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Mine and/or your woods? Sharing the outdoors among different user groups. Case study of the Enduro Trails in Bielsko - Biała Agata Balbina Zbijowska Master thesis in Culture, Environment and Sustainability Centre for Development and Environment UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2018 I © Author Agata Balbina Zbijowska Year 2018 Title “Mine and/or your woods? Sharing the outdoors among different user groups. Case Study of Enduro Trails in Bielsko – Biała.” http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo II Abstract Due to significant increase in both disposable income and leisure time (which is now visible in many developed countries), tourism and recreational activities are becoming a more and more important part of countries’ economies as well as peoples’ lives. Particular growth in popularity can be seen when it comes to adventure activities, one of which is mountain biking. This growth in the popularity of mountain biking can be observed in countries such as Poland. At the same time, new and rapidly growing user groups (mountain bikers), who haven’t necessarily had a place available to pursue their desired activity beforehand, now face fresh conflict with previous users of these natural areas. Bielsko – Biala is one of the cities where such conflict has emerged, due to the development of Enduro Trails – which is a complex of mountain biking trails located in the Mikuszowice Śląskie neighborhood, on the verge of the city. The two sides of this conflict: enduro mountain bikers and hikers along with pedestrians. These struggle in sharing the natural area where the trails are, and the conflict, which started in 2015, has grown bigger throughout time. This thesis follows Enduro Trails development, from the year 2015 up until the year 2018, moreover at the same time sharpens on the development of conflict around such. In this thesis, I focus on both sides of the conflict, presenting their standpoints and needs. This is mainly done based on ecosystem services theory, with a particular attention given to the selected cultural ecosystem services: aesthetic, recreational, tourism, cultural identity, sense of place and heritage services. Finally, the thesis discusses possible common grounds for the conflicted groups, analyzing how the space could be shared in a way that would satisfy both sides. It also adheres to proper planning and the responsibility of the local authorities in making sure that the needs of all users, as they make use of public space, are met. III IV Acknowledgements “Well, that was fun” is a common saying of mountain bikers after finishing a challenging yet exciting and entertaining ride. It is a very suitable description of the process of writing this thesis as well. There were ups and downs, few challenging technical sections, and a couple of times I nearly crashed. But here I am, at the end of the trail, astonished how tired and happy one can be at the same time. Thankfully, mountain biking is a social activity, and there have always been people around me, the best company one could ask for a demanding ride: This thesis would have never been completed if not my interviewees: dear hikers and bikers who I stopped during those warm and sunny days – dziękuję! I appreciate your time and interest and I hope I presented your arguments well. Szanowni Państwo z Rady Osiedla Mikuszowice Śląskie – Państwa wkład jest nieoceniony, dziękuję! Enduro Trails managers and city of Bielsko-Biała Officials, I highly appreciate your help and input. Special thanks go to 2B Eco Riders Association, representatives of which met with me several times, making sure that I have all that I needed - po stokroć, dziękuję! At SUM I would like to thank my supervisor Karen Victoria Lykke Syse, for her feedback, especially when this thesis was about everything but my topic. Thank you for much more patience than I would have ever had for myself. I would also like to thank Anne-Line Sandåker and Gudrun Cecilie Eikemo Helland for all your help, support and motivation throughout the process – it means a lot to me! Finally, I am truly grateful for my family and friends who were with me all that time: for jollof rice and ice cream, for introducing me to parathas, for making sure there is enough O’boy. For travelling with me to Arkansas, helping me with my English on the very last notice, recommending music and being available whenever I needed. For zawijacze and the last visit to the forest. You all have no idea… Agata Balbina Zbijowska, Oslo, 28th May 2018 V VI Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ III Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ V Table of contents ................................................................................................. VII List of figures ......................................................................................................... X List of tables ......................................................................................................... XI List of abbreviations ........................................................................................... XII 1 Background and context ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research questions and statement of purpose........................................ 4 1.3 Rationale and significance ...................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Choosing the topic ................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Choosing the place ................................................................................ 5 1.4 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................. 6 2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Research approach .................................................................................. 8 2.2 Study site ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Poland ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Upper Silesia ....................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Bielsko – Biała .................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Mikuszowice Śląskie and Beskids Mountains ...................................... 13 2.3 Research participants............................................................................ 15 2.3.1 Mountain bikers .................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Hikers and pedestrians ......................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Other participants ................................................................................ 18 2.4 Data collection methods ........................................................................ 18 2.4.1 Participant observation and informal conversations ............................. 19 VII 2.4.2 Interviews ........................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Documents, news articles and audiovisual material analysis ................ 22 2.5 Ethical considerations ........................................................................... 23 3 Theoretical approach.................................................................................... 25 3.1 Ecosystem services (ES) ........................................................................ 25 3.2 Cultural ecosystem services (CES) ....................................................... 26 3.3 Cultural ecosystem services relevant for the researched area ............ 28 3.3.1 Recreation and tourism services .......................................................... 28 3.3.2 Aesthetic services................................................................................ 29 3.3.3 Cultural identity, heritage and cultural landscapes ............................... 29 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 31 4 Enduro Trails in Cygański Las .................................................................... 32 4.1 Was there life before bikes?.................................................................. 33 4.2 Before the Enduro Trails were established .......................................... 43 4.3 Enduro Trails – stage 1 ......................................................................... 47 4.4 Enduro Trails – stage 2 ......................................................................... 57 4.5 Enduro Trails - stage 3 ......................................................................... 59 4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 63 5 User groups and CES ................................................................................... 65 5.1 Ęduro mountain bikers ......................................................................... 66 5.1.1 Group description................................................................................ 67 5.1.2 CES and mountain bikers ...................................................................
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