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Factors Determing the Food Insecurity Status of Rural Household in Manna Woreda of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

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Factors Determing the Food Insecurity Status of Rural Household in Manna Woreda of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726), 8(X), 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2084 FACTORS DETERMING THE FOOD INSECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD IN MANNA WOREDA OF JIMMA ZONE, ETHIOPIA. FACTORES QUE DETERMINAN EL ESTADO DE INSEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA DEL HOGAR RURAL EN LA ZONA MANA WOREDA DE JIMMA, ETIOPÍA. Meskerem Million* and Mequanent Muche Jimma University, Ethiopia, *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study was conducted in Manna woreda of Jimma zone. It is found at a distance of 368 km south west of Addis Ababa and 24 km west of Jimma town. The main objective of the study was to identify the determinants of household food insecurity in rural households and a total number of 200 sample households were selected as sample respondents. Interview schedule and focus group discussions with a member of 8-10 individuals were among primary sources which were used to collect primary data and different electronics sources and other documents from the woreda office were used as secondary data source of the study. To know the food security status of the households, the data collected from sampled respondents regarding food preparation for seven day recall and daily consumption record were converted to kilocalorie using the Food Composition table manual. Descriptive statics such as: Mean, frequency distribution and percentage were used to examine the demographic and socio economic status of the sample respondents. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify the determinant factors of household food insecurity. Accordingly Large family size, asset possession, sex of the household head , number of oxen owned, Access to improved seed and chemical fertilizer were found to be the determinants of food insecurity in the area, Existence of major animals diseases and pest that affect crop production were also found to significantly determine individuals food insecurity status. In addition, some of the coping strategies that are used by food insecure household were assessed. Their local coping strategies at initial and severe stage includes: sale of livestock and productive assets as well as marketing of wood/charcoal which can in turn aggravate the problem of food insecurity. Key words: Food security, Households, Determinants, Coping strategy RESUMEN Este estudio se realizó en Manna woreda de la zona de Jimma. Se encuentra a una distancia de 368 km al suroeste de Addis Abeba y a 24 km al oeste de la ciudad de Jimma. El objetivo principal del estudio fue identificar los determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares en hogares rurales y se seleccionó un total de 200 hogares de muestra cómo encuestados de muestra. El horario de la entrevista y las discusiones de los grupos focales con un miembro de 8-10 individuos se encontraban entre las fuentes principales que se utilizaron para recopilar datos primarios y se usaron diferentes fuentes electrónicas y otros documentos de la oficina de woreda como fuente de datos secundaria del estudio. Para conocer el estado de seguridad alimentaria de los hogares, los datos 1 Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726), 8(X), 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2084 recopilados de los encuestados de la muestra con respecto a la preparación de alimentos para el retiro de siete días y el registro de consumo diario se convirtieron a kilocalorías utilizando el manual de la tabla de Composición de Alimentos. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas tales como: media, distribución de frecuencia y porcentaje para examinar el estado demográfico y socioeconómico de los encuestados de la muestra. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística binaria para identificar los factores determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares. En consecuencia, el tamaño de la familia numerosa, la posesión de activos, el sexo del jefe de familia, la cantidad de bueyes que poseía, el acceso a semillas mejoradas y fertilizantes químicos fueron los determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria en el área, la existencia de enfermedades y plagas de animales importantes que afectan la producción de cultivos También se descubrió que determinan significativamente el estado de inseguridad alimentaria de las personas. Además, se evaluaron algunas de las estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan los hogares con inseguridad alimentaria. Sus estrategias locales de afrontamiento en la etapa inicial y severa incluyen: la venta de ganado y activos productivos, así como la comercialización de madera / carbón que a su vez puede agravar el problema de la inseguridad alimentaria. Palabras clave: seguridad alimentaria, hogares, determinantes, estrategia de afrontamiento. INTRODUCTION Ethiopia is a country situated at the eastern part of Africa. Report of the central statics agency shows that, the country is the second most populous country in Africa with more than 100 million populations (CSA, 2007;Eshetu, 2017) where the majority of the people (80%) live in rural areas. Agriculture plays a vital role in the country‘s economic development. As it is indicated in the United Nations development program(UNDP)and Central statistics agency (CSA) report, agriculture contributes around 85 % of employment, 43 % of GDP and 70 % of the country‘s export (CSA, 2010; UNDP, 2014). Ethiopia has been facing many challenging problems ranging from those induced by environmental crises to those caused by demographic and socio-economic constraints that adversely affect peoples‘ production system. The country is among the poorest and one of the most food insecure countries in the world where 44% of its population live below the national poverty line and 46% of its population get below the minimum levels of dietary energy consumption compared with other sub-Saharan and other developing countries (Mesas, 2010; Frehiwot, 2007). Rural households in Ethiopia frequently face food security problems because of different factors such as factors related with socio economic, agro ecological, cultural and demographic features. For instance in 2011, it is well remembered that the horn of Africa drought left 4.5 million people in need of emergency food assistance in Ethiopia. Pastoralist areas in southern and south-eastern part of the country have been worst affected by the drought. Further, cereal markets had a supply shock and food prices rose above 2008 levels resulting in high food insecurity among poor people. Similarly in 2014, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) report revealed that nearly 33 million people were suffering from chronic undernourishment and food insecurity which indicated that Ethiopia has one of the highest levels of food insecurity in the world (FAO, 2014).To address this problem, the government of Ethiopia was taking a strong leadership role with 2 Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726), 8(X), 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2084 programs that meet the varying needs of vulnerable households. However the impacts of most of these policies have been shadowed (United Nation, 2010). The latest Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimate indicated that about 795 million people in the world were estimated to be chronically undernourished in 2014± 16. In the same period, the prevalence of under nutrition has fallen from 18.6% (1011) to 10.9% (795) globally, from 23.3%(991) to 12.9% (780) for developing countries and from 47.2% (104) to 31.5% (124) for Eastern Africa despite significant population growth (FAO, 2015). The five African countries with the most number of people in a state of hunger/under nourishment has between 10 million and 32 million people i.e. Ethiopia 32.1 million; Tanzania 15.7 million; Nigeria 12.1 million; Kenya 11 million and Uganda 10.7 million (Endalew, 2015). Significantly, four out of the five countries with the most number of people affected by hunger/undernourishment are in the Horn / East of Africa (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda). According to world meteorological organization report, around 10.7 million people are currently food insecure across Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia and Karamojong region in Uganda. Although the number of food insecure population is lower than numbers observed during the drought of 2017 (15.3 million people), there is a high risk of a worsening situation due to forecasted rainfall deficits (WMO, 2019). A number of previous studies on food security situation of Oromia regional state suggested that Oromia is among the food insecurity affected areas in Ethiopia. According to Haile,et al. (2005), in Oromia this problem is occurred due to climatic factors and other agro ecological factors and in relation to this different printed and unprinted sources shows that, rural households in Jimma zone of Oromia region also have been suffered by serious food insecurity problems. Therefore based on this truth conducting the study was found to be crucial as the information provided will enable effective measures to be undertaken and improve food security status and bring the success of food security development programs. It was also believed to benefit practical researchers as a reference material in addition to providing better back ground about the determinants of food insecurity for policy maker, for agricultural office in the zone and other immediate development workers at different level MATERIAL AND METHODS Description of the study area: The study was conducted in Jimma zone which is located 355 km to the South west of Addis Ababa. The zone is characterized by a tropical highland climate with heavy rainfall, warm temperatures and a long wet period. It is one of the 18 zones of Oromia national state. It has suitable climatic condition for agricultural production mainly coffee. Manna is one of the woredas that are found in Jimma zone.It is located at 368 km south west of Addis Ababa and 24 km west of Jimma town. It has an area of about 400 Km2 and one urban center, i.e., Yebu town, district capital.
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