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A Current Update on Phytopharmacology of the Genus Alternanthera Hundiwale Jogendra C.*1, Patil Avinash V

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A Current Update on Phytopharmacology of the Genus Alternanthera Hundiwale Jogendra C.*1, Patil Avinash V Hundiwale Jogendra C et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1924-1929 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 www.jpronline.info A current update on phytopharmacology of the genus Alternanthera Hundiwale Jogendra C.*1, Patil Avinash V. 2, Kulkarni Mohan V. 3, Patil D.A.4 and Mali Ravindra G. 5 1. Dept. of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon , Maharastra, India 2. Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of Pharmacy, Chopda, Dist. Jalgaon Maharastra, India 3. Division of Biochemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Pune, Poona, Maharastra, India 4. Dept. of Botany, S.S.V.P. Sanshta’s LK Dr. P.R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, Maharastra, India 5. L. B. Rao Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shri B. D. Rao College Campus, Khambhat-388 620, Maharastra, India Received on:11-01-2012; Revised on: 17-02-2012; Accepted on:19-04-2012 ABSTRACT The genus Alternanthera, (family: Amaranthaceae) is interesting from both pharmacological and phytochemical perspectives. Very few species in this genus have a long history of use in traditional medicinal systems. Alternanthin B, the most important constituent isolated is known to posse’s antitumor activity. Very few additional data are available on the phytochemical and biological activities of pure compounds from Alternanthera. It is tragedy that due to modernization, industrialization and enhanced needs, natural harmony is getting disturbed. It is, therefore, essential to study and conserve them before they become extinct. This paper gives a critical assessment of the literature to date and aims to focus the pharmaceutical potential of the genus that has been underestimated and requires closer attention. KEY WORDS: Amaranthaceae, Alternanthera, Phytopharmacology, Flavonoids, Saponins 1.INTRODUCTION: Amaranthaceae is a cosmopolitan family consisting of 64 genera and about stigmas; or styles 2 or 3 papillosely stigmatic on the lower face, erect or 800 species, mostly abundant in tropical regions of America, Africa and recurved. Fruit a membranous utricle, rarely a circumscissilely or irregularly India. The Family represented by herbs, few shrubs and a large number of the rupturing capsule, very rarely a berry, enclosed in or supported by the per- amaranthaceous species are ubiquitous weeds [20]. The genus Alternanthera sistent perianth. Seed inverted or erect, orbicular, ovate or reniform, com- an important representative of the family Amaranthaceae was established pressed; testa crustaceous; embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular, surround- by Forsskal in 1775. The genus comprises approximately 80 species which ing a floury albumen. The plants mostly occur in tropical, subtropical or are widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of New World. A. temperate regions [28]. philoxeroides has been found to be quite rich in iron content and may be used as salad. This species may also be used for production of methane gas and 2.2 Ethnobotanical studies: tertiary filtration system for domestic sewage. Thus glimpses the nutritional Several species of the genus Alternanthera are widely used in traditional and economical potential of genus. The genus is reported to contain amino medicine and are as summarized in the Table 1. Some of the species from the acids, flavone glycosides, steroids [59], saponins [53], lipids [25], and vita- genus Alternanthera are consumed as wild vegetable also [46] mins [49]. The genus finds potential claims in the viral diseases [7], as an immunomodulator [17], protective against cancer [11], antimalarial [21] and 3. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES: in the treatment of diarrhea [63]. In this paper, a contemporary summary of The chemistry of this genus is complex with wide variety of phytochemical biological, pharmacological and other miscellaneous research on Alternanthera constituents. The genus is enriched with flavonoids and glycosides. Some species is presented and critically evaluated. Amongst the various species, species of the genus reported to contain alkaloids, and several other compo- only six species have been phytochemically investigated. nents including sugars, amino acids, hydrocarbons and steroids. Following are the important phytochemical reports on the various species of 2. ETHNOBOTANY OF ALTERNANTHERA: Alternanthera. 2.1 Botanical Description 3.1 Betaine: Leaves are opposite or alternate; stipules O. Flowers are usually hermaphro- Betaine compounds are chemically compatible osmolytes aiding adaptation dite (rarely polygamous or dioecious), small, usually in terminal simple or to saline and dry conditions and it has been demonstrated that applications of paniculate spikes, cymes or clusters (the outer flowers of a cluster some- betaines in low amounts to plants has resulted in significant enhancement of times deformed); bracts hyaline or scarious; never leafy; bracteoles 2, sca- the ability of plants to resists attack by fungi and root knot nematodes [14]. brous. Perianth usually of 5 free or slightly connate hyaline or scarious Glycine betaine produced by wide variety of marine organisms having di- persistent sepals, imbricate in bud. Stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals usually verse effect on the enzymatic reactions of living organisms [48] and also included; filaments usually connate below or united with intervening mem- posses antimicrobial activity [31]. Gerald Blunden and et al examined aerial branous staminodes in a hypogynous cup; anthers 1-, 2- celled. Ovary 1- parts of 23 species distributed in 10 genera of the Amaranthaceae for the celled, ovoid, ellipsoid or lobose; ovules one or more, amphitropous, erect or presence of betaine. Glycine betaine was isolated from all the species studied suspended from short or long free basal funicles; style sometimes simple or and eight out of nine species of Amaranthus revealed presence of trigonelline. obsolete with capitellate or small stigma, sometimes 2-3-fid with acute Amongst nine species two species were from Alternanthera. From the data obtained they have justified classification of Amaranthaceae as a betaine *Corresponding author. accumulating family [14]. Dr. Hundiwale Jogendra C. Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil 3.2. Flavonoids: College of Pharmacy, Flavonoids are polyphenols that occur universally in dietary and medicinal Chopda-425 107, Dist. plants and exhibit a wide variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, Jalgaon ,Maharastra, India anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial [22]. A number of flavonoids and flavone glycosides have been isolated and identified from Alternanthera species (Table 2). Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 1924-1929 Hundiwale Jogendra C et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1924-1929 Table 1: Traditional uses of the various species of genus Alternanthera Plant resource Plant part used Traditional uses Method of application Reference A.sessilis Leaves and stems Stomach and gastric problems, Leaves and stems are roasted Jubilee et al. 2006 [24] posse’s antiulcer activity. and taken orally Leaves and shoots Galactagogue,fodder, for night - Mishra S.B. et al. 2008 [37] blindness and increase flow of milk in cattle. Shoots Wild vegetables - Kar and Borthakur 2008 [27] Whole plant Alleviate dementia, to create a - Michael Adam et al. 2007 [36] disease-free youth state and significant vigor Whole plant Diarrhea, leprosy, skin - Dhole et al. 2009 [10] diseases and fever Leaves Stomachache Half Kg of leaves mixed with Shivanna et al. 2009 [54] pepper and salt and fried in ghee. Fried plant material taken orally, daily once for 2-3 days Root, stem and leaf Blood dysentery Decoction is taken twice a day Sunilkumar Sen et al. 2008 [57] Whole plant Blood and skin diseases - Hemen Sarma et al. 2008 [18] Whole plant Growth of hair and Juice of plant Mithun Sikdar, et al. 2008 [38] induces lactation in women Leaves Eye diseases Periodical consumption Ramarao, et al. 2005 [45] of leaves A. pungens Whole plant Measles Paste is applied externally Kamal Elkhalifa et al. 2006 [26] Aerial parts Against grippes, headache An infusion is prepared with a Agra et al. 2007 [1] and abdominal pain handful of fresh plant in one liter of water Inflorescences As vermifuge A spoonful decoction in a cup Agra et al. 2007 [1] of water drunk before breakfast once a day A. dentate Aerial parts Anti-inflammatory, analgesic - Beatriz et al. 2006 [6] and antibiotic A. tenella Colla Aerial parts Diuretic - Beatriz et al. 2006 [6] Leaves Diuretic, anti-pyretic, antiseptic of An infusion of a spoonful in a Agra et al. 2007 [1] urinary tract and against gripes cup of water. Drunk as tea Roots Amenorrhea, inflammations, A decoction of handful of roots Agra et al. 2007 [1] ovarian diseases, and in treatment in one liter of water. It is drunk of female sterility as water. A. brasiliana Inflorescences In treatment of colds and grippes, An infusion of a spoonful in a Agra et al. 2007 [1] headaches and as expectorant cup of water Leaves Antipyretic An infusion of a spoonful in Agra et al. 2007 [1] a cup of water Roots Diarrhea Decoction of fresh roots Agra et al. 2007 [1] in a cup of water Aerial parts Antimicrobial Aqueous extract Gilsane, et al. 2008 [15] A. philoxeroides Whole plant Influenza Syrup International conference proceedings, 1991 [41] Whole plant Vegetable - Rahman et al. 2007 [44] A. porrigens Leaf and flower Hepatic pain, Influenza, Aqueous infusion Omar Malagon et al. 2007[39] Kidney problems A. repens Whole plant Vegetable - Bye et al.1990 [47] A. bettzickiana Whole plant Wild edible - Arinathan
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