Julianne Wiesner-Chianese
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MODERN IN THE MOUNTAINS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE CONCRETE AT JACKSON LAKE LODGE IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK, WY Julianne Wiesner-Chianese A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2015 Advisor Frank G. Matero Professor of Architecture Program Chair Randall F. Mason Associate Professor DEDICATION To my fiancée Paul, my mother Barbara, and my sister Beatrice – I could not have done this without your love and support. Thank you! ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor, Frank Matero, for introducing me to Jackson Lake Lodge and finding a thesis topic that answered both of my requirements (modern and concrete!). Thank you, also, to the large group of wonderful women at the National Park Service and Grand Teton Lodge Company for their guidance, including Betsy Engle, Katherine Wonson, Lori Cornell, Bridgette Guild, and Mary and Holly McKinney. Thanks to Clay James, who patiently answered all of my questions. I’d like to thank Mary Ann Quinn and the staff at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Tarrytown, NY, the staff at the Jackson Hole Historical Society, Virginia Sanchez at Yosemite National Park Archives, and the employees of Epmar Corporation/Quaker Chemical/Kemiko who provided their assistance throughout this project. Finally, I’d like to thank John Hinchman and Nityaa Iyer for all of their support – thank you for keeping me laughing and making sure I wasn’t taking myself too seriously. iii Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................................5 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 – Modern in the Making: Gilbert Stanley Underwood and the Development of Jackson Lake Lodge ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 General Building Description................................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Site History ................................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3 The Architect ............................................................................................................................................... 31 1.4 Underwood and Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2 – Molding Modern: Concrete Finishes and Formwork ............................................. 49 2.1 Decorative Concrete Finishes ............................................................................................................... 49 2.1.1 Integral ............................................................................................................................................ 53 2.1.2 Applied ............................................................................................................................................ 61 2.2 Formwork ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 3 – Condition Survey and Analysis .......................................................................................... 87 3.1 Condition Survey ....................................................................................................................................... 88 3.2 Instrumental Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 107 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 127 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix A: Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 134 Appendix B: Kemiko Product Literature ............................................................................................ 135 Appendix C: Supplemental Images ......................................................................................................... 150 Appendix D: Jackson Lake Lodge Building Chronology ............................................................. 161 Index ........................................................................................................................................................................ 183 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Jackson Lake Lodge, east elevation, circa 1956. Credit: Rockefeller Archive Center. 16 Figure 2: Jackson Lake Lodge, west elevation, 2014. Credit: Joe Elliott .............................................. 16 Figure 3: Molded and stained concrete in imitation of wood, 2015. Credit: Author. ................ 17 Figure 4: Early rendering of west elevation by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, used here to illustrate grid pattern. Some elements shown in this drawing were not built. Credit: Rockefeller Archive Center. ............................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 5: Lower Lobby, 2014. Credit: Joe Elliott. ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 6: Lower Lobby, circa 1957. Note the enclosures to the right and left housing office and the Beauty Parlor, respectively. Credit: Grand Teton National Park. ...................................... 19 Figure 7: Upper Lobby/Main Lounge, 2014. Credit: Joe Elliott. ......................................................... 21 Figure 8: Upper Lobby/Main Lounge, circa 1956. Credit: Jackson Hole Historical Society. ... 21 Figure 9: Postcard of west elevation, circa 1956. Credit: Rockefeller Archive Center. ............. 22 Figure 10: West elevation circa 1956 showing strong horizontality. Credit: Grand Teton Lodge Company. ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 11: Detail of service yard walls with regular board-marked finish. Notice horizontal boards along soffit on the left. Credit: Jackson Hole Historical Society........................................... 25 Figure 12: Stockade Bar, circa 1956. Credit: Rockefeller Archive Center. ..................................... 25 Figure 13: "Tourists leaving Zion Lodge for the Temple of Sinawava and trail trip to Narrows", September 8, 1929. Credit: G. Grant, Record Group 79: Records of the National Park Service, 1785 - 2006, Photographs of the Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, 1929, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tourists_leaving_Zion_Lodge_for_the_Temple_of_ Sinawava_and_trail_trip_to_Narrows._-_NARA_-_520535.jpg. ............................................................ 34 Figure 14: Contemporary image of Bryce Canyon Lodge, completed 1924. Credit: en.wikipedia.org. .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 15: Contemporary image of Grand Canyon North Rim Lodge. Completed 1928, burned 1932, rebuilt. Credit: www.allgrandcanyon..com. ................................................................... 35 Figure 16: Undated historic image of the Ahwahnee Hotel. Credit: www.yosemitepark.com. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 17: Wilshire Tower, circa 1930s, Los Angeles. Credit: Mott-Merge Collection, California State Library, https://miraclemilela.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/desmonds- building-circa-1930s.jpg. .................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 18: Union Pacific Station, Omaha, Nebraska, circa 1930. Credit: Union Pacific Railroad. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 19: Contemporary image of Sun Valley Lodge, Utah. Credit: