held at a right angle to the direction of the stroke. Now in your right hand as you push the file push. If you bear down toO hard, the teeth will dig grooves across the work. and the ftle will walk to one side. If you are left-handed and feel uneasy with the handle in your right hand, or if the shape of the work requires it, you can hold the file handle in your left hand, but then you must use a pulling stroke. The rule is: Push stroke, handle in right hand; pull stroke, handle in left. To distribute wear evenly on the ftle, most workers move it slightly to the left or right between strokes. If you want an even finer finish, wrap emery paper around the file and polish with the same drawfiling stroke. You may want to begin with 320-grit and work down to 400, then 600. Use a little light oil on the paper when sanding metal. A good drawfiling exercise is squaring up a cabinet scraper with a 6-in. mill bastard and a 4-in. mill smooth (if you can't find the latter, use a 6-in. mill smooth or a 4-in. mill bastard,

For small work. lay the filefla t on the bench. Here. a sma!. but go easy). First, use a straightedge to check that the scrap­ plane is bemg pulled over the cutting teeth to true ItS sole. er's long edge is flat or slightly convex, depending on your

42 Treatise on fd es andrasps by Dick Burrows

Ever try to use a rasp on bread? The treatise, a catalog and description of files pioneer manufacturer of machine-cut ftles. practice was quite fashionable among and rasps developed to meet the needs The text is concise, crisp and easy to "many of the better class of English and of every specialized trade and industry. follow. The files,rasps and scrapers are French people" in the late 19th century The Early American Industries Associ­ well illustrated, and their uses are clearly when the Nicholson File Company pub­ ation, which recently reprinted the book, described. There are enough details­ lished A Treatise on Files and Rasps. calls the slim, 80-page volumn a classic such as discussions of the lengths of file High-class bakers of the day felt that of hand-tool literature, and the engrav­ teeth needed for penetration in various bread baked quickly and hard was ings reproduced from the original vol­ types of metals, and the relationship be­ sweeter and tastier than bread prepared umn add to the nostalgia. The work is a tween tooth angle and tool control-to in the conventional way, once you got delight to those who favor hand tools satisfy most students. 0 past the thick, singed crust. So they and relish the history of tools. ordered a curved, nickel-plated rasp Many of the files available when the A Treatise on Files and Rasps may be (above) with an enameled handle-just book was ·published are no longer man­ ordered fr om the EAIA, PO Box 2128, the thing to get rid of the crust and cre­ ufactured, but the information on using Empire State Plaza Sta., Albany, ate lots of bread crumbs. and caring for files is still pettinent. And N. y.12220 ($7.95 to EAIA members; The bread rasp is JUSt one of the un­ the historical glimpses are especially infor­ $13.50 to non-members) . Engraving usual items described in the Nicholson mative in light of Nicholson's role as a reprinted courtesy of the EAIA. preference. Use the 6-in. mill to straighten the edge if needed. files, if used frequently enough. Generally, it's best to use the Then, holding the same file at a slight angle to the direction brush more frequently than you think necessary. Files clog or of the stroke and with the file's face flat on the side of the "pill or pin up" once in a while, and this condition can both scraper, take off any hook left from the previous sharpening. mark the work and stop the cutting. To clean a file, try a Now drawfile the whole edge until it's square to the scraper medium-grade power-driven wire wheel, holding the file so sides. Start with the 6-in. tool and finish up with the 4-in. that the wires run down the gullets of the teeth. Alternatively, Cross file lightly along the sides to remove any lip left by you can make a pinning tool from )Is-in. brass or hard copper drawfiling, then burnish. rod. Hammer the end of the rod to the rough shape of a Flatfiling can be a useful technique for small work-work double-bevel chisel and file to a smooth, slightly round edge that generally is less than 3 in. long and no more than IX in. with sharp corners. The edge should be thin enough to touch wide, really too small to be handled easily with other hand­ the bottom of the gullets between the rows of teeth. Put on filing methods. Start by laying the file flat on a table or a your magnifying glasses, take a deep breath and get comfort­ bench. If the file is handled, let the handle hang over the able, and pick each "pin" out, one by one. edge, or put the file in a fairly large machinists' vise. Now In addition to cleaning the files, you should also clean the draw the article to be filed over the cutting edges of the teeth. metal surfaces that you file. Filing can leave metal fragments This is a handy way to flatten the sole of an ordinary thumb in the pores of iron, which, as in the case of a plane sole, can plane, and most rabbet planes are narrow enough to be flat­ be transferred to the wood. Don't trust your eye: the surface filed (figure 5). Most rectangular-section files have slightly may look clean, but it's not. Clean it with an oiled rag. Be­ convex faces, and some people may think that this would sides, any newly filed metalsurf ace needs a coating of light oil work against a flat surface. Actually, this convexity is intend­ right away, unless you live in Death Valley. The best lubri­ ed to help achieve flatness when crossfiling, and it seems to cants and rust preventives are things people like to argue have the same effect when flatfiling, especially if the work is about, but anything is better than nothing. I don't think that reversed every four or five strokes. the files themselves should be oiled, because oil can make Files look rugged , but like any other cutting tool, they them slip and more prone to clogging. Files will ruSt, how­ need care. Keep them separated in racks, not thrown loose in ever, and when they do so badly, that's it. So keep them dty. a drawer or stuck in an old can. Given a chance, twO files try At the first hint of ruSt, use the wire-brush wheel. .D to cut each other, with bad results for both. Keep your files clean. A filecard with a brush on its back Henry T. Kramer, a retired reinsur ance sp ecialist, is an is useful here. The card's stiff, short teeth work well on large­ amateur woodworker and metalworker living in Sommer­ toothed files, and the short-bristle brush does the job on all ville, NJ.

43 · Covered Bridges New technology extends the tradition

number of covered bridges turned bucolic stabiliry, but also a state of the up in our reader mail last year­ art of engineering. Sometimes spanning enthusiasticA letters, often accompanied hundreds of feet, such bridges are by photos and drawings, described how among the woodworking wonders of the The Sturbridge bridge, above, combines modern gluelam girders, which a commission to refurbish some vener­ 19th century. The four bridges shown sp an the stream, with a traditional able wooden trestle, or to erea one anew, here are exemplary of those being built timber-frame superstructure. The two had led to a labor of love. Wooden and rebuilt today, often employing in­ main girders are connected at intervals by plywood boxes that support bridges, covered for shelter ftom the novative construction features combined the roadbed. Below, the bridge is seasons, embody not only our notions of with sound, old timber-frame techniques. halfway home.

Gary Childress 44 PhOtos: DanChiles Joining timbers and gluelams Split-ring fr aming When Sanford Homes Inc. asked our Our client, Ed Rush, was looking for a design team to construct a covered pe­ steel I-beam bridge, covered by a wood­ destrian bridge for Srurbridge Village, en shed, to span the 50-ft. creek that their development in Englewood, Colo., borders his properry in Lebanon, Mo. we jumped at the chance. Our experi­ We offered a contemporary alternative: ence is in modern, cost-effective timber­ a multiple king-post truss bridge of frame houses, and our commitment is wood joined not with mortise-and-tenon toward owner- and community-involved and ttunnel, but with modern tirnber­ building, so here was a new opportunity fastening hardware. to combine tradition, technology and Wooden covered bridges, while rela­ education. We decided on a combina­ tively common in the United States dur­ tion beam/truss bridge, a replica of a ing the early 1800s, gave way by 1900 19th-cenrury design, but with modern to all-metal truss bridges. Inadequate gluelam members. And we would set made the wooden Chiles' multiple king-post bridge. aside time throughout construction to joints-particularly compression joints­ accommodate tours from the localschools , susceptible to rot and early failure. A 5530 Washington Ave., Chevy Chase, an idea that proved popular enough to more dramatic danger was the shower of Md. 20815), which would eliminate fill at least part of most afternoons. sparks from wood-and coal-fired loco­ traditional water-collecting joints. Our The Srurbridge bridge is 75 ft. long motives, which caused the immolation materials list included 10,000 bd. ft. of and contains more than 15 ,000 bd. ft . of hundreds of covered bridges. lumber, consisting mainly of 3x 10 white of timber. The lower chords are two Our solution? Prohibit steam loco­ oak for the trusses, pressure-treated 3x8 48-in. thick beams glued up from 2x1O motives from our bridge, and use split­ red oak for the deck, and 1x8 mixed fir by the Georgia Pacific Co., which ring timber fasteners (from TECO, oak for the siding. For roofing we used custom-laminates such beams to meet the stringent specifications of state engi­ neering inspectors. The beams are lag­ bolted to eleven 1O-ft. long plywood box joists, which support the roadbed of the bridge. The face of one of these can be seen at the right end of the bridge, just under the road planking, in the drawing on the facing page. Atop this substructure we erected six bents of lOx 10 and 6x8 fir, trussed together with 4x1O braces, all the joints pinned mortise-and-tenon. The roof itself, along with the siding, is boarded with red cedar. Historically, covered bridges were as­ sembled on the bank and pulled across the river by a team of oxen, hence the term "bridge pull. " We proceeded similarly, but instead of oxen we used a 140-ton crane. This required careful se­ lection of the bridge-building site in re­ lation to the bridge's abutments. The crane's reach was such that the bridge had to be approached from the side, lift­ ed, and rotated into position. The photo on the facing page shows the structure moving toward its abutments. In contrast to the stark relief of 14,000-ft. Rocky Mountain peaks, the covered bridge over this 20-ft. stream­ bed offers pedestrians a small sense of security. More than bridging the stream­ bed, the project spans old and new tech­ nologies, and has become a focal point of the community it serves. -Stewart Elliott, Dovetail Limited, Boulder, Colo. oak shakes handsplit by a local farmer. are then reassembled, with care not to We estimated our labor (by consulting leave out any of the rings, and cinched historical accounts from experienced together with :X-in. carriage bolts, some builders, and taking into consideration . as long as 22 in. When the first wall electric drills and gasoline chainsaws) to truss was completed, we built the other be five man-months. one on top of it, making layout easier. Early bridge builders sometimes erect­ The crane cost $ 5 0 an hour, so by the ed temporary pier bridges on which they time it arrived one fall Saturday morn­ assembled the permanent timber truss­ ing, we'd rehearsed our bridge-pulling es. We decided that it would be easier procedures well. The crane lifted one to build the two wall trusses on land wall truss, which we braced, then the and then rent a crane to lift them into other into place on the piers, whereupon place. Our first step was to build a large we connected them with 4x 10 oak fixture on the site: 55 ft. long, flat to joists. Next we hoisted 4x8 ceiling within Ys in., and capable of suppOrting beams atop the truss walls, to form a more than 10 tons of green oak. Four­ third truss, which strengthened the by-four oak stakes braced with 2x6s whole bridge. Atop the ceiling went a made up the platform that fit our needs. roof structure of conventional frame de­ -, -- The steel rings of the TECO system sign made of 2x6 rafters and lx4 bat­ { fo rtify bolt joints in overlapping tim­ tens. We decked the inside, roofed and ". _1* bers. Each ring is sandwiched between sided the outside, and our covered To reinforce bolted lap joints, Chiles two timbers (half its thickness embed­ bridge was ready to face its first winter. inserted sp lit-ring fa steners between the ded in one timber, half in the other), After three and a half years, the timbers of his briage . The TECD and it resists fo rces many times the bridge has weathered to a silver gray cutterhead has four grooving bits, and either a center bit, as shown, or a load limit of the bolt alone. Installation without benefit of any wood finishes. It center pilot that follows a hole drilled entails positioning the timbers, boring looks as if it's been part of the landscape during mockup assembly. In Yh-in. the bolt holes, and then disassembling to for many years. -Mike Ch iles, thick timbers, the 4-in. dia. rings (also available in 2lh-in.diameter) can . cut the circular grooves that receive the Ch iles Power Supply, Inc., sustain shear loads in excess of 5,000 lb. rings (photo, above left). The timbers Sp ringfield, Mo.

Restoring a Long-truss bridge ent holder the usual $1-per-linear-foot royalties. Ironically, although they cop­ Shown at right is a photo of the partially ied the external design faithfully, they reassembled Stoats Mill bridge, which I left out the wedges that made Long's helped save here in Ripley, W.V a. design so sturdy. We wrote away fo r a When Mill Creek watershed site 13 copy of the original patent, and made was to flood the area where the old the missing partS, installing them as we bridge once stood, the U.S. Soil Conserva­ reassembled the structure. tion Service contracted me to move the We set the bridge trusses on abut­ 105-ft. bridge nine miles to Cedar Lakes ments of hewn stone taken from other Park, restore its deteriorated trusses, and bridge sites, without disturbing the re-erect it across the small lake. mossy faces of these 2-ton stones. Al­ The truss design was patented in though we replaced several of the 1830 by Col. Stephen H. Long of the bridge's 8xlO pine members that had U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and it rotted due to neglect, we saved every carries his name. The Long truss is piece we could in order to keep the unique because it deflects little at mid­ structure's historic fiber intact. Much of span, and wear at the joints is mini­ our refurbishing should have been part mized by pre-stressing the braces and of the bridge's regular maintenance. I'm counterbraces. The Long truss can also encouraged that the state of West Vir­ be retuned by adjusting an integral ginia is now working at restoring all of wedge system in the joints to compen­ its remaining 16 covered bridges. sate for shrinkage and wear. The Stoats Mill bridge is particularly As we took the joints apart, we dis­ graceful fo r its camber, rising 9 in. at covered that the Stoats Mill bridge had midspan. After rebuilding the bridge, been prefab-all its partS were coded we parked a 4-ton truck and two cars at and numbered for assembly. The bridge the center of its deck, and there was less was originally built in 1887 by local than X in. of deflection at midspan. residents, who copied the plan fr om a -Bob Parsons, nearby bridge instead of paying the pat- Parsons Builders, Ri pley , W. Va.

46 Wescem Wood Sauccuces Arched timbers in Oregon Oregon once had an estimated 450 cov­ ered bridges, of which about 50 still survive-at least one in every county ex­ cept Multnomah. So when the small Multnomah community of Happy Val­ ley needed a bridge, they opted for wood, hoping that they would be able to afford it. We came up with a cov­ ered bridge that tOok advantage of stan­ dard prefab parts such as church arches and laminated bridge girders manufac­ tured by Weyerhaeuser. By searching the catalogs for standard parts that could be fit tOgether in unusual ways, we were able to come up with a custOm design without incurring the extra COSt of custom setups. Accommodat ing a two-lane highway that carries 1200 ve­ hicles a day, the 65-ft. bridge cost the county a little under $100,000, which is less than they would have had to pay for a steel or concrete bridge. A county leader hailed it as "a bargain and an amenity." We 're pretty well pleased with it, tOO. -Mar shall Turner, Western Wo od Str uctures, Tualatin, Ore . Multnomah County's (Ore.)covered bridge, of prefab arched gluelam fir with cedar.

Harvey Micchell

47 Purchased in sheets and worked with unpretentious joinery, plywood lends itself to straightforward furniture projects such as this child's loft bed, plans for which appear on pp . 52-53. .'

Designing with pl ywood-Because plywood comes in big Plywood Basics sheets, there's a temptation to build hulking, ill-proportioned monoliths that fill evety inch of the available space, or use up The ideal material fo r box furniture every bit of the plywood purchased. Just because all the space under the stairs could be filledwith plywood boxes doesn't mean it should be. I plan my furniture-boxes by first measur­ by Ann Ta ylor ing the space they will occupy, then making a scale elevation drawing, which helps me visualize how my design will fit in with the rest of the room's furniture and architectural ele­ ments. If the drawing doesn't tell me enough, I make a scale f you want to store something, put it in a box. If you want mockup out of l=ardboard. to store something in particular, turn the box up on one A box with ciassic proportions has a short-side to long-side ofI its ends and fit it with shelves, dividers, drawers and/or ratio of 5 :8. Adhering to this so-called golden mean is likely doors. The basic box is basic furniture. It can stand on its to produce a well-proportioned box, but you must also con­ own as a bookcase, hang on the wall as a cabinet, line up in sider real-world dimensions: the room where your boxes will rows as a wall system, or stretch out into a loft bed with live, and the doorways and staircases thiough which you'll plenty of room for storage. For fast, easy construaion, noth­ have to maneuver them. If the boxes must contain specific ing beats a box: it's simply four panels joined at the corners, things, measure these objeas, make allowances for clearance, with a back added on for strength or for appearance. And it and keep the numbers in fr ont of you as you plan. Multi­ can be built, without apology, Out of plywood. box furniture-such as a wall system-compounds the design Cabinet-grade hardwood plywood is the perfect material decisions. What are the best dimensions for each box? How for furniture-box construction. It's sold in 4x8 sheets, so you many boxes should there be? Working out the relationships can simply cut box pares from a sheet, without having to mill on graph paper, I try to size the boxes so that they'll work in and glue up as with solid wood. Because it's made up of a many diffe rent configurations,thus increasing the versatility stack of thin veneers, plywood doesn't swell and shrink with of my designs. _ seasonal moisture changes. This makes for some interesting Plywood is marginally more rigid along the grain of the design possibilities. You can, for example, decorate the end of face veneer than across it, but decisions about grain direaion a plywood panel with a contrasting wood without fear of the still can be more aesthetic than structural-a plywood shelf cross-grain construction cracking. I've found plywood to be will bear the same weight regardless of grain direction. Grain economical, too. Even at a cost of between $20 and $1 00 per does affect the visual size of a box, though. If you run the sheet, depending on grade and species, it's less expensive than grain in a box's sides horizontally, the box will look shorter. hardwood bought for $3 and more a board foot. Drawer fronts with vertical grain look deeper. This is most

48 noticeable with oak and other vividly figured woods. Plywood will sag if it must span too great a distance, verti­ cal or horizontal. Besides drooping shelves, this also causes the sides of tall carcases to bow outward under their own weight, making it impossible to fit them with smooth-working doors and drawers. For :X-in. plywood, I've found that 36 in. is the maximum horizontal span unless support is provided by a vertical divider or a face fr ame. For storing heavy objects, such as big books, 30 in. is better. The long sides of a tall bookcase can span 48 in. or so; if taller, the sides should be tied together with a horizontal member. After I've designed and drawn the boxes, I make a cutting list that names each part, its thickness, width and length. The Taylor crosscuts panels on her Sears tablesaw, using a shopmade length is always along the grain, the width always across. To cutoff box. For la rger cuts, she feeds sheets against a Biesemeyer reduce waste, it's sometimes helpful to draw each piece to fence, which permits cuts to the center of an 8-ft. sheet. scale on graph paper, and after drawing an arrow to indicate grain direction, to cut out the panels and arrange them on a the first rip CUt. I ask them to allow at least X in. extra, and rectangle scaled to represent a 4x8 sheet. Once you have de­ then I square the panel on my tablesaw, using the factory termined how to cut the plywood, decide which cut to make edge against the fence. first and mark it with a numbered arrow, indicating grain It makes sense to rough-rip full sheets first, cutting the direction, on the drawing. Then label each piece as you CUt it. panels about Ys in. oversize, then trimming them to the final size when they're smaller and more manageable. For accuracy, Cutting and joining-Plywood rips cleanly along the grain, trim all panels of the same width at the same rip-fence setting. but the face veneer of the sheet splinters when crosscut. Mini­ Since most box parts are too large to saw with the tablesaw's mize the damage by using a good-quality plywood-cutting miter gauge, I use a homemade cutoff box to trim them blade. On my lO-in. tablesaw, I prefer a 40-tooth carbide­ square. Panels that are toO cumbersome to tablesaw can be tipped blade with a triple-chip tooth pattern. The 100-tooth cut with a portable circular saw or a saber saw guided against steel blades sold in most hardware stores will work, though, if a wooden fence clamped to the work. Clean up any ragged kept vety sharp. Get in the habit of positioning what will be edges by cutting the panel a bit �versize and trimming cleanly the show side of your plywood up when you tablesaw; that to the line with a router guided against the wooden fence. way, any splintering will be hidden later. If you're using a The parts of a basic plywood box can be joined in many radial-arm saw or a portable circular saw, position the good ways, ranging from a simple nailed butt joint to dowel or side down. A strip of masking tape applied along the line of plate joinery. I use four joints for plywood: the rabbet-and­ cut before sawing will also reduce chipping. Since my base­ groove (offset tongue), double rabbet, tongue-and-groove, ment shop is cramped, I usually have the lumberyard make and rabbet-all cut on my tablesaw with a sharp dado

Fig. 1: Designing with plywood Three toe-space methods

Th e basic plywood box can be a wall cabinet. a floor cabinet Side with doors and drawers. or a tall bookcase. Bottom

Support shelves on dowels or metal hangers. Carcase detail: Top fastened ~ with cleat

\ \! I It==\I= I ",*=*l

To prevent bowing, case sides Grain direction affects visual proportions: vertical grain taller than 48 in. should be Cabinet makes cabinet appear taller; horizontal grain, wider. tied together with a hl(ed shelf. overhangs platform. ,

Drawings:Lee Hov 49 How to buy hardwood plywood

Core types Crossband Face veneer Face veneers

Fiber-core Particle-core Rotary-cut Bookmatched Slipmatched

Most local lumberyards sell a big selec­ neers and by the way these veneers are ally cheaper, but the figure tends to be tion of fir structural plywoods and pan­ artanged on one of four kinds of cores, pronounced. Plain-sliced (also called eling, but far fewer stock cabinet-grade as shown in the drawing. The chart flat-cut) veneer is usually bookmatched plywoods. You may have to look shows the six veneer grades. Typically, or slipmatched and has a more subdued around to find what you need. Yards one side of a sheet will be premium or (and usually more interesting) figure. that support busy millwork and cabinet A grade, the other side will be a lower Face veneers of any grade or type can shops, because they use hardwood ply­ grade; thus a sheet might be graded be applied to a veneer, lumber, fiber or wood, are a good place to start. These A-I, A-2, and so on. Most suppliers particle core. Veneer is the most com­ yards usually keep a good supply on stock grades A-I through A -3, and will mon core and consists of an odd number hand, and they're familiar with the also have on hand something that they of veneer sheets or plies, frequently fir or hardwood-plywood grading system, if call "shop grade." This grade, which a cheaper hardwood, built up to the re­ what you want needs to be special-or­ doesn't appear in the officialrule book, quired thickness. The face veneers are dered. In most cities, a check of the refers to seconds, or sheets that have then glued on top. Veneer-core plywood "Plywood & Veneers" heading in the been damaged in transit or stOrage. De­ may contain interply voids, but these Yellow Pages will turn up wholesale fects in these sheets are often hardly usually don't cause much of a problem. suppliers. Wholesalers won't always sell noticeable, and the lower price makes Lumber-core-strips of a solid, stable small quantities ro amateurs, bur it this grade a good buy. lumber such as mahogany glued up into doesn't hurt to ask. At worst, they'll re­ In addition to the letter-number a large sheet and veneered over-is the fer you to a well-stocked retailer, or to grade, a sheet will be identified by how most expensive, but the nicest to work one who can order for you. the face veneer is cut and laid. Rotary­ with. Fiber-core, similar ro Masonite, is Hardwood plywoods are graded by cut veneer is peeled off the log in one made up from sawmill waste ground to the qualiry of their fa ce or surface ve- big sheet and glued to the core. It's usu- a powdery consistency and pressed into sheet form. Particle-core is similar, but is made of larger fibers. HARDWOOD PLYWOOD GRADES Which grade and core should you buy? That depends on what you're A Whether veneer is one piece (rotary-cur) or several (plain­ building. Mostly I make children's fur­ Premium grade sliced), it's free of defects and discoloration. If the veneer niture, so I buy shop-grade (A-lor A-2 is sliced, the grain is bookmatched or slipmatched for seconds) :X-in. veneer-core oak and figure and color. birch. This grade is also excellent for kitchen cabinets and wall units. If I were 1 Face veneers are smooth and tight, but, if sliced, may not invest;ing more time in a piece of furni­ Good grade be fIgure- or color-matched. ture, I might consider an A- I lumber­ core plywood. 2 Face veneers are smooth and tight, but not matched for Another thing to keep in mind when Sound grade color or figure. Sound knOtS up to % in. and discoloration . buying is that wholesale plywood prices, are allowed. like lumber prices, are commonly given 3 Veneer can have tight knOts up ro 1 in., discoloration and in dollars per thousand square feet. So if Utility grade slight splits. you ask the price on A-2 rotary-CUt oak, for example, the salesman might quote 4 Open splits and knots up to 3 in. are allowed in face ve­ $1,380. To find the per-sheet price, Backing grade neer. This grade is rarely found in off-the-shelf plywood. move the decimal point three places to the left and multiply by 32, the number SP CustOm-made to buyer requirements. Most architectural of square feet in a 4x8 sheet. In this Spe�ialty grade paneling is of this grade. case, the price is $1.38 per square foot, or $44.16 per sheet. -A. T.

50 Iron-on veneer tape covers the plywood's ugly edges. An iron set to 'linen' melts the tape's glue; a wood block or roller sets the tape as it cools. At corner joints, Taylor miters the tape with a chisel or a knife.

Fig. 2: Plywood joints

Rabbet-and-groove Double rabbet To ngue-and-groove (offset tongue) �Side I !W�To p or bottom � Side Shelf or divider � I Carcases too large to be moved These two joints are suitable for drawer and carcase This joint suits fixed For strength, !JI-in. plywood can be joined on corner jOints. Both can be strengthened with fin ishing shelves, dividers or parts backs can be glued and site with screw­ nails or screws. that join at mid panel. nailed into . reinforced rabbets.

set. Figure 2 shows which joint is used where. A box with try it first with scraps of the same stock that I'll be using. A four flush corners, for example, might hang on the wall, or sit test tongue should be deliberately toO thick to fit the groove on the floor atop a platform that forms a toe space. I join so that you can raise the blade in tiny increments until it fits flush corners with a rabbet-and-groove or, if the box is large exactly, or it can be trimmed by hand with a plane. and must be delivered knocked down, with a rabbet that I Adjustable shelves can be supported by X-in. dowels screw together on site. Pilot holes will prevent screws from tapped into o/s-in. deep holes bored into the case sides before splitting the plies, and if the screws show, they should be the box is assembled. I space shelf-pin holes about 1 in. apart, counterbored and plugged. I use No. 8 or No. 6, l1:;-in. and locate them about 11:; in. in from the back and front wood or drywall screws to join %-in. plywood. The bed proj­ edges of the case. Be very accurate in laying out these holes, ect illustrated on pp. 52-53 shows another knockdown joint. else the shelf will teeter when it's installed. A template of For fixed shelves and dividers where the end of one ply­ X-in. Masonite pegboard will ensure consistent hole location. wood panel joins the face of another, use either a tongue-and­ To keep the drill bit from wandering Out of line, I dimple groove or a rabbet-and-groove. Brace a box against racking each hole with an awl and use a brad-point drill bit in a by adding a back. I find that X-in. plywood glued and nailed Portalign tool. Make sure the bit has a depth stop to keep into a rabbet milled into tge back edges of the box is fine for you from drilling through the plywood. Another way to sup­ this purpose. Make the rabbet fo r the back the last joint cut, POrt shelves is with metal or plastic shelf standards let into however, since it determines which panels become the left, grooves milled in the case sides, or with steel shelf hangers right, top and bottom of a carcase. And in case of splintering that plug into X-in. holes. or cutting errors, you can put mistakes at the back of the box. As a rule of thumb for %-in. plywood, I make grooves Gluing up-To check the accuracy of the joinery, assemble o/s in. wide and o/s in. deep. I size the tongues accordingly, but the box without glue. Examine each joint, and trim away leave a Ys4-in. space berween the groove bottom and the end of tight SPOtS and ridges with a chisel or a plane. Fix a sloppy­ the tongue for glue clearance.To prevent chipping, I CUt aoss­ fitting joint by gluing a strip of veneer to the tongue, sanding grain dadoes in rwo steps. First, I set up the dado blades and it smooth after the glue has dried. Since plywood faces are rip fence, and lower the blades so that they just cut through easily marred by clamps, and because there's no other way to the face veneer. Then I raise them and mill the cut to final apply pressure to a long joint in the middle of a big box, I depth. Before I pass good plywood through a setup, I always use 2x4 cauls for each assembly job. If you plane the edge of

51 Plans for a CUTTING LIST child's loft bed Arnt. Description* LxW Arm. Description * LxW Like aU the furniture I build for chil­ Storage cabinet Bed box dren, this loft bed is durable enough 2 Cabinet sides 60 x 32 2 Bed sides 78 x 12 for the small child who plays under 1 Cabinet top 31Xx310/. 2 Bed ends 31X x 12 1 Fixed shelf 31Xx310/. 1 the desk and runs his toy cars along the Bed bottom nX x 31X 1 Cabinet bottom 31X x 310/. (X-in. ftr plywood) shelves, but spacious enough for the 1 Toe board 30�x2 5 Bed supports 30� older child whose stereo sound system 1 Cabinet back 60 x 31X (ftr 2x4) spreads over the desk behind his com­ (X-in. ftr plywood) 2 Mattress boards 76%x15 Ys puter. And because the bed is up high 2 Cabinet doors 18X x 140/. (�-in. ftr plywood) in a box, it doesn 't need to be made 2 Door pulls 18X x 1� each morning. The project was designed (o/.-in. solid birch) Desk box for a six-year-old whose room in the 1 Top drawer false ftom 30%x4� 1 Desk top 72X x 290/. family's newly restored Victorian house 3 Middle drawer 30% x 7 (%-in. ftr plywood) had a high ceiling but no closet and only false fr oms Top surface 73 x 30� 1 Botrom drawer one wall long enough fo r a bed. 30% x 8� (plastic laminate) fa lse from 2 Long sides 73 x 3 The bed consists of fo ur basic boxes­ 5 Drawer pulls 30% x 1� 2 Ends 290/. x 3 one each for the bed, storage cabinet, (o/.-in. solid birch) 4 Desk crossmembers 29 x2% desk and bookcase. All but one are 5 Drawer bottoms 29%x21% (o/.-in. pine) made of :X-in. shop-grade veneer-core (X-in. ftr plywood) 2 Leg uprights 27% x 3 birch plywood. To keep the size down, I 10 Drawer runners 31 x Xs (o/.-in. solid birch) used a 30-in. wide cot mattress (no box (o/.-in. hardwood) 2 Leg crossmembers 29 x 3 springs) rather than a standard twin-size (o/.-in. solid birch) mattress. Whichever you use, measure it Drawer parts listed below are Stretcher 72X x 3 before you begin cutting. Drawers are Ys-in. fir plywood: (I-in. solid birch) 1 Top drawer from 29% x4� made of %-in. fir plywood, to keep COSts 3 Middle drawer froms 29%x7 down, but if you prefer, use hardwood Bookcase box 1 Bottom drawer from 29% x8� 1 From side 60 x 12 plywood. The desk top can be hard­ 2 Top drawer sides 22 x4� (o/.-in. solid birch) wood plywood, let into a rabbet, instead 6 Middle drawer sides 22 x 7 1 Back side 60 x 12 of laminate-covered fir plywood. 2 Bottom drawer sides 22 x8� 1 Bottom 31X x 12 The drawing shows a refmed vetsion 1 Top drawer back 29%x4 1 Top 31X x 12 of the piece shown in the photo on 3 Middle drawer backs 29% x 6� 4 Toe boards 30�x2 p. 48, so it diffets in some details. For 1 Bottom drawer back 29%x8 2 Adjustable shelves 30�x 11Ys extra strength, for example, the stretcher 1 Fixed shelf 310/. x 12 connectS the center of the leg support to 3 Bookstops 30� x 1� the storage cabinet, instead of fastening (o/.-in. solid birch) Roll of iron-on plywood edge tape at its back edge. The desk can be longer or shorter to suit the child's room, or to *Parts are ¥I-in. birch plywood, except where noted. more economically use what plywood Dimensions allow for joints. you have available. -A. T.

each caul slightly convex, it will bear down harder on the blade. Wiping the glue, even with a damp cloth, will only middle of the joint, pushing the joint home more effectively. fo rce it into the grain, where it will show up when you finish. Once the box is dry-assembled, check it fo r square by mea­ Before the glue is dry, I attach the back, which helps suring diagonally ftom corner to corner. Both diagonals should square the box. If the back won 't be seen, as in a chest of measure exaaly the same, but for praaical purposes a Xs-in. drawers, make it out of X-in. Masonite or fir plywood. Open tolerance is good enough. Another way to check fo r square is bookcases and cabinets should be backed in plywood that has with an accurate fr aming square, but it isn't as reliable, espe­ the same face veneer as the rest of the box. In either case, size cially if the box parts bow a bit under clamp pressure. Correa the back so that it fits snugly into the rabbets. Don't measure small out-of-square errors by adjusting the clamps; if this won't between the rabbets-the clamps may have bowed the carcase work, disassemble and check each panel for square. in a little, and your measurement will give you a back that's Before gluing up, sand the box parts with at least lOO-grit, too small. I put a light bead of glue in the rabbet, and nail fm er if you want. Be careful when sanding plywood, particularly the back in with I-in. ring-shank paneling nails, first on one with a belt sander. It's surprisingly easy to sand right through side and then along the top or borrom. If the sides bow, pull the face veneer, resulting in a blemish that's impossible to them in gently with a pipe clamp before nailing. repair. If the wood appears to darken, the sander is going through the veneer into the next veneer layer. I fm ish after Finishingup-There are twO ways to hide the ugly exposed assembly, but some woodworkers finish before, so that glue edge of plywood: by edgebanding it with thin strips of wood squeeze-out won't stick. Don't dribble finish into the joints, before assembly, or by covering it with iron-on veneer tape or however, or the glue won't hold. Let squeeze-out dry com­ a solid-wood face frame after the cabinet is put together. pletely, then slice it off with a sharp chisel, scraper or razor Some people argue that edgebanding is more durable and a

52 - 32 Loft-bed plans Detail: Bed box and � ----i bookcase

12r' ���======�==1 See pull detail.

Solid-wood bookcase side

Install toe board 0 in. back from front and back edges of bookcase bottom and top.

Desk top l et Into rabbe�

Side

Desk corner JOint ......

r.' 24r% . .: Leg assemblv Join leg crossmembers screws to to legs with screwed desk box. lap join ts. '-=- 29 L;-I Back is 10 in . narrower than sides so that bottom can be nailed to it.

Mill cove and groove in wide To make storage cabinet knockdown, glue cleats to top, stock, then TIp bottom and shelf; fa sten with screws through cleats. to final width.

face frame stronger, While this may be true, I find iron-on chisel, and then sand the outside of the box with 100-grit and veneer tape faster and a lot easier to handle. Bought in fm er belts. I round the taped edges and corners slightly with 250-ft. rolls (from The Woodworkers' Store, 21801 Industri­ 120-grit sandpaper. This helps bond the tapeto the edge, and al Blvd., Rogers, Minn. 55374, or from some lumberyards), prevents it and the face veneer from being snagged and chipped. it costs about 15 ¢ per linear foot. You can cut it with scissors A completed box can be fitred with drawers or doors using and apply it with an ordinary household iron. If incorrectly the construction methods shown in the drawings above. You positioned, the tape can be reheated and moved. can buy metal drawer slides or make your own out of hard­ To apply the tape, cut a strip about X in. longer than you wood.Doors can be hung on butr or knife pivot hinges, or on need and iron it in place with the iron set on "linen." While the adjustable concealed hinges described in FWW #43, p. 59. the tape is hot and the glue melted, press it down with a Plywood boxes can be finished with just about any wood block of scrapwood; the pressure of the iron alone is not al­ finish, or even covered with plastic laminate, A clear, fast­ ways sufficient to set the tape. Even though plywood corner drying fm ish such as shellac or lacquer, or an oil finish is the joints are rabbet-and-groove, the veneer tape looks best if it's easiest to apply. If the box is stained, discolorations from glue mitered at the corner (photo, p, 51). These miters can be CUt and uneven sanding, and ripples and other imperfections in with a I-in. chisel, but a straightedge and X-acto knife makes the plywood will become more obvious, as will variations a neater cut. With two layers of tape overlapping at the cor­ in grain. Paint will hide all these and any mistakes that ner, I place a straightedge diagonally from the outside corner you've had to fill or patch. D to the inside, then knife through both thicknesses of veneer at once. R�heat the tape, then pull the joint tight and press Ann Taylor makes fu rniture tn Wi nnetka, III. Photos by down. Since the tape is 1:X6 in. wide, I trim it flushwith a the author.

53 Made inTa iwan Copycat tools give U. S. makers a run fo r their money by Pa ul Bertorelli

rowsing through a gift shop last summer, and Tool of Tacoma, Wash., are big corpora­ I came across a shelffulof what must be tions that bring in woodworking equipment theB classic American roadside souvenir: cheap with the other goods they sell. Others, such as cedar knickknacks stenciled with an epigraph Conover Woodcraft Specialties and Wilke or the name of a tourist attraction. When I Machinery, are smaller firmsthat specialize in picked one up-a little box whose crudely foreign-made woodworking tools. slotted top suggested a piggy bank-I couldn't Ernie Conover got into importing in the help but wonder who makes these things. late 1970s, when he needed metalworking And at less than $2 apiece, how can the mak­ machine tools to produce a wooden thread box ers survive after the store takes its cu t? he planned tomarket . Like most of us, Conover Stamped on the box's bottom was the not­ didn't have the money for American-made too-surprising answer: "Made in Taiwan." tools, so he bought what he could afford: a Even if the box had been made in the Taiwanese vertical machine. The mill United States, chances are the cedar could worked well enough to convince him that Tai­ have been planed in a Taiwanese planer, sawn wanese tools, if chosen carefully,were a bargain, on a Taiwanese tablesaw and maybe even Crated Taiwan tablesaw. so he began importing woodworking equip­ glued up with Taiwanese clamps. Though the ment to augment his growing tool business. Taiwanese have earned a reputation as maker of the world's Conover's catalog shows ten Taiwanese machines, includ­ throwaway goods-everything fr om cut-rate clothes and shoes ing a couple of lO-in. tablesaws cloned from Rockwell's pop­ to cheap radios and watches-they have graduated to more ular Unisaw and Contractors' saw, and a Rockwell 6-in. sophisticated and expensive products, including woodworking jointer look-alike. I'd seen enough cheap Taiwanese merchan­ machine tools, a market once dominated by U.S. companies. dise to expect the worst, but I have to admit that the jointer I For the past ten years or so, Taiwan has been exporting to inspected at Conover's Parkman, Ohio, store was impressive. the United States a slowly expanding line of the most popular The table and fence castings were quite clean, the machining stationary woodworking tools: tablesaws, jointers, planers, was crisp, and the entire machine had an even, gleaming coat bandsaws, lathes and drill presses. Some of these are heavy­ of gray paint. At $49 5, Conover's jointer sells fo r less than duty tools of Taiwanese or European design, but many more half Rockwell's $1200 asking price. are out-and-out copies of fa miliar trade-tool machines made So, for a $700 saving, how much quality do you lose? for years by companies such as Rockwell and Powermatic. Conover believes that the only sure way to tell is to use the Even the ingenious Shopsmith has been cloned. Some copiers machine over a period of time. Even then, he cautions, qual­ duplicate the original machines bolt-by-bolt, even casting in ity is liable to vary from machine to machine. The other tool Rockwell's fo undry numbers and tossing in a plagiarized sellers I talked to seem to agree. Machines I saw at Conover's owners' manual. and at other dealers generally looked good, with big, beefy Early knockoffs were so inept that few Americans were castings and smooth, polished machined surfaces. Some fall willing to gamble, despite absurdly low prices that were com­ down under closer scrutiny. The ribbed undersides of a monly as little as one- fifth the COSt of the real thing. During Taiwan-made machine's cast parts, for example, are often the past couple of years, though, the Taiwanese have notice­ rough and malformed . On one tablesaw I inspected, the fac­ ably improved quality, attracting more customers and a net­ tory hadn't cleaned the underside of the table but had merely work of dealers willing to offer the service and warranties that painted over the mess-sand, casting dross and all. Rough the early copies lacked. I couldn't dig up reliable sales figures, castings don't necessarily degrade performance, but details but Rockwell seems to have been hit the hardest by the such as access plates, handwheels, pulleys and threaded parts Taiwanese invasion, particularly in the trade-tool market, are often similarly dispatched without clean-up or deburring, which is the bread and butter of its power-tool division. De­ so some clearly fit and work better than others. termined to win back lost sales, Rockwell has lowered prices All this seems to suggest that the Taiwanese are generally through factory rebates, and last fall it asked the U.S. Inter­ very good at what the United States used to excel at-basic national Trade Commission to bar importation of the most smokestack work such as fo unding and smelting, industries slavish copies. that don't require engineering finesse and innovation. They're Taiwan-made tools are sold in the United States through less adept at the finer points of mass produaion-the precisely direct importers-companies who buy from Taiwanese fac­ organized assembly steps, jigged setups and automatic adher­ tories and then resell to individuals, or to dealers who want to ence to tolerances that add up to airtight quality control. The broaden their line ,of U.S., Japanese or European tools with poor record of Taiwanese elearic motors and controls illus­ cheaper alternatives. Some importers, such as Jet Equipment trates this point: beefs about motors and electrics lead the

54 If a u.s. company scores big with a hot-selling machine, the Taiwanese are likely to be right behind with a copy. At right above is a Taiwan knockoff of Rockwell's popular lnvicta planer, at !e t, which is itself made in Brazil. The copy is atypi­ cally modified: it's 2 in. widfer and the depth-adjusting crank has been replaced by a handwheel. customer-complaint list, and none of the importers I talked to may or may not lead to as much grief, depending on which would guarantee a Taiwanese motor for more than ninety factory built it and which importer brought it in. Taiwanese days. From the outside, the motors look great, often sporting woodworking tools spew from a group of factories clustered heavy cast housings whose cooling fins make them look like around the industrial city of Tai-chung. Importers say that the American-made motors of forty years ago. In use, I'm these factories-which range from garage-sized machine shops told, the motors tend to overheat or run erratically, or occa­ to a few modern factories outfitted with state-of-the-art tool­ sionally burn out after a few hours. They're not always repair­ ing-compete viciously for a share of the North American able, either. "We just chuck 'em out," says Ted Grieco of market. Since they all build identical machines, copycat com­ Rudolph Bass, Inc., a big machinery house in New Jersey panies beat out their competition by selling at the lowest that sells some Taiwanese equipment. "If we get a bad mo­ price, not by offering better quality. "I can buy a six-inch tor, we just eat it. In the import business, there's no returning Rockwell-type jointer from maybe six sho ps," importer a motor to the factory for a credit." David Wilke of York, Pa., told me. "The cheapest one might I got a look at the guts of a Taiwan-made motor when I be a hundred dollars out the factory door; the best one will visited Rockwell's Pittsburgh headquarters, where the com­ be twice that much. But I'll tell you, I wouldn 't want that pany maintains its own museum of copies in a room adjacent hundred-dollar machine in my shop." to the product-testing lab. Rockwell technician Fred Weimer Taiwan's cottage-industry manuf acturing approach plays ushered me through the collection of clones, which includes a havoc with quality control and parts interchangeability. One really awful Unisaw copy with a tabletop that looks more foundry might make up accurate patterns to cast an American carved than cast. Weimer, who's been poking and probing machine's parts, but another will use actual parts from the these machines for a couple of years, showed me the wreckage original as patterns, ignoring the fact that cast iron shrinks of a motor he had pulled from an 8-in. motorized tablesaw when it cools, thus producing parts smaller than the originals. copy. In the Rockwell version, a router-type motor connected The assembly shop is left to cope, machining parts one at a through a gearbox drives the sawblade. The counterfeit apes time on outdated, tun-down machine tools without any set­ the motor and gear drive faithfully enough, but instead of up jigs to ensure interchangeability. mounting the shaft in ball bearings, as Rockwell did, the "On one of my first trips to Taiwan," says Conover, "I copie.rs substituted bronze bushings. Spinning at 20,000 RPM, went through a shop where they had a little kid making the bushed shaft had so much end play that its cooling fan wrenches for the cutterhead bolts in planers. He'd chalk cut into the motor winding and stopped it dead after four the outline of each wrench onto a piece of steel plate as big as hours of use. this room, then he'd burn each one out with a torch. Repairing the other pares of any Taiwan-made machine When you've got lots of cheap labor and no tools and dies,

55 that's the way you do it. Here, we'd just stamp them out Bridgewood looked like a decent buy. Wilke, by the way, says on a hundred-ton press." Low-skill, labor-intensive manufac­ he has been satisfied with Taiwanese motors. Conover, on the ture doesn't necessarily produce inferior goods, but some other hand, bolts American motors onto his heavier machines. lemons are inevitable. "You've really got to be careful of The fact that some importers have overcome the stigma of what you buy from Taiwan, and you have to sit on the qual­ cheapness once attached to Taiwanese goods suggests that ity control," says Wilke, who, like Conover, has been im­ their market toehold is permanent. Evetyone I talked to, in­ porting for about seven years. Wilke has his Taiwanese sup­ cluding Rockwell executives, seemed to agree that except for pliers bolt rather than nail crates so that he can unpack occasional lapses, the quality of Taiwanese machines is im­ machines for testing and repair before they're shipped to proving. Rockwell obviously plans to put up a stiff fight. In the customer. gathering evidence for its trade-commission maneuvering, the Some Taiwanese factories are capable of excellent work. company has been tunning magazine ads asking purchasers of Besides the look-alike tools, both Conover and Wilke import Taiwan-made machines to report misrepresentations involving a line of more expensive machines that the Taiwanese seem look-alikes. This, in fact, is the heart of Rockwell's argument consistently good at making: big, heavy industrial tools that before the trade commission. Most of its patents on copied are a notch above the trade-tool categoty but still priced equipment have long since expired, so Rockwell, wishing to at a fraction of what you'd pay for the equivalent U.S. ma­ hamstring the Taiwanese in any way it can, is pleading unfair chines. These aren't copies but generic heavyweights-mostly competition. Its main is that copies wear the Rockwell jointers and planers-of some indeterminate design origin, "trade dress," that is, they are not just functional copies, but probably dating to the 1930 s. are gussied up and sold to look like the real thing, thus hurt­ In addition to generally nicer detailing and finishes, these ing Rockwell's sales and reputation. machines have design features found only on the most expen­ Rockwell has other options. "We could get into bed with a sive industrial equipment. This sophistication suggests that Taiwanese company and have our machines made under li­ they come from factories more competent than those that do cense," says Lou Brickner, head of new-product development copies, factories that are also clever enough to improve and for Rockwell. Other U.S. firms troubled by counterfeiters innovate at the behest of savvy importers . A 12-in. joiriter have done just that. "It wouldn't take the Taiwanese much to that Conover and Wilke buy from the same Taiwanese sup­ improve their quality to our standards ," Brickner says. plier has a beautifully made, crank-adjusted fence and fluted "They're almost there now. Then again, that would put six table castings that reduce cutterhead noise. One of the nicest hundred people Out of work in Tupelo [Rockwell 's largest Taiwanese machines I saw was a 13-in. planer that Wilke tool plant]' ..we don't see that as a solution." sells under his own Bridgewood label. For $1995, this ma­ It's hard to say how effective Rockwell's tactics will be, but chine has a cast-iron stand, segmented cast-iron chippers, a I think we'll be seeing fewer dead-ringers. By midwinter, two segmented feed roller, variable feed speed, and, best of all, a of the twenty-two companies named in Rockwell's trade­ little lever for adjusting the bed rollers, sparing you the hassle commission suit (some U.S., some Taiwanese) had agreed to of crawling under the machine, wrenches in hand. Compared a confidential informal settlement, which probably means that to the $250 0 Powermatic 12-incher (with none of the same they will stop selling copies altogether, or will change them to goodies) sitting next to it on Wilke's showroom floor, the look appropriately non-Rockwellish. This outcome is prob-

Some knockoffsare faithful to the original, some aren't. The Taiwanese factory that built this motor substituted bronze bushings for the bearings used In the original. Th e sloppy fit allowed the motor 's fan to slice apart the windings.

56 ably in everyone's interest. Mter researching this article and Evidently their customers agree-we've yet to get a letter from inspecting plenry of credible Taiwan-made equipment, I can't a reader complaining of buying a Taiwanese copy that was escape the fe eling that there is just something sleazy, if not palmed off as the genuine article. Finally, I suppose, it shakes downright wrong, about copying if it extends to matching down to money. If buying a copy meant the difference be­ the color of a machine's paint and duplicating the rypeface tween woodworking and not woodworking, it would be hard on the instruction plates. Some copycats push the ruse even to pass up the prices on some of this equipment. I guess I'd further by tacking on U.S.-sounding brand names such as strip the "Buy American" bumper sticker off my Japanese- "American" and "Chicago." pickup truck and take my chances. 0 When confronted with this moral unease over copying, most importers just shrug and say competition is competition. Paul Bertorelli is managing editor of Fine Wo odworking.

Tips on buying Taiwanese machines Compared to the best U.S., Japanese chine as soon as it arrives, and if any­ to rest at the same point each time, the and European equipment, the rough­ thing is amiss, ftle a claim right away wheel may be heavy enough on one side and-tumble castings and crude detailing with the dealer or shipper. Here are to vibrate at sawing speed. Blade guides on some made-in-Taiwan tools seem some things to look for: are harder to judge. Some Rockwell undeniably second-rate. Look around Check a tablesaw by sighting the ta­ copies mimic the original faithfully, carefully, though, and you'll fm d plenry ble casting with a straighted ge. You others only halfway. Just make sure that of bargains, copycat or not. I'm no ma­ shouldn't fmd any appreciable hollows the machine has guides of some sort and chine expert, but when I asked tool or lumps in either the main table or its that they are adjustable. Check the dealers how they'd go about buying wings. Test the miter gauge for reason­ blade length, too; it should be a stan­ Taiwanese tools, I gOt enough useful ably smooth travel in its slots, and see if dard size, not an oddball that will have advice to limit my chances of getting the rip fence locks tightly and parallel to to be custom-welded. Also, make sure stuck with a junker. the miter-gauge slots. If it won't lock that replacement tires are available. First of all, don't buy on price alone. correctly, be sure it has an adjustment The best Taiwan-made motors are A 6-in. Taiwanese jointer, for example, mechanism-some copycats omit or bun­ heavier and larger than their Western might sell for $275 through a discount gle this feature. With a blade on, crank counterparts, and are likely to provide importer, while the identical tool goes the depth of cut to both limits of travel good service. The worst reveal them­ for $450 elsewhere. For the extra mon­ and angle the arbor to its 450 limit, and selves by overheating and occasionally ey, the higher-priced dealer will usually see if the blade spins freely without burning up during the ftrst few hours of uncrate and test a machine, repairing banging into the sa w's internal parts. use. There's no practical way to pick a any damage or defects before shipping it Taiwanese tablesaws have been built good one. You ought to check the wiring, on to the customer. Discounters are less with arbors toO short to accept a dado though. A single-phase motor should be likely to offer such services. They trim blade. For a fu ll %-in. dado set, the wired with a two-conductor cord, plus their overhead by shipping direct, so if a arbor has to be at least IX in. long. a ground wire-usually green-through defective or incomplete machine is sent In jointers, machined tolerances are a three-ptong plug. The ground should Out from Taiwan, you'll be the ftrst to critical, particularly the flatness of the be connected to both the motor frame ftnd out about it. And you may have to tables. To check it, crank both in feed and the machine itself. A three-phase wait quite a while for repairs or parts. and outfeed tables into the same plane, motor should have a three-conductor Buying a bum machine from a rep­ then span the length of both tables with cord, plus the ground. Make sure that utable company shouldn't be a problem, an accurate straightedge. If you see any none of the three-phase legs is grounded since most dealers will take it back or re­ daylight between the edge and the. table to the machine frame, or a shock hazard pair it to your satisfaction. But before you surfaces, the tables are not parallel, a will exist if the plug is incorrectly wired. buy, get straight on the seller's warranry condition that may be impossible to re­ Ground wires often get fa stened to policy and, if possible, get it in writing. pair economically. Use a pair of wooden painted metal surfaces, defeating their Like quality, warranties on Taiwan­ winding sticks (FWW #13, pp. 50-51) purpose. Disconnecr them and clean up made machines are allover the map: to check the tables fo r twist. Sight the the mating surfaces with sandpaper. some sellers guarantee the machine and fence as well; a slight bow isn't as big a Finally, don't expect to uncrate a per­ its parts for a year but the motor for problem as a twist is. Crank the infeed fe ct machine, at least not every time, only 90 days; others offer only 90 days and outfeed tables to their travel limits, and don't plan on it having much resale on both machine and motor. Also ftnd while occasionally spinning the cutter­ value. Besides using cheap labor, Tai­ out who pays the freight if you have to head by hand, to make sure everything wanese factories are notorious for cut­ send a machine back for warranry work, clears. The table lead- and lock-screws ting corners to keep prices down. This or if parts must be shipped to you. should turn smoothly, without binding. might mean you'll get a lousy paint job, If you live near a dealer, go and look A bandsaw has fewer critical-tolerance sand-bound castings, or burred edges left at the equipment you plan to buy. Have parts, but if it's to run smoothly, the undressed-all minor problems you can it uncrated and inspect it for broken, wheels should be true and, ideally, bal­ ftx yourself. But defects serious enough damaged or missing parts. Examine anced. To check, remove the blade and to render a machine useless aren't un­ machined surfaces for rust-seawater the motor belt, and spin each wheel. A common, so your best bet is to try to sometimes leaks into shipped-on-deck warped or bent wheel will wobble no­ spot a dog before you pay. It's one thing marine containers. If you're buying sight ticeably. Spot a lopsided one by chalk­ to have to ftle a few parts to a perfect ftt. unseen via mail order, you can't inspect ing a mark on the rim and giving the It's something else entirely to have to before you buy, so go over your ma- wheel another spin. If the mark comes remachine a warped casting. -P.B.

57 A Swing-Away Drill-Press Table Ve rsatile accessories help sand and rout

by RJ DeCristofo ro ./ he drill press is one of the most ver­ . X Fig. 1: Swing-away drill-press table satile tools in any woodworking Onll. / ,< Cabinet-grade plywood, Tshop, but you need special accessories to -' . , 3 -...... --1 / yo %x 14x 16 get the most from it. Many times these 3V2-ln. dla . � accessories aren't available commercially 4V2 � and you must make them. Here's an ...... /' >----? / '><.� auxiliary swing-away table with custom­ /' lV2 made inserts that will help you use your >

Fig. 1 A: Inserts Drum-sanding insert Pin-routing Pattern-sanding insert Solid insert insert I-E---2112 ----.-1

Attach with 1 'I.?-in. Cut hole to match size %-in. 'A-in. to 3/s-in. #6 fla t-head screws. of sanding drum. T-nut �� thick guide disc 58 piece. Remove just enough material from the corner to allow the hinged sec­ Oscillating Spindle Sander tion to swing around the drill-press col­ An umn. Glue the twO table pieces together. Taiwanese drill press spins and bobs Make the top piece now, but don't cut any of the holes yet. Center the top on the base and attach it with six l�-in. by WesleyP. Glewwe # 10 flat-head wood screws. The front edge of the top should be flush with the front of the base piece. Now center the assembly on the drill-press table, se­ An oscillating vertical spindle sander, single-phase motor, and stepped pulleys cure it with the carriage bolt, and, with n whose drum moves up and down as fo r variable speeds. These machines are the drill press, .drill a small pilot hole it spins, doesn't leave the scratches that sold under many different names (Amer­ through both top and base. Take the a conventional drum sander does. With ican, Duracraft, Chicago, Intergram, two pieces apart, and cut the 3�-in. a few inexpensive parts, you can turn a Sterling, Central, Guardian, etc.), but hole through the top and the 2�-in. cheap Taiwan-made benchtop drill press all brands are about the same. Larger, hole through the base. Sand all parts into a durable, efficient oscillating sand­ more expensive Taiwanese drill presses, carefully and then screw the top to the er, for a fraction of the cost of a manu­ about 30 in. to 38 in. tall, cost more base. Finish with lacquer or shellac, fol­ factured unit, and you won't need to do and can't be modified because of the lowed by paste wax. any welding or machine work. way the head casting is attached. N ow use your bandsaw, fly-cutter or Not all Taiwanese drill presses are The drill-press motor will rotate the hole saw to make the inserts shown in suitable for conversion. The one I used sanding drum, but you'll need to buy a figure lAo All the inserts are 3� in. in is about 23 in. high, weighs just under reduction motor to move the spindle up diameter, to fit snugly into the jig. The 50 lb., and costs less than $1 00. Made and down about % in. to Ys in. There are solid insert provides a good surface fo r of cast iron, it has a �-in. chuck, a Ya-HP twO types of reduction motors: one with normal drilling and helps prevent tear­ out. The drum insert, designed for a Phoros: Blumenfeld Phoco8raphy 2�-in. drum, supports the workpiece so that its edges can be sanded square to surfaces. To sand inside areas, put the workpiece in place before you lower the drum. To make the insert for pin-routing, drill the hole for the pin and T -nut while the insert is locked in the table. This ensures that the router bit and the pin, which is made from a cut-off %-in. bolt, will be perfectly aligned. Align­ ment is crucial since a pattern, exactly the size and shape of the part you need, is tack-nailed to the bottom of a rough­ cut piece. Moving the pattern along the pin enables the router bit to transfer the shape of the pattern to the rough-cut piece. Use a similar alignment procedure in making the pattern-sanding insert, which serves as a guide disc when pieces are being drum-sanded to size. Have the insert in place and mark the location of the guide disc while your sanding drum is mounted in the chuck. The sanper and the guide disc must be perfe�tly concentric. The pattern rides the disc, so the work is sanded to match. Remem­ ber that this is a sanding operation­ workpieces should be sawn as close to the line as possible. 0

RJ. DeCristofo ro, of Los Altos Hil ls , Calif, is a woodworker and author of With a few extra parts, Glewwe converted a Taiwanese drill press into this oscillating spindle sander. The sanding drum moves up and down as it rotates, eliminating numerous articles and books on wood­ scratches. The particleboard cabinet has a plastic-laminate top with different size working. Photo by the author. inserts, shown hanging on the cabinet, that 7i ft out for drum-changing.

Drawings: KarenP ease 59 Drill press dismantled . . becomes oscillating spindle sander

Stepped pulley

Invert the head Feed shaft ---... casting and motor assemblv

3-in. or 4-in. sprocket

Column V4 -in. steel connecting rod ----.,..

3-in. or 4-in. sprocket

Feed handle

Detail: Quill at lowest point of stroke

Pulley cover Spring case

Rubber bumper The drill press on the left is stock from the factory. A similar machine is shown at Head right, af ter conversion. The drill- press motor turns the sp indle, and a worm-drive casting reduction motor drives a connecting rod to move the quill up and down. To convert the 'A-in. to drill press, Glewwe first stripp ed the stock unit of the parts shown at center, then 3fs-in. inverted the head casting and motor. The small canister strapped to the left side of the gap table is a capacitor (required with some motors).

60 a sun-gear mechanism, and one with a N ow lift off the entire head assembly tion, measure the distance between the worm-gear assembly. Either rype will and invert it on the column. There are rod-end threads and add % in. to allow do, but the worm-gear motor is easier three cast-iron ribs on the inside of the for threads. Cut the X-in. rod to this to mount because the shaft is perpen­ head assembly. If the inverted head as­ length and thread the ends with a die dicular to the axis of the motor. Buy a sembly won't slip over the column, file that matches the rod-end threads. Just motor with at least X;oHP, rated con­ off the burr on the center rib. start the rod into the rod ends-you'll tinuous-dury with an output speed be­ One crankshaft sprocket goes on the need to make adjustments later. Mount tween 25 RPM and 60 RPM. My motor is feed shaft, but first drill a X-in. hole the rod assembly on the sprockets with a 115-volt AC, X5-HP worm-gear rype 1Ys in. from the center of the arbor machine screws, and add lock washers with a 60: 1 ratio and an output speed of hole for the connecting-rod end. Mount and nuts, finger-tightened. 28 RPM. It was made by Bodine Electric the sprocket on the shaft. Drill a X-in. Test the action by quickly switching Co. (2500 West Bradley PI., Chicago, hole through the other sprocket, 1 in. the reduction motor on and off. Don't Ill. 60618), but I bought it at a surplus from the center of the arbor hole, and plug in the drill-press motor yet. The house (Surplus Center, 1000-10 15 West mount this sprocket on the gear-reduc­ upper sprocket should make less than "0" St., PO Box 82209, Lincoln, tion motor arbor. Making sure the table half a revolution, then reverse direction. Neb. 68501) for about $30. isn't tilted, position the reduction motor You'll probably have to adj ust the Two 3-in. or 4-in. sprockets fo rm the on the worktable. Line up the upper length of the connecting rod to get a crankshafts that oscillate the spindle. and lower sprockets with a straightedge, smooth up-and-down motion. The easi­ One fits on the reduction-motor arbor, and bolt down the motor. est way to make this adjustment is to the other on the drill-press feed shaf t. Rotate the upper sprocket so that the turn the connecting rod farther in or out Each sprocket must have a setscrew or rod-end hole is at fo ur o'clock. At this of the rod ends, but you can also raise or some other means of locking it on the position, the low point in the quill-shaft lower the worktable or the head casting. arbor. You can substitute gears or pul­ stroke, there should be a X-in. to o/s-in. Don't allow the reduction motor to run leys for the sprockets , or you can make gap between the head casting and the continuously until you get a smooth the crankshafts from flat bar stock-they rubber bumper on the quill shaft. If stroke of about :x in. to Ys in, with no don't need to be round. there isn't, remove the sprocket, slide "thumps" at the top or bottom of the The connecting rod between the out the feed shaft, rotate it slightly, and quill's stroke. sprockets is made from an 8-in. length replace it. Put a scrap piece of wood in You can mount the sander under­ of X-in. steel rod, capped by two rod the gap temporarily to prevent the quill neath an existing workbench in your ends with X-in. bearing inserts (avail­ from dropping while you're measuring. shop, but I built a particleboard cabinet able from Alinabal, Division of MPD Now rotate the lower sprocket, by tun­ to house mine. Plastic laminate makes a Corp., 28 Woodmont Rd., Milford, ning the reduction motor, so that the good work surface for the top. The Conn. 06460). Buy the kind with fe­ rod-end hole is at six o'clock. At these spindle protrudes through a hole in a re­ male threads where the rod attaches. positions, the quill will be at the bottom movable insert in the worktable that lifts Begin the conversion of your machine of its stroke. Now you're ready to mea­ out when you want to change drums. by removing the stepped pulley on the sure for the connecting rod. I usually plug both motors into an out­ quill shaft. This is a press-fit and may With the sprockets in the right posi- let box controlled by a single switch. be tough to get off. To loosen it, give Sometimes you may want only the spin­ the shaft end a few sharp taps while a dle to rotate, and with this setup, all you ' helper tugs on the pulley. Be careful not have to do is unplug the reduction motor.

to break the flanges. After you get the Upper crankshaft In my machine, I use 3-in. long sand­ pulley off, remove the sheet-metal pul­ sprocket ing drums with X;-in.dia. shanks (avail­ ley cover, then replace the pulley on the able from Singley Specialry Co., Inc.,

quill shaft. If you can't get the pulley Machine screw Box 5087, Greensboro, N.C. 27403). I off, just cut the cover off with a hacksaw. \ like the kind with a clamping mecha­ Next, remove the quill-return spring, "'-- Rod end at nism to hold regular sheets of abrasive l four o'clock which is in a case on the left side of the paper, so I don't have to buy abrasive head casting, and slide out the fe ed sleeves. These drums come in diameters shaft and handle assembly. Remove the �1,4-in. steel from in. to 3 in. Use the larger ones connecting rod :x three feed handles, and with a pin for long, sweeping curves, and the punch, drive out the pin that secures the smaller onesfor short arcs and scrollwork. Measure this dis tance feed-handle base to its shaft. Remove for connecting rod. Lower crankshaft For best results, feed the work against the base, which is also a press-fit. Add % in. for threads. sprocket the rotation of the drum, and keep it The small end of the feed shaft is moving to avoid burn marks. You also slotted for the spring (which you've re­ risk burns if the drum turns too fast, so moved). Epoxy a metal shim in ehis slot adjust the rotation speed by moving the to prevent the shaft from crushing when V -belt on the pulleys. 0 you tighten the sprocket on the shaft. Slide the feed shaft back through the Wesley Gle wwe is a retired FBI sp e­ head casting, and slip a few washers on cial agent. He lives in West St. Paul, the end of the shaft to take up the space Minn., and makes wooden-gear clocks originally occupied by the spring. Rod end at six o'clock as a hobby.

61 The Great Atnerican Pines Forty species yield three distinct families of cabinet woods by Jon WArno

he newspaper ad might read: "C ommon pine shelving west and discovered other species of pine: two soft pines boards, only 59¢ a board foot!" So the weekend wood­ (western white pine and sugar pine), and a number of western worker,T on his precious hobby budget, hustles off to load up. yellow pines, the most important of which are much softer With just 100 bd. ft. of that affordable pine, he might repro­ and more workable than the southern yellows. At the very duce that beautiful 17th-century New England china cup­ least, today's cabinetmaker ought learn how to distinguish board he's admired in the local museum. between the white pines as a group, the southern yellow Yet when the reproduction is fm ally done, something just pines, and the western yellow pines. Amateur lumberjacks isn't quite right. The joinery is accurate, the antique fmish might note that with one or twO minor exceptions, the soft genuine, the hardware hand-forged. Nevertheless, there is pines have needles growing in bunches of five, while the something unmistakably 20th-century about the piece. harder pines have them in bunches of twO or three. The chart Our craftsman resigns himself to the apparent fact that it on the facing page compares pines within each of the three simply takes a couple of centuries for pine to develop its mel­ groups and shows macrophotographs of typical species. low, pumpkin-orange patina. The ttuth is, this particular pine Keep in mind that pine furniture has always been decid­ lumber is never going to mellow, not in a thousand years. edly local in character. The Europeans made Scotch pine ta­ Why? Because pine isn't just pine. That bargain wood was a bles, New Englanders made white pine chests, and southern western yellow pine, probably Pinus ponderosa, while the farmers built yellow pine cupboards with flashy grain. In the Colonial original was almost certainly made of a decidedly television show Bonanza, Ben Cartwright's furniture would different species: Pinus strobus, or eastern white pine. Both have been of pure ponderosa pine. Country-style pine furni­ woods have a distinctly individual character. To a reproduc­ ture was originally made of whatever pine grew in the par­ tion cabinetmaker, their lumber is not interchangeable. ticular geographic area. The genus Pinus of the botanical family Pinaceae contains more than ninety species worldwide, several of which are The white pineS-If you like traditional American furniture among the most important in the timber and paper indus­ and want your projects to be "authentic," your first choice tries. The range of the pines is restricted to the Northern will naturally be eastern white pine. This is the "pumpkin Hemisphere, except for one species that strays below the pine" of early New England, so called because of the rich, equator in Indonesia. As with fine hardwoods, North Amer­ golden-orange patina it develops with age. It's also the tree ica is especially blessed with pines. Half of our 40 native pine that Paul Bunyan harvested as he made his way from pinety species are important timber producers, and some have be­ to pinery along our northern border. The lumberjacks called it come major ref orestation species, growing now where no true cork pine because its extremely low density caused it to ride pine had grown before. high in the river as the logs were floated to the sawmill. For In Colonial days, the East Coast pines fit nicely into three the cabinetmaker, this low density means that the wood is basic groups. In the North were a "soft" (white pine), a soft, easily worked, and lightweight. Wood from the white "hard" (pitch pine), and an "intermediate" (red pine) which pine group is, in general, less dense than that of the species in was vety like Scotch pine, the wood that European cabinet­ the other groups. It is also not as resinous and has less con­ makers call "deal." In the South, the many kinds of pines trast between earlywood and latewood. Thus the white pines were all very hard. In comparison with soft white pine, whose CUt more predictably, and can be finished to a mellower, more uniform texture works easily, some of the southern yellow uniform tone. pines have earlywood as soft as basswood, while the latewood The woods of eastern white pine and western white pine within the same annual ring is as hard as rosewood. The are so similar that I doubt whether a Colonial cabinetmaker southern yellow pines are theref ore dif ficult to work, and could have told one from the other. The sapwood of both have a showier grain pattern than the softer pines, especially trees is light cream, almost white, in color, with the heart­ when stained. wood ranging from yellow to light oran ge-tan. Idaho has Throughout the Colonies, the hard pines provided building been the primary producer of western white pine, and the timbers, tough construction lumber and wear-proof floors. term "Idaho white pine" or the initials "IWP" stamped on a For furniture, the northern cabinetmakers favored the bland, board identify one of America's finest softwoods. easier-working white pine, but the southern cabinetmakers Unless historical authenticity is important, however, I'd utilized the harder wood of the local trees. For this reason, most likely choose the third major member of the group, su­ museum curators today routinely fm d drawer runners and gar pine, for the primary wood in a furniture proj ect. It has sides of southern Colonial furniture to be in good condition outstanding working characteristics (though it mars quite still, while in northern furniture the same parts have mostly easily) and great stability, and it is available in large, wide, worn out. blemish-free boards-volumetrically, sugar pine is the largest As local lumber stands were exhausted, loggers moved true pine in the world. The wood is extremely consistent in

62 THE THREE GROUPS OF PINE LUMBER Group A: White pines Prime lumber from rrees in this group is sofr, light, easily worked, and commonly available in lumberyards.As shown in rhe lOX end-grain macrophotograph at right, Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), which is rypical of rrees in this group, has a gradual rransition from earlywoodto latewood wirhin each growrh ring, and an evenness of cell­ wall thickness rhroughout, which means rhat earlywoodand latewoodhave similar densities. These charaaeristics make for good woodworking and staining properties. BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAM E(S) RANGE PROPERTIES OF THE \'roOD P. strobus Eastern white pine, norrhern Norrheastern United States Creamy white wood wirh yellow to orange-ran white pine, cork pine, Wey­ and eastern Canada, Appala­ heartWood; rraditionalpine of Colonial New England. mourh pine. chians sourh to Georgia. Average specific graviry 0.34. P. monticola Western white pine, Idaho Western Monrana, Idaho, Virtually identical to eastern white pine. white pine. into Washington and Oregon. Specific graviry 0.35. P. lambertiana Sugar pine. Oregon, norrhern and eastern Creamy tan color, prominent "fleck" marks; California. available in large, clear stock; excellent carving wood. Specific graviry 0.34. Severe growing conditions make rhe woods of rhe following western rrees exrremely variable: Limber pine, P. flexilis; whitebark pine, P. albi­ caulis; rhe pinyon pines (four or more species and hybrids); bristlecone pine, P. aristata; and fo xtail pine, P. baifouriana.

Group B: Southern yellow pines Woods in this group vary according to growing conditions, but latewood is prediaably very hard and sometimes wide, while earlywood is sofr, making for hard-to-work woods wirh racy grain patterns. Wood is resinous, dense, srrong .. Not generally a cabinet-qualiry wood, except for period furnit ure rhat demands it and for a long-lasting secondary wood. Makes good pressure-rreated decking. The lOX macrophotograph of P. echinata (shortleaf pine), rypical of rhe sourhern yellow pine group, shows wide, dense latewood, abrupt rransition between earlywood and latewood wirhin each growrh ring, and exrreme differences in wall thickness between earlywood and latewood. P. palustris Longleaf pine. Southeastern and Gulf Hard; yellow to orange-brown color; very resinous. coastal plain. Specific graviry 0. 54. P. echinata Shortleaf pine. From Texas to Georgia, and Similar to longleaf; slightly less dense. ftom Kenrucky to notthern Specific graviry 0.47. Florida. P. taeda Loblolly pine. Similar to shottleaf, except Same as shortleaf. Specific graviry 0.47. more southerly. P. elliott;; Slash pine. Florida, sourhern Georgia Much like longleaf pine; one of the denser and Gulf coastal plain. sourhern yellow pines. Specific graviry 0.54. Minor species include Virginia pine, or Jersey pine, P. virginiana, specific graviry 0.45; pond pine, P. serotina, specific gravity 0.51; pitch pine, P. rigida, specific gravity 0.4 7; spruce pine (cedar pine, poor pine), P. glabra, specific gravity 0.4 1; sand pine, P. clausa, specific gravity 0.46; and Table Mountain pine, P. pungens, specific graviry 0.46, not abundant.

Group C: We stern yellow pines Woods in this group are slightly denser and more yellow rhan the white pines, but are lighter, less resinous and more workable rhan rhe sourhernyellow pines. P. ponderosa, shown at lOX in rhe maaophotograph at right, is typical of rhe pines in this group. Transition from earlywood to latewood is abrupt, yet latewood is not as wide or hard as in rhe sourhern yellow pines. Wood works well, holds crisp edges. Stain accenruates grain pattern. Dimpled grain common. Commonly seenin lumberyards as moldings and rrim. The minor species listed are of little impor­ tance as timber producers due to rheir limited range and/or poor quality. P. ponderosa Ponderosa pine. Inter Rocky Mountain region Best cabinet wood of rhe yellow pines. fr om Mexico to Canada, norrh­ Specific gravity 0.38. ern California and Oregon. P. jeffreyi Jeffrey pine. Norrhern and eastern Calif­ Virtually rhe same as ponderosa and marketed ornia, sourheastern Oregon. wirh it as "ponderosa" pine. P. contorta Lodgepole pine. Norrhern Rockies, eastern Usually knortier rhan ponderosa or Jeffrey. California, Pacific Norrhwest. Specific gravity 0.38. Among rhe minor species are Torrey pine, P. torreyana; Monterey pine, P. radiata; Digger pine, P. sabiniana; and knobcone pine, P. attenuata. These may be available locally to western woodworkers. Some may be cut and shipped wirh rhe major species, especially in rhe lower grades and/or as dimension lumber. The following species are not western rrees, but are included in this group because of rheir wood's working charaaeristics: P. banksiana Jack pine. Eastern Canada, norrhern Wood most resembles lodgepole pine; knotty; light in Great Lakesstates, New color; wide sapwood; coarse-grained, may have dim- York and New England . pled grain. Specific gravity 0.40. P. resinosa Red pine, Notway pine. Norrheastern and Great Lakes Midway between rhe sourhern and western yel- states, eastern Canada. low pines in density; creamy white to yellow sapwood, orange to brown heartWood; less grainy and resinous rhan sourhernpines, but not as sofr and workable as western yellow pines. Specific graviry 0.41.

PhOtos: Joha limbach, Ripon M;croslides 63 texture and a creamy light tan or beige in color, with a dis­ crowns of short needles, two to the bunch. tinctive pattern in the grain caused by its characteristic resin The ponderosa and lodgepole pines often exhibit a dim­ canals. While all pines have numerous, fairly large resin ca­ pled grain pattern. If you split a piece of the wood with an nals (when compared to , spruce and ), no ax, small bumps on one side will be matched by dimples on other pine displays them so plentifully and prominently. This the other. This abnormality, almost "normal" in these twO gives sugar pine the most distinctive-some think it beauti­ pines, is caused by resin blisters in the inner bark which dis­ ful-appearance of the white pines. tort the cambium layer. The pattern is sometimes visible on Several other western species-including limber pine, bris­ the surface of plainsawn boards, and when the surface is tight tlecone pine and the pinyon pines-are listed in the chart as enough to finish smoothly, it can resemble bird's-eye maple. part of the white pine group, but their gnarly, short gtowth habit limits their value as lumber. Northern yellow pines-Woodworkers may want to distin­ guish the northern yellow pines, species with which the first Southern yellow pines-These trees are hard, strong, dense New England Colonists were familiar. Although two of these and resinous, and a major source of paper pulp, plywood and trees have working characteristics that assign them to groups construction timber. On the basis of commercial value and we've already considered, the third, red pine, has qualities volume, the southern yellows are our most important pines, that help put all three groups in perspective. but very little lumber from this group finds a place in my Pitch pine is used primarily for pulp and only occasionally shop. The trees produce a large band of latewood during the for lumber, although it was an important Colonial species growing season, and they exhibit an abrupt transition between before the stands were razed. Its wood resembles that of the earlywood and latewood, with enormous contrast in densiry southern yellow pines in color, resin content and hardness, between the rwo zones. The knOtS are virtually impervious to and the lumber trade treats it as a "minor species" of the stain. I don't like southern yellow pine, and much prefer to southern yellow pines. With a specific gravity of 0.47, it is work with wood from either of the other two groups, yet I by far the densest of the pines native to the northeastern understand how southern yellow could be close to a period United States. cabinetmaker's heart. Jack pine is a Canadian spillover invading the northern In reproducing a period piece in southern yellow pine, you Great Lakes states and parts of New York and New England. would be better off trusting your eyes than relying on the It is a small tree which quickly seeds on burned-over land but differences listed in the chart. Woods from this group may be is eventually displaced by more dominant species. Its wood­ quite variable, but this seems less a matter of species than of weak with wide sapwood, light in color, excessively knotty and growing conditions. Trees seeded on abandoned plantation somewhat coarse in texture-is something like inferior lodgepole lands grow faster than those that struggle up in mature fo r­ pine, but jack pine seldom grows as straight. Like lodgepole, ests. Producing broader annual rings and wider sapwood, the it sometimes has dimpled grain. In Canada, where their wood of these fast-growing trees may be considerably less ranges overlap, these two trees will produce natural hybrids. dense than that of the rypical southern yellow pine. Red pine, the dominant yellow pine of the northeast, is a massive and beautiful tree. Legend has it that its other com­ We stern yellow pineS-Most of the western yellow pines are mon name, Norway pine, stems from Norway, Maine, and less dense and resinous than the southern yellow pines. For a has nothing to do with Scandinavia. In any event, it is defi­ cabinetmaker, western yellows are a fine secondary wood, and nitely a native Northern American species. The wood of red some have novel grain patterns that can be attractive as a pine falls somewhere between the western and southern yel­ primary wood as well. low pines in most characteristics. It is slightly heavier than Ponderosa pine is one of the largest and most plentiful of ponderosa, but substantially lighter than the southern yellow the pines, which explains its ready availabiliry and moderate pines. The conttast between earlywood and latewood is more price in lumberyards throughout the country. Unfortunately, pronounced than in the western yellow pines, but substantial­ it is not a rapid grower in the somewhat arid habitats of its ly more gradual than in its southern cousins. Like the western range, and the day may come when this close-grained wood is yellow pines, its sapwood is light enough in color to resemble no longer plentiful enough to hold its place as America's the white pines; its heartwood, however, is often a bright general-purpose, low-cost timber. orange-brown. If carefully selected, the dark orange heart­ Ponderosa is only about 10% denser than the white pines, wood of red pine can be substituted for deal (Scotch pine) in and therefore only a little harder, yet it is still undeniably the reproduction of European furniture designs. a yellow pine in most ways. Just take the description of the Arbitrarily, I've assigned red pine to the western yellow southern pines and tone it down to the point where the pines in the chart, where it shows up as one of the worst wood's personality becomes amenable. The annual rings, fo r cabinet woods. If I'd put it in with the southern yellow pines, instance, are distinct and sometimes very showy, but there is however, it would be a star. So understand what your project · less contrast in hardness between earlywood and latewood . requires and pick the group before you try to pick a species. Ponderosa has vety narrow latewood, and the old-growth And keep in mind that any wood comes in several grades-no timber, with its narrow growth rings, can look surprisingly woodworker should buy materials blindly. Yet getting to even-grained. The wood is superb for millwork: it machines know the pines is an adventure no woodworker, and certainly beautifully and holds crisp edges. no American woodworker, should miss. 0 Lodgepole pine is similar to ponderosa in color and density, but usually has smaller knOtS and many more of them. This Jon Arno is an amateur woodworker in Brookfield, Wis. species yields far less lumber per log than ponderosa. Grow­ He wrote about elm in FWW #2 5, pp . 86-87, and about ing in dense stands, the trees look like telephone poles with the poplars in #41 , pp . 62-64.

64 ]itnnly Carter, Wo odworker A visit with the fo rmer president, and drawings of his porch swing

by Jim Cummins

immy Carter grew up in rural Geor­ gia, joined the Navy and served in Jnuclear submarines, became governor of Georgia, then was elected 39th Presi­ dent of the United States. On the pri­ vate side, Carter has been quietly mak­ ing furniture for more than thirty-five years. He has turned himself into a creditable cabinetmaker who sits on his own chairs, eats at his own table, and sleeps in his own bed. When the talk turns to woodworking, he relaxes, laughs a lot, and could swap sawdust stories with anybody. Carter says he never got much time in the shop while he was president. "The White House has a fully equipped woodworking shop," he told me, "but I never found time to use it. " About all he was able to do was to search out the carpenters' shed at Camp David and steal some time to work there on week­ ends. Whenever he travels to a foreign country, he goes out of his way to visit local woodworkers. He treasures some woodworkerly souvenirs: a primitive African lathe, like the one shown in FWW #2 1; a carvers' hatchet from Togo; a set of Chinese gouges; some latHe tools made from files. A mission­ ary once gave him a box of agricultural tools, among which were a primitive plow, a hand-wrought hooked knife for cutting sugar cane, and an . Carter showed me the plowshare and reflected that when he was a child in Plains, "People right down the road were working with the same basic design." In those pre-electric days, woodworking was one of the chores everybody took for granted-Carter can't even recall when he first began to use hand tools. As a teenager, he joined the Future Farmers of America. Like the 4-H Clubs, the FFA gives insttuction in the skills a farmer needs. One way of fmd­ ing out whether the lessons have stuck is to stage contests. In Carter's day, one competition required each teenager to determine from plans the length, pitch and valley angle of a rafter, then with Carter, a woodworker fo r more than 35 years, gave away much of his early work. He hand tools to cut it to fit. Carter says he turned pro with these chairs, which brought $41,000 at a bene fit auction last October.

65 remembers that particular contest out of dozens of others because one year he was able to win it. In 1948, when the Navy sent him and his young wife, Rosalynn, to Hawaii, they rented an unfurnished apartment and Carter began making furniture out of necessity. The Navy maintained a shop for the servicemen to use, with a resident cabinetmaker to oversee the work and to help out. Carter learned mortise-and-tenon joinery and was en­ couraged to work with hardwoods. He remembers that one of his first pieces was an oak dining table. Most of this early furniture was left behind when the family moved back to the United States in 1950. With a raise in salaty, they could now afford to buy factory fu rni­ ture from Sears. But Carter soon dis­ covered the Navy shop on his new base and resumed woodworking-this time more for relaxation than fr om neces­ sity. He built other pieces, including a white-oak hi-fi cabinet which he and his family have enjoyed for more than thirty years. After the Navy, when the fa mily moved back to Plains, Carter had no real shop of his own, just the sort of tools that everybody picks up along the way: a circular saw, an electric drill, ran­ dom hand tools. But there was a car­ penters' shed down at the family peanut warehouse, and Carter worked there in his spare time, as well as whenever nec­ essary to keep the business tunning. Ele­ vators would break down, the roof would leak, a floor would need patch­ ing. Carter did the engineering designs, and, often as not, swung his hammer with the rest of the crew. Like many young fathers, when the kids needed desks, cabinets and bunk beds, Carter made them. When the family moved or the kids left home, the Carters ' 'loaned' , the fu rniture to friends. After passing from hand to hand a few times, the pieces sort of fa ded away, as old furniture does. Some­ body recently told Carter that some of the beds had finallybeen donated to the local nursing home, but he hasn't had a chance to tun over and see fo r himself. When I asked if he would even recog­ nize those beds after all these years, he replied, "Of course." He took me through his house, and if I'd been fo rced to guess which pieces Carter's output has included quick, stu rdy pieces such as this chaise (top) and couch were his own work , I would ha ve (center), built many years ago to meet his growing fa mily'S needs. The more recent slab bench (bottom) was photographed while on loan to the Atlanta Historical Society. The missed more than a few. Over the years, pieces reflect Ca rter's changing perceptions of what fu rniture shoul d be. Carter has made about fifty pieces of

66 shop evety day. The work was both therapeutic and practical. He needed furniture again, this time to fill a vaca­ tion cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains, up near the Tennessee border. Rosalynn determined what they need­ ed, then gave her husband a list: a lazy­ susan table, a deacon's bench, ry.ro ar­ moires (one of which is shown at left), chairs, some stools, stands and beds. Carter took to the list with great plea­ sure, and designed the pieces after tradi­ tional Southern furniture he'd seen and liked. Much of the wood was recycled yellow-pine boards, salvaged from the old house where Rosalynn was born. Carter counted the annual rings in the lumber and figuredthat the trees had been growing 350 years ago. Carter doesn't usually bother with detailed plans. If he sees something, he can build it. He borrows designs that take his fancy, and he's tried Out a lot of After years of working in borrowed quarters and carpenters' sheds, Carter finally got a fu lly-equipped shop of his own, a gi ft fr om his staff when he left the Wh ite House . tricks from the masters : a slab table in Much of his recent work, such as this armoire in 19th-century Southern style, was his den owes a lot to George Naka­ made to fill his vacation cabin near the Tennessee border. , shima, his bed's headboard is a vari­ ation of Art Heinkel's in Fine Wo od­ Stovepipe - working Design Book Two, his living room coffee table is pure Tage Frid. He 90° elbow Pitchfork blank says he'd "like to hear Krenov explain just how he makes one of those cabinets." A presidential steam box One wall of Carter's shop is stacked with pine, poplar, ash, maple and wal­ Tilt pipe so that nut boards, with a few exotic turning condensation runs back into pot. blocks tucked away. Hand tools hang on the walls. His workbench and shav­ ing horse are both near the center. His planer is set up so that he can run long pieces out through the garage door. The furniture in many styles, and has given and a 'designer's example of the maxi­ most complicated piece of equipment is away about half of them. One of his mum use of pure tree. Carter looks at it a Zinken combination machine-a ta­ earliest, a chaise longue that sits in the critically, and says he wishes he'd made blesaw, jointer, planer, mortiser and sunporch, is vastly overbuilt of southern the legs at more of an angle, that from shaper-that was given to him at a re­ yellow pine, most likely Out of the com­ the front they're too straight. These days, cent trade show in Atlanta. His Sears ta­ mon beginners' fear that homemade fur­ he doesn't have to give a thought to what blesaw is still in service, but he keeps it niture will myster iously fall apart some­ is actually a complicated technical feat­ fitted with a dado blade. Except for the day. The chaise (shown on the facing setting a shouldered, angled leg through Zinken, Carter:s shop looks like a Sears page) works, though. It may look clunky, a mottise at any orientation he likes. centerfold-join'ter, lathe, planer, band­ but its wooden wheels won't wear out, When Carter left the White House, saw, just about everything. These ma­ or sink into the lawn. Its garden-gate­ his staff pooled money fo r a going-away chines have been his mainstay, and any style leg rest and backrest will adjust to present. Nobody was allowed to con­ complaints are on the order of: "Iwish fit a weary body , and-unlike some mod­ tribute more than $100, but the total the bandsaw could take a stiffer blade ern aluminum lawn furniture-won't added up to about $8,000 worth of for resawing." Like any other wood­ collapse and throw you out of the chair. tools and machines from Sears. It was worker, when the job demands it he To the old chaise, comfort is everything the first real shop he had ever had, and hankers for industrial-grade equipment. and visual harmony is irrelevant. he set it up in his garage: the Carters Yet Carter unhesitatingly says his fa­ In contrast, the recent piece beside it don't own an automobile because they vorite tools are a and spoke­ on the porch is a walnut-slab bench, can­ ride in Secret Service vehicles. Back in shaves. I suspect that he enjoys green tilevered out at one end, with a stylish private life, Carter began writing his woodworking so much because it's the offset backrest (bottom photo, facing memoirs, and during the 18 months this most personal involvement with wood page). It could be an engineer's example took, he offset his time at the word pro­ itself. He starts with the tree, choosing of the minimal use of structural wood, cessor by working several hours in the one from the woodlot bordering his

67 Building a porch swing by Jimmy Carter

We wanted a swing for the front porch of our mountain cabin, so on Carter's original sketch one of my business trips I sketched the design on an old file folder. As my drawing shows, I wanted the swing to have no metal fa steners, be suspended by grass rope, and be strong enough for heavy use but light enough to be taken down easily and moved inside when we weren't there. Later I made a few changes in the arms and arm supports to improve stability and strength, as seen in the second sketch. The photos on these baek.. f(Ah ."Y>1

68 Drawings andphoto: Jimmy Carter 160-acre backyard, most of which is farm (the house sits at the front corner). In addition to southern pines and the pecans that are such an important cash crop in central Georgia, Carter's back­ yard boasts several kinds of oak, a few black cherry trees, some poplar and lots of prime hickory. Carter had just fin­ ished a yard rake and a couple of pitch­ forks, so I asked him what sort of steambox he'd used to bend the tines. He pulled out a length of stovepipe with a 90° elbow on the end (drawing, p. 67). "You just put the elbow in a pot on the stove and prop up the end of the pipe so that the condensed steam runs back into the pot. Then you plug the other end with rags," Carter said. "For longer work, just add another length of pipe." I told Carter that it was as ingen­ ious a method as any I'd seen, and � asked if he'd invented it. He shook his On the fa cing page, Ca rte explains how he made this porch swing. This end view shows joinery details, how he curved the seat, and the positions of the rope holes. head. "I don't really know. I probably read about it someplace." It's Carter's nature to keep busy and Personal appearances, travel, and po­ then wove the seats. The chairs match a to keep trying new things. When an litical business had been cutting into his set of six that he made for the cabin, old chair in the living room lost its planned woodworking time, Carter told and Carter ran out of hickory bark for woven-cane seat, he bought an instruc­ me when I visited him late last Septem­ the last rwo chairs. Chairmakers prepare tion book and some cane and rewove it ber. His shop was covered with a thin their bark in the spring and early sum­ himself. He'd take the chair along when layer of sawdust, and under that was a mer-when the sap is up and the bark he visited his mother, who was in the thin layer of rust. The set of Chinese slides off easily-and any fu ll-time hospital, and they'd watch ball games scoop gouges he showed me had ragged chairmaker puts enough in reserve co together while he wove. I asked him edges, the marks of a woodworker last the year. Carter could have gotten how long it took to do the job. "Two pressed for time-if a tool dulls, it's all surplus bark from other chairmakers by ball games," he said. I asked him if too tempting to pick up the next one in making a phone call, but instead he he ever wanted to cane another. He the set and' use that fo r a while. Yet felled an autumn-dry tree and prepared laughed. "One was enough." he'd managed to finish an ash swing fo r another batch of his own-a painstak­ Carter says that when he's woodwork­ the porch of the cabin (which he tells ing, difficult job at that time of year. ing, everything else goes out of his mind. about building on the facing page). The rwo pairs of chairs netted more His other hobbies affect him the same Typically, he drew up some sketchy than $40,000. Having made ten, he has way. Formerly oil painting and golf and plans while waiting for an airplane, then no present urge to make more. now flyfishing top the list. "Fly fishing stole enough time to do the job. Carter knows that his furniture will ' is my passion," he says. He ties his own Since my visit, he's started another be valuable, so these days he signs his flies, and has an old roll-top desk in his book, and things are getting back to pieces as he makes them. He signs little den overflowing with fur and feathers. normal. He tells me that his chisels and else. Rosalynn is forced to sign the fam­ As we talked fishing, there wasn't a fa­ other cutting tools are back in condition, ily's checks, fo r instance, because the vorite Catskill stream of mine which he and that he's been finishing up a maple ex-president's signature is worth too wasn't familiar with, even to knowing the rocking cradle with woven cane sides for much money on the collectors' market. average size of the trout, and whether his forthcoming fourth grandchild. If Carter signed the checks, people things were getting better or worse. His Carter has never tried to make politi­ wouldn't cash the smaller ones, and the woodworking lore is similarly' encyclo­ cal hay from his woodworking hobby, bankbook would never balance. Recent­ pedic, which is one of the reasons he's so but recent publicity has let people know ly, an old family friend did the Carters a unassuming about his own skills-he about it. Now when'ever he travels, small favor, and Carter asked if there thoroughly knows the work of the mas­ somebody is likely to come up to him was anything he could do in return. ters, and gets a kick out of emulating and say, ''I'm a woodworker, too.'" He "Well," said the friend, ''I've got this them, but he knows he's no Nakashima. has never sold his work, with the excep- , old table and rwo benches you gave me Carter also keeps a sense of humor tion of four green-wood chairs auctiored years ago. You could come on over and about his work. Hanging on his shop to benefit the Carter Presidential Center sign them." Carter laughed, went on wall, for instance, is the first dovetail at Emory University in Atlanta (photo, over, and did. D joint he ever cut. "I followed the steps p. 65). Carter felled the trees and peeled in Tage Frid's book, and the joint fit to­ the bark, then split, steamed and bent Jim Cummins is associate editor at gether so well," he grins, "I framed it." the wood. He cut and pinned the joints, Fine Woodworking.

69 a Blind Finger Joint Miter hidesMaking the router-cut fm gers

by Ja mes A. Rome

he finger, or box, joint is one of the A note about routers: My first experi­ Fig. 1: Steps in making T strongest choices for drawer, box ments using a Sears Craftsman l1:;-HP the blind finger joint or carcase construction. It's easy to make router were unsatisfactOry. No matter Cut slots with 0-in. router bit. and ,easy to clamp, and there's a lot of what I did, my slots were 0. 011 in. long-grain to long-grain contact-the oversize. I wrote to Sears about the ideal gluing siruation. In some applica­ problem, and received an answer from tions, the finger joint is also quite hand­ Singer, manufacturer of the router. some, but in others, the exposed end Their specs permit runout of up to grain of through fingers clashes with the 0.007 in. at a distance of 1 in. from the overall design. For that reason, I devel­ collet. Since my bit was cutting farther oped a method of making a joint that fr om the collet, I gOt even more runout. looks like a simple miter but retains the Thus, the Sears router proved unsuit­ finger joint's strength. able for the job. I now use a Hitachi Most of the steps in making my blind TR -12 plunge router, which cuts a slot finger joint can be done on a router table accurate to within 0.00 1 in. With the and tablesaw, but some have to be per­ router mounted on the table, however, formed by hand. it requires herculean strength to push The completed joint is shown in fig­ upward against the router springs to ad­ ure IE. The slots and fingers are cut on just the depth of cut. a router table using the jig shown in fig­ The jig must be rigid and accurately ure 2. Both halves of the joint are iden­ made to guarantee precision in the fin­ tical, each beginning with a finger and ished joint. I waxed the two hardwood ending with a slot, so when one board is runners on the bottOm so that they flipped over, the two parts mesh tOgether. would slide easily in the table grooves. C. Define miter After struggling with a small, metal Two screws countersunk into the side of with tablesaw blade set to slot dep th. . router table, I built a big wooden one one runner can be backed out to rub the with a %-in. birch plywood tOp. I routed side of the groove for a tight fit. two grooves in the tabletOp from front Router-bit diameter determines fin­ to back for the finger-jointjig to slide ger and slot width. I used a �-in. in. My router table has an adjustable straight-flute bit to make fingers and fence which, for this job, acts as a stOp slots 1:; in. deep, 1:; in. wide and % in. behind the jig. A board clamped to the long, but you can change these dimen­ table would also work as a fe nce. sions for different size fingers. To index

Fig. 2: Jig for cutting blind finger joint

Plywood jig face Adjust jig to get accurate 0-in. measurement (rear) between router bit and locating pin. I I E. Fin ish miter with dovetail saw and chisel.

'/2-in. cube 'I2- in. dia. locating pin Hardwood runners fit straight-flute slots in router table. router bit _ 510ts allow - sideways Router table- adjustment. . / 70 Drawing: Ken Daniel To cut first slot, clamp board vertically against jig fa ce (left), adjustment of jig. After cutting slots, Rome readjusts router bit "right-hand edge against locating pin. First slot, placed over and makes a second pass with board horizontal (right), a light pin, locates next cut. Pencil lines on jig and router table make cleanup cut that flattens bottom of slots. Jit slides back until it it easy to square up board. Bolts in jig fa ce allow sideways stops against router-table fe nce shown at ja r right, behind jig. the fm gers, I installed a �-in. cube­ adjustment. To cut successive slots, posi­ shaped locating pin in the front of the tion the slot over the locating pin and re­ jig, as shown in figure 2. If you want peat the process, going from right to left. larger or smaller fingers,make a pin Do not cut a slot on the left edge, how­ with faces equal to your router-bit di­ ever. This edge must be mitered by hand ameter. For %-in. fm gers, for example, later. The board at this point should use a %-in. router bit and a %-in. locat­ look like the one in figure lA. Cut the ing pin. Board width must be an even mating board in the same manner. multiple of fm ger width. Finger length Next, lower the router bit so that it before mitering, as shown in figure lA, extends � in. above the table, and ad­ must equal stock thickness. To make just the fence so that when the jig is the joint shown, I used a board % in. pushed back against it, the bit extends thick and 5 in. wide. % in. in front of the jig's face. For this With the preliminaries out of the step, holEl the board horizontal, with way, here's how to make the joint. The the slots and fingers down (photo, trick is to rout the slots between the fin­ above right). Place the second slot from Cut the miter on the tablesaw with gers two times-once vertically, to re­ the left over the pin. Make a cut, move the blade at a 450 angle. I screw a move the bulk of the waste, and once the board to your lef t one slot, and re­ wooden fence to the crosscut/miter horizontally, to square off the round cut the remaining slots in the same way. gauge, make a cut through the fence, corners left after the firstpass. With the The first slot on the right of the and use that kerf as a reference to see jig set in the router �able, adjust the board (shown at arrow in figure lB) where the blade will cut. For accuracy, I router so that the bit extends % in. can't be recut with the jig. After cutting clamp the board to the fence. The joint above the table, to set the length of the all the other slots on both halves of the should now look like the one shown fingers. Now adjust the fe nce behind joint, remove the jig from the table, put in figure lD. the jig so that, pushed back against this slot over the router bit (with the Now the outer finger and uncut slot the fence, it stops when the front of the router turned off), and clamp a guide in each board must be cut by hand to a router bit extends � in. in front of the board on the table against the right­ 450 miter (figure IE). I'm partial to a jig's face. Adjust the jig sideways to get hand edge of the board. Adjust the Japanese dovetail saw (dozuki) for this exactly � in. between the locating pin fence so that it Stops the cut at the %-in. operation. Use the existing miter to guide and the router bit, as shown in fig­ point and recut the last slot without the the saw, or make a 450 guide block. ure 2. Clamp the board vertically jig. After the second pass with the rout­ The final step is to chamfer the outer against the face of the jig, with one edge er, only the corners need to be cleaned edge of each finger.When the joint isas­ against the locating pin as shown in the up with a chisel. sembled, the fa ncy cabinetwork is invisi­ photo at left above. Use a square toen­ On the tablesaw, adjust the rip fence ble, but the joint is incredibly strong. 0 sure that the board is exactly vertical. so that it's X in. away fr om the far side (It's a good idea to test the setup using of the blade and adjust the blade height Ja mes A. Rome is a fu ll-time plasma scrapwood before risking good stock.) to � in. With the slots downward, and physicist and part-time woodworker Cut one slot by pushing the jig to­ the end against the fence, cut a slot in Oak Ridge, Tenn. He wrote about ward the fence until it stops. Check the through the end of each half of the jointer-planers in FWW #4 3. Photos measurements and make any necessary joint (figure lC). by the author.

71 Seat-of-the-Pants Chair Design A scrapwood mockup solves basic problems

by Jeremy Singley

or me, chair design is a choreography of happy accidents. questions. What if my model were fa tter or thinner? And­ . Since I've never "thought up" a design that didn't turn the question often overlooked by chairmakers-what if my outF to be pretentious, I've learned to stumble onto new ideas model were the opposite sex? A healthy woman could hardly gracefully. Thus my most ttusted guide is the seat of my fit into some chairs I've seen. Others, where a woman appar­ pants. That's how it should be. After all, my head may be the ently was the model, are so spacious that a slender man could seat of my thought, but I don't sit on my head. get lost in them. Once again I collar a variety of different size I usu�y begin with nothing particular in mind-rarely models, or make the one I'm using seem thinner by spreading even so much as a sketch-but start right in by experimenting the bandsawn shapes apart, or fa tter by pushing the blocks with scrapwood, cordwood and leftover chair parts to create together (making the seat seem wider makes the model feel various combinations of fo rms. I see-or, rather, feel-what smaller, and vice versa). Pushing the shapes together across works and what doesn't work. With perseverance (and a little the width of the seat, but not in its depth, approximates how luck), I may discover the means to bring tOgether a tree and a a woman's hips would fit the seat. Spreading the shapes human body in a way that is pleasing to both. across the seat width will make the seat fit a woman as if she The best way to encourage this SOrt of serendipity is to were a man. Next I tun through the slouch test: Can the build the design around a per son, so I invariably start with model shift about upon the seat and still be comfortable? a living, breathing body (my own or a helper's) and sit it on a I fo llow a similar procedure to determine the fo rm of the crate. Then I proceed like a tailor to cut, tack tOgether and tty chair's back. Without worrying about how the back will be my scrapwood pattern against this live model. Patterns that attached to the chair, I hand-hold strips of bandsawn or bent work I earmark fo r subsequent reproduction in fine hard­ scrapwood, or bent lengths of electrical cable, plastic water wood. Those that don't work return to the firewood pile. pipe, metal strapping, cardboard or other materials against This way, only my posterior or my model's suffe rs my mis­ my model's back. Since a chair back must support people in takes, and the public is spared yet another "-uh ...vety a variety of positions as they shift, lean or slouch, I avoid a nice" chair. My firewood pile receives the majority of the literal interpretation of my model's back, looking instead fo r shapes I try. gradual, grand sweeps that support the back over broad areas. A wooden apple crate is my starting point. On this I might When a likely back fo rm has been found, I cobble it to the place a 20-in. by 20-in. square of plywood as a seat. I posi­ prototype seat firmly enough to be leaned against (sometimes tion the crate near a wall to give my model something to lean I just nail it to 2x4s leaned against the wall) . I then test it against, but for now this is all the back my chair-in-progress with models who are taller, shorter, wider, narrower, or bent has. By shimming the plywood with blocks and wedges, I can more or less than the original model, or I again use shims or create a variety of heights and cants for the seat. By moving other tricks to simulate more sitters. In this way, I make sure the crate closer to the wall or farther away from it, I can that no part of the back will bother the backbone, shoulder adjust how far back my model leans. If I'm designing a din­ blades or hip bones of a wide range of individuals. This test ing or writing chair, I pull a table up to the crate to see how also helps me determine the tilt of the chair's back and the the two work together. This method lets me interpolate a set distance between the chair back and the seat's front edge. of comfortable and functionaloverall dimensions. Once I've evolved a set of functional seat and back fo rms, Once I have a seat position that seems comf ortable for my first model, I retest the seat by using other models or by Fig. 1: Seat mockup Bandsawn blocks can be shaped "altering" the one I have. To see what would happen if my and moved to fit model. model were a different height, I put blocks under the model's Masking tape feet to simulate longer legs, or under the crate to raise the seat Plywood base so that the model's legs seem shorter. Often I find I must adjust the dimensions to develop a compromise that will be reasonably comfortable for a wide range of people. At this stage, I begin to play with specific contours fo r the seat. To determine a cross-sectional COntour that will cradle my model's derriere comfortably, I experiment with band­ sawn scrapwood blocks taped to the plywood's top surface, as shown in figure 1. When I've found a shape that seems to work, I ask more

Jeremy Singley is a full-time woodworker in East Middle ­ bury, Vt.

72 Singley 's Wa inscot chair began as a trial spla t leaned against a Simplicity is the key in this Cheshire chair-turned tenons In wall and a seat supported on a paint can. round holes, and a sawn rather than steamed crest.

I've reached the end of the piecemeal stage of design, when rigidly for dining chairs, which must be affordable in multi­ the chair has only the most nebulous structure. The next step ples, and which tend to look cluttered around a table unless is to choose from among my fo rms (some fo rms won't work, each is rather austere. bur these may find their way into future designs) and see if At the other end of the scale is the personal chair-such as any suggest a particular mode of construction. Whether my the rocker or the executive's desk chair-where the COSt of the precarious pile of scraps will end up a Windsor, a Wegner or additional comfort and visual appeal that can be attained a what's-it must now be decided. with complex steambends and joints is just ifiable. I have nev­ This is the hard part fo r me. I can't seem to accept tha't the er fo und complexity a virtue in itself, however. The fact that decision is not mine to make: it's up to the chair. Sometimes a technique is dif ficult or different is no reason to include it this isn't a problem because the parts in a design; it's usually a good reason to leave it our. I've tacked and leaned together make Getting from the apple crate to the finished hardwood themselves into a chair before I have a chair is a matter of recording the relative proportions, loca­ chance to meddle with them. In a case tions and angles of the protochair's scrapwood parts so that like this, I haven 't fo und the chair, the they can be reproduced. The specific procedure for determin­ chair has fo und me. The Wainscot ing the chair's dimensions varies with the particular type of chair shown in the photo at left above, chair, the individual designer, and the situation. To outline for example, is hardly more than the them all would require a book. A look at how one chair original scrap board that was leaned might evolve, however, will give a general idea of this process against the wall as a trial splat (draw­ and the thinking and experimenting that precede it. ing, right), with the seat and crest­ Let's say I've decided to build a fan-back chair. This deci­ parts from a different chair that were sion determines the general form of the chair: since the fan­ pirated from my inventory shelves-balanced, respectively,' back is a Windsor, we know we're talking about a scooped upon a five-gallon paint can and the top of the trial splat. seat of solid wood, as opposed to a slatted, upholstered or At other times I may undertake a more traditional chair webbed seat. Since in this case the seat is the part of the chair rype. My goal here is to make an existing chair design more I'm most interested in improving, I begin here. After draw­ attractive, or simpler, or more fu nctional, or, if possible, all ing a centerline on the plywood trial seat, I make tape-on three. My version of the fan-back chair, the Cheshire chair contours, like those shown in figure2 on p. 74, adjusting shown in the photo at right above, is such a case. their shapes and their positions on the plywood seat until I've Both the Wainscot and Cheshire chairs show my way of developed a seat scoop that works. hooking the parts of a chair together: from fu nctional part to Because the chair back largely determines the seat's our­ functional part via the most direct route. Thus turned tenons line, I resist the temptation to fool with the seat any more at in round holes, sawn curves rather than steamed bends, and this stage and I go right to the back. I cut out a flat card­ simple, machine-cut joints predominate. Wherever a part or a board or scrapwood crest, stick dowels (to serve as spindles) process can be eliminated, I do so. I follow this standard most onco it with glaziers' putty or tape, and lean the works

PhOtos: Erik Borg; drawings by me aumor 73 against the wall behind the seat. Then I re­ Fig. 2: Ugly comfort Fig. 2A: The real arrange the parts until they look right. Ta pe, dowels, shaped blocks and scrap wood \ i test I use a generous number of dowels to de­ make a comfortable, but crude, chair termine the spindle layout. If a chair has toO few spindles, I've found that they end up be- ing spaced toO far apart to aa as a tearn, and To p ends of will instead be felt as individual edges dig­ pawn spindles ging into the sitter's back. I also use an even sit in notches. number of dowels, since an odd number will put a center spindle where it is unlikely to get along well with the sitter's spine. Once I've found a back that looks right, I fllake a firmer version that I can have mod­ els try to see if it feels right. To keep the bottoms of the dowel spindles from being forced off the seat when the model leans back, I make a shallow, oversize hole in the seat at each spindle's proposed location. Then Bottom ends of I bandsaw a scrapwood cres t, drill holes for spindles sit in the tops of the twO outermost spindles (called oversize holes. post or king spindles), and cut notches for the inner (pawn) spindles. I fit the king spin­ Tr ial spindle hole Seat­ dles into their shallow seat holes, add the contour block crest, and lean the whole assembly against th!,! wall. I insert the pawn-spindle dowels, cut somewhat over-length, into their seat holes Plywood seat and into the crest notches. The "chair" is then sat in (figure 2A). The advantage of this lackadaisical method of non-construction now becomes apparent. Say the curve of the crest is wrong. I can throw it away and bandsaw another. If the seat holes are wrong, I can bore new ones. If the holes start to overlap, I make the n<;!w ones deeper than the ones they intersect, to keep the dowels from wandering. Evenrually my "c hair" will look like fig­ .... ure 2: one old crate, one chunk of used ply­ " .-.�..... ,. wood with a million holes in it, a lot of odd scrapwood affixed to the plywood, a rough bandsawn crest cut from an old 2x6, perhaps ten dowels, . While the glue is drying on the scrapwood seat blank, I at least a mile of tape, and a variery of blocks, shims, wedges fo llow the procedure outlined in the box on pp. 76-77 to and reject parts everywhere. But when I sit in it, it feels good. -transfer the position and angle of the king spindles onto a Voila! Now to make it pretry (and portable). duplicate paper seat pattern, but without spindle notches. First, I bandsaw a scrapwood crest rail with the front view Each spindle has an angle at which it tilts, and an axis along of my first,flat trial crest and the top-view curve of the sec­ which this angle is aligned and measured. ond, notched trial crest. I tape this new crest in front of the At this time I also make a paper pattern of the crest's notched crest, so that it appears to be mounted on the spin­ shape, and record on it both the spacing between the king­ dles. The seat's plan view comes next. This is fairly easy to spindle holes and the number of pawn spindles. Then I kill determine. The back edge is a curve Ys in. or more behind time by roughing out stock for the legs and spindles, leaving and usually (but not always) parallel to the curved centerline the dimensions oversize, since I don't yet know exactly what of the spindle holes, the width is whatever looks good with size these members will be. the back, and the shape will usually suggest itself from the By now the glue on my scrapwood seat blank is dry, and former two dimensions and from the seat's scoop. I label the real fun begins. I trace the pattern of the proposed seat the scoop blocks, trace their positions onto the plywood, and shape onto the scrapwood blank, transferring the pattern's remove them. I cut out a paper pattern (figure 3) in the centerline and the king-spindle locations to the wood as well. shape suggested by the back and scoop, with a slot or hole for Then I bandsaw out the seat. I may later bevel the edge, but each spindle, and I lay the pattern over the mockup's ply­ for now I cut it square. wood seat. With the pattern and the back in place together, I Next I scoop the seat using an adze, an inshave and a stand back and take a look. If the pattern looks bad, I burn fish-tail gouge, with the scrapwood tape-ons derived in the it. If it looks good, I laminate a trial seat blank by edge­ first step serving as guides. I place the seat on my apple-crate gluing scraps together. test stand at the altitude and cant I settled on previously, and

74 Fig. 3: Paper pattern shape, taper its ends, or make its top edge thinner; I turn Use paper pattern to record axis, centerline and spindle locations. thinner spindles; I turn fatter spindles; I throw it all in a corner and fo rget about it fo r a week. Finally, like birthing pains, just at the point when it seems hopeless, it all comes together. I'm ready to build a real chair. King-spindle axis Using my scrapwood parts and paper patterns as models, I (see pp. 76-77) laminate a hardwood seat blank and bend a hardwood crest Centerline blank (see FWW #8, pp, 40-45, for an article on steam­ bending), or, as with the Cheshire chair, saw and smooth a hardwood crest. While the glue is drying on the seat blank­ ine connecting and the bent crest blank, if one is' needed, is seasoning in its king spindles is Ksquare seat form-I set the softwood protochair back on its pedestal and to centerline. � think about legs, I cut four lengths of I-in, dowel to approxi­ + mate length, and wedge them with wads of glaziers' purry between the chair seat's bottom and the floor. This gives me something to look at that I can easily shift around. Once I have an idea of leg positions and lengths, I turn some softwood or green-wood prototype legs to suit, shaping their COntours in a way that I hope will be pleasing, These legs are hooked to the softwood chair bottom with staple-nails Fig. 4: Leg angles and bent lengths of wire coat hanger as shown in figure 4A. Spring clamps and temporary braces keep legs from shifting while leg projections Now the chair can stand on its own (but I don't dare sit in are measured with a framing square. it yet!), If it looks right the firsttime, I can expect to wake up at any moment, because I'm dreaming, Most likely it won't Projection point seem right until I've pulled the staples and shifted the leg positions, bent the wires to change the splay of the legs, and/or turned new legs and refined their contours. When I've arranged the legs so that they look right, I tie them together with braces and spring clamps, measure the Stapling bent wire to chair bottom distances between their bottom ends, and take a projection of allows legsto be � t1 the front legs' splay (figure 4). Then I turn the chair over. repositioned until lWJ With the splay measurements JUSt taken, I check that the legs they look ngh t. f!i1f/\ haven't shifted, then I lay out the leg positions and axes on 3/16-in. hOle �} I the bottom of the seat, using the same method I used for the Leg�JlI! ; \� king spindles. These positions and axes are recorded on the back side of the paper pattern, along with the leg angles. Now I turn a set of hardwood legs, bore tenon holes in the softwood seat bottom, and dry-assemble the complete protochair, Framing square Even at this stage, I'm not committed, If the chair with real spindles and legs leaves me only lukewarm, I can plug sit in it. If it feels good, I go on to the next step, If it doesn't, the offending tenon holes with dowels, rebore at another posi­ I make adjustments. If it's still not right, I put it aside for tion or angle, and try again. future reference-somewhere within reach of the woodstove­ Despite the lack of glue, the chair can now be sat in if and make another. blocks are nailed to the floor around the leg bottoms to keep By now I generally have enough information to get a feel the legs from spreading outward. Often this final test leads to for the chair's overall proport ions. Judging from the bulk of some sawing-off of the ends of the front or back legs. the seat and crest, I gauge the spindle diameters that should The rest, for the woodworking half of me, is denouement. look right. If I'm not sure, I cut out a couple of trial spindles, The hardwood seat and crest are worked up, finished, bored, square in cross section, on the bandsaw and see how they look test-assembled and checked fo r accuracy, The tenons are when tried against the seat and crest, Then I turn a set of kerfed with a veining tool to prevent air-lock as the parts finished hardwood king spindles. I lay out the seat's spindle are driven home, a small dab of glue is spread on the walls of holes according to my pattern and bore the holes, using the each hole but not on the tenon (to eliminate the chance of method described in the box on pp. 76-77, excess glue bead) and the chair is glued up, That's when, for Finally, I insert the king spindles in the seat and crest, the designer half of me, the excitement becomes a fever. measure how long the pawn spindles need to be to span from What began as a vague possibility waiting to be discovered in seat to crest (allowing for tenons), and turn these spindles, I my firewood pile now exists: a chair. dry-assemble the chair seat and back, and try the whole thing Is it perfect? After all the previously described fussing and out on the test stand, tinkering, I must confess it's not. But that doesn't dampen I have never reached this stage and been happy with the my enthusiasm, it only makes me itch to build another chair result on the first try, I make adjustments: I chamfer the seat that's a little different, and then another. For me, chair de­ bottom to make the seat appear thinner; I cut the seat small­ sign is not a process with an end. Good design, after all, er, or glue on stock to make it bigger; I change the crest's cannot be created; it evolves. (continued on next page)

75 Boring Fig. 5: Spindle angles angled holes Seat can be rotated until king spindle appears to be perpendicular to seat blank. When the novice chairmaker gets out his drill bits and protractor, it usually isn't long before he's stumped. How do you get the spindle and leg holes at the correct angles? It can be puzzling, .------�------because each of these chair parts in­ \----�---- - �- ----L-----J'�----� volves a compound angle-an angle at an angle-as shown in figure5. We could measure the two angles with a protraaor, but I fm d that it's better to Centerline do as loggers do: consider a compound 67- Front view Three-quarters view Side view angle as one angle leaning in a particular direction. To a logger, the direction in which a tree leans is the axis along To determine the spindle axis, I set crest for twist by sighting the side view which it will fall, at least on a windless up my trial plywood seat and mark on it of one king spindle against the other day. To determine that direction, the a centerline. Then I add the trial king (they should line up), and by sighting logger walks around the tree at some spindles in the position I want. down from above to see if the crest is distance, sighting its trunk ag ainst an I now stand a on the flat symmetrical to a line connecting the objea hanging plumb fr om his finger­ plywood seat and slowly move it to the cwo king-spindle holes (line A-B in fig­ tips, such as a key chain. When the left or right until the vertical edge of the ure 7). If none of this resolves the error, tree appears to be perpendicular to the square's tongue is parallel to the king I split the difference. One has only so ground, he is standing on the fa ll line. spindle's centerline. I mark the point much patience. I apply the same trick when making where the tongue's edge meets the seat Now, to determine the lean-angle, I a real chair from a scrapwood prototype, (figure 6). The process is repeated for hold a protractor along a sight line per­ such as the one described on pp. 72-75. the other king spindle. Then I draw pendicular to a spindle's axis line (fig­ On the prototype, I sight the axis line of the spindles' axis lines-corresponding ure 8). The protractor's hairline should the spindle-its "fall line. " Perpen dicu­ to the direction in which each spindle split the centerline of the spindle (I use a lar to the axis, I sight the lean-angle of leans-as shown in figure7. The two protractor with a clear plastic tongue). the spindle. Then I set a drill press to lines should either meet at the seat's It's best to hold the protractor dead-up­ bore the lean-angle, align the spindle centerline, or run off the front edge of right and read with your eye at the same axis with the bit, and bore the hole. I the seat at points equidistant from the level as the protractor's base-sighting use a radial drill press because the head, centerline. If they don't, I check whether across the seat's horizon. The lean-angle not the table, tilts, making it easier to the back is on straight, measuring the shown on the protra ctor, which will be hold and align seat blanks on the table. crest's height from the plywood at each the same for both king spindles, is the When you understand the principles, end and comparing the back's diagonal angle at which the drill press will be set. however, you can adapt the method to a measurements from the top of one king I use Powerbore bits for spindle regular drill press by making an auxil­ spindle to the bottom of the other one. holes. To set up for drilling, I transfer iary table that tilts the work. If that's not the problem, I check the the centerline, the crossline A-B, the

Fig. 6: Finding the spindle axis Fig. 7: Checking alignment

King-spindle dowel Align edge of try square with centerline of king-spindle dowel. Draw axis line between center of king-spindle dowel and try-square edge. I 1 Steady block '-f' , / I� \ keeps try square // flat and upright. Left king- '\ I� X / \ Right-" king-,...... - - spindle axis line \ spindle axis line 1 / / - , \ I r- ...... ',::, \ I 1 I Transfer � / axis lines to ) paper pattern. When crest and king spindles are properly aligned, spindle axis lines meet at seat cen terline. Centerline will

76 marks on the column and head. After Fig. 9: Aligning the seat blank Fig. 8: Measuring that, I JUSt use the scratch marks to for drilling the lean-angle check press alignment. After setting the press at the spindle's Tilt head to lean-angle. Hold protractor so that lean-angle, I place the seat on the press its base is parallel to table and align the spindle 's axis with spindle axis line. Sight line is perpendicular � that of the press. To do this, I lay a to axis line. straightedge along the spindle axis line ' of the seat and, with the machine turned 1\ Position straightedge 1 \ off, I lower the quill until the tip of the I \ on spindle axis line. ��\ bit's center brad pierces the hole loca­ \ tion on the blank. Then I rotate the seat blank until the top straightedge is par­ allel to the bottom straightedge (or, on Protractor my drill press, to the front edge of the hairline I 9. 1 Line up straightedges. base), as in figure When everything 1 lines lines up, I bore the hole, then I move the 1:2::'I seat to the other spindle location, align that axis,and bore that king-spindle hole. At this point, I have a seat blank with two king-spindle holes. I make the � Sight line king spindles, based on the trial ones from the prototype, and plug them into hole locations and the axis lines fr om the seat. Now I can set up to drill the the prototype seat to the seat blank. rest of the spindle holes in the seat and One critical adjustmentremains: the axis in the prototype crest rail. (With these line on the seat must be set on the table parts assembled, I can refme the design, in the exact plane in which the head of Fig. 10: Marking the crest including the outline of the seat itself.) the drill press tilts. This plane should be To find the angles for the spindle holes, parallel to the front edge of the press Trace top angle after I clamp the crest rail to the king spin­ aligning tenon shoulder base, but to be sure I check by chucking with bottom of crest. dles and trace off the angles of their top an eyebolt in the press and tilting the tenons, as shown in figure 10. Then I head all the way to one side. I drop a bore the holes as shown in figure 11. plumb line from the eyebolt and mark Now I can mount the crest on the king the point on the floor. The process is re­ spindles and drill the pawn-spindle peated in the other direction. Connect­ holes with a hand-held electric drill (fig­ ing the pointS with a straightedge placed ure 12), eyeballing the drill's alignment on the drill-press base shows the plane from point to point. in which the head tilts, and along which To drillthe seat's pawn-spindle holes, I the axis line must be set. If this plane use a bit extension with the power drill. doesn't correspond to the front of the I set up the notched crest made before press's base, I rotate the head assembly the model sat in the prototype, as ex­ about the column until it does. Then I plained on p. 74, and run the extension mark the position with matching scratch in the notches (figure 13). -].S.

Fig. 11: Drilling king-spindle holes in crest Fig. 12: Eyeballing the crest Fig. 13: Drilling pawn­ -- spindle ::--.::: holes

Use notches in crest to align (Jr �. extended bit. Juggle crest in vise until ../ traced spindle line is aligned with drill-press bit. Blocks Try square help support crest.

Crest from Crest prototype � chair

Visually align drill between marks on seat and marks on crest.

77 Ideas Go Further Than Te chnique Tw o California shows highlight a new diremon by Lewis Buchner

Wo concurrent shows in Mendocino last autumn under­ letter to the editor by Gail Smith, fr om F WW#40, "Wood­ scored the coming of age of designer-built furniture. working will not come of age until woodworkers stop :hink­ TheT emphasis has shifted from displays of technical prowess ing of technique and wood as ends in themselves, and start to a growing sensitivity to line, form and philosophical impli­ producing pieces of aesthetic value and conceptual substance." cation. In this maturing work, technique serves as a means to We cannot avoid the impaa that the college-level wood­ showcase the maker's statements and ideas, instead of being working programs are having on our field. Woodworkers now an awe-inspiring end in itself. comprise a rich assortment of personalities, from rugged indi­ A musician who has the technical ability to play a thou­ viduals who are self-taught in both technique and aesthetics, sand notes in a s.olomay still fail to create the impact that to graduates of university programs who have been tutored in another musician can achieve with just ten soulful notes. It both craftsmanship and design. These people have been can be the same with furniture. A friend commented that taught to probe for understanding and meaning in their work, some of the pieces in the recent Mendocino shows seemed no matter how obtuse their ideas may seem to others. The crude. Three years ago the same pieces would have been ad­ self-taught designer-craftsman seems to work in a more in­ mired for their flawless dovetails and technical expertise; to­ tuitive, nonverbalized and less intellectualized way. The day that is not enough. What a piece says, what its soul is, schooled woodworker, however, is likely to be more comfort­ goes far beyond a critique of its craft smanship. To quote a able with verbal concepts and reasoned attempts at solving

Photo: RalphGeneer Facing page: 'Pod' coffe e table, by Above: Wall shelf, by Roy Jenuine, is Below: Bureau, by Roger Heitzman, Alan P. Radebaugh, is 20 in. high and 48 in. long and made of rosewood and is 40 in. high and made of Peruvian made of padauk, maple and polished padauk. Jenuine is college-trained, walnut. Heitzman, of Los Gatos, Ca ­ aluminum. Radebaugh, of Albuquerque, having studied sculpture, painting and lij , is an architectural draftsman who N.Mex., was educated in liberal arts woodworking at San Diego State Uni­ has studied woodworking technique and music, and is self-taught as a wood­ versity. Says he, 'In this piece I had in but not art or design. He says that this worker. Though his work has high-tech mind a fe eling of tension and balance. piece is an experiment in style, 'my aspects, he also strives fo r an animal­ I worked it out intuitively on paper, own interpretation of some classic lines istic fe eling, by way of such details as my concept finally evolving in the fo rm and proportions, evolving from an this table 's elephantine fo ot-pads. of a wall shelf. ' antique bow-front. '

PhOtOS chispage: C1983 Jos. Felzman aesthetic and philosophical issues. The work produced by the schooled and non-schooled groups can vary widely, and this diversity is having an important and stimulating effect on all of us-regardless of which camp we hail from ourselves. The message is plain: technique is no longer enough; a piece must justify its aesthetic existence as well. Not only must we con­ struct our pieces in ways that are strong, durable, and in ac­ cord with the narure of our material, but we must also create objects that are visually and tactilely strong, durable, and sen­ sitive to our personal philosophical visions. The other Striking aspect of these two shows was the scarcity of representation from the Mendocino Woodworkers Associ ­ ation. The core members of that group, who were responsible for putting Mendocino on the map as a center for designer­ built furniture, have become better established over the years and no longer rely as heavily on the gallety shows. In place of the usual list of Northern California woodworkers were names fr om as far away as San Diego, Albuquerque and Seattle. It seems strange at first that the small town of Mendocino, perched by itself on the rugged coastline, would attract so many woodworkers and so many buyers. Yet Mendocino is

Photos: c1983 Jos. Felzman

Blanket chest, by David Eck of North Bend, Wash., is 29 in. high and made of , maple and cedar. Eck, who has had fo rmal training as an artist and as a fu rniture craftsman, says that 'blanket chests typ ically set hard and heavy on the floor-ironic when one considers the soft , warm contents inside. I chose quilted maple fo r the. top panel not only because its figure evokes the soft , puffy qualities of fa bric, but also because its black lines of mineral deposits seem to suggest stitching. It's as if the lid were transparent, revealing �he contents. ' ict:D �g.

'Eternal Voyage,' by John Boomer, a self-taught sculptor who to the viewer. For me, it evokes an eternal voyage, a fu neral lives on a Navajo reservation in New Mexico, is carvedfr om urn, a boat, a voyage to beyond. The pointed sticks are lines of walnut and ebony and is 17 in. long. Says Boomer, 'The energy shooting past. Th e bowl also explores the technical bowl implies a mystical story but does not complete it-that is up limits of carving a partially closed fo rm as thin as possible. '

80 ; J

I .1, t --./.,.61

, ,;

Mirror, 32 in. by 26 in., by Tom Bouchard of San Francis­ co, is of purpleheart with ebony accents. Bouchard studied at unique in its association with fine woodwork. The crafts­ Rhode Island School of Design, and his design backgr ound is people who had retreated to a rural life in that area came evident in the mirror'scris p economy. The glass has already together seven years ago to hold twice-yearly shows. Their broken through its fra me and seems poised to extend itself into a fu ll circle. success drew upon the to wn's existing tourist and art gallery clientele. As an outgrowth of these efforts, author-teacher Jim Krenov was attract ed, and set up his school nearby. The Artisan's Guild Store and then Gallery Fair both became ac­ tive retail outlets for a growing number of furniruremakers and wood artisans. For the recent shows, both galleries report­ ed respeaable sales and a number of commissions taken. 0

Lewis Buchner is a fu rniture desi gner in San Francisco.

Altar table, by Sandor Nagyszalanczy, is 60 in. by 30 in. and is made of rock maple, Peruvian walnut and glass. Nagys­ zalanczy, of Santa Cruz, Cali f, attended design school and worked as a sculptor befo re turning to fu rniture because, he says, 'of its possibility of being a transforming in fluence as it is used in daily life .' As the viewer moves around this altar table, slits of ligh t appear and disappear between the sl ats, which seem to be more or less curved, though they are all straight pieces of wood. Phocos: Nicholas Wilson

81 Water-Gilding How to match the golden age's incomparable shine by Nancy Russo

eriod fu rnituremakers who don 't work with gold are missing out on someP of the most passionate fu rniture ever made. It's true that gold leaf, mis­ used, can be garish. But at its best, bur­ nished gold has visual qualities that pull a design together, bringing order to ele­ ments that, finished in another way, would be incomprehensible. A wood­ worker, furniture designer or fr ame maker today can incorporate bright or antiqued gold into his work in much the same way that he might use inlaying, or carving. There are twO fundamentally differ­ ent ways to apply gold leaf, and each has its place. Water-gilding was once the principal method for ornamenting objects of real value-panel paintings, clocks, furniture, architectural members, and picture and mirror frames. It was used as far back as ancient Egypt and has remained virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages. Water-gilding is cru­ cial to many period styles, but it has be­ come obscure in the last eighty years or so. Few people outside the trade recog­ nize a water-gilt surface, much less un­ derstand how it's done. Nowadays, oil-gilding (FWW#36, pp. 77-79) is much more common. It is an ancient and durable method of at­ taching leaf to wood, glass, metal or just about any surface that can be made nonporous with a sealer. The leaf, either real gold or imitation, is pressed onto a coat of high-quality varnish that has been allowed to dry to a particular tack. Today, oil-gilding with 23-karat gold leaf is used primarily for outdoor work, from signs to state capitol domes. Be­ cause gold does not tarnish, the surface can be left unsealed, and the shine will last as long as the support and varnish remain intact. Most picture-frame mold­ ings are oil-gilded these days, toO, but with aluminum leaf or gold-colored .. metal leaf" which is then distressed and antiqued with glazes. Oil-gilding is quick, and if you use imitation leaf, it's girandole from about 1820, designed by H.H. Richar dson, holds candles that relatively cheap. reflect light into the room and bathe its own water-gilt profusion with da nc.ing beams. Water-gilding, in contrast, is rare to-arns 82 Phoco ,his page: David C Leaf can be cut on a leather pad with a smooth-edged knife, whose handle here rests on some sheets of rabbit-skin glue. Also shown are agate burnishers, boxes of leaf, and a pestle fo r grinding lump clay, a piece of which sits at the back of the pad.

day, partly due to the cost of gold but Materials and tools-Today, most gaps. Glass gold has no irregularities, also because of the time and labor in­ gold leaf is machine-beaten to a thinness because patches would show through volved. The leaf is laid on a many­ of 0.00003 in., thinner than any piece when gilding on glass. Patent, or trans­ layered ground of gesso and clay, both of paper. If laid on a dry surface, a sheet fer, gold is leaf slightly adhered to a with hide glue as a binder. Then the of gold will sail off with the slightest piece of tissue in the book. The tissue surface-actually the ground itself, un­ puff of air. If crumbled in the hand, it extends beyond the edges of the gold, so der the gold-can be polished by rub­ disintegrates and all but disappears. you can pick up each leaf by hand, bing it with an agate . The Machine-beaten leaf is fo ur times thin­ which is especially helpful when gilding tops of moldings and carvings can be ner than its medieval counterpart, and outside on a windy day. burnished to a mirror-like reflection, so thin that it is virtually transparent, Silver leaf is about three times thicker and the hollows left with a matte, me­ which allows any color beneath it to than gold leaf. Many Victorian picture tallic luster, creating an incomparable shine through, especially when the gold frames were leafed with silver, then richness of surface. has been partly worn through. Oil-gild­ sealed with an alcohol-based, transpar­ Antique water-gilt items slowly dull ed surfaces, toned to imitate this effect, ent, amber-colored lacquer to make with age, mostly from environmental never have the brilliance and depth of a them look like gold. In most cases, the pollution, which eventually becomes burnished surface. silver has begun to tarnish-black spots difficult if not impossible to remove. Pure gold is called 24K (karat). Gold can be seen beneath the gold lacquer. These pieces were rarely protected with leaf, which is 23K, is alloyed with 1K Some Victorian frames were deliberately a finish and can be ruined by water, a silver or copper, or a combination of the tarnished in decorative patterns before fate many have suffered from careless two. The other metals color the gold being gold-lacquered. cleaning. In many cases, although the slightly warmer or cooler. "Dutch metal" refers to what is now gold is gone, the surface beneath may be The standard leaf today is 3% in. called gold "metal leaf. " It is made of reactivated and gilded again. But gesso square and comes in "books" contain­ copper and zinc, and is larger than gold that's been exposed to dampness for ing 25 leaves. There are 20 books to a leaf and thick enough to handle. The any length of time decomposes, softens pack, the wholesale unit, enough for an same is true of aluminum leaf, which irreparably, and must be replaced. experienced gilder to cover 30 sq. ft . came into use in the 19th century. Small repairs are best done by patch­ One manufacturer, M. Swift and Sons, Because of the increasing thinness of ing. My feeling about complete re-gild­ 10 Love La., Hartford, Conn. 06141, gold leaf, by the 17th century a tool was ing of antiques is, don't if you don't currently charges about $275 per pack. needed to handle loose leaf, and the have to, but if you do, stick to the origi­ The two main types of gold leaf are gilders' tip came into use. It's a wide, nal gilding technique and burnishing loose leaf and patent leaf. Loose leaf is flat brush of badger or squirrel hair, patterns, and don 't artificially age or sold in two commercial grades: surface 2 in. long, with a cardboard handle. "antique." The gold will mellow in its gold and glass gold. Surface gold may The tip transfers the gold from the book, own time, whereas the various finishes have small holes or imperfections, but to a pad or pirectly to the work. The used in antiquing are apt to change rap­ these will be backed up in the book by a gilder tubs the tip over her hair or face idly, drastically altering the effect. smaller piece of leaf for patching the to collect a minute amount of oil (not to

83 boiler, adding a fe w drops of water each time you heat it to compensate for evaporation. Overheating, either too of­ ten or tOo hot, can break down the glue and can also cause pinholes, the bane of a gilder's existence. If pinholes develop in the first full-strength coat of gesso, they will telegraph through the succes­ sive coats, and even the tOp coat of day will have pinholes. To avoid them, work in a warm, dry room and keep the gesso from cooling in the pot as you work. If small bubbles develop while you're making the gesso, and some al­ ways do, agitate the container, letting them rise to the surface. Then when the gesso cools and skins over, just peel off The gilders ' tip picks up and transfe rs the gold fr om its padded book. A beginner may the skin. You can also add a wetting instead opt to use 'patent gold' (where each leaf comes lightly adhered to a sheet of agent, such as oxgall (available from an paper), or to press waxed paper over the leaffor easier handling. The piece here, part of art supply stOre), which will help the a table by Sam Bush, is shown as it would look being patched after burnishing. bubbles rise to the surface. If in the end your fm al dry coat of gesso shows pin­ create static, as is sometimes thought), application are extremely important fo r holes, try wetting your finger and tub­ and the oil provides just enough stick a good gild and burnish. bing over the gesso until the sludge fills for the gold leaf to adhere to the tip You can either use a pre-mixed, pack­ the holes. for transferring. aged gesso, or make it fr om scratch. After the gesso is heated, apply it first If a full sheet of gold is not needed, it The packaged type, Grumbacher's Dry as a primer coat. Dilute the gesso to half can be cut to size with a gilders' knife. Ground Gesso, is a mixture of whiting strength with water, brush it on and let The knife is not sharp and has no rough and glue pellets. For large jobs, it's it dry. The first full-strength coat is edges to catch and tear the gold. Gold cheaper to make your own gesso: Mix scrubbed on quickly for good adhesion, leaf can be cut and transferred directly 1 oz. by weight of rabbit-skin glue to especially important if the wood is from the book with the aid of a piece 4 fl. oz. of water. Allow the glue to open-textured. A good-quality, %-in. of cardboard for stiffening and a piece of completely swell and soften at room wide, square-end sable brush is the right leather padding inserted between the last temperature, which can take from choice for all stages of gilding. Wet the two pages, as shown in the photO above. 15 minutes to several hours, depending brush with water and squeeze it dry, After the gold has been laid and the on its particle size. Sift 3 to 4 cups of then apply the gesso, working quickly proper amount of time has elapsed, the whiting through a wire strainer. Mea­ and with the brush fairly well loaded. gold can be burnished. The burnishers sure 4 fl. oz. of water into a metal con­ Avoid over-brushing, or the surface will used today are made of polished agate tainer, and slowly add the sifted whiting become lumpy. Each coat can be ap­ fitted into a ferrule with a paintbrush­ until the mixture mounds on the spoon plied as soon as the previous coat has type handle. The common agate has a and begins to look just slightly less dulled, until you 've built up the thick­ slightly crooked shape and a smooth, smooth and glossy. To make sure that ness to as much as X6 in. rounded point. This shape is in imita­ the whiting is completely absorbed, I When the gesso is dry, surface it ab­ tion of a dog's tOoth, such as those used shake it intO the can from a spoon, solutely smooth with sandpaper, either by Renaissance gilders, and remains the slowly, until the water won't absorb any wet or dry, or scrapers. I usually start most practical for all-around use. more, then I add more, stirring out any with 320-grit aluminum oxide paper lumps, until the mixture mounds. Heat and work down to as fine a paper as Procedure-The wood to be water­ the glue mixture in a double boiler over necessary to eliminate all sandpaper gilded is first sanded to remove sharp low heat until it melts. Add 3 fl. oz. of marks without actually putting a polish edges and corners, and then many coats the melted glue all at once to the whit­ on the gessoed surface, because if this of gesso are applied, forming a "bed" ing mixture. Using a good btush with happens, the clay will resist bonding to for the gold. Gesso is a mixrure of whit­ no loose hairs, slowly stir from the bot­ the gesso. It's important not to sand the ing (calcium carbonate, ground very fm e tOm in one direction until the gesso is gesso into sharp edges or corners which and washed) and rabbit-skin glue, with well mixed. could be knocked off or chipped. Shal­ the consistency of heavy cream. It is Both kinds of gesso will keep for a low, ornamental carving can be done kept hot to maintain brushability, be­ few weeks if refrigerated, but will with regular carving tools after final­ cause rabbit-skin glue congeals just like gradually break down. If the gesso be­ sanding. Gesso carves crisply and cleanly. other hot hide glues when cooled to gins to look a little watery on tOp, it Next comes the gilders' clay. This is room temperature. Usually six or seven may be tOo soft to use. Don't take the red coating sometimes seen peeking coats of gesso are sufficient, especially if chances with gesso. If in doubt, make a through worn gold leaf. It's a very fine­ the wood is a fme-texrured one such as new batch. textured, unCtuous material that takes a poplar or basswood. The gesso and its For use, heat the gesso in a double polish when rubbed with the agate bur-

84 nisher. Red clay looks best under gold time. Almost immediately, the clay will ed, the more practice it takes to lift leaf when rub-through antiquing effects begin to clabber, or curdle. Sometimes it and transfer the leaf smoothly, without are used. Blue-gray, white, black and suddenly gets quite thick, almost stif f, the gold folding up before it reaches the yellow clays are also common, the color and other times a slight thickening is surface. Don't be intimidated by the of the clay affecting the tone-warm barely discernible. Keep adding the glue fact that it is gold and is so fragile. A or cool-of the firial gold finish. Dark steadily. Just after the clabbering stage, few wasted pieces amount to only a few clays are used under silver leaf, while the clay will begin to thin out again. cents, and you will waste some. After yellow clay helps to hide breaks in the Y o� want to bring it back to the point most of the water has been absorbed gold in the matte areas. Commonly, the where it drops off the brush one drop at and the gold flattens out, tamp it down whole object will be given several coats a time. As the glue is added, the clay lightly with cotton and lay the next few of ochre clay over the gesso, then the goes through these stages very quickly, pieces, overlapping the edges slightly. areas to be burnished will be given a from thin to clabber to thin again, so go When the whole piece has been gild­ few additional coats of red clay or dark slowly and carefully. ed in this manner, the matte areas are gray clay. To be on the safe side, I always test burnished with cotton to ensure good Clay is sold in solid lump form from each batch of clay on a gessoed sample contact and to bring up a rich luster. Europe, or as a thick pre-ground paste piece. Apply a little clay, leaf over it, The "skewings," loose pieces of gold at packed in small jars. Gilders' clay for­ and test how it burnishes. Mter testing the overlaps, come off at the same time. mulas are a closely guarded secret of the the clay, brush it on the surfaced gesso. With a clean piece of cotton, lightly rub makers. Modern gilders' clay probably Several coats are needed before the clay over the gold in a circular motion, ap­ contains some additives such as glycerin, looks opaque and covers the gesso com­ plying more pressure as the skewings are whiting and dyes, which are meant to pletely. Keep the clay warm while you removed. The gold will look like solid, extend and improve the clay. work, as you did for the gesso, and try polished metal. This is a matte gild. The clay must be ground in water to not to let it pool in the hollows, or pin­ Highlights can now be burnished a smooth-as-silk consistency, rabbit-skin holes may develop. mirror-bright. The areas to be burnished glue (or gelatin) and water added, and The clay mixture has very little body, should not be bone-dry, but they several coats of the mixture brushed and even five or six coats will not hide shouldn't be too damp, or the burnisher over the surfaced gesso. The recipe I use defects in the gesso. The clay should not will tear through the gold. Glide the makes about X cup. I like to make only need to be surfaced, but if you notice burnisher back and forth over the gold, as much as I need for a given job. If you any grittiness when it has dried, you can and if everything is just the way it are working with lump clay, first grind smooth it with a worn piece of 400-grit should be, you'll find you can apply it to a powder. I have a piece of fine' or 600-grit sandpaper and polish out quite a bit of pressure. Burnishing is one steel screen, which I bought at a hard­ with a piece of linen or a white Scotch­ of the craftsman's real rewards for prep­ ware store, stapled over a deep wooden Brite scrubbing pad. Avoid steel wool­ aration of the ground. The Latin word box. Holding the clay as if I were grat­ it leaves particles behind, and some brunir, fr om which "burnish" is de­ ing cheese, I rub it over the screen to brands are protected from rusting with rived, means brown, and aptly describes pulverize it. Grate about two rounded oil, which can ruin the clay surface. the gold as it changes from a pale color to tablespoons' worth, put it into a clean Now the gold leaf can be applied. dark, metallic reflections. The burnisher metal container, such as a tuna can, then The clay surface where the first pieces of presses folds and overlaps into each oth­ add water to form a paste. Now strain gold leaf are to be laid is first flooded er; these double-thick areas appear as the clay to remove any grit. I force it with a solution of water and alcohol. more solid areas in worn, antique pieces. through an extremely fine piece of brass This activates the glue in the clay, creat­ The whole job can now be left as is, mesh soldered onto a copper cylinder; ing adhesion. The proportion of alcohol antiqued, or given a protective finish. some people use several layers of fine doesn't matter too much. I use about Any finish will dull the gold, and for nylon stocking. Jarred clays, which you 1 part methyl alcohol to 3 parts water. this reason many old pieces were never might expect to be grit-free, are some­ When gilding with silver leaf, which is sealed at all. Nit rocellulose lacquer, times not. At best, gritty clay will make heavier than gold, or if the leaf didn't sprayed or brushed, dulls the gold less the gold less bright. At worst, grit can adhere perfectly on the. test piece, I add than other finishes. Orange shellac is of­ ruin your burnisher and cause it to a tiny pea-sized piece of rabbit-skin glue ten used instead, to warm the color. scratch the gold on future jobs. Mter to the solution. Be careful, though-too Don't worry if the finishcoat blooms straining, add water, stirring with a much glue will dull the burnish. (whitens slightly) as you apply it. It will pointed sable brush until the clay mix­ Really flood the surface, because the dry bright and clear. 0 ture is thin enough to drop off the brush layers of gesso and clay will absorb the one drop at a time. Before the mixture water like a sponge. If the clay looks Nancy Russo has been gilding and re­ reaches this point, it will be necessary to dull instead of wet and shiny, the gold storing since 1971 , and now has her add the water very slowly, drop by will not stick. Using the gilders' tip, own shop, GoldLea f Restorations, in drop, or the clay will be too thin. quickly pick up the gold and with a Portland, Ore. Gilding materials can Now make up the rabbit-skin glue, smooth motion transfer it to the work. I be obtained fr om H. Behlen & Bros. using the same proportions as for gesso. rub a dab of Chaps tick on my wrist and (call51 8-843-1380 fo r a local dis­ Melt the glue in a double boiler and add pass the tip over it occasionally so that tributor); fro m Art Essentials, Box 260, it to the clay/water mixture by drib­ the gold will adhere. You'll find that Monsey, N. Y. 10952; and fr om sign bling it down the side of the can in using the gilders' tip takes a little prac­ painters' suppliers and good local art­ a thin, steady stream, stirring all the tice. The larger the pieces of gold need- supply stores.

85 Mass-Producing Cleopatra's Mirror Making a living without jigs or a tape measure by Robin Kelsey

make a living doing short-run it. Welcome to the reckless world production woodworking and of production woodworking. wantedI to make a gift item, pure I surfaced some cherry to and simple-something romantic, about % in. and traced my ele­ something people would buy for gant shapes all over the board. I a loved one. I decided to try cut six hand mirrors Out of the making a hand mirror. board, that first day of the Tro­ First I had to figure out what a jan mirror wars. I resawed them hand mirror looks like. "D esign­ all in half, starting from the han­ ing," they call that. I began with a dle end. The saw whisked through few free-form shapes, as is my wont, the handles but slowed down at the with ovoid glass and shorr handles circles. Undaunted, I persevered, rock­ shaped to feel good in a hand. These had ing the work gently for the illusion of a certain amount of charm, but then I exper­ speed, and soon my six mirrors were split in ienced a design breakthrough: handles could be two. I had vaguely imagined that I could reas- long and elegant, and the glass could be round-an semble the twO pieces on the sawcuts, but it didn't intrinsically elegant object to celebrate vanity. This work. Probably all that rocking didn't help. So I ran all could bethe sort of hand mirror that Cleopatra used or the pieces through my planer until they were flat. that Helen of Troy had on her dressing table. It could Wasteful, but now they had to fit. be a classic. Elegance would be the keynote. Next I had to cut Out the circular shape in each front piece. After numbering the twO halves of the mirrors so But how to mount the glass? First I thought of cut­ that I could reassemble the respective pairs later, I tOok ting through a board and routing a rabbet around the the fronts over to my drill press and drilled a hole in back of the cutOut for the glass; then I'd make a pretty them, big enough to slip a -saw blade through. I disc of contrasting wood and cement the whole sand­ congratulated myself on saving time by drilling all the wich tOgether. holes at once. But when I tried it, the pretty disc didn't ever seem The is a quick way to CUtthin pieces, and to fit very well. The only way I'd be able to get it I can cut closer to a line with a coping saw than with a accurate enough to fitwould be to use jigs, a router saber saw. I gripped the front of a mirror in the vise, template probably, and a bandsaw circle-cutting jig. threaded a blade through the hole, and started cutting But I just didn't feel like doing it that way. the circle, taking care not to break the X6-in. thick Some workers delight in jigs. They use a jig to frame where the grain was short. Then I tOok a half­ cut bread, a jig to measure spaghetti, a jig to make round tOol and rasped almost to the line from popcorn. Not me. I don't even like to measure. I the front, always sloping the Surform toward the center figure I can eyeball the middle of anything of the hole so that I wouldn't break out the grain on the small, up to about 6 in., and any distance up back. Since the thin wooden ring was perilously fragile to an inch. I have to ask myself, "How good and Surforming is a fairly violent process, I moved the does this really have to be?"; "Can I hide it work often to support it close to the vise. Then I flipped the if it's wrong?"; "H ow much am I going to get for this?"; piece around and used a half-round flieto cut straight across and fm ally, "Can I really do it?" from the back, even closer to the line. That trued the circle, I decided that eyeballing was okay. I'd resaw the blank in making it almost as round as the eye can tell. Round enough. half, glue the glass intO a routed recess, and put the halves I tOok my pattern and traced the hole Onto all the back back tOgether. If I did it well enough, it would look like one pieces with a pencil. While I was at it, I traced the same piece of wood with a mirror magically stuck inside, and be round shape onto some mirror glass, using a felt pen. I pleasing and intriguing to discriminating woodwork browsers. planned to rout the place for the glass quite a bit bigger than I drew a protOtype on paper, using a for the per­ the front cutOut, and to cut the glass biggertOo, but less big; fea circle, and tried making the firstmirro r. Immediately I dis­ then it should all fit tOgether easily, and all the approxima­ covered a technical snag: my bandsaw can resaw only 6 in. and tions would be buried inside a neat mirrorburger. the protOtype was 6� in. Who cares? Cleopatra's mirror was I routed the glass's future home with a �-in. straight bit, probably only 6 in. wide anyway. I redrew the thing and went clamping the mirror handle to my bench. I cut outside the back to make a few hundred. If you're going to make one, line, so the recess would be about � in. bigger than the traced you might as well make a bunch. Then you'll get good at outline. I set the router bit's depth a tOuch more than the

86 thickness of the glass and routed away freehand-I didn't care tOol as I am with a pencil, just the same guy after all. And if the bit wandered a little. the excitement of the sawdust flying can bring out the best in I cried dif ferent routing patterns-a spiral from the cen­ me. Sometimes it brings out the worst, but that's workman­ ter; outline first,then the middle; middle first, then the out­ ship of risk for you. Almost evetything sells eventually. I give line. No pattern was superior, but varying them prevented the dogs away for Christmas, or keep them myself. My home battle fatigue in this noisy and tedious skirmish in the mir­ is furnished in early dog. ror wars. I then went back to the router, which was still upside When all the backs were routed, I turned to the glass. It's down in the vise with its X-in. rounding-over bit, and I easy to cut glass. You just get an inexpensive glass cutter at rounded evetything. That left a burnished scrip where the pi­ the hardware store and dip it in kerosene before every cut. lot rubbed, so I gave the edges another quick once-over on Score the front of the glass, keeping firm pressure and lis­ the sander. tening for the continuous gritty sound, then snap it off. Next I tOok up a half-round file.Files do almost the same Don't try to cut a whole circle at once. It can't be done, job as coarse sandpaper does, but they hardly ever wear out, except in crime movies. Approach the circle in big arcs. I so I figure they're cheaper. I filed the rounded-over edge sec­ must admit that eventually I got a glass circle-cutter, sort of a tions tOrn by the router; I filed the handle to a more congenial compass with a suction cup in the middle and a glass cutter form. I sanded the edges with lOO-grit garnet, then 220-grit, on the other end. It's a wonderful device, but you can do then 400-grit, until the whole thing was vety elegant and without it. smooth. I used my hands and fingers, no block. It was pleas­ Since the routed recess was � in. bigger than necessary, I ant work to do while listening to the radio. figured I could cut the glass X in. bigger than its frame and it Sometime in there I tOok the mirror back to the belt sander would fit. Anybody can eyeball X in., so off I went, rough­ and made the front and back surfaces smooth. Like the telling cutting the glass circles about X in. outside my felt-pen lines. of it, it was almOSt an afterthought. As far as resistance to Most of the circles fit. I crirnmed the ones that didn't, then getting smooth goes, the front and back were nothing com­ put contact cement on the backs of the glass discs and on the pared to the edges. routed recesses. While the cement was drying, I worked on I oiled the mirrors and put them in my stOre. Sure enough, the fronts. lots of men (my special target group) bought them, some­ The fronts were pretty nearly circular, after all that Sur­ times pounced on them, with smug looks on their mugs, as if forming and filing, but they had no elegant profIle, so I they'd solved the old birthday problem one more time. chucked a X-in. rounding-over bit in my router and clamped Sometimes women buy mirrors for themselves (I think), and the router upside down in a vise. I ran the inside circumfer­ they usually choose the short-handled ones, hefting them all ence of every cutout over the bit, then sanded them with for the best fit. But men always get the elegan t, long­ lOO-grit garnet paper until they were pretty smooth. A once­ handled ones, dreaming of Cleopatra. Men, who don't use over with 220-grit made them nice. By now the contact ce­ a hand mirror much, are more romantic about it than ment was dry, so I put all the mirrors into their rabbets and women are. I've made both kinds of mirrors now. I'm an squeezed them in with my fm gers. equal-opportunity woodworker. Many shoppers who look at the mirrors notice that they To reassemble these Cleopatran objects, I spread some yel­ appear to be one piece of wood with a mirror magically stuck low glue on the fronts and mated them with their respective inside. This pleases them, so they look for the seam, find it, backs, then I clamped evetything in some odd vises I have and tell their friend, "Look, you can hardly see the seam. around my shop. I snugged up the round part of the mirror That's nice." While I can't eat compliments, I can't grow on in a vise, then put clamps all over the handle until each mir­ bucks alone, and it pleases me to hear that sort of thing. ror was bristling with them. Since I had taken out a sawkerf A timed production run showed that it tOok about 30 min­ and planed, tOO, I coul dn't get a perfect grain match; but I utes to make one mirror, and I figured the materials cost, at was still seeking the illusion of one piece of wood with a most, $1.50. I like to make $20 an hour on production mirror stuck magically, romantically, inside. work-that covers trips to the lumberyard, the rent and other I was so eager to finisha mirror that I couldn't let the glue bills-so I knew I had it made with the hand mirrors. In fact, dry as long as the directions on the bottle said it should. But I thought they were tOo cheap by the $2 0-an-hour formula, in joining flatgrain to flat grain, you can get away with as so I stuck $18 price tags on them. Most people seem to think little as 15 minutes in the clamps. Just remove one and that's about right. You can get change from a $20 bill, and, take a chance. after all, this is Cleopatra's mirror. So I took the first rough mirror-sandwich over to my Sears Getting decent money for something I make tends to make 6-in. by 48-in. stationary belt sander. I sanded the outside me feel guilry, and I need to remind myself about all the edges to the line on the disc-sander part, as far as I could, things that pay next to nothing and are made for love, or just then knelt down and got the handle and the shoulder with to practice my dovetails. the front roller. Some have rollers tOo big to be use­ So hand mirrors proved to be a happy marriage of romance ful. Get a Sears. and economics, machine work and handwork. I liked making Knowing that I was fixing the shape of each mirror for all them, the first couple of hundred anyway, until I gOt good at time, I tried to get a true circle and a graceful handle. The it. Then it was boring and I had to make something else fo r a belt sander with a medium (80-grit) belt cuts fast, and I while. When I go back to hand mirrors they'll be fun again. made some new design decisions at this time, shaping a And that's the way I get along. 0 thicker or thirmer handle, changing the shoulder profIle­ whatever came to mind. I think I'm as good a designer on the Robin Kelsey lives in Maynooth, Onto

87 DomESTIC & R.I. De Cristofaro's �� �ersa,=- ImpORTED �' �i�� LUUNIVEREMRSAL ArtistryUENEERS In Veneers provides the finest ' domestic and exotic Wood Veneers for Full size plans $20.00 WOODWORKERS woodworkers, craftmen, and hobbyists. Universal Drill Press Jig We have an inventory of over million 5 Universal Ta ble Saw Jig $1 4.50 sq. ft . of veneer, housing 80 different species. Whether you need 10, 100, or 1,000 sq. ft., Artistry can provide top Catalog DeC ristofaro Designs quality veneer to satisfy any need. 27082 Horse shoelane9'1022 SPRING SALE $1.00 LosAlt os Hills, CA Order any one of these sale packages of top quality veneer. and we will include our new 1984 catalog free. All lengths- 30" -36". widths 6" -14". Mahogany Shorts- 50 sq. ft. for only $1 0.00 Maple Shorts- 50 sq. ft. for only $9.00 Te ak Shorts 25- sq. ft.for only $7.50 Cherry Shorts 50 sq. ft. for only $9.00 A World Leader in the design and manufacture of Universal Woodworking ADD $3.50 FOR POSTAGE & HANDLING II you work in hardwood. this bit is one 1001 you Machines for over 30 years to provide must have ! Unlike other bits. the Forstner is (ENCLOSE AD WITH ORDER) guided by its circular rim instead 01 the center. maximum performance in Minimal presents its 72 page 19 84 Bore any arc or circle and you leave a true Artistry in Veneers polished surlace. Guide it in any direction, it cuts W rk areas. Tilting Arbor Saw, Jointer, edition of our catalog. Beautiful veneers at ex­ � smoothly through cross-grain or knots! Thickness Planer, Shap er, and Hori­ ceptional prices. a complete line of quality tools AVAILABLE IN TH�SE SIZES ! PRICE EA. and accessories. inlays. burls. instructions. and 3/8". 711 ". zontal Drill Mortiser. much more. l;�:: �ng;· 6 $16.95 SEND S1.00 TO: l JT�16". 18.95 Send $1.00 for Brochure �;F lJm;.·?LsAdd:1 S1 SO Postage & Handling U.S. Importer (7 14) 549-3446 ARTISTRY IN VENEERS CATALOG Int'l Woodworking Equipment Corp. 450 OAK TREE RD. 11577 A Slater Avenue SOUTH PLAINFIELD, NJ 07080 Fountain Valley, CA 92708 I. subsidi.ry of Eagl.Plywo od Door Mfrs. Co.1

Over 20 Domestic and Exotic Hardwoods Big Direct Mill

Biesemeyer Fence Savings 3 HP. 1 PH. 230 Volt Buy top quality hardwoods Mag. Control and veneers direct from our mill at list ...... 52288 substantial savings. YOU PAY ...... 51812 � Send for FREE Catalog __� . _:s.cA. mencan® 1025CWaxl South Rooseveltcrafte.rs MODel 60. 8" JOINTER • Plqua, OH 45356 Phone (513) 773-7414 291 with stand Ext.

1 1/2 HP. 1 PH. 230 Volt Switch Ust ...... 51451 YOU PAY ...... 51319 . MODel 26 SHAPER 1/2" & 3/4" Spindles. 3 HP. 1 PH. 230 Volt Mag. Control Ust ...... 51 888 YOU PAY ...... 51715 . . KITS FROM •• $39.99 TO $1 94.99 F tured in Workbench.Popular Science, FOB McMinnville TN Mechanix Illustrated. Step-by-step plans, photos, full-scaleno patterns show•• how.No machining. welding. 5-Y r Full-Ser­ BR'4. �.cADV '>D"l ,,\.�'" r vice Guarant... Send ,& each for Plans PO BO.l( 328 plus for postage ltating tools wanted. ELMIRA N Y 14902 0326 Catalog$1 included. Or. send for Catak>gl GILLIOM MFG., INC., $1Dept.FW·5 607 -733- 6591 ��.ogt!ri:::·M�301

88 How To Make National Builders Hardware

These slides areYo so precision ur engineered Ac curide Slide SoC 1029ur Centerce Mount. and manufactured that they are the . A preCision three-quarter extension state-of-the-art ball bearing slide C3017 Low Profile slide. Mounts to existing drawer bot­ system. Accuride slides have set indus­ A heavy duty slide which offers full toms and cabinet frames. No adjust­ try standards with ball-bearing, tele­ extension plus I" over-travel. Will ments are necessary. This slide is scoping slides that make roller slides support file, desk and credenza box center-mounted so the available side obsolete. They provide effortless drawers with a load limit of 100 lbs. fo r space between drawer and cabinet movement and virtually never wear 12" slides. Requires a minimum If.! " plays no part in installation. It elim­ out. In this new ad, we show you a side space. Provided with silent inates wooden guides, supporting wider choice from our large inventory. polymer ball bearings and drawer members and brackets. You're assured hold-in features. Available in zinc and precision smooth drawerFOu movement. FOu C 1313 Flipper Door Slides black finishes. Add 10% to these prices #12 S4.1O ea Most often used fo r horizontal and for black plated finish. #14 S4.10 ea N:' �::;.� 'i:.';!.'::.'�:.::;.:. lateral files, horizontal doors and ver­ #16 S4.1 6ea :! :2%:-:!�: :�:=:::7z: l:�: tical single and double door cabinet #18 S4.37 ea I. '''',, I.V" 17" IOV( I.- applications. The C1313 is designed 12" $1 1.03 pr #20 34.54 ea for use with doors of 3/4" thickness, �: 14" $11.57 pr #22 S4.79 ea 22 ::::-�::h:'"'6'-"'/," 23"-W/," I.'h��_;��:" :!�: available unhanded in II", 14", 18", 16" SI1.97 pr #24 $5.06 ea and 24" lengths. Two flipper door �: �!�::=;:�:: ��:_;:�:::;:�:: 18" $12.62 pr #26 S5.40 ea slides, with two mounting bayonet 20" S13.30 pr brackets per slide, are usually required 22" S13 .98 pr for each door application. L 24" $14.75 pr 11" $16.30 pr 14" S16.80 pr c- - . '�I I¥s" ::: : �" 18" S17.80pr , . 24" S19.50 pr �'-�I

C2037-A Three-Quarter Extension For desk and credenza box drawer ap­ plications . This is the precision three­ C40 17 Full Extension quarter extension slide -light duty, For full extension use - a heavy duty side mount -featuring new super side mount right or left handed slide silent polymer ball bearings. C203 7A is C-322 Pull-Out Shelf Slide with an additional 1 112 " extension - unhanded and easy to install. It is Designed for heavy duty shelf and often used where case top overhang designed to function smoothly in 1/2 " drawer applications . Features full ex­ requires slide over-travel for ease in minimum slide space and to carry up tension, rated up to 120 pounds load removing files . Functions smoothly in to 50 pounds. Available in both zinc capacity. Noise abatement felt pads in­ 1/2" minimum slide space and carries and black plated finishes -add 10% cluded. Mounting tabs are fo rmed out loads up to 110 pounds. Available in to these prices for black plated finish. of the drawer member for simple both zinc and black plated finishes. mounting or removal . Minimum side 14" S 9.70 pr Add 10% to these prices for black space required is 3/4". 16" S 9.9 2 pr plated finish. 100' SI9.64 pr 20" $23.35 pr 18" SlO.12 pr 12" S19.80 pr 22" $24.19 pr 12" $15.18 pr 20" SlO.35 pr 14/1 $20.45 pr 24/1 $25.07 pr 14" S15.54 pr 22" S 10.60 pr 16" S16.22 pr .16" $21.59 pr 26" $26.44 pr 18" S16.95 pr 18/1 $22.81 pr 28" S27.49 pr 20" S17.83 pr 22" S18.75 pr [1'."1 �ON� , HARDWARE : PO Box 14609, Portland, OR 972 14 Please include :;;DE:Syour check with order...� Call in orders toll free: 1-800-452-0182 in Oregon 1-800-547-5574 Continental USA Freight prepaid UPS -Continen tal USA Prices guaranteed thru July 31, 1984

89 prepaid. New clamps for the cabinet­ maker, picrure frame and door jigs LOCAL LUMBERsec DEALERS plus five attachments for the Shop­ For National dealers "Wood" CLASSIFIED smith Mark V and multitool import. The CLASSIFIED rate is $4.50 per word, minimum ad 15 words. All pay­ Write Universal Clamp Corp., 6905 Arizona ments must accompany orders; all are non-commissionable. The WOOD & Cedros Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91405. TOOL EXCHANGE and SITUATIONS WANTED are for private use by in­ dividuals only; the rate is $6 per line, minimum 3 lines, max. 6 lines, limit 2 Oscillating SPINDLE SANDER insertions per year. Allow 30 lerters or spaces per line, including name and ad­ PARTS for sale by author. Reduction dress. DISPLAY CLASSIFIED rates on request. LOCAL LUMBER DEALERS gear moror, bearings, sprockets, etc., rate is $3.85 per word, minimum 15 words, maximum 9 lines, open ro lumber complete. Assembled, $89. Drill press dealers seeking local business; boxed ad, $1 90 per column-inch. Send ro: Fine in original carron, $89. Both fo r $ 175. Woodworking, Advertising Dept., Box 355, Newrown, CT 06470. Deadline Shipped UPS fr eight collect. Wesley for the July/August issue is April 25th. Glewwe, 906 Oakdale Ave., West St. Paul, MN 55118. Busn. Opportunities experience in a professional shop. Ac­ SHOPSMITH OWNERS: X-in. rout­ California commodation in 17th-century farm­ RETIRED, must sell woodworking er bit holder designed especially for house. Please write Aller Srudios, Ken­ shop, home with six acres. Will sacri­ you. BWT, 2413 Driftwood Dr., California hardwoods: California black tisbeare, Cullompron, Devon, England fice, make offer. Also acreage, less than Wilmingron, DE 198 10. oak, white oak, Pacific madrone, Fre­ EX15 2BU. $400/acre. Vermont, 584-3247. mont cottonwood, black walnut. Burls QUARTZ MECHANISMS, clock BUILD YOUR FOUNDATION in and more. Cal Oak Lumber Co., Cali­ Quality REDWOOD PLANTER supplies: slab clocks and tables. Hard­ woodworking at the Folk School. fo rnia's largest hardwood lumber pro­ business. Inventory plus machinery. woods, cypress and others . The Barn Two-week workshops, beginning ducer. PO Box 689, Oroville, CA Since 1969. Sales in 4 states. Tubs Woodworks, R.R. 8, Box 27 6-A, through advanced, machine and hand 95965. (9 16) 534-1426. shown page 37, # 19 Fine Home­ Greenfield, IN 46140. rools. For brochure, contact Dept. FW, building. 17 65 Old Stage Rd., Med­ Whisperings Winds John C. Campbell Folk School, Route fo rd, OR 97502. FILTER BAG FABRIC fo r dust col­ Hardwoods 1, Brassrown, NC 28902. lection systems. Easily sewn on home Help Wanted QUdlity d�)mf'st il' .md imjX'rt� Situations Wanted machine (information included). Price hdrdwOl�S, hclrJw�10d "nJ per running yard: 69 in. wide, $7; 80 mdrine plywouds. vt'nt'ers. APPRENTICE VIOLIN MAKERS muuldlnxs. 7 yrs. expo woodworker seeks position and resrorers: Positions available with in. wide, $8 plus shipping. Or bags with master craftsman of fine furnirure A Ulliqut Start' (IJY IIzI' Profrssimurl finest rare violin shop in the COuntry. CUStom sewn (send specs for price). in VA, NC area. Parrner/apprentice. ItS Ulf'II 'lS Hit OI)-it-YourS/I!,r. Good salary and benefits, excellent Barter Enterprises, Box 102, Prospea Kevin Waegerle, 41 38 S. Norfolk, 565 -7th Avenue Open 7 Days training program. Professional wood­ Harbor, ME 04669. Santa Cruz. CA 95062 (408) 476-9'030 Tulsa, OK 74105. (9 18) 743-9462. working experience required. Must be GRAINING, GILDING, stenciling: willing and able ro learn. Bein & Fushi Finisher seeks challenge with CUStom professional-qualiry supplies. Catalog, Connecticut Inc., 410 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, shop or small maker in Connecticut or $1, refundable. S. Sleeper, Rt. 107 -A, Excellent selection kiln-dried hard­ IL 60605. New York. Wood and painted fin­ East Kingston, NH 03827. woods, softwoods. Also cabinet ply­ CABINETMAKER W ANTED­ ishes. 10 years experience. Box 48, So. WOODMATCH. The putry base to woods. Harris Hardwoods, 260 Tol­ extensive experience with hand and Ryegate, VT 05069. mix with your sanding dust for the land Turnpike, Manchester, CT power rools. One-of-a-kind project­ Los Angeles. Responsible woodwork­ perfect match. 4 oz., $4.95. Wood­ 06040. (203) 649-4663 . oriented furnirure shop. Apply Kramer ers wanted to share well-equipped Match, PO Box 22998, Seattle, W A and Eiland Woodworking, PO Box shop on westside. $ 125/month. John KD hardwood lumber. Many spe­ 98 112. 221, Washingron, VA 22747. (703) Houck, (2 13) 553-3939 days or cies-domestic, some imported. Cus­ 675-3882. (2 13) 472-7009 eves. com millwork. Hardwood and marine SKILLED CABINETMAKER needed Publications POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL plywood. Featuring curly tiger maple. by small Arizona firm, must also have The new woodstabi lizer Piper Woodworking, 75 Center St., American Furniture, o the general knowledge, experi­ 1620 t and chemit:lll seasoning agent. Floor C, Bristol, CT 060 10. (203) Present. MakecracJc-free table top. from log cross .ection. and ence essential, European-trained pre­ Fairbanks and Bates. Out-of­ flawtess bowl. and carving. from green .crll!l wood. 584-1544. fe rred. The Kuef fn er Co., Inc. (602) print definitive work. Originally pub­ for cataiog. $1.00 Chesrnut specialists. Cuscom milled 948-6758. lished at $50. Now $16 plus $3.50 Th. Cran. Creek Company for shipping/handling. Limited stock Box 5553 F woods of Heavenly Valley, Plymouth, APPRENTICESHIP for cusrom cabi­ available. An essential reference: Over Madison, Wisconsin 53705 CT 06782. (203) 283-4209 after 6. net shop in central Massachusetts. 1300 illustrations with bibliography, Domestic and imported hardwoods, Unique opportunity to work with glossary and construction drawings. softwoods, 30 species, kiln-dried, master craftsmen and teacher leading Includes contemporary woodworking. + best quality. Hardwood paneling, ro partnership. Send resume to 307 To order: send check for $19.50 ro flooring, millwork. No minimum. W. Boylsron St., W. Boylston, MA Arcs Americana, PO Box 464, Ded­ . CONCEA O HINGES FOR Plywood available. Craft smanship in 01583. ham, MA 02026. ��WOOD� 8

90 narional Lurhiers Supply, Box 15444, in. Northwesr Lumber Co ., MAKE TOYS-Plans, kirs. Hard­ Ys to r. NAIL KEGS Tulsa, OK 74112. wood wheels, parrs, dowels. Caralog, 5035 Lafayette Rd., Indianapolis, IN Rou�h hewn yellow pine, top in­ $1. Cherry Tree Toys, Belmonr, OH 46254. (317 ) 293-1100. cluded, galvanized hoops, IS" e•. ZUCKERMANN harpsichord/davi­ high. 12" wide. 819 .95 43718. Michigan postage paid. J or more J 18.95 chord kirs. Uncompromisingly fine in­ (Quantily prices on reo srrumenrs from $445. Brochure, $1. Caralog of unique WOODEN TOY ea.quest.) Send check or m.O. to: TURNING SQUARES 2305 Miller Cr., Lakewood, CO PATTERNS. $1, refundable. Playrire, Cooperage House of Indiana Quality Tu rning Squares at an Dept. FW 1. PO Box 684 802 15. Rr. 8, Box 343F, Moulrrie, GA affordable price. Kiln Dried As­ Whiting. 1:1' 46394 31768. pen hardwood designed for EARLY INSTRUMENT KITS! Build practice and projects 2x2, 8- hammered dulcimers, mandolins, even Tools 24", 20 lin. $9.95. harps, lures, harpsichords. FW ft. RESTORED MACHINERY-Finesr box Hughes, 44 19 W. Colfax, Denver, Forte's Wood Depot woodworking machines ever made. CO 80204. Wa llace, Michigan 49893 Oliver, Yares, Norrhfield. Bandsaws, rablesaws, wood larhes, erc. Puger Introducing the Beall Wood-threader,ANY a new and New Hampshire better way to cut threads in kind of wood. THE LUTHIERIE Sound Machinery. (206) 627-0802. This patented device attached %". %" to your1" router al· lows you to make perfect and threads. FAS hardwoods, planed 3 sides. 4/4 ri : School of Instrumentand Making SILVO Hardware, 188-page Hand & For more information w te d 541Swans red oak, maple, birch, cherry, Hon u­ R06�'4�3�5� e��r k, Ohio 43055 CaraIog, $1. Depr -4- I 5 I Japanese Hand Woodworking FW ras mahogany, reak and walnur. 5/4 Write or callfo r our free brochure 6, 2205 Richmond Sr., Philadelphia, oak and maple. Sugar pine selects in all WES'TSVS'TEM® Robert Meadow (914 ) 246-5207 PA 19125. rhicknesses. 5/4 and 8/4 knotty pine. BRAND EPOXY L 2449 Wesr Saugerties Road P.). Currier umber Co., Inc., Am­ Extremely versatil. high strength adhesivt for all types of Saugerries, New York 12477 MAKITA/JET TOOLS. We'll nor be hem, NH. (603) 673-1913. wood. Can b. sanded, painted, or varnished when n a ural undersold. Price quores, call narion­ wood finish is desired. Uud succeufullyin marinet con· New York struction for many years. Oecoupage epoxy also available. wide (800) 331-TOOL. Calif. (707) SInd S2.00 lor Manu,/,nd Pr;ce Urt to: Plans & Kits 964-666 1. Wrire AES, Box 1790, Fr. t City Joshua's Trees. The source fo r rhe elu­ GouglOn Bros., Dlp . F., 106 Mlrtin, BlY MI4870& Bragg, CA 95437. Caralogs, $1. •• BANJO-MANDOLIN-GUITAR sive hardwoods. Burrernur, curly ma­ Prices include delivery...... J...., h;., (5t:"'84'72� ..... plans, kirs and pans. Free caralog. ple, padauk, bubinga, purplehearr, co­ Srewan-MacDonald, 21 N. Shafer, cobolo, lignum virae, ebony, more. GENERAL WOODWORKING Box 900F, Arhens, OH 45701. (800) Turning srock, logs, lumber. 113 N. WANTED: EvelYday wisdom. Found a novel MACHINERY. Caralog, $3, refund­ s e h S 848-2273. able. John Gorrell W'oodworking, Sevenrh, Brooklyn, NY 11211. (2 12) ��� ��o ��� p�::: to���? �o��f�' �:e�:�� athering hundreds of hints for a new book. 7188 Whirfield Dr., Riverdale, GA 387-9016. g PLANS for advanced crafrsmen. Make Please share with us any original short cuts 30296. North Carolina that have saved you time and money while shop equipmenr and accessories. Wrire working in your workshop or around the Wood-Mer, 3314 Shoff, Peoria, IL FREE CABINETMAKER SCREW­ Dressed hardwoods, carving blocks, home. Te ll us why the tips work. We'll pay $5 for any item that makes it into the book, 61604. DRIVER or chisel offer. Send roday veneers, dowels, hardwood plugs, so include your return address. R.B. Yep­ 33 for free derails. Masrer Crafrsman Co., wheels and Shaker pegs . Capirol Ciry sen, Rodale Press, Inc" East Minor St., WA TERBED PLANS: Four-posr and Emmaus, P 18049. Box 307B, Xenia, OH 45385. Lumber, 42 16 Beryl Rd., Raleigh, A box fr ames, bookshelf headboard, easy NC 27606. (9 19) 832-6492. insrrucrions. Guaranreed. Send $6 ro BEST DEAL. References: see Jan./ Ontario Mailwood Indusrries, PO Box 538, Feb. arricle STETON-GRIGGIO­ i Florissanr, MO 63033. orhers. $3 for 2 brochures. Henry Wie­ t Fine domes ric and exoric woods for Drum. Build i gand Corp., Ciaremonr, NH 03743. rurners, carvers, insrrumenr and cabi­ .."'�:;: =�� yourself.��� . Plans $'2.00 nermakers. No minimum. Semler or send stamped TOOLS-ANTIQUE & USED­ envelope tor brochure. Hardwood Co., RR4, Perrh, Onrario, Mail To: SAVEI. ITOR !1u OD'SIEOI STANLEY. Send SASE and 20' for FUL -SIZE PLANS K7H 3C6. (613) 267-4630. SANOER- F L I currenr lisr. Bob Kaune, 511 W. llrh, &.uy ions: twin, full& P.O. Box 390Bl diloct I . IJ*n: 3 016 drawers: $11. Porr Angeles, WA 98362. Pennsylvania 29407 Monoy·blck _ , "" ...... : for ,. . Send FREE INuit. fwn. Wide walnur lumber-FAS $3!bd. .. I I JAPANESE TOOLS since 18 88. Free .. II i ' i�LEXIPI.ANS DEPT FA caralog. Tashito's Searrie, W A: 119 fr . Quanriry discounrs apply. Call Ger­ � 48L.-St._1lJ ry Granr, Gerrysburg, PA. (7 17) 528- NEW SHIPMENT JUST ARRIVED 07675 Prefonraine (3rd & Yes!er), 98104, (206) 622-8452. Tashiro's Bel­ 4496. Hardened Steel. For filing. drilling, milling. lingham, WA: Open Sarurdays only, carving. routing any metal or wood. Cutting -27models ­ Pennsylvania hardwood lumber. Large BOAT KITS 10 ro 4. Bay Srreer Village, 301 W. edges from to 1". all shanks . Brand new POWER SAIL - 11'-30'. Molded selecrion, no minimum. Dick Archer, 'I,,' 'I .. & Holly, 98225, (206) 647-0 133. in air·tight G.I. packs. fiberglass hulls decks factory 826 Trooper Rd., Valley Forge, PA . & 3H Set. G.I. cost '29500 now .... '2600 assembled -you install factory 19403. (2 15) 666-0357. 001 supplied interior. Save half. 4B-p. 14-Tool Set. G.I. cost '12600 now '1800 McKILLlGAN catalog -$1.00. Luger. Dept. & Chesrnur lumber. No worm holes. 4/4 Save even more. Both Sets now .... '3800 � S FW-84 , 3800 W. Highway 13. The-M-H"d Quality tool combinat in inches rhickness, KD, minimum order Two '38 Sets [Limited Time) ..... '5800 Burnsville. MN 55337. pins. fuI� grotnI 500 bd. fr . $2.90 per bd. fr. FOB Money Back Guarantee. Add '300 for shipping. 612-890-3000. Professimal cast . Bowling Green, VA. We cur ro order, Texas orders add 5% OtIibotttln.�ad Mouth iUSlabi. make moldings. (2 15) 757-1667 or tax. Export orders add forooorso orfroo won. � • Toy Plans/Kits �V '400 StDy #12'()()3. (804) 633-5001. For the full line of Stanley Tools Texas U.S. SURPLUS CENTER order: Woodwor1<.ers Super Catalog Oept. 517, 715Camden Three{lOIIItIs. 704 _ of toofs. San Anronio and Sourh Texas' hard­ ::/...... ;:�--'San Antonio. TX 78215 �ClEaTE II BEIRLOOM mat«iaIs &machines. 60.000 nll1lS. wood store. Ausrin Hardwoods, San wIuabIe �fam:o.NIIII8 brards di� Musical Supplies witb CWltad. Call for (XI p'iaI "'lure Anronio, 1084 1 Hillpoinr, San Anro­ CATALOG of PATOYTTERNS & TQYDESIBIMAKER5 SUPPLIES S nio 782 17. (512) 822-8833 or 8323. $I.SO(U.S. doUOf5) btrfing any tool.SorojS5 il8f1nfab1ol LUTHIERS' SUPPLIES: Imporred or aadn C8Itf No. togot yw catalog. Miscellaneous ronewood, rools, , parrs, ac­ TOT DESIGNS, McKILLlGAN SUPPLY cessories, strings, cases, for violins, vi­ FWC 584, Johnson City, 13790 BRANDING IRONS fo r crafrsmen. N.Y. olas, cellos, basses and guirars. Assem­ PUOX 441F, NewtDD,IDwa SD2D8 Phone 800-221-2541, N.Y.S.800-a82-5500 Hear mark your producrs. Inirial, sig­ ble-yourself carved violin kir. Caralog, narure, address, logo. Hear Mark Co., CATALOG ONLY 11 50', indudes 10% discounr cerrificare. Rt. 6, Box 828, Mooresville, NC Inrernarional Violin Company, Lrd., 281 15.  Depr. WT, 4026 W. Belvedere Ave., )Illlll� BRANDING IRONS MADE TO Balrimore, MD 21215. ORDER. Names, signarures, logos­ PLANS & PARTS BANJO-MAN DOLIN-GUITAR 'rf)YS '4382 any size, any design, fairhfully dupli­ plans, kirs and pans. Free caralog. METABD cared. Wrire or call for inform arion , 3%" PLANER Srewan-MacDonald, 21 N. Shafer, W. GERMANY sample brandings. Norcrafr Cusrom Box 900F, Arhens, OH 45701. (800) Brands, Box 277F, So. Easton, MA 848-2273. 02375. Tel. (6 17) 238-2 163 anyrime. 12.000 RPM .6AMP MOTOR LIST 179" OEPTH OF CUT Y.. " ONLY HARPSICHORD AND ORGAN R R E BANDSA W OWNERS! Our new ������� t� NE�� �I� �LADES rool enables crafrsmen ro fabricare any PLANS. Send self-addressed envelope 134 RYDBI E-37DOA Screw Gun 4.000 RPM 99 lengrh blade from inexpensive toll fo r free price lise. R.K. Lee, 353F x 69.99 TSUMURA-7'1. 3 CT Bld-Unr. Thin 12.99 srock or repair broken blades rhar School Sf., Warerrown, MA 02 172. Send For Bargaon/6Dlscoun( ROilIer Bil LoSI would orherwise go to wasre. Send AMEX VISA. MC COO Shlppong Extra GUITAR, BANJO, violin, mandolin­ • • L.S.A.S.E. for free informarion. New making marerials, accessories, books. TOOLHAUZ CORPORATION Milford Specialries Co., 24A S. Main 14 CHARLES STREET. NEEOHAM. MA 02194 Piano-runing kirs. Caralog, $ 1. Inrer- (617) 449·4756. 1-18001 451 ·2503 Mass Walts Sr., New Milford, CT 06776.

91 woodworking machinery in the coun­ BRIAR. Book Crafting Smoking much more. Woodcrafters Lumber r WOODBlJTCHER try. Over 100,000 sq. ft. inventory. Pipes.Stems, materials, special tools. Sales, 212 N.E. 6th Ave., Portland, SPECIALTY TOOLS Carpenters Machinery Co., Inc., 212 PIMO W54, Box 482, Skokie, IL OR 97232. (503) 231-0226. N. 11th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. 60076. for the Cabinetmaker, HONDURAS ROSEWOOD shores. (2 15) 922-7034.365 W. Cottage PI., Carver, Boat Builder, 4/4, 3-in. to 6-in. wide, 12-in. to 35- York, PA 17403. (7 17) 843-2 101. MADRONE FLOORING. Smooth and Timber Fram�r. g in. long. KD. $5.50/bd. fe. plus Send 1 figured, red-grained, exotic. AvaiJable $ .00 38 Center St. freight. 20 bd. ft. min. No UPS. Black tor our Catalog ME ij; in T&G. Black oak lumber starting Bath, 04530 Mountain Wood, PO Box 3525, Pon­ woodworking tools under $1/bd. ft . Cal Oak Lumber. (207) 442·7939 � JAPANESE 4 land, ME 04 104. (207) 772-3332. & Natural sharpening stones. (9 16) 53 -1426. "41411)" UH"I", Catalog $1.50. TOOLS &. s( ""I.IE'" HIDA TOOL CO_" " WOOD CO. 3250 Kerner Over 1500 Items -Name Brands s Rare " ExoUc Hardwoods We ha .. Florida's largest Marples.Sorby· Kunz.Clay. Ulmia San Rafael, CA 9490 1 exotic sNclion01 and native Plans · Books and Much More. (4 15) 456-3399 foreign " DOIll8$Uc hard and soft � table slab� veneers.wood etc. fortheprofessional Catalog $2.00 Refundable "GILMERLogs, Planks, Squares and oovice. Send SSAE far lisL • I sTO'! "OOD" ORK" ', Dept. F.W., HENESAN'S WOOD SHED 1'.0. Bu, K/)21. h.... 1'\ 11>:;(1:; Wood 10426 N.W. Laidlaw Rd., Portland, DR 97229 west Palm BlICh.Fl 33411 (503) 292·4182 t:��rt8��r�' EBONY, ROSEWOOD and curly maple fo r musical instrumenes, inlay­ SEATTLE ROSEWOODSI EXOTICS ing, knife handles and pool cues. Con­ ANNUALEXOTIC AND20% DOMESTIC OFF LUMBER SALE You'll finda large selection of the tace PO Box 32, Haddon Hts., NJ i n lumber & Veneers best woodworking tools at: 08034, or call (609) 546-2903. E�b;"p���cti;t �N��� :o b0 or RD#3. Bo 303.�a �r Mohnton,(�r PA 19 540 Brazilian Rosewood The \\boden Boat Shop x Lumber . Guitar Sets . Veneers 1007 NE Boat St., Seattle, WA HARDWOOD PLYWOODS. Ash, 98105 Baltic birch, red, white or natural Pernambuco . Pau Brazil (206) 634-3600 birch, cherry, mahogany, maple, knOt­ Violin Bow Blanks ry pine, red oak, white oak, walnut, 9 AM-5:30 PM weekdays Kingwood . Tulipwood 9 AM-3:30 PM Saturday teak. All items X-in. and 'X-in. thick­ Lumber & Veneers ness. Sheet sizes 4x8, 2x8, 4x4, 2x4 or • Boxwood precision CUt (X.-in. tolerance) to any Lumber LATHES l" TO 15", MlllS, CONSTANTINE'S DRIlL PItESSES,GRINDERS size, paying fo r what you order. Edg­ LATHE �.!!..J!Q... ing for all species in hardwood veneer W Center of Florida Exotic Lumber Available PRECISION TOOLS,INCHOR ood NEnle. Exotic w s veneers, lumber. ALUMINUM. BRASS, scrips or hardwood molding in. by 'X ood In Wholesale Only Ship Anywhere ��F=f:i;�==S�TE,;;EL;,;-Ai� S:::[� �;�ll % Hard-to-find woodworldng tools, R A in. Sheets of hardwood veneer with . hdwe_ specialties, w fI nishes. SAWS, DRILLS, polyester backing. Wholesale quantiry ood MENDOCINO WOODWORKS COLLETS. Catalog at store. Come on -TOOL CATALOG BolO: Oakland California discounts. Call (617) 666- 1340 for In. PO 6716 94603 '1 .00 1040 E. OaklandPl<. Blvd. 305- 415436·5702 or 107 877-3408 ""PBELl TOOLS CO quotations. Shipping in USA via UPS 2100J SElMA ROAD Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 33334 561-1716 >==';::::"',SPRINGFIElD,3-3 OH 45505 or a common carrier. Boulter Plywood, 5 -&562 24 Broadway, Somerville, MA 02 145. Wood Parts

BIRD'S-EYE, FIDDLEBACK maple. ROSEWOOD PARQUET flooring. Heavily figured. Paneling, kits, misc. Rare find, $15/sq. ft. Brazilian hard­ Since 1952. LaPine's, Box 307W, woods on demand. Whalen, Croton­ Gladstone, MI 49837. on-Hudson, NY. (9 14) 271-3609. EXOTICS. Lumber and logs. Black­ wood, bocote, lignum, kingwood, [U­ lipwood, Brazilian rosewood, pink ivory, C. ebony, M. ebony, cocobolo, ironwood, quilted maple, lilac burls, other odd species. SASE for list. SJW, WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 650 St. John, Pasadena, CA 91 105. WOODWORKERS (2 13) 44 1-1067. 50• Domestic &• Imported Woods• Veneers Finishes Mouldings Hardware • Buy our 1/2", TURNING STOCK, knife/gun han­ Carving Stock Inlays & Bandings • • • To ols dles. Desert itonwood, mesquite, and Plans Books Magazines Quality Call or Visit Our Store tapered lenon. white cocobolo. Treeline Hardwoods, 807 S. birch copy of Hancock Shaker WOO DC RAFTERS' SUPPLY d lli g peg. 3rd Ave., Tucson, AZ 85701. (602) we n Can be threaded. 1-49 9509 Perry Hwy. (At. 191 (.30¢). 50-99 (.25 ¢), 100-999(. 20¢1. 624-6828. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15237 (412) 367-4330 w !.' 1000+(.l5¢). LONGLEAF HEART PINE wood Call or rit : (413) 442 8381. Hancock Progress Machine Co. has the finest Shaker Village Community Industries, flooring, paneling, mouldings, trim, BELT SANDERS in North America. Box 898. Pittsfield, MA 01202. Add $2.00 rough-sawn and hand-hewn beams, shipping. Mass. rl'Sidt.·nt!'>add 5% tax. PMC- 150 edge sander, 3PH, $1,250; custom . Every piece kiln­ ize. lPH, $1, 450. PMC- 158-5-4' stroke Hard- Four s of drawer pulls available. dried and graded according to the sander, 3PH or lPH, $1,875. P-12-60 woods :S� Southern Pine Inspection Buteau' s disc and belt sander, 3PH or 1P H, ��a"i·i�r3" ., standards for pitch pine. Widths wider TURNINGS $1,275. For information on ordering Willard Brothers Woodcutters than specified. Free color brochure and TOYMAKEAS SUPPLIES and free literature, phone or write: 300 Basin Rd .. Trenton, N.J. 08619 WALNUT AND OAK DOWELS price list. Mountain Lumber Co., 1327 PROGRESS MACHINE CO., 729 Call (609) 890-1990 Furniture Plugs, Pins, Buttons Carlton Ave., Dept. F6, Charlottes­ Cabinet Spindles and Knobs Finley Ave., Ajax, Ontario 11S 3Tl. Shaker Pegs and Candle Cups ville, VA 22901. (804) 295-1922. (4 16) 686-3305. WOODWORKS KOA & CURLY KOA, silky oak, 4013-A Clay Ave. Ft. Worth, TX 76117 COCOBOLO and BOCOTE fr om FINE OLD WOODWORKING mango and ohia. $2 fo r price list. Con­ 817·281·4447 $6.50/bd. fe. from - TOOLS. Large selection. Current list, tours Inc., 749 Pohukaina St., Hono­ Send 25- Catalog Wood Parts $2.50/lb. Large dimensions and sawn dollar bill or visit. Bristol Design, 14 lulu, HI 968 13. veneers available. A & C Hutt Enter­ Perry Rd., Brisrol, England. (0272) prises Ltd., 15861 32nd Ave., Surrey, BIRD'S-EYE MAPLE, curly maple, 29 1740. B.C., V4B 4Z5. (604) 536-7778. $2 to $12/ft . Shipment anywhere. C TOY, FURNITURE, cun , lAME SHAPER CUTTERS direct from List, $1. ornucopia, Harvard, MA � FIDDLEBACK, BIG-LEAF MAPLE, Wheels . Spindles manufacrurer. Free offer. Corob Corp., 01451-0044. • Engelmann and Sitka spruce billets for Balls . Knobs 53 Wesrwood Rd., Shrewsbury, MA • musical instrument construction. Box HARDWOODS. Send $ for price . Shaker pelor9s And more! 01545. t SIne. 'i211 S.nd". 00 c..Iog. 572, Eastsound, WA 98245. (206) list. Jamestown Hardwoods, 71 B-, 376-2747. . N ._, 'I>'a.� . =n. 0'0. KEO SAW WORKS, Inc. Your Iowa Chambers St.,)ames town, NY 14701. P.O. BOI 8246FW. Honhfleld, IL source for qualiry machinery, blades, BURLS, oak and . Most below tools and accessories. See us for all your 10% moisture. Few 18-in. diameter. OREGON'S largest all around wood­ Powermatic machinery needs. 1731 E. Full derails, $1 to: David Smith, PO working headquarters. Over 60 species Guthrie, Des Moines, IA 50316. Box 26570, Tempe, AZ 86203. in stock, domestic, foreign, exotic; in­ BnAtON (515) 265-5269. cluding cocobolo, kingwood, quilted BRANDING LUMBER, VENEER. Wholesale/re­ maple, hardwood plywoods. Tools by IRONS SAMCO, Model Tl 12-in. wood lathe tail. Many species, 4 ft . and longer, DRILL PRESS or HANDHELD Inca, Hegner, Japanese, Henry Taylor, �o250ml'f(fWn9I''' to 800�( wattsonuol ,.,n." with 40-in. centers. 1HP, 1PH, 5-speed, shorrs reduced price. Free stock/ptice Stanley, Buck. Finishes by Penofin, with floor stand, $1,200. Carpenrers lise. Visa/Mastercard. American Fabulon, Watco. Oak moldings and For Custom logos or Artwork. . FOR BROCHURE Machinery has one of the largest inven­ Woodmart, PO Box 1319, J ames­ hand rail systems. Woodworking SEND S 1 00 tories of new and used industrial town, NC 27282. (9 19) 454-6 104. books of all description. Toy pares and

92 16-in. co 18-in. cum on inboard gap, WOOD &ro TOOL EXCHANGE 12-in. thereafter. Also special 24-in. llmit

Crescene 18-in. planer for sale. Square Bowl cuming blanks, walnut stump­ head. 7YsHP,3PH moror. Needs litcle wood, crotchwood; spalted oak, pecan work. $750. Write Jay Patterson, Box and ash; much more. Mark Potter, PO 987, Moriarty, NM 87035. Help! Box 973, Columbus, TX 78934. Must deanout shop. (409) 732-5288. THE 12-in. DeWalt radial-arm saw, 18-in. Powermatic 90 gap-bed lathe. Excel­ Root tablesaw, Inca bandsaw, Stanley lene condition, many extras. $1,500 WENDELLCASTLE planes, compressots, blacksmith tools, O.B.O. Phone (716) 334-9494. Hab­ etc. Send SASE for list & prices. Jeff bersett, West Henriecca, NY 14586. WORKSHOP Neil, 27 Hillcrest Av e., Ossining, NY lO-in. Inca tablesaw with 2HP mocor, The Standard is Excellence 10562. carbide blade and most accessories, Two Year. A.O.S. Degree Program Walnut and cherty lumber, 1 in. ro 2 $1,375. #45 plane, $190. #55 Timber Frame Construction plane, $290. Shipping extra. Jim Summer Workshops: in., all lengths and sizes, 6 in. co 24 in. Metalwork for Woodworkers wide. Some free-form, dried cwo years. Mack, (404) 873-4460 or (404) 373- Exit 23, PA Tpke . (2 15) 942-4332. 3991 evenings. Furniture Design and Construction To Must sell! 200 air-dried (4 yrs.) round­ Wanted Buy Maple Street edge pine planks. 10/4 up co 36 in. 4,000 bd. ft. of oak, ash, walnut, 18 Scottsville, New York wide. $2400 for loe. Glencliff, NH. cherty and elm. AD or log from mill or 14546 (603) 989-5858 after 2 p.m. landowner west of Mississippi River preferred. S. Brink, Box 15 2, Mon­ 716/889-1521 Stanley # 5 5 good condition, 40 blades, 2 spurs, $1 75. Stanley #60 arch, Alberta, Canada TOL IMO. miter box with 24-in. , $45. Pneumatic sander in good condition. S. Benson, 695 E. 1st St., Coquille, Siferd, 1530 Wendell Ave., Lima, OH OR 97423. (503) 396-2629. 45805.

Inca 259 lO-in. saw and 510 joineerl Stanley Everlast wood chisels. Call planer. 20 or so hours on the saw, 40 (502) 228-3 113 or write N. K. Ford, or so on the ifp. $2,350 for the cwo. 6902 U.S. 42, Louisville, KY 40222. Call me re: free delivety and other de­ rails, or write Felix Marti, Rt. 2, Box Must have: Sears Craftsman single­ 173M, Moneoe, OR 97456. (503) cuner molding head for tablesaw. 424-2 139. (207) 926-4608 eves. Rockwell 15-in. drill press in excellene Catalogs and owner's manuals, origi­ nals or copies, 1930 co 1978. Delta, cond., $295. Call 1. Lyle, Walhalla, Sc. (803) 638-6070 after 4 p.m. Rockwell, Walker T, Sears, ete. Send COSt, condition, and phone number co 24-in. Yates scroll saw. Variable-speed A. Lurz, 1794 1 Bigelow, Tustin, CA drive, excellene condition, $750. John 92680. * Unique * Convenient * Easy to Us e Zumpf, Rt. 2, Box 3042, Miles City, Stanley chute board # 52 and cutter New accessoriesfor moisture meters to monitor wood moisture andEMC during drying. MT. (406) 232-1876. kITns. heads for Stanley dowel-making ma­ Specially suited for small dry kilns -conventional, dehumidifying or solar dry New free brochures for moiSlure meters, electrodes and all accessories! Heavy quality wood lathes at right chine #77. Ted Sacori, 1732 Payne , PO Box 30145-tw ' ", prices. 45 in. co 84 in. becween ceneers. St., Louisville, KY 40206. Portland OR 97230 r'\l' 1:,",:." :. �503 257 8957 " ... Y , RIPSTRATE™ SAVES FINGERS AND GIVES STRAIGHTER CUTS If you own a table or you know what that whirl­ ing blade could do to your hands. RIPSTRATE'M guides the work tight against the fence and table while you push it through with a stick, with both hands away from the blade. ALSO PREVENTS KICKBACKS. Requires no adjustment. RIPSTRATE'M is not just a safety device. Professional shops use it because it gives straighter cuts and speeds the work. Money back guarantee. $59.50. Add $3.50 shipping. Check. Visa. M/C. Free brochure. Call or write: Fisher Hill Products 1 Fisher Hill Fitzwilliam, NH 03447 603 585 6883 __. _iiliiiii"_;.;;;;:;:;::;::�

93 Events

Listings are free, but restricted to happen­ DELA WARE: Craft fair-Winterthur in Odessa Workshop/craft falr/exhlblts-Toshio Odate, Apr. ings of direct interest to woodworkers. Our Spring Festival, Apr. 29. Call (302) 378-268 1. 28; annual fa ir, May 18-20; student work, May 18 - july/A ug. issue will list events between June I. Worcester Craft Ctr., 25 Sagamore Rd., GEORGIA : Workshops-Ian Kirby, Apr. 30-June Worcester, 01605. (6 17) 753-8183. june and Sept. deadline May Our 15 15; 15. 17. Kirby Studios, 811 Atlanta Rd., Cumming, Craft fair-Trade : June 19-20; public: June 22-24. Sept./Oct. issue will list events between 30130. (404) 889-9823. Eastern States Expo Center, West Springfield. Aug. 15 and Nov. 15; deadline july 15 . ExhIbit- 1 9th-century furniture, through June 10. Course-Basic furniture restoration, repair and re­ Atlanta Historical Sociery, (404) 26 1-1837. finishing, July 9-27. New England School of Furni­ ALABAMA : Show-Panoply of the Arts, May 10- ture Restoration, Box 672, Northampton, 01061. 13. Big Spring Park, Huntsville. (205) 533-656 5. IDA HO: Workshop-Musical instruments, John Workshops-Cabinetmaking, May 21-25 and May Taye, July 9- 13. Boise State Universiry, 1910 Uni­ 28-June I; timber framing, July 16-20. Heart­ ARIZONA : Show-Bowls, Ed Moulthrop. One day versiry Dr., Boise, 83725. (208) 385-3295. wood, Johnson Rd., Washington, 01235. (4 13) only, May 5. Hand and Spirit Gallery, Scottsdale. 623-6677. (602) 949-1262. ILLINOIS: Show-Chicago Contemporary Furni­ Show-Summerfest '84, July 27-29, Topsfield. ture, to May 6. Evanston Art Center, 2603 Sheridan Contact Today's Art & Crafts Promotion, 20 Mont­ CALIFORNIA: Workshops/seminars /lectures/ex­ Rd., Evanston, 6020 I. (3 12) 475-0079. ford St., Springfield, 01109. hlblts-Numerous events at Cutting Edge stores. Jurled show-Arts/crafts, June 30-July I. Church SemInars-Veneering, sharpening, finishing, joinery, Berkeley, (415 ) 548-6011: Rocking horse carving, St., downtown Evanston. (3 12) 328- 1500. marquetry, rurning. The Woodwo rkers' Store, 2154 children's toymaking, children's woodcut print­ Seminar-Health Hazards in the ArtS, May 2-4. Mass. Ave., Cambridge, 02140. (6 17) 497-1 136. ing, wood lamination, chair design, wooden xylo­ Blackstone Hotel, Chicago. Call (3 12) 996-8025. Falr-Trad. crafts, Nov. 3-4, deadline June I. Old phones, cold-molded boat construction, Japanese Sturbridge, Sturbridge, 01566. (6 17) 347-3362. tools, Garry Bennett, woodcut printing, decoy carv­ INDIANA : Jurled show- 15th Annual Chautauqua ing demo. Los Angeles, (2 13) 390-9723: Sam Ma­ of the Arts, Sept. 29-30, deadline Aug. I. Contact MICHIGAN: Courses-Timber framing: Elk Ra­ loof, Toshio Odate. San Diego, (6 19) 695-3990: Dixie MCDonough, 1119 W. Main St ., Madison, pids, June 11-17; Haslett, June 25-July I; Evans­ Regulator clock, Queen Anne table, turning. 47250. (8 12) 265-5080. ville, Ind., July 9-15; Ottawa Lake, Aug. 6- 12. Jurled show-3rd Annual Design in Wood , June Also, Riverbend Annual Energy Expo and Timber 14-July 1. Fairgrounds, DelMar. (619 ) 297-0338. IOWA: Exhlbltlons-Internat'l Woodcarvers Con­ Frame Reunion, July 14-15, Blissfield. Contact PO SemInar-How to Set Up a Shop, Baulines Craft­ gress, June 28-July I, deadline June 7; Internat'l Box 26, Blissfield, 49228. man's Guild, June 2- 10. Contact Guild at 55 Sun­ Decoy Contest, Aug. 3-5, deadline July 15. Contact nyside Ave ., Mill Valley, 9494 1. Box 406, Davenport, 52805. (319) 332-7484. MINNESOTA: Fair- 12th annual crafts festival, ExhIbit-The Woodworker West, 130 exhibitors, Festival-Pioneer Exposition of arts and crafts , Aug. June 23-24, College of St. Catherine, St. Paul. Aug. 17-19. Civic Center, Santa Monica. 3 I-Sept. I, deadline Aug. I. Pottawattamie Counry Workshop-Carving, Aug. 5-1 1. Villa Maria Retreat Craft fair-Trade : Sept. 19-20; public: Sept. Fairgrounds, Avoca. Contact 106 Navajo, Council Center, Old Frontenac. Contact PO Box 37051, 21-23. Showplace Square/Trade Show Center, Bluffs, 5150 I. (712 ) 366-1136. Minneapolis, 55437. San Francisco. Show-Minnesota Woodworkers Guild, deadline Workshop/semInar-Tools and Techniques, July KANSAS: ShOW-Apr. 1-30. Topeka Library, 1515 July 15. Write Box 8372, Minneapolis, 55408. 2-28, Aug. 6-Sept. I; James Krenov, Sept. 7-8. W. 10th, Topeka, 66604. (9 13) 233-2040. College of the Redwood s, 440 Alger St., Ft. Bragg, MISSOURI: SemInar/juried show-James Krenov, 95437. (707) 964-7056. KENTUCKY: Symposium-Turning, Rude Osol­ June 2; Midwest Wood Furniture Show and Compe­ Jurled exhibit-Artistry in Wood '84, May 19-June nik, Dale Nish, Ersal Kindel, June 14-16. Berea tition, June 3-9, prizes, judged by James Krenov, 3. Burbank Center for the Arts, Hwy. 101 & Mark College, Berea, 40404. (606) 986-934 1, ext. 347. slides by May I. Hibdon Hardwood, 1539 Chouteau West Springs Rd., Santa Rosa . (707) 823-2822. ExhIbits-Kentucky Woodworkers Assn., Apr. 25- Ave ., St. Louis, 63103. (3 14) 621- 7711. ExhIblts-Krenov srudents from the College of the 28, Lexington Civic Ctr.; Kenrucky Woodworkers Redwoods, May 18-June 3. Lathe work, June 30- and Quilts, May 10 -June 14, Living Arts & Science MONTANA: SemInars-Hand-tool joinery and de­ July 29, deadline June 25. Artisans Guild, 45050 Ctr., 362 Walnut St., Lexington . Contact PO Box signing, June 11-\7 and July 9- 15. Primrose Cen­ Main St., Mendocino, 95460. (707) 937-5300. 22018, LeXington, 40508. ter, 401 West Railroad St., Missoula, 59802. Con­ ExhIbition/competition-California Works, Calif. Workshops/seminars /exhlblts-Annua! CraftCoun­ tact Steve Voorheis, (406) 728-5911. State Fair, Aug. 17-Sept. 3, slide deadline June I. cil/Southeast Program, May 30-June 2. Universiry Contact Calif. State Fair, Calif. Works, PO Box of Kentucky, Lexington. (606) 257-3294 . NEVADA: Jurled show-Las Vegas, Oct. 27-28, 15649, Sacramento, 95852. (9 16) 924-2015. deadline June 30. Contact Crafrworks, 5151 Boul· MAINE: Workshops-Teenagers, summer. New der Hwy., Las Vegas, 89 122. (702) 456-669 5. COLORADO: Jurled show-Colorado Woodwork­ England Craft Program, Kent Hills School, Kent ers, Century Bank, 3300 East 1st St., Denver. Hills. Contact J. Sinauer, 374 Old Montague Rd., NEW HAMPSHIRE: Workshops-Violin, June­ June, deadline May 30. Contact Tony Brazzalle, Amherst, Mass. 01002. (4 13) 549-484 1. Aug., Univ. of N.H. Contact Div. of Cont. Ed., 24 (303) 733-3569. Summer courseS-Stephen Proctor, Don McKinley, Rosemary La., Durham, 03824. (603) 862-1088. ExhIblt- 1 st national juried craft show, Denver Art Jon Brooks. Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, Museum, Aug. 24-26. (303) 575-2793. Deer Isle, 04627. (207) 348-6946. NEW JERSEY: Workshop-Tage Frid, May 5. Brookdale College, Lincroft. Contact Gabe Longo, CONNECTICUT: Show-Decorator's Show House, MARYLAND: Show-Knockdown fur niture, to (201) 842-1 900, ext. 586. 200 Scarborough St., Hartford, May 1-20. Contact May 6. Appalachiana, Georgetown Square Mall, Be­ Worksho ames Hutchinson, June 24-30; Peter Woodworker's Guild of Conn., 91 Tunxis Ave., thesda. (30 1) 530-6770. ps-J Touhey, July 9- 13; Mark Cramer, July 15. Peters Bloomfield, 06002. Show-7th Annual Spring Crafts Festiv al, May 4-6. Valley Craftsmen, Layton, 0785 1. (201) 948-5200. Workshops-Spring: Tage Frid, Toshio Odate, Alan Maryland State Fairgrounds, Timonium. For future Stirt. Summer: Boatbuilding. Brookfield Craft Ctr., events, write to Sugarloaf Mountain Works, Ijams­ NEW YORK: Show-National Working With Wood, Box 122, Brookfield, 06804. (203) 775-4526. ville, 21754. (301) 83 1-9191. May 11-13. New York Penta Hotel, ew York. ExhIbit-Conn. Ind. Arts Assn. conference, May lO­ Show- 14th annual world championship wildfowl blts-Colorcore, Apr. 12-May 27; work from Il. Central Conn. State Universiry, New Britain. carving, Apr. 27-29. Convention Hall, Ocean Ciry. ExhI RlSD, June 7-July 7. Gallery at Workbench, 470 Contact Cheryl Reynolds, (203) 526-9303. Park Avenue S. at 32nd St., ew York, 10016. Shows-Connecticut Crafts Expo, June 8-10. Fair­ MASSACHUSETTS: Shows-Juried furniture: In­ Festival-Crafts, June 30-July I and July 7-8, Lin­ grounds, Berlin. Write for other shows to come. teriors I, II & III, Feb.-June. Sociery of Arts& Crafts, coln Center. Contact Brenda Brigham, ACAC, Box American Crafts Expo's, Box 368, Canton, 060 19. 175 NewburySt., Boston, 02 116. (617 ) 266-1810. 3221, Hoboken, N.J. 07030. (201) 798-0220. (203) 693-63 11. Exhibit-Leeds Design Workshop, May 19 -26. Jurled crafts-Croton-on-Hudson, June 16-17. Thome's Marketplace, Northampton. Exhibit-7th annual carving, May 5-6. Grange Hall WASHINGTON, D.C.: Craft shOW-Apr. 27-29. Fair-Springfield Craft Festival, June 22-24. Down­ Bldg., Erie Counry Fairgrounds, Hamburg. Departmental Auditorium, 1301 Constitution Ave . town , Springf ield. Workshops-Violin set-up, Kevin Jackson; Japanese tools, Robert Meadow; English joinery and carving, D. Allen Graham Blackburn. The Luthierie, 2449 W. Sauger­ ties Rd ., Saugerties, 12477. (914) 246-5207. Fairs-Crafts, May 25-28; arts & crafts , Aug. 31- Sept. 3. Both at Ulster Counry Fairgrounds, New Paltz. Contact Scott Rubinstein, (914) 679-8087. Jurled festival-Arts and crafts, July 6-8, Aug. 10 - 12, deadline May I. Bestor Plaza, Chautauqua. Con­ tact Chautauqua Crafts Fest ivals, RD 2, Portage Hill Rd., Westfield, 14787. Exhibit-Old tools and things, through July 1. SASE for catalog, DeWitt Historical Sociery, 116 N. Cayu­ ga St., Ithaca, 14850. (607) 273-8284. ShOWS-Contemporary crafts, May 6, Old Village, Great Neck; June 16-17 &July 28-Sept. 9, Sterling Forest, Tuxedo. Contact Creative Faires, Box 1688, Westhampton Beach, 11 978. (516 ) 288-5225. ExhIbit-Jamestown Artisans Ctr., Apr. 30-May II, Municipal Bldg., Jamestown. (716) 484-9920. Show-Artforms in Wood , to June 16. Verbena Gal­ leries, 16 W. 56 St., New York. (212) 586-3606. Show/jurled show-Four Woodworkers, to May 5; Contemporary N.Y. Crafts , July 6-Aug. 18, slides by June 2. SASE to 15 Steps, 407 West Seneca, Ithaca, 14850. (607) 272-4902. Workshop-Business, May 11-12. Register by May I. Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester. Contact Marga­ Michael Fortune (see Tennessee listings) made this black walnut dining set. ret Daiss, (7 16) 546-5602.

94 CARE.q.q;�Q How-To & Project Books

SAM MALOOF

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Show-Hudson Valley Carvers, June 9, Arlington Lectures/workshops/classes-June through July. VERMONT: Exhibits/workshops-Series of craft Nonh Campus, Poughkeepsie. (914) 452·1737. Oregon School of Ans and Crafts , 824 S SW Barnes exhibitions. For brochure, write Vermont State Classes/demo-Craft Student League, 12 ·week se· Rd., Ponland, 9722S. (S03) 297·SS44. Craft Center at Frog Hollow, Middlebury, 05753. ries from June 4; Maurice Fraser, May 17 & May 21. Show-Southern Cascade Guild, June 1-3. Shasta Workshop-Wood and canvas canoes, May 12-20, 610 Lex. Ave. (53rd) , New York. (2 12) 755·2700. Plaza Mall, Klamath Falls. (503) 884·1531. Sept. 2- 10. Sterling College, PO Box 200, Crafts· Show-Made in Chicago and Dakota Jackson, May bury Common, 05827. (802) 586·2 561 . 5-June 5. Louis Meisel, 141 Prince, New York. PENNS YLVANIA : Seminar-Japanese tools, Robt . Show-Wendell Castle, school and shops, May 19- Meadow, May 19 -20. W. Pa. Woodworkers Club, VIR GINIA : }uried fair-9th Annual Richmond June 30. Alexander Milliken, 98 Prince St., New York. Box 85S8, Pittsburgh, IS220. (412 ) 281·996 1. Craft Fair, ov. 8-1 1. Deadline June 1. Contact Jan ShOW-Dunnigan, Newman, Ebner, May 5-June 17. Festival-Crafts, May 12-13. Mercer Museum, Pine Detter, Hand Workshop, 100 I E. Clay St., Rich· Gallery Henoch, 80 Wooster, New York. St., Doylestown. (2 IS) 348·8083. mond, 232 19. (804) 649·0674. Show-Central Pennsylvania Festival, July 8-3 1. Fair-Lynchburg, Nov. 2-4. Deadline June IS. Con· NORTH CAROLINA : Courses-Numerous sub· Zoller Gallery, Penn State, University Park. tact Fall Craft Fair, Fine Ans Center, 181S Thomson jects, Apr.-Sept. John C. Campbell Folk School, Rt. Shows-Mixed media sculpture, Apr. 8-29; furni· Or., Lynchburg, 24501. (804) 846·8451. I, Brasstown, 28902. (704) 837-2775. ture, Roben Kopf, June 10 -July 3. The Works Gal· }uried shOWS-High Country Crafters. Sapphire, lery, 319 South St., Philadelphia, 19147. WASHINGTON: Seminars /workshops-Apr.-Aug. June 29-July I, July 20-22, Aug. 17-19. Scaly Show-Lancaster County Woodcarvers 11th annual, Nonhwest School of Wooden , 2S1 Mountain, July 6-8, Aug. 3-5. Asheville, Aug. 9- May 5-6, Lititz Community Center, Lititz. OttO St., Pon Townsend, 98368. Contact Barbara II. Contact Elizabeth Kdan, 29 Haywood St., Ashe· Workshops/classes-Apr. through May. Market Purdue, (206) 385·4948. ville, 2880 1. (704) 254·0070. House Craft Center Workshops, Box 552, Lancaster. Seminars/workshops-Through May. The Center Workshops-Green woodworking, cooperage, Jap· for Wooden Boats, 10I 0 Valley Street, Seattle, anese woodworking, chairmaking. July-Aug. Coun· RHODE ISLAND: Shows-Bent wood and lamina· 98 109. (206) 382·2628. try Workshops, Rt. 3, Box 262, Marshall, 28753. tion, to Apr. 29; furniture, to June 27. RISD Muse· (704) 656·2280. urn, 224 Benefit St., Providence. For hours, call WEST VIR GINIA : Exhibit-WOOdworking 1984, ShOWS-Southern Furniture Market, Apr. 26-May 4, (401) 33 1·3511, ext. 131. June 24-Aug. 25. Stifel Fine Ans Center, 1330 Na· OCt. 18-26. Contact Southern Furn. Mkt. Ctr., Box tional Road, Wheeling, 26003. (304) 242·7700. 828, Highpoint, 27261. (919 ) 889·6 144. Daphne TENNESSEE: Show-1 8th·century reproductions Workshops-Turning, July 11-15; basic joinery, Awards at Oct. show, deadline extended to June IS. by Robert Emmett, July 19-29. Dulin Gallery, July 18-22. The Crafts Center, Ripley, 25271. Contact HardwoodInst., 230 Park Ave ., Suite 19 20, 3100 Kingston Park, Knoxv ille. (6 15) 525·6101. New York, N.Y. 10169. (2 12) 867·6800. WorkshopS-Thomas Hill, June 18-29; Drew Langs· WIS CONSIN: Workshop-Festival of Wood , June ner, June 25-29; Gail Fredell Smith, July 2-13; Mi· 29-July I. Office of Continuing Education, Univ. of OHIO: Workshops-Spray finishing, May 14-18; chael Fottune, July 16-27. Appalachian Center for Wisconsin·Stout, Menomonie, 5475 1. Contact Kathy equipment maintenance, June 18-23. Bowling Crafts , Rt. Box 347·A· I, Smithville, 37166. Mork, (800) 457·8686. Green State University, Bowling Green, 43403. Tours-Tennessee Hardwood Factory. Daily M-F, (4 10) 372·2436. 800 Main St., Woodbury, (6 15) 563·2223. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Exhibition-British Co· Semirtar-Dovetails, Mark Duginske, June 23-24. Workshops-Turning, June 4-8, Aug. 6-10, Aug. lumbia woodworkers, May 14-June 24. Langley University of Akron. (216) 375·7826. 13-17; furniture, June 11-22. Scholarships avail· Museum, Mavis and King Sts., Fon Langley. able. Arrowmont School of Ans and Crafts, Box 567, }urled exhibit-Founh Celebration of Wood, July OKLAHOMA : Show-Carving, June 9- 10. Heri· Gatlinburg, 37738. (6 15) 436·5860. 30-Aug. II, deadline Apr. 30. Send SASE to Circle tage Park Mall, Midwest City. Contact Jim Crist, Craft, 348 Water St., Vancouver V6B IB6. 2000 N. Purdue, Oklahoma City, 73 127. TEXA S: Show-Furniture, old and new, May 17- Show-8th national woodcarving show, July 27- 30. Dougheny Cultural Center, Austin. ONTARIO: Competition-Handcrafted furniture, 29, Woodland Hills Mall, Tulsa. Show-Texas crafts, Nov. 2-31. Deadline May IS. sculpture, instruments, Sl500 prizes. Aug. 10-12, Contact Barbara Metyko, 1634 Branard, Houston, deadline June I. Contact Durham An Gallery, Box OREGON: Numerous events throughout the year at 77006. (7 13) 526·6493. 1021, Durham, NOG IRO. (5 19) 369·3692. Western Forestry Ctr., 4033 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, Exhibition/conference-Out of the Woods 19 84, 97221. Contact Linda Smeltzer, (503) 228·1367. UTAH: Workshops-Turning, Alan Stin, Dale Nish, May 21-June 16, Library & Gallery, Cambridge; Show-Office interiors, to May 10. The Real Mother Mel Lindquist, David Ellswonh, May-July. Contact Onto Woodworkers' Assn . 1984 Conference, June Goose , 901 SW Yamhill, Ponland, 97205. Craft Supplies USA, Provo. (80 I) 373·0917. 15-17. Contact Eric Dewdney, (519) 621·0460. HILLER HARDWARE CO. + Free Stand + Free Lumber �l.Jjl.Ii�� 12" Planer-Jointer $1399 FREE-20 board ft. of fine hardwood lumber with purchase of 2030 Makita Planer -...... , Jointer or 2040 Makita Planer. Free stand not shown) OIA. OUR with either. Call for special prices on other Makita tools. LM72M-----...... $42.00 8 M Outside TN-1 -800-321·5239. •. 10 24 Freight paid up to 1.000 mile 41 .90 Inside TN-Collect (901 ) 452-9663. 12 30 57.00 lU12M 9 36 47.00 rib -- 39.00 P.o.11ardwoods Box 12449 · Memphla,TN of Me 38182·mphis0449 lUIII 91.53 62.00 LU73Mp--- 79.65 49.90 79.65 45.00 113.35 67.00 70.99 41.00 Sleeveless USE ON: DRUM SANDERBUY 74.51 44.90 Drill Press NO PRE·MAOE SLEEVES TO ECONOMICAL-Simply cut sandpaper from standard size sheets 112.60 72.00 Smlll Motor UNIQUE Lithe way of holding sandpaper to drum. Twist of key tightens 139.76 105.95 Combo·Tools SPONGE RUBBERba cking insures long wear of sandpaper 170.25, 124.95 Radill Saw l·x3· 10ng...... 1 13.50 05308 Drill 2·x3·10ng...... 1 14. '!." 2'/, ·x3· long . . . 115.2550 �oo FOR ANY OTHER BORE. 3 ·x3· long . .ST,� D.1x'la BUSHING A Sl6.50 IDAlR DD $1.66. 1" and 2'1." ABOVE 526.75 • • , 'r, ;\ ABOVE 4 DRUMS $53.SO CALL OR WRITE TOOl. VIII4.AtIO't.VoISnRCARD ACCEPTED • 'I. 'x3' long . . ...11 4.50 PRICES QUOTED, DELIVERED ANY HERE IN CONTINENTAL U.S.A. 2'/, ·x4',· long ...... 12J.OO • W 3·x4'/,· long . .122.50 SEND 51.00 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION·REFUNDABLE W/PURCHASE 2'/, ·x6· long ...... 125.50 3·x6· !ong . .. .127. ADD PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING 50 ChICk or y Order $2.50 SendMONEY BACK GUARANTEEMone FITTINGS AVAILABLE, HILLER HARASSEMBLY ST.DW P.O. BOXARE CO. '/, • Bore with '/, • or Y•• adapter 1411COLUMBIA. S.C. 1762 29202·1762 SINGLEY SPECIALTY CO. INC. '/,·20 RH Thread except 'I. ·x3· (803) 779-3131 P.O. BOX 5087F '4 · Bore except 'I. ·x3· and 2·x 3· YOUR WOODWORKING SPECIALIST IN THE SOUTHEAST GREENSBORO. N.C. 27403

96 EQUIP YOUR SHOP WITH ..

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97 Books From the publisher of Fine Woodfoworkring wo and FinodweHomebuildingork magazinesers

D. Alexander is a Baltimore attorney who modestly consid­ ers himself an "informed amateur" onohn the sub ject of making wooden chairs by hand. But this is one amateur who has been splitting green wood and shapingJ it into light, rugged chairs for almost 20 years. In fact, Alexander wrote a book on the subject, Make a Chair from a Tree: An Introduction to Working Green Wood (softcover, $9.00). We first published the book in 1978, and it's now in its third printing. If you delight in the challenge of starting a woodworking project at the very beginning, with freshly cut green wood, this is a book you'll treasure. It's a wonderfully readable treatise on the making of traditional-style post-and-rung chairs from "tree-wet" wood. Starting with a brief but thor­ ough discussion of design and measurement, Alexander tells how he selects and fellsa tree, splits and shapes the parts, and joins them together with mortise-and-tenonjoints that tighten as the wood dries. He even shows how to weave a herring­ bone-pattern seat from a tree's inner bark. And all his expla­ nations are fully illustrated with photos, charts and drawings. Alexander's method is the result of years of backyard and basement experimentation. He first got hooked on old chairs as a novice woodworker and decided to find out how to "make them like they used to." He spoke with other crafts­ men, examined existing chairs , and learned as much as he could about the tools and techniques involved in green wood­ working. Alexander even studied the behavior of the wood itself, and his book explains technical details such as moisture content, shrinkage and fiber elasticity in a way that every backporch craftsman can under stand and put to use. If the old ways of working wood appeal to you, Make a Chair from a Tree will bring you hours of enjoyment-and at least a few comfortable, sturdy chairs.

To orden Use the insert opposite, or send your order and payment to The Taunton Press, S2 Church Hill Rd., Newtown CT 06470. Or call toll-free 1- 800-243-7252 and use your credit card.

ADVERTISEMENT A woodworker's guide to wood

When John Alexander wanted professional assistance for his research on green wood, he called on R. Bruce Hoadley, a professor of wood technology at the Univer­ sity of Massachusetts, and the author of Un derstand ing Wo od: A craftsman 's guide to wood technology (hard­ cover, $20), published by The Taunton Press in 1980.

In his book, Hoadley tells woodworkers what they need to know about wood. It's a subject he understands both scientifically and artistically. As a scientist, he contin­ ually explores wood's properties; as a woodcarver, he puts that information to use in improving his skills.

Un derstanding Wo od covers all aspects of working with wood intelligently, efficiently and respectfully. Hoadley explains how a tree's life and growth affects the wood's figure and appearance. He explores the interaction of water and wood and discusses ways to cope with wood movement. He also investigates such commonplace In Progress: woodworking operations as machining, bending, join­ ing and fastening, and even explains how to identify 54 Fine HomeblljJdin� common domestic and imported woods. Along the way, Constn.ction Tecliniqlles he debunks some of the common myths and miscon­ Available: July 1984 ceptions, such as the theory that "wood has to breathe." (Hoadley points out that it doesn't breathe, Our first home building book is now in the and it doesn't have to be fed, either.) works. It includes 55 articles from the first 15 issues of Fine Homebui lding maga zine. Among Throughout, Hoadley uses clear, lively writing and a the subjects covered are: roof shingling, superin­ host of charts, photos and drawings to make his points. sulation, flashing, putting down a brick floor, He doesn't oversimplify his material, but instead pre­ rammed earth, building a block foundation, nail sents and explains the standard terminology as he goes guns, rafter squares, portable power planes, along and includes a detailed glossary. acrylic glazing, small batch concrete, kitchen cabinets, cornicesand stair repair. Any woodworker who has ever been frustrated by Selected by the editors, these articles embody boards that cup and check, glue jOints that loosen, and all the strengths of the magazine: expert authors miters that open u p---or has who pay close attention to the details of their just been curious about why work, color photos and technical illustrations wood acts the way it does­ that let you see what the author is telling you will find this book to be an about, and a refreshing preoccupation with invaluable resource. quality construction-whether the job involves new construction or creative renovation. This kind of hands-on information is hard to come by, but at least it will be easy to keep once Fine Homebuilding Construction Te chniques comes out in July. NOTES AND COMMENT A mecca for tourists on their way to Can­ sculptural ada's lovely Gaspe region. And it's a happening crafts market so successful that the com­ A tiny Canadian town whose main in­ munity has become home to workers in dustry is woodcarving will be the site clay, fiber and metal as well as wood . this summer of a major international The town also hosts a highly rated, event designed to examine the nature of state-funded wood sculpture school. sculpture and the roles of artists and While most of the day-tO-day work craftsmen in modern society. in St.-Jean Port- Joli is production-line­ "Rendez-vous International Sculpture repetitive, the town has produced sever­ 1984" is expected to attract carvers and al carvers who do museum-quality work sculptors from all over the world to on a larger scale. In planning the event, St.-Jean Port-Joli, on the St. Law­ the community realized that the so­ rence River in Quebec, from June 14 to called craft/art dichotomy is reflected in July 15. their own village. That's why the event's It's not surprising that St.-Jean Port­ theme, "From Hand to Verb," was Joli (Pretty Port Saint John) was picked chosen to celebrate the flow of ideas as the site for this ambitious project, from concrete to abstract, from the ma­ which is sponsored by several Canadian terial to the mind. Indeed, townsfolk national and provincial governmentagen­ say that the arbitrary labels "craftsman" cies and has a budget of nearly one mil­ and "artist" were created by modern in­ lion dollars. As many as a hundred arti­ dustrial society. The hazy distinction be­ sans make their living here by carving, tween these terms will be the central Ca rvings fo r sale in St.-Jean Port-Joli. most of them chipping out small wood­ theme of discussions at the event's cul­ en figurines of folk characters, animals minating convention, July 12-15. stonecutters and so forth. Every style of and boats. The carving industry began Because wood is the region's most sculpture will berepr esented, fr om Cana­ here during the Depression, and the tra­ important resource, it will be empha­ dian folk carving and NativeAmerican dition grew until most of Canada now sized, but the medium is considered less work to modern international styles. recognizes the town as the nation's cen­ important than the sculptural ideas­ Besides hands-on workshops during ter for wood sculpture. It has become a woodcarvers will be able to learn from (continued on p. 102)

For more than fiftyyears , Marlow the pieces over the telephone, later on. A.W.Marlow , designed and made period fu rniture, Marlow's constant willingness to help and his work attracted a national clien­ made it easy to turn to him a year later, A.W.1904 Marlow,-1984 builder of fine furniture, tele. He also became widely known for when the magazine started its Ques­ died Feb. 21 at age 80. Marlow, of his four books about furnituremaking, tions& Answers column. When he knew York, Pa., had emphysema and had as well as for being a consulting editor the answer to a reader's question, Andy been in failing health for some time. and contributor to Fine Woodwor king. was always willing to share it. When I first encountered Andy Marlow he didn't know, he'd say so. When he AndyMarlow. 15 years ago, while searching a Los An­ thought you had messed up, he'd say fumirure builder. geles public library fo r books about that, though always in a kindly way. asdrawn by Melanie M. Rodgers. woodworking. Among the tattered shop Besides all the other things he was, manuals and nail-'em-up handy home Andy Marlow was a good friend to a stuff was his Fine Furniture for the great many woodworkers. Amateur Cabinetmaker. It was the Marlow is survived by his wife of only book I could find that took seri­ 54 years, the fo rmer Gertrude Ruler, ously my interest in learning how to and a daughter and two grandchildren. work with wood: no platitudes, no shortcuts; just solid information, careful A.W. Marlow's four books are Fine step-by-step photography, and straight Furniture fo r the Amateur Ca binet­ advice from a writer who understood maker (1 955) and Classic Furniture what I wanted to know, and who Projects (1 977), both published by was willing to help me get there. Stein and Day, Scarborough House, We became friends that day, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. 105 10; and Marlow and I, yet it was an­ Good Furniture You Can Make Your­ other seven years before I could self(1 952) and The Earl y American meet the man in person, when Furnituremaker's Manual (1973), both circumstance led me to a writing published by Macmillan, 866 Third job with this shaky new magazine Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. His mag­ for woodworkers. My assignment azine articles include "Carving Ball-and­ was to prepare a short profile of Mar­ Claw Feet" (FWW #10, pp. 58-59), low (FWW #4), but I was so tickled "Setting Up a Small Shop" (FWW #24, about visiting this hero in his shop that I p. 51), and "B uilding a Wooden­ forgot most of my questions. It didn't Drum Stroke Sander" (FWW #29, matter, though-Andy let me pick up pp. 47-51). -John Kelsey

100 CHILDHOOD DREAM. One of the great pleasures of everyone's childhood was that special toy. The one that was more fun because it took all the serious play you could dish out without com­ plaint. The toy that was part of you fo r years. This plucky rocking horse could be that kind of toy fo r someone. Made from a design especially created fo r Rockwell International, it's meant to be fun. made blade alignment "childhood dream" For a long time. and tension setting rocking horse will be We know it takes easy: with convenient supplied with every special care to build ,..----.,..controls fo r the purchase of our a toy that's both fun upper and lower Band Saw. It's a very10" and durable. That's blade guides. special offer, fo r the why we build our And we made very special craftsman. machines with the saw rugged, And it's now at very special care. So that capable of special prices. they're accurate cutting thick To find out the fo r a long time. stock, with6" a Rockwell machinery CHILDHOOD sturdy 10 " x dealer nearest you, call DREAM SAW. II" table that Rockwell Power Tool Our 10" Band tilts45° fo r Division toll-free Saw, for example. bevel cutting 800-438-2486 For precision, and com­ (In PA, 800-438-2487). we designed the pound miter Offer good only in the continental U.S., January 1, 1984, through upper arm to work. December 31, 1984, or until supplies prevent spring­ ILDHOOD are exhausted. ing and twisting. DREAM PLANS. For long life, we made For a limited time, �I� Rockwell it fromcast-iron. To full-scale workingplans �.� International maintain accuracy, we fo r this exceptional ... where science gets down to business NOTES AND COMMENT (continued) the month-long event, there will be con­ salvaged, cured and used. Being from ferences on current work, open-air the­ Knottynames the Midwest, where these trees are not aters, and carnival-like entertainment EDITOR'S NOTE: It seems that every time seen, I felt a need fo r greater knowledge provided by folk dancers and musicians. we publish the Latin names of wood spe­ of their botany. Consequently, I began A competition for Canadian sculptors cies in an article, we get letters telling us to visit libraries and take notes. Restrict­ is also expected to lead to the ' produc­ that the names were wrong. One of the ing my records to only a few details, kindest letters came from Dr. Robett Pin­ tion of several important works during however, seemed too lifeless, so I began ney, who, in the course of correspon­ Rendez-vous. The seven Canadian sculp­ dence, volunteered that he was compiling to investigate the history, natural distri­ tors selected as finalists in this competi­ a complete list of the world's timbers, bution, physical characteristics, accepted tion, along with five prominent interna­ with common names, Latin names, and binomials (Latin scientific names) and tional sculptors, will be working outdoors countries of origin. We've begun to use common names of every tree with even on platforms overlooking the river. Visi­ Dr. Pinney's list to check what we print, the slightest economic importance. With­ tors will be encouraged to visit and talk and we couldn't resist asking him why out realizing it, I had opened a Pando­ with these sculptors as they work. The he'd embarked on such a chore. Here's ra's box. The last attempt (a coutageous international participanrs include Ameri­ his answer: one) to produce a list of standardized cans Carl Andre and Mrs. Harmony In March 1980, while living in Califor­ plant names was in 1942. Meantime, Hammond, Italian sculptor Pistoletto, nia's lower Colorado Desert, I often there have been many changes, some and sculptors from Africa and from watched men clearing land, piling up welcome, others less so. Great Britain. mature mesquite and desert ironwood I soon found that common names of For details, write to Rendez-vous In­ trees to burn along with the sagebrush. trees, some of them euphonious and ternational Sculpture 1984, c.P. 220, I'd been educated as a plant patholo­ beautiful to pronounce (e.g., mussa­ St.-Jean Port-Joli, Que. GOR 3GO. gist-entomologist, after growing up in a cossa, kevazingo, palo santo) are less -Richard Starr family of nurserymen, and I recalled useful than a water pistol against a that wood dealers list mesquite (Proso­ charging elephant. At least 35 genera of pis juliflora) as "rare," and that har­ trees or large shrubs are called iron­ Notes and Comment vesting of ironwood (Olneya tesota) is wood, a meaningless and unimaginative So there 's a terrific exhibition of wood­ not allowed in desert conservation areas. term. In Oregon, chauvinists proclaim working going on in your town? Just These woods are beautiful, and are the merits of Umbellularia cali/ornica, finishing some unusual project? Got a prized for gunstocks, pistol grips and calling it Oregon myrtle, while across theory you'd like to try on the wood­ carvings. I knew, too, that orchardists in their southern border it becomes Cali­ working world, a beef you want to air, some news to share? Send text and pho­ central California continually grub out fo rnia laurel. I've found at least 24 oth­ tographs (p referably with negatives) to declining walnut trees to make room for er common names for the same tree. Notes and Comment, Fine Wo odwork­ new ones, relegating the slash and logs Common names can be useful local­ ing, Box 355, Newtown, cr06470. to the woodpile. ly, but not in commerce. When timber I realized that this timber could be (continued on p. 104)

$21,000 whaler On display at the Mystic Maritime Gal­ lery is a 7 -in. model of the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan. Built by 34-year­ old lloyd McCaffery of Madison, Conn., and recently sold for $21,000, the mod­ el will be exhibited at the Mystic, Conn., museum through August. McCaffery says that the miniature Morgan is a definitive reference work on the last of the wooden whalers. It contains information gathered during recent years while the original ship was being reconstructed. The starboard side shows the finished ship, with coppered bottom, planked and painted topsides, and two narrow white stripes. The cut­ away port side reveals the framing structure and cask-storage hold. A crew of 21 men, each about % in. high, is busily performing various tasks through­ out the ship. The model is made from a variery of woods, including apple and boxwood, and the rigging is copper wire. McCaffery has been making ship models for 25 years, professionally for the past 12. He wrote about model­ making in FWW#42, pp. 79-8 1. D

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103 NOTES AND COMMENT (continued) tradesmen cannot agree on a specific name, and no other, for each wood, the "Wintermarket" 1984 customer can be misled-he gets some About 50 woodworkers were among the kind of wood, but perhaps not what 505 artisans exhibiting at the American he thought. It would be better if the Craft Council's 8th annual Baltimore trade used only Latin binomials. Craft Fair in February. Woodworking Any magazine article or book that displays at the fair, commonly called calls wood only by a common name fos­ Wintermarket, included toys, accesso­ ters confusion. "Mahogany," for in­ ries, turnings, sculpture and furniture, stance, can be almost anything. A with the smaller items predominating. craftsman who wants to make a repro­ Among the exhibitors was Dan Fur­ duction of an 18th-century mahogany long of Fairfax, Vt., who made a highboy should be told that the mahog­ 43-in. high model of New York City's any of the 18th century is just about ex­ Chrysler Building and a 28-in. model of tinct and rarely available today. Also, San Francisco's Transamerica Pyramid when a furnituremaker reads that a (photo, right). Furlong sold both white piece is inlaid with "sycamore," it's not pine models: the Chrysler Building for much help unless he knows where the $1200 and the Pyramid for $800. piece comes from. In England, sycamore Like its larger, warm-weather coun­ is most likely sycamore-maple, a wood terpart, Rhinebeck (which moves to with bird's-eyes and fiddleback figure West Springfield, Mass., in June 1984), much like our own sugar maple. In the ACC Baltimore show is a juried America, sycamore is likely to be button­ event. Artisans submit slides of their wood, which has a lacy ray figure more work, and those approved by the jury­ like eucalyptus than any maple. Sadly, about one in four-can exhibit. A stan­ one of the best books on world timbers dard lO-ft. by lO-ft. booth, the smallest White pine models of the Chrysler Build­ has no binomials in its index. If you at this show, cost $390. ing, left, and the Transamenca Pyramid. are using it to learn more about a wood The first two days were reserved for but have only a binomial in hand, wholesalers, and 4,900 showed up, re­ and spent $122,622 on wooden items. you've struck out unless you search presenting 2,000 galleries, museums and For information on ACC shows (Dal­ each page. retail businesses-wood sales amounted to las, San Francisco, West Springfiel d, Another problem concerns the vicissi­ $326,550. On the last three days, when Baltimore), write to American Craft En­ tudes of geopolitics. Most price lists and the doors were opened to the public, terprises, Inc., PO Box 10, 256 Main catalogs tell where the wood comes from more than 30,000 people streamed in St., New Paltz, N.Y. 12561. D as an aid to identification. It is confus­ ing, however, when one wood is listed as coming from Surinam and another the changing seasons. Some serve as from Dutch Guiana-the woods may be Gaggle of gouges graves, their exteriors carved with the different, but the countries are the same. No matter how completely it's lost in family crest of the Indian interred inside Names of many timber-producing coun­ the swirl of scratching out a daily exis­ the hollowed-out log. But much of the tries have been in a state of flux in the tence, Georganna Malloff believes that a rich imagery of the dwindling number past few decades. Firms that put out price bit of the sculptor lurks in all of us. "A of surviving Indian poles is incompre­ lists and catalogs ought to equip their lot of people think about carving or hensible to the modern mind. copy editors with an up-to-date atlas. sculpting," she says, "but there's usual­ Malloff s poles also mark events of In a few instances, it wouldn 't help ly no convenient way for them to try it. " importance or the collective spiritual much to change the name of a wood Malloff, a Caspar, Calif. , carver and musings of the carvers, but the images long used and well known. Ceylon sculptor, gets around this barrier by un­ reflect a contemporary, even technologi­ sarin wood would lose a little if we start­ dertaking whole-tree carving projects, cal mythology. In the College of Arts ed calling it Sri Lanka satinwood. On inviting any and all to take up mallet and Craftspole, the students carved like­ the other hand, if you go by its accepted and gouge to help out. Since the mid nesses of the school's four founders, the binomial (Chloroxylon swietenia), you 1970s, Malloff has overseen five pole puffed cheeks of a glass blower's face can't go wrong. carvings, from the 20-ft. Mendocino and a pair of hands holding a movie When I began to compile a compre­ pole shown on the back cover to a camera-all images that lucidly connect hensive list of the world's best timbers, I 76-footer erected in New Westminster, the pole to what goes on at the college. intended to cross-index common names B.C., in 1976. All but one have been Imposing as the pole was when I saw to binomials (and vice versa), and to list raised, totem-like, as permanent exam­ it, half-completed in a college parking families, natural ranges, and a few perti­ ples of participatory public art. lot (it was 29 in. in diameter and nent physical fe atures such as a descrip­ Though Malloff explains that her weighed 41:; tons), Malloff told me that tion of the wood, its grain, texture, col­ poles, which she calls creation or cosmic enormous-scale carving isn't as difficult or, taste, smell and weight. What began maypoles, aren't totems, you can see a as it might seem. She overcomes a major as a minor private project has burgeoned not-so-nebulous connection between her technical problem-Iayout-by blocking as my interest in fine timbers has grown. work and the art of the Pacific North­ out sections of the log from which ma­ I expect to finish, and hope to publish, west Indians. These traditional rotems terial must be removed. Once that's my work only after considerably more commemorate the lineage of the carver's done, she steps aside, allowing the carv­ diligent and serious research. patron, celebrate a marriage, or perhaps ers to create imagery consistent with the -Robert Pin ney, Fresno, Calif mark the passing spiritual milestones of pole's theme but still distinctive enough (continued on p. 106)

104 NATIONAL TIO L WORKING WITHWO OD NA NA SHOWS WOODWORKING SHOW SCHEDULE SEMINAR 1984 Intensive two-dayseminars conducted by the country' oodworkers. April 6- � 0 e;\JT13,1984 San FraQl;l�ktM-- New York 1985 Carpenter

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D Woodworking Weekend Seminars I'm YESinterested Exhibiting at the National Working With Wood Show EXHIBITORS SHOWCASE D P.O. Box 2518 -Dept. PH in receiving more o Seattle 0 San Francisco 0 N.J. 0 Minneapolis/St. Paul information Redwood City, CA 94064 ___ _ call: regarding: D Attending the National Working With Wood Show or Show Manager o Seattle 0 San Francisco 0 NJ. 0 Minneapolis/St. Paul 415/366-5033

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105 NOTES AND COMMENT (continued) to express their own ideas and exper­ iences. Malloff instructs participants in the use of gouges and chisels, and sug­ Furniture to go gests ways to connect disparate images in aesthetically pleasing ways. There's an element of risk in working this way. At the craft college, Malloff had to clamber up a nearby building to get far enough away to see how the emerging carving was working, yet see­ ing a pole in the round has to wait until the raising. "It's hard to make a mis­ take, really. There's a lot of wood in the log ...more than enough to work out what isn't right." Work proceeds at a leisurely pace, a bit like a college art project. To keep the green log from checking, Malloff douses it regularly with a mineral-oil-type sealer called Coray-22, made by Exxon. Knockdown cherry coffee table by Kimber ly Ledford. I found that the most astonishing thing about the poles is not their size or The difficulty of transporting handcraft­ mean crates and bolts, but today's de­ technical finesse, but that Malloff is able ed furniture is nothing new. The prob­ signs also include beautifully conceived to bring the images (and the carvers' lem first hits the artisans who make the and finished handwork designed to fit egos) together into a cogent whole. furniture. They have to go to shows to into UPS-sized bundles. ''There has to be an abandonment of egos sell their work, and may spend hun­ The show features the work of more for this to work," Malloff says. "You're dreds of dollars in transportation costs than a dozen artists, including John not just carving a little image of your to get the pieces there. Today's buyers Marcoux, Curtis Erpelding, Peter Korn, own. The subject has to be consistent are just as mobile. Having bought a and Kimberly Ledford, whose cherty with the rest of the pole. You've got to piece at a distant show, they are fa ced coffee table is shown above. All of the be open to what happens without insist­ with the problem of shipping it home. exhibits are ready for the box and crate. ing that something won't work because Even furniture bought locally is trouble­ In keeping with the knockdown con­ it doesn't fit your own plan. some to move if you don't have a truck cept, anyone purchasing a piece will re­ "The really nice thing," she adds, "is or a big car. ceive it by mail. The gallety plans to that the collective energy produces a One solution to this problem is the continue offering knockdown fu rniture skill that goes beyond what an individ­ theme of the knockdown furniture show after the show closes on May 6. ual artist would generate." this spring at the Appalachiana Gallery -Nylene L. Singelstad, -Paul Bertorelli in Bethesda, Md. Knockdown used to Bethesda, Md.

forced to tell a fr iend that the shaper find a bent gouge that would cleanly cut Fear of failure was the only tool I actively feared. the needed flutes. My pounding threat­ and my shaper All this time my wife was vety un­ ened to crack the shell. Mentally, I Over the years I've come to realize that derstanding. She saw my fear better toyed with various die-grinder tech­ all sorts of emotional ingredients go into than I did, and unwilling to become an niques, but none seemed controllable. the recipe for pleasure in woodworking. accessory to the loss of fingers, she pa­ Finally, disgusted with myself, I shoved I have known satisfaction and enjoy­ tiently let the months pass, rarely refer­ a core-box bit into my router and tore ment, but fear was the first emotion I ring to the mess caused when dog hair into the shell, freehand. It worked. I really had to face. floated from the canine to the crockery. can repair the miscuts with filler and a My wife and I wanted oak raised­ After two years, a new emotion, em­ little sanding. panel doors for our kitchen cabinets. barrassment, surf aced and grew strong I was stalled by what psychologists Since we had built the rest of the house enough to overcome fear: I had to build call "approach-avoidance conflict"-the ourselves, we didn't think there would those doors. Once I got back to them, it desire to do something, simultaneously be any problem. I CUt the stiles and wasn't so bad. I was careful and tried crippled by an intense fear of fa ilure. rails, but then the shaper devoured the different techniques. Rather than risk failure, we withdraw. first piece I tried to profile, driving How much of the delay had been After all, you can't fail if you don't the piece between the cutterhead and caused by fear, as opposed to lack of start. Only when other pressures-em­ the fence. I tried the second piece a bit tools or boredom? I found my answer barrassment, pride, even spousal urg­ more cautiously, but ...wham ! The parked on the lathe-the big half-dome ing-crowd us over the rim of fear do shaper rotated the workpiece and shred­ cockleshell for my four-year-old corner we even try. And then we may find that ded it. My hands stung. I put the proj­ cupboard. I had collected many compli­ the fe ar was unrealistic. But even if the ect away. ments for the cupboard, but still had fear had been real, rethinking the job to I had never been fr ightened in the to apologize for not having finished the find a safer method may have been the shop before, but the sudden violence shell. Why? salvation of our hands or eyes, a not un­ and the fear of wasting time and materi­ Sure, I had rigged a router arrange­ worthy fringe benefit. als made me take a little break. I was ment to hollow the shell, but I couldn't -W. Davis Smoot, Dallas, Tex.

106 Whatever the job at hand, Makita makes a tool that can master it. After all, we're one of the world's largest manufacturers of power tools. And since power tools are all we make, we put more effo rt into developing new ways to make them better. Which is why, fo r more and more Americans, the very first home improvement to be made is the purchase of a Makita power tool.

Makita u. S .A. Inc., 12950 E. Alondra Blvd., Cerritos, CA 90701. (213) 926-8775. COSMIC MAYPOLES

Georganna Malloff calls her whole­ tree carvings creation or cosmic maypoles, partly to distinguish them from the traditional Indian totem and partly because the poles ex­ press her idea that public art can be the spontaneous, collective ef­ fort of many as well as the contem­ plative work of just one person. Accordingly, the poles, two of which are shown here, are created by dozens of people, few of whom have touched mallet and chisel be­ fore. Malloff rounds up a log and provides enough technical know­ how to keep the project perking. The carvers provide ideas, images and enthusiasm. In the photo above, Malloff (far right) advises a group of neophyte carvers working on a Mendocino maypole which served as a teaching project at the College of the Red­ woods. At right, a crane lifts a 4Y2-ton pole carved a couple of summers ago to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oak­ land. For more about Malloff's carvings, see p. 104.

Phocos: Nicholas Wilson; CarlconBrookes