SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN INDONESIA

M. Fatuchri Sukadi Central Research Institute for Aquaculture Jl. Ragunan 20 Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture has an important role in the development of many national economies and plays a key role in rural development in Asia-Pacific including Indonesia. With the expansion of aquaculture products, there is a growing concern over the impacts of aquaculture on environmental sustainability and also over the requirements on quality and food safety by consumers and regulators. For this reason, there is a need to improve aquaculture technology and management system in Indonesia to address the need for eco-friendly production process and food safety concerns for the sustainability of national aquaculture. The Indonesian Fisheries Act No 31 (2004) mentioned among others that the Indonesian Fisheries Management should be done for job opportunity, and for fisher, farmer and related community welfare, and also for fisheries resources and environmental sustainability. In addition, it is also mentioned that the product from both captured and aquaculture fisheries should meet quality standard and product safety. The most critical factors to achieve sustainable aquaculture in Indonesia are availability of good quality seed, good practice in growing-out system, aquaculture environments, fish health management, quality of product and marketing. This reviews Indonesian aquaculture related with sustainable practices and management schemes toward preserving the aquaculture environment, meeting food safety requirements for aquaculture products, and achieving product quality and safety.

Key words: sustainable aquaculture, product quality and safety

INTRODUCTION region there is also increasing demand among consumers for high-quality, eco-friendly, and safe Aquaculture has an important role in the aquaculture products. The rapid expansion of marine development of many national economies and plays finfish in the Asia Pacific region has led to concerns a key role in rural development. Farmers in the Asia regarding its long-term sustainability. Pacific Region contribute over 80 percent of the It has been mentioned, for example, that the world’s aquaculture production, with China major bottlenecks in the development of sustainable producing 50 percent of global production (Haylor marine finish are availability of fingerlings, grow-out and Bland 2001). At the global level, aquaculture is feeds, environmental issues, disease and marketing one of the fastest growing food production sector (Rimmer and Sugama 2005). The Conference on (9.6 per cent/yr in the last decade), a fact that will Aquaculture in the Third Millennium in Bangkok ultimately change the way that is perceived as food (February 2000), noted that there was a need to (Josupeit et al. 2001). In Indonesia, the production develop and adopt policies and practices that ensure of Aquaculture increased from 994,962 tons (2000) environmental sustainability, and also as consumer to 1.4 million tons (2004) or increased at the rate of awareness, aquaculture producers, suppliers and 10.36 percent per year. processors will need to improve the quality of As the expansion of aquaculture product, there products and enhance product safety and nutritional is a growing concern over the impacts of aquaculture value (NACA/FAO 2000). on the environmental sustainability and also over In the consideration of Indonesian Fisheries the requirements on quality and food safety by Act No 31 (2004) it is mentioned among others that consumers and regulators. In the Asian and Pacific the Indonesia Fisheries Management should be

71 done for job opportunity, and for fisher, farmer and disease prevention. Disease control in their farm related-community welfare, and also for fisheries focused first on preventive measures related to resources and environmental sustainability. In good management practices that maintain good addition, one of the articles under Chapter 20 in that water quality, with better or certified seed, less act mentioned that the product from both capture stress, and high-quality feeds. All Lumpung Shrimp and aquaculture fisheries should meet quality Club farmer-members applied this preventive standard and product safety (Indonesia Act 2004). approach. They apply probiotic routinely in the The most critical factors to achieve sustainable pond water preparation, and hold the water in the aquaculture in Indonesia are availability of good pond or not to change the water at the first two quality seed, good practice in growing out system, months culture period, and always use SPF seed aquaculture environments, fish health management, even though the price of SPF seed is twice more quality of product and marketing. For this reason, it expensive than that of non-SPF seed. They allocated is a need to improve aquaculture technology and 10-30 percent of their farm area for making reservoir management system in Indonesia to address the and applied probiotic to maintain good water quality need for eco-friendly production process and food and to avoid deadly fish diseases. Biosecurity safety concerns in the sustainability of national applied with making fence to avoid crab or other aquaculture. These are parts of a holistic approach disease carrier animals entering the ponds, using which has to be taken to achieve sustainability of filter device in the inlet pipe, and eradicating all Indonesian aquaculture. The holistic approach disease carriers like wild shrimp and fish at the includes the culturing technologies, socio- water preparation phase. economics, natural resources and the environment. If there is a suspicious disease in the water, This paper dealt with the review of Indonesian sterilization of water using chlorine is made before Aquaculture related with sustainable practices and flushing the water to the environment. Effluent management schemes to preserve the aquaculture standard quality has been made and included in the environment, food safety requirements for guidance of sustainable aquaculture, however, its aquaculture products, and product quality and safety. implementation in small-scale ponds or tambaks still needs to be more socialized. The depth and SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND length of time of aerating the water is managed MANAGEMENT SCHEMES TO PRESERVE based on the shrimp density in the pond (Sutanto THE AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT 2005). The awareness of many farmers on the The guideline for sustainable aquaculture especially ecological function of mangrove ecosystem has on shrimp pond culture has been issued by the already well-developed. In several areas of shrimp Directorate General of Aquaculture in 2004 and farms, local community-based management has socialized throughout the country. The objectives been initiated and reforestation of mangrove is one of this guideline are to provide good operation of of their objectives. This activity will help to create shrimp culture in sustainable and eco-friendly better environment condition of shrimp farms. In manner and to produce good quality and safe general, the major activities for the success of shrimp harvest. Management practices in this guideline culture especially in white shrimp, L. vannamei include water management, pond preparation, how culture are the availability of good quality seed (SPF to provide good quality seed, feed and feeding seed), good feeds with appropriate use of protein management, restriction on the utilization of level, good management practice, farmer attitude chemicals and drugs, solid waste and effluent toward change and getting a new access to management, and handling or harvest management information and technology, and applying the (DGAQ 2004). strategy of appropriate stocking based on pond- carrying capacity and partial harvest. Fish Health Management There is a good harvest from shrimp pond where there is a good local organization like Shrimp Based on the experience of farmers under Shrimp Club Lampung and the farmer followed best Club of Lampung, they already left disease treatment management practices which is socialized through with all the negative environmental impacts and the club. However, the rapid extension of white other consequences, and moved on to a future of shrimp culture has led to concerns regarding its 72 long-term sustainability. Farmers in East Java are culture farm like barramundi/seabass culture, it has hampered by the disease outbreaks in their ponds. already applied commercial pellet feed. Commercial Even though SPF seeds have been imported from diets for marine finfish are available in Indonesia, good hatcheries in Hawaii and Florida, Taura including diets for milkfish (Chanos chanos), Syndrome Virus (TSV) has been detected in many barramundi/seabass (Lates calcarifer) and shrimp farms in East Java, and white shrimp is also groupers. Most of the fish meals (70-80 percent) not resistant to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) needed by feed factory are imported from Chili and and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Peru. Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) (Tauhid et al. 2006). The It is worth noting that feed wastage is much socialization of Best Management Practice of higher in open sea cage culture systems where Aquaculture is needed and strengthened through trash fish is used as feed (Wu 1999). Because of this, good farmer groups. Rapid and early diagnostic on feeding loss is higher and local pollution in the broodstock, and on seed until growing shrimp in vicinity of sea cages is increasing. To mitigate this ponds to detect harmful diseases are also required. impact from feeding by trash fish, the development Freshwater aquaculture is hampered by Koi of feeding by commercial pellet feed is strengthened. Herves Virus (KHV), a contagious disease which However, there is still reluctance to use this had been infecting common carp (Cyprinus carpio) commercial pellet amongst farmers because of its and koi carp (C. carpio koi) since 2002. The disease high price consideration. Under the collaborative occurred in on-growing fish of all ages and in all research between ACIAR and CRIA-Indonesia, the culture system. Some of alternative strategies have study on grow-out diet development was to develop been developed by Fish Health Research compounded pelleted grouper feeds as a more Laboratory, and disseminated to fish farmers in sustainable, lower-polluting and cost effective Indonesia with the aim to minimize losses, i.e.: (1) alternative to the feeding of fresh fishery bycatch integrated fish health management, (2) using specific (“trash fish”). The result of nutrient requirement pathogen free (SPF)-KHV fish and strictly quarantine studies indicated that juvenile groupers require system, (3) applying immunopropilactic (e.g. feed diets that are high in digestible CP (around 45 additive) to increase halt status of fish, (4) induce percent), moderately low in lipid (around 10 percent) specific immunity “vaccination” by cohabitation and contain not less than 1 percent and preferably technique, (5) stress factors avoidance, (6) 1.5 percent of n-3 HUFA (Rimmer and Sugama disinfectant, (7) treatment against secondary 2005). Because seaweed has an ecological function infections, (8) biosecurity application, (9) poly-culture to make better marine environment condition, the system, (10) avoidance of macroclimate affect (good culture of seaweed in many areas in Indonesia is and bad season or dry and rainy season), and (11) developed. alternating commodities (non-susceptible species) Seaweed farming can play a significant role in (Tauhid et al. 2005). The most practical way operated nutrient recycling, in fact of any waste nitrogen and by farmers is to change culture species from common phosphorus, not only from aquaculture farms carp to tilapia. It is believed that other than common (Sorgeloos 2001). The production of seaweed was carps such as tilapia, gouramy, and catfish are not 397,964 tons in 2004 (Sukadi 2006). the appropriate host or carriers for KHV. Contamination of Harmful Wastes Utilization of Non-commercial and Industrial Drugs and Chemicals Fish to Feed Farm Fishes in Open Waters

Non-commercial fish or by catch species or “trash Indonesian Act No 31/2004 Chapter 8 states that fish”, is commonly used for feeding in marine finfish owner of aquaculture farm, representative of the culture. Small-scale grouper culture usually use owner, and/or responsible person who run trash fish for feeding. The availability of trash fish is aquaculture business is not allowed to use seasonal, and even though the knowledge of stock chemicals, biological agents, explosive materials, condition of trash fish is not well understood, there equipments and/or constructions which may be is evidence that a decreasing production of small harmful and/or threatens the sustainability of fish pelagic and demersal fish occurred in Malaka Straits resources and/or its environments of fisheries (Sumiono 2006). For the bigger scale of marine management area in the Republic of Indonesia. 73 To prevent farmers using prohibited and density (and hence, pollution loading) well below restricted drugs and chemicals at the production the carrying capacity of the water body. Computer level is stipulated in Manual of Good Aquaculture simulation and hydraulic models can be applied to Practice. A program to monitor the use of antibiotics estimate its maximum stocking density. (especially Chloramphenicol) in shrimp farming Improvement of feed formulation and operate and during processing has been established. The integrated culture (using macro algae, filter-feeders contamination of such drugs in feed and open water and deposit feeders) are also ways to reduce is also monitored. significantly pollution loading and environmental Monitoring of water quality is conducted and effects from marine fish farming (Wu 2001). For prioritized in the area where mollusk culture likes example, Rachmansyah (2004) estimated the mussel (Perna viridis) culture operated. Aquaculture carrying capacity of Awarange Bay in South Development Centers under Directorate of Sulawesi of around 36 tons of fish biomass under 28 Aquaculture as an Implementing Technical Units ha potential area for marine fish farming. are the major institutions who implement the There is a problem in the aquaculture monitoring programs. Trace heavy metals, poisoning development planning especially in the remote plankton, harmful pathogenic bacteria are the area. The development of aquaculture zone in the important parameters which should be observed. remote area is usually hampered by lack of good Development of mollusk culture or mussel culture is infrastructure like good irrigation channels, access not allowed in the area where the excessive level of road, electricity, ice-making plant in the area nearby. trace heavy metal or potential poisoning plankton Without these good infrastructures it will be difficult occurred. Important parameters which are observed to achieve more efficient aquaculture operation. both in the waters and meat of mollusks are fecal Hence, marketing of aquaculture product in global coliform, E. coli, Salmonella, HG, Pb, Cu, Zn and perspective will always be less competitive with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). Government other exporter countries. For these reason, the regulation No 24 – 1991 to avoid the pollution in sea result of land capability and carrying capacity water environment is used for the best site selection assessment which is used for aquaculture planning of mollusk culture. should be followed by the investment and construction of such infrastructures. Rural Land Capability and Carrying Capacity aquaculture development approach is appropriate Assessment for Aquaculture Planning to be made to develop aquaculture zone in that area. The operation of mariculture should minimize its affects on coastal resources, environment and other FOOD SAFETY REQUIREMENTS activities. Hence, mariculture and also its related FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS land-based supporting facilities in shore planning should be based on carrying capacity estimation in In chapter 20 of Indonesian Act No 31/ 2004, it is a broad range of habitat types. The development of mentioned that fish processing and fish product land capability classification schemes which are should meet “pre-requisites” and quality assurance needed for sustainable brackish-water pond and food safety. Quality assurance system and food industries will support this type of mariculture safety has three subsystems i.e.: (1) quality control planning. In Indonesia, those two activities include and surveillance, (2) the development and carrying capacity estimation for fish cage culture application of pre-requisites or standard on raw and land capability assessments are now materials, sanitation, handling and processing considered a high priority to be carried out. Research techniques, product quality, facilities and Institute for Coastal Aquaculture in Maros, South infrastructure, testing methods, and (3) certification. Sulawesi, in collaboration with Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is Hazard Critical Control Point now conducting the research activities related to (HACCP) Standard those two topics (Project Document FIS/2002/076 and Project Document FIS 2003/027). The use of Hazard and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Mitigation of environmental impacts of marine system for aquaculture has been already commonly fish farming may be achieved by keeping stocking implemented in aquaculture production in big-scale 74 integrated farms like shrimp and tilapia farms. The decentralized management of food safety laboratory use of HACCP system in the operation of small scale in each province has developed and administered of farm is still difficult to be implemented. HACCP directly under the related governor through its Dinas system was introduced since 1992, and applied Perikanan or Fisheries Province Agency. The voluntarily in 1993-1994, and is now mandatory reference laboratory is centrally located in Jakarta since 1998 (Mangunsong, Director of and has a function to develop harmonization testing Standardization-MMOF, personal communication). method and to increase institutional capacity of all Mandatory of HACCP has strong complemented provincial laboratories. Several parameters have with the mandatory of Good Manufacturing Practiced been observed routinely in these laboratories to (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating check chemical contaminations and drug residues. Procedures (SSOP). The HACCP system is used as However, there is still a needed capacity for the a base for the implementation of Integrated Quality observation of special parameters which is emerging Management Program. as a new requirement or demand from importing Under the application of Integrated Quality country. Management Program, Certification Program on Fish quarantine laboratory is still managed Shrimp Culture has been initiated since 2003 to centralized under the Secretary General of Ministry provide the quality assurance and food safety of of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF). Inter- Indonesian aquaculture products. insular and export-import fish transportation and trading should follow quarantine regulation, and Traceability the fish should be checked whether or not it is infected by quarantine diseases. Fish health Traceability, as a means to ensure product safety laboratory in each province is still developing. The has also commonly developed in big-scale function of this laboratory is to help farmers to check integrated aquaculture farms. In the big farm the health condition of seed or fish/shrimp in growing industries like Central Pertiwi Bahari, Dipasena, pond. There are 31 fish health laboratories equipped Aquafarms and others, individual batches of shrimps by PCR that has been developed throughout the or fish could be traced back to the pond where it was country. The function of these laboratories is also produced. The development of traceability is also as a facility to check health condition of fish/shrimp hampered by small-scale farm which are the most which will be moved to other provincial areas. dominant farms in Indonesia. However, the shrimp Harmonization of methods used and increasing the or fish from collectors or brokers generally has capacity including human resources development already coded in processing plants in order to be to operate these laboratories are needed. able to trace back to the places or villages where the Utilization and distribution of drugs for broker collected the shrimps. At the level of broker aquaculture is regulated through Directorate General activity, it is difficult to trace back to the pond where of Aquaculture. Special commission for testing and each individual batches of shrimp or fish has been evaluating for the new drug registration has been produced since the broker mixed up all the batches established. The function of this commission is to and graded them according to the shrimp or fish help Director General of Aquaculture on the size. As a common issue in ASEAN Countries, the evaluation of a new drug before giving a register establishment of such system is also hampered by number and distribution license to that new drug. small farm size, the large number of farms, lack of DG of Aquaculture usually issues the permits of new effective farm registration systems, monitoring registered drug distribution and provides information capacity (and the costs involved) as well as the how to utilize the drugs in safety mode. diversified nature of farm harvesting collection and transport to the processors (RAP 2004). PRODUCT QUALITY AND SAFETY IN AQUACULTURE Monitoring of Pathogenic Bacteria, Chemical Contamination and Breeding and Genetics Drug Residues Brood stock availability and its management are Every province in Indonesia has laboratory for food key factors in the process of production of good safety testing and that for quarantine. The quality seed. For this reason, important brood stock 75 centers have been established to multiply brood of Artemia Cysts has been produced in 2004 from stocks for its distribution to interested hatcheries. those areas. To provide more seeds available near Brood stock center for shrimp is located in Jepara the area of mariculture development, certain number (Mid Java), Situbondo (East Java), Takalar (South of provincial coastal hatcheries is being developed Sulawesi) and Ujung Batee (Aceh). The last center in several provinces. mentioned has been damaged by last tsunami In freshwater aquaculture, there are 13 species disaster in December 2004, and is now being of pangasids that have been found in several rivers reconstructed or rebuilt. Gondol Research institute in Sumatera Java and Kalimantan. Cross breeding for Marine Culture nowadays is conducting breeding between P. hypopthlamus and P. jambal has been programs of white shrimp (L. vanamei). Brood stock observed and its offspring has better growth than center for tilapia is developed in Sukabumi (West that of their parents. This P. jambal and its hybrid Java), Jambi, Mandiangin (South Kalimantan) and have been released as a good candidate species Tatelu (North Sulawesi). Common carps, tilapia, for national pangasid culture in Indonesia. Both and freshwater giant prawn are the priority species indigenous and introduced potential species of for national breeding programs. Seaweed center is freshwater lobster like Cherax albertisii, indigenous developed in Lombok and Grouper Center in species of Papua and red claw (C. quadricerinatus). Lampung. The species which are important for These introduced species from Australia have been culture development and have been developed are studied and found feasible as good candidate milkfish (Chanos chanos), grouper (Epinephelus species for future culture development. These two sp., Plectrophomus sp., Cromileptes altivelis), species have been released formally on Aug. 7, freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), 2006. Indonesian Network for Fisheries Genetics mud crab (Scylla sp.), catfish (Clarias batrachus, Research and development (INFIGRAD) has been Pangasius sp.), sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra), established in 1990s to facilitate communication seaweed (Gracilaria sp and Euchema sp) and some and information exchange among scientists who ornamental fishes (Sugama 2005). Shrimp (P. are interested in fish genetic research and monodon and L. vanamei) are the priority species development. to be developed under Indonesia Aquaculture Certification program on seed production has Revitalization Program. Eight other major been initiated since 2004 to assure good quality commodities like tilapia, grouper, milkfish, catfish, seed which are produced by hatcheries. Integrated gouramy, abalone and ornamental fish are also quality management control on seed production included in the aquaculture revitalization program. system is applied to create more feasible Small scale hatcheries or backyard hatcheries aquaculture, and hence the production are developed in many coastal areas to produce sustainability. Rehabilitation Program on local milkfish fry, grouper and post larvae (PL) of tiger hatcheries and seed markets are of government prawn (Penaeus monodon). Milkfish and grouper concern to strengthen local seed production and its seed production is the main activity of backyard marketing especially on freshwater aquaculture hatcheries located in Gondol (Bali), while tiger development in district area. prawn PL is produced by those in South Lampung, Northern Part of Mid Java, and Barru (South Feeding and Nutrition Sulawesi). However, the sustainability of shrimp backyard hatcheries is hampered by decreasing The pellet feed with its component composed by demand of PL due to the failure of its growing out imported fish meal increased costs of culture farm phase and also by the competition with PL produced and minimized the profit especially for freshwater by big scale hatcheries. In addition, since 2001 aquaculture. Several steps are taken as a solution many big scale farmers use imported SPF seed for to minimize the use of fish meal or to minimize the growing white shrimp (P. vanamei). Artemia is an culture cost, i.e.: (1) increase the utilization of local important natural feed use in the process shrimp PL fish meal, (2) substitution of fish meal with agriculture production. Indonesia imported this artemia around products and wastes, and in turn to minimize the 100 tons every year. Artemia culture is now capture or stress on wild fish stock, (3) synchronize developing in salt production ponds in Mid Java, the level inputs with the intensity level of culture Madura, East Java and East Nusa Tenggara to technology. Marginal analysis on farm management provide domestic artemia. At least around 474 kg usually indicated that maximum profit can be 76 achieved not at a level of maximum input and output, The availability of good quality seed is provided but well below these levels, (4) special zoning area with the implemented breeding program on specific for aquaculture to provide better facilities for input species and establishment or rehabilitation and marketing, and (5) improvement of feed hatcheries. composition to the feed although its nutrition value HACCP and traceability have been applied has been reduced due to fish meal use reduction. mostly in big scale integrated aquaculture and all in Utilization of fish meal for catfish feed has the fish processing plant. Its application is also still successfully decreased until the level of 10-15 hampered by small scale aquaculture which is percent using soybean meal as a substitute common in the structure of Indonesia Aquaculture. component. Several trials have indicated good For the sustainability of Indonesian results on the application of fish silage, mollusk Aquaculture, there are still many tasks that are meats, plant-based protein, and maggot harvested needed to be done especially on working on the from palm-oil wastes. empowering of small scale farmers which include: Integrated aquaculture and poly-culture is a to provide better quality assurance and safety food good culture technique in rain-fed ponds applied by of aquaculture products to meet consumer and farmers in Lamongan, East Java. Intensive regulator demands, to produce product quality and fertilization is applied to stimulate natural feed and safety in aquaculture like seed and feed, and to hence minimized cost of feeds. Culture-based extend more the implementation of sustainable fisheries are developing in Mid Java with the practices and management schemes to preserve empowering community based management on the aquaculture environment. small reservoir. There is no feed required for this Enhancing more responsible small-and- activity, but the availability of seeds is demanded. medium scale farmer production and marketing, Silvo aquaculture where mangrove area is utilized and also strengthening government institutions for stocking crabs or fish is also one good example which have linkages in fish health management, as no feeding aquaculture. Organic culture of shrimp aquaculture product quality and safety, and is usually conducted by farmers at low intensity of preservation of environment are needed; to increase feeding in same places in East Java and East productivity and incomes of farmers in a more Kalimantan. efficient, responsible and competitive environment.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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