DOCSLIB.ORG

Empire and Its Discontents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Empire and Its Discontents EMPIRE AND ITS DISCONTENTS: MODERNITY AND SUBALTERN REVOLT IN UPPER EGYPT, 1700-1920 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Zeinab A. Abul-Magd, M.A. Washington, DC June 17, 2008 Copy Rights 2008 by Zeinab Abul-Magd All Rights Reserved ii EMPIRE AND ITS DISCONTENTS: MODERNITY AND SUBALTERN REVOLT IN UPPER EGYPT, 1700-1920 Zeinab A. Abul-Magd, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Judith E. Tucker, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Empire is not a supreme entity controlling high-level policies in metropolises: it is a reality translated into the daily lives of the subalterns at the periphery of the periphery of empire, as this microhistory of Qina province during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries argues. Qina is a small place deep in the south of Egypt, and this study looks at the lives of subaltern women and men in this province and then moves beyond southern Egypt to attempt to understand two centuries of imperialism and rebellion in world history. This period marked great transformations as the world moved from “traditional” to “modern” empire, or from “despotic” to allegedly “liberal” discourses and exercises of imperialism. In order to analyze modes of imperial hegemony and modes of subaltern revolt, this study examines four empires in Qina province: the Ottoman (1700s), Muhammad Ali’s (1811-1848), the informal British (1848 to 1882), and finally the formal British (1882-1920). This study argues that as the world progressed toward modern imperialism and its alleged modernity, Qina province endured irreversible peripheralization and marginalization, a fate that it might have shared with many other small places in the world. While the postcolonial critique of the “consequences of modernity” mostly iii focuses on metropolises overtly impacted by European imperialism or rural areas directly affected by capitalist disturbances, this study examines an utterly marginalized space, far away from the centers of events. It shows that the empire was there too, leaving a more profound impact and generating unique modes of resistance. This study adopts “the empire” as its main unit of analysis, rather than the nation state. It is an inquiry into the empire as the key to understanding the major shifts in modern history, and questions the ability of this unit to generate nuanced conclusions in studying the history of small, marginalized places in the world. Furthermore, this study turns its attention to the rural subalterns of the empires, rather than the urban nationalistic elites, to inquire about the ability of these social groups to reveal an alternative history of those places. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Empire, Modernity, and Subaltern Revolt …………………………………….. 1 Chapter 1 Qina in a Non-Eurocentric World Economy, 1200s-1700s …………………. 28 Chapter 2 The “Republic” of Upper Egypt: Under the Ottoman Empire, 1700s ..……………………………………….... 64 Chapter 3 The Price of Revolt: Muhammad Ali’s Empire, 1811-1848 ………………………………………. 106 Chapter 4 Steamers, Plantations, and Mines: The Age of Informal Empire, 1848-1882 ……………………………………. 163 Chapter 5 Rebellion in the Time of Cholera: Under the British Empire, 1882-1920 ……………………………………….. 221 Conclusion The Empire Hasn’t Gone Yet ……………………………………………….. 278 Maps and Illustrations ………………………………………………………. 290 Glossary ……………………………………………………………………….. 298 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... 300 v Upper Egypt Source: British Library vi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Qena.jpg vii INTRODUCTION Empire, Modernity, and Subaltern Revolt Three years ago, while conducting my archival research in Cairo, I visited Qina province, a small place deep in the south of Egypt. In the fields bordering the town of Qus, one of the province’s agricultural and industrial centers, I noticed the glorious presence of an enormous silver, cylindrical building that looked alien to its surroundings. Inquiring about its contents, I learned that this was the storage silo for wheat granted by USAID. The controversial American food aid to Egypt, believed by many analysts to be a tool of imperial hegemony through establishing dependency, had made its way to the remotest places in the south. I also learned that the “informal empire” made an appearance in the province through many other ways.1 For instance, the program of economic reform that the Egyptian government has applied for many years, following the neoliberal Washington Consensus and its blueprint designed by the IMF and the World Bank, has deeply hurt the sugarcane cultivators in Qina. The former legal codes of landholding, promulgated by the Arab socialist regime, are now being reversed by a new code of private property, Law 96 of 1992. Peasants are being evicted from land that the state had returned to the pre-1952 elite families of the colonial era. Moreover, the state- 1 The concept of “informal empire” is used by many world historians to refer to forms of imperial hegemony that does not include military occupation. See: Niall Ferguson, Colossus: the Price of America’s Empire (New York : The Penguin Press, 2004), p. 10. On US aid in general and USAID’s wheat aid in particular and Egyptian dependency see: Galal Amin, Egypt’s Economic Predicament (Leiden: Brill, 1995). 1 owned sugar factory in Qus is awaiting its turn for privatization, which will entail the laying off of thousands of the province’s workers.2 As a matter of fact, the southern provinces of Egypt, including Qina, are known to be the most underdeveloped regions in the country’s modern history, as well as the most rebellious and disturbing to the central government. The UNDP’s annual reports on Arab human development show that Upper Egypt is located at the bottom of the ladder of human development, and several World Bank reports allude to the same fact.3 These reports come out while the neoliberal program of economic reform is being persistently applied in Egypt amidst profound opposition from those hurt by it. On the other hand, the gangs of bandits who take refuge in the mountains bordering the two sides of the Nile in Upper Egypt, matarid al-jabal, have come to symbolize ruthless crime as well as audacious resistance to the state. Many popular TV series and movies have presented a criminal, yet romantic, image of those bandits. They have even made their appearance recently on Facebook: an oppositional group of youth, resenting the authoritarian regime and its market reforms, named itself after an ever-resonating proclamation by a legendary southern bandit. The story of ‘Izzat ‘Ali Hanafi, whose execution filled the newspapers while I was conducting my archival research, was made into the most popular Egyptian movie of 2008, where he said: “From today, there is no government. I am the 2 Joseph Stiglitz’s Globalization and Its Discontents (London; New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003) insists that the US spreads the neoliberal myth of development only through market reform in the third world. On the impact of market reform policies on Qina’s peasants, see the reports of the Land Center of Human Rights, 2000-2008, Cairo. 3 See: UNDP, Arab Human Development Report 2004 (New York: 2005); http://go.worldbank.org/C15AQ9EG50 2 government” (min el naharda mafish hukuma. ana el hukuma).This fierce political statement is the name of the Facebook opposition group.4 Stories of wheat, sugarcane, liberal economies, bandits’ rebellion, and, more importantly, informal and formal empires constitute the history of the last few centuries in Qina province. Empire is not a supreme entity controlling high-level policies in metropolises: it is a reality translated into the daily lives of the subalterns at the periphery of the periphery of empire, as this microhistory of Qina province during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries argues.5 This study looks at the lives of subaltern women and men in Qina and then moves beyond this hardly-known southern province to attempt to understand two centuries of imperialism and rebellion in world history. This period marked great transformations as the world moved from “traditional” to “modern” empire, or from “despotic” to allegedly “liberal” discourses and exercises of imperialism. In order to analyze modes of imperial hegemony and modes of subaltern revolt, this study examines four empires in Qina province: the Ottoman (1700s), Muhammad Ali’s (1811- 1848), the informal British (1848 to 1882), and finally the formal British (1882-1920). This study argues that as the world progressed toward modern imperialism and its alleged modernity, Qina province, a small place in Upper Egypt,6 endured irreversible peripheralization and marginalization, a fate that it might have shared with many other 4 http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=8412576147. The movie’s title is al-Jazira, and among the popular TV series on Upper Egyptian bandits are Hada‘iq al-Shaytan and Dhi‘ab al-Jabal. 5 This study uses the term “microhistory” in a different way than its original meaning, proposed by Italian and other foreign historians such as Giovanni Levi, Carlo Ginzburg and Macro Ferrari, which focuses on the peoples and internal dynamics of European small villages and towns. Rather, this study looks at a small place while putting its internal transformations into the larger context of world economy and imperialism. 6 Using the term “small” place here is inspired by Jamaica Kincaid’s provocative and astounding book in post-colonial literature on the Caribbean Island
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt Market Watch
    JANUARY 2017 MARKETWATCH Information from Cartus on Relocation and International Assignment Trends and Practices. EMERGING MARKETS: EGYPT Egypt’s strong links with western countries instead of the Egyptian pound (EGP) due to the latter’s loss in has made it a popular destination for many value. However, the gap between US and Egyptian currency is now beginning to narrow, which means landlords are more multinational organisations wanting a foothold willing to accept payments in EGP. into Africa and the Middle East. Like most emerging markets, Egypt still remains a Cairo. Cairo is the most frequent expatriate destination in Egypt and as such there is a high demand for rental properties. Over challenging location for some international the past 15 years there has been an increase in new compounds assignees with housing and security issues to meet expatriate demand. These are mainly located in New currently highlighted as key areas of focus. Cairo in the east of the city and in 6th of October City to the west. With a large number of international organisations having Key Challenge Areas head offices in 6th of October City and New Cairo, many assignees and their families choose to live in these areas, which Input from Cartus’ Destination Service Provider on the ground in have good access to schools and nearby markets. Other popular Egypt, highlights the following key areas for assignees: neighbourhoods for assignees include Maadi, Zamalek, Dokki, Security Garden City and Rehab City. Housing Lease Conditions. Leases are typically for a minimum of one year, Transportation although bi-annual leases are available for a slightly higher cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/26/2021 06:03:31AM Via Free Access 312 Pieraccini La Langue Italienne Au Sein De Leurs Instituts D’Enseignement
    Social Sciences and Missions 32 (2019) 311–341 Social Sciences and Missions Sciences sociales et missions brill.com/ssm Catholic Missionaries of the ‘Holy Land’ and the Nahda The Case of the Salesian Society (1904–1920) Paolo Pieraccini Università di Firenze [email protected] Abstract At the beginning of the twentieth century, some Palestinian and Lebanese Salesians, influenced by the Arab Renaissance movement, began to claim the right to oppose the ‘directorships’ of the institutes of the Don Bosco Society in Bethlehem and the sur- rounding area. They also began to request better recognition of their native language, in schools and within the religious community. They clashed with their superiors who, in the meantime, had signed an agreement with the Salesian government in Rome, committing them to developing the Italian language in their teaching institutes. The struggle became particularly fierce after the Holy See rebuked the Palestinian religious congregations for teaching the catechism and explaining the Sunday Gospel to people in a foreign language and urged them to do so in Arabic. The clash caused a serious dis- turbance within the Salesian community. Finally, after the First World War, the most turbulent Arab religious were removed from the Society of Don Bosco. All converged in the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, where they continued forcefully (but in vain) to put forward their national demands. This article is based on several unpublished sources. Résumé Au début du XXe siècle, des salésiens palestiniens et libanais, influencés par le mouve- ment de la Renaissance arabe, revendiquent le droit de s’opposer à leur direction, celle des instituts de la Société de Don Bosco à Bethléem et dans les environs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Window Into Paleocene to Early Eocene Depositional History in Egypt Basedoncoccolithstratigraphy
    The Dababiya Core: A window into Paleocene to Early Eocene depositional history in Egypt basedoncoccolithstratigraphy Marie-Pierre Aubry1 and Rehab Salem1,2 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, NJ 08854-8066, USA email: [email protected] 2Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt [email protected] ABSTRACT: The composite Paleocene-lower Eocene Dababiya section recovered in the Dababiya Quarry core and accessible in out- crop in the Dababiya Quarry exhibits an unexpected contrast in thickness between the Lower Eocene succession (~Esna Shales) and the Paleocene one (~Dakhla Shales and Tarawan Chalk). We investigate the significance of this contrast by reviewing calcareous nannofossil stratigraphic studies performed on sections throughout Egypt. We show that a regional pattern occurs, and distinguish six areas—Nile Valley, Eastern Desert and western Sinai, Central and eastern Sinai, northern Egypt and Western Desert. Based on patterns related to thicknesses of selected lithobiostratigraphic intervals and distribution of main stratigraphic gaps, we propose that the differences in the stratigraphic architecture between these regions result from differential latest Paleocene and Early Eocene subsidence following intense Middle to Late Paleocene tectonic activity in the Syrian Arc folds as a result of the closure of the Neo-Tethys. INTRODUCTION view of coccolithophore studies in Egypt since their inception During the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene Egypt was (1968). Coccolith-bearing sedimentary rocks as old as part of a vast epicontinental shelf at the edge of the southern Cenomanian outcrop in central Sinai (Thamed area; Bauer et al. Tethys (text-fig. 1). Bounded by the Arabian-Nubian craton to 2001; Faris and Abu Shama 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Cotton on the Rise 2018 Cotton and Products Annual Egypt
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 3/27/2018 GAIN Report Number: EG18011 Egypt 2018 Cotton and Products Annual Egyptian Cotton on the Rise Approved By: Ali Abdi, Agricultural Minister Counselor Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Wally, Agricultural Specialist, and Bret Tate, Agricultural Attaché Report Highlights: After years of declining production, Egyptian cotton is again on the rise. A currency devaluation, new policies to increase yields and improve quality, and high farm-gate prices are encouraging farmers to expand cotton area and increase production. Under this new economic environment, cotton exports are expected to rise during the coming years, while imports decrease marginally. FAS Cairo expects MY 2018/19 production to reach 420,000 bales, a near 40 percent increase over MY 2017/18. Production: Since early 2017 the Government of Egypt has been actively taking steps to protect the cotton industry from further decline. The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) is now directly overseeing cottonseed quality and handling seed distribution. Additionally, the government increased their reported indicative price for cotton by over EGP 400 ($22.72) over the previous season. The indicative price for extra-long staple cotton produced in the Nile Delta increased to EGP 2700 per kantar ($743.42 per bale), while the indicative price for medium and short staple increased to EGP 2500 per kantar ($688.35 per bale). [Note: 1 kantar ≈ 45.02 kg lint cotton. End note.] With the policy shifts and higher prices, planted area and yields are expected to increase in the coming years.
    [Show full text]
  • International Selection Panel Traveler's Guide
    INTERNATIONAL SELECTION PANEL MARCH 13-15, 2019 TRAVELER’S GUIDE You are coming to EGYPT, and we are looking forward to hosting you in our country. We partnered up with Excel Travel Agency to give you special packages if you wish to travel around Egypt, or do a day tour of Cairo and Alexandria, before or after the ISP. The following packages are only suggested itineraries and are not limited to the dates and places included herein. You can tailor a trip with Excel Travel by contacting them directly (contact information on the last page). A designated contact person at the company for Endeavor guests has been already assigned to make your stay more special. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Destinations • Egypt • Cairo • Journey of The Pharaohs: Luxor & Aswan • Red Sea Authentic Escape: Hurghada, Sahl Hasheesh and Sharm El Sheikh Must-See Spots in: Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, Aswan & Sharm El Sheikh Proposed One-Day Excursions Recommended Trips • Nile Cruise • Sahl Hasheesh • Sharm El Sheikh Services in Cairo • Meet & Assist, Lounges & Visa • Airport Transfer Contact Details THE DESTINATIONS EGYPT Egypt, the incredible and diverse country, has one of a few age-old civilizations and is the home of two of the ancient wonders of the world. The Ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River more than 7000 years ago. It is recognizable for its temples, hieroglyphs, mummies, and above all, the Pyramids. Apart from visiting and seeing the ancient temples and artefacts of ancient Egypt, there is also a lot to see in each city. Each city in Egypt has its own charm and its own history, culture, activities.
    [Show full text]
  • En-10 Geochemical Characteristics and Environmental Isotopes Of
    Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences & Applications 6-10 February 2000. Cairo, Egypt En-10 Geochemical Characteristics and Environmental Isotopes of Groundwater Resources in some Oases in the Western Desert, Egypt EG0100098 M.S.Hamza, M.A.Awad, S.A.El-Gamal and M.A.Sadek Siting and Environmental Department, National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor St., Nasr City-11762, B.O.BOX 7551, Cairo-Egypt. ABSTRACT A study has been conducted using hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-18 & carbon-14) on the Nubian Sandstone aquifer which underlies the Western desert oases. The concerned three oases (El-Farafra, El-Dakhla and El-Kharga) covers an area about 8000 km2 from the total area of the Western Desert. Seventy one water samples were collected from these three oases and subjected to both chemical and isotopic analysis to evaluate their groundwater resources. The hydrochemical data of these water samples reveals that thier salinity doesn't exceed 500 mg/I as well as the presence of marine and meteoric water types with different percentage. The mineralization of the investigated groundwater may be evoluated under flusing the original marine water entrapped between the pores of the aquifer matrix by meteoric water which is furthely modified through leaching, dissolution, cation exchange and oxidation-reduction processes. The investigated groundwater indicates some sort of quality hazards for drinking and domestic purposes due to the high concentration of both iron (agverage 6 mg/1) and hydrogen sulphide (average 2.5 nig/I ) relative to WHO standard. This water can be used safety for all kinds of livestocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Position and Attitudes Towards Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Van Rossem et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:874 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2203-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Women's position and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Egypt: A secondary analysis of the Egypt demographic and health surveys, 1995-2014 Ronan Van Rossem1*, Dominique Meekers2 and Anastasia J. Gage2 Abstract Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is still widespread in Egyptian society. It is strongly entrenched in local tradition and culture and has a strong link to the position of women. To eradicate the practice a major attitudinal change is a required for which an improvement in the social position of women is a prerequisite. This study examines the relationship between Egyptian women’s social positions and their attitudes towards FGM, and investigates whether the spread of anti-FGM attitudes is related to the observed improvements in the position of women over time. Methods: Changes in attitudes towards FGM are tracked using data from the Egypt Demographic and Health Surveys from 1995 to 2014. Multilevel logistic regressions are used to estimate 1) the effects of indicators of a woman’ssocial position on her attitude towards FGM, and 2) whether these effects change over time. Results: Literate, better educated and employed women are more likely to oppose FGM. Initially growing opposition to FGM was related to the expansion of women’s education, but lately opposition to FGM also seems to have spread to other segments of Egyptian society.
    [Show full text]
  • Pax Britannica and the Anti-Systemic Movement of Viceroy Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt
    PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY OKYANUS AKIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen (Ankara Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Okyanus Akın Signature: iii ABSTRACT PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT Akın, Okyanus M.S., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur December 2019, 234 pages The Pax Britannica, as a system, defined the political-economy of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction Projects Sector - Q4 2018 Report
    Construction Projects Sector - Q4 2018 Report Construction Projects 4 (2018) Report American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt - Business Information Center 1 of 20 Construction Projects Sector - Q4 2018 Report Special Remarks The Construction Projects Q4 2018 report provides a comprehensive overview of the Construction Projects sector with List of sub-sectors focus on top tenders, big projects and important news. Administrative Buildings Bridges Tenders Section Earthmoving Works Hospitals - Integrated Jobs (Having a certain engineering component) - sorted by Hotels & Tourist Development - Generating Sector (the sector of the client who issued the tender and who would pay for the goods & services ordered) Integrated works - Client Parks & Landscaping Renovation, Concrete Treatment & Paints Residential Buildings - Supply Jobs River Ports - Generating Sector Roads Construction - Client Schools & Other Educational Buildings Sea Ports Non-Tenders Section Steel Structure, Possible Prefab - Business News - Projects Awards - Projects in Pre-Tendering Phase - Privatization and Investments - Published Co. Performance - Loans & Grants - Fairs and Exhibitions This report includes tenders with bid bond greater than L.E. 50,000 and valuable tenders without bid bond Tenders may be posted under more than one sub-sector Copyright Notice Copyright ©2018, American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt (AmCham). All rights reserved. Neither the content of the Tenders Alert Service (TAS) nor any part of it may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt. In no event shall AmCham be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019-Egypt-Skydive.Pdf
    Giza Pyramids Skydive Adventure February 15-19, 2019 “Yesterday we fell over the pyramids of Giza. Today we climbed into the King’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid. I could not think of any other way on (or above) the earth to experience all of the awe inspiring mysteries that this world has to offer.” JUMP Like a Pharaoh in 2019 Start making plans now for our first Tandem Jump Adventure over the Pyramids of Giza! Tandem Skydive over the Great Giza Pyramid, one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. Leap from an Egyptian military Hercules C-130 and land between the pyramids. No prior skydiving experience is necessary….just bring your sense of adventure! Skydive Egypt – Sample Itinerary February 15th-19th, 2019 Day 1, February 15 – Arrival Arrive in Cairo, Egypt at own expense Met by Incredible Adventures Representative Transfer to Mercure La Sphinx Hotel * Days 2, 3 - February 16 – 17 – Designated Jump Days** Arrive at Drop Zone Review and sign any necessary waivers Group briefing and equipment fitting Review of aircraft safety procedures and features Individual training with assigned tandem master Complete incredible Great Giza Tandem Skydive Day 4 (5) – February 18 (19) Free Day for Sightseeing & Jump Back-Up Day - Depart Egypt Note: Hotel room will be kept until check-out time on the 19th. American clients should plan to depart on an “overnight flight” leaving after midnight on the 18th. * Designated hotel may change, based on availability. Upgrade to the Marriott Mena for an additional fee. ** You’ll be scheduled in advance to tandem jump on Day 2 or 3, with Day 4 serving as a weather back-up day.
    [Show full text]
  • Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference 2021
    Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference 2021 Future Crisis Committee Maheen Safian, Chair Sameer Mamun, Crisis Director 1 Hey, delegates! My name is Maheen Safian, and I am the future crisis chair for HUMUNC 2021! Currently, I'm a sophomore double-majoring in political science and global studies. In addition to being the vice president of Hofstra Model UN, I've been a strategy article writer for the Model UN training website allamericanmun.com for the past several years. Previously, I assisted in SPECPOL as a dais during HUMUNC 2020, and attended the Columbia College Model UN Conference during my first semester at Hofstra. My experience in MUN is extensive, ranging from my sophomore year of high school until now! Undeniably, it has made me grow incredibly as a student and leader. In addition to MUN, I'm involved as the Hofstra Campus Organizer for Peace Action, an organization furthering pro- peace foreign policy through lobbying and political organization. Outside of campus, I'm the ECOSOC intern for the Pakistan Permanent Mission to the United Nations, where I research sustainable development initiatives in developing nations. I'm excited to see all of you soon, and the solutions you may bring! Sincerely, Maheen Safian Future Crisis Chair HUMUNC 2021 2 Greetings honorable delegates! My name is Sameer Mamun, but you may all soon know me as your Future Crisis Committee Director during this Hofstra Model United Nations Conference! Currently, it is my second year here at Hofstra and I am a Business Management major. In terms of MUN experience, I have plenty at both the high school and collegiate level.
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties and Sources of Sandstone Used in Ancient Egyptian Temples
    The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture vol. 1, 2016 Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples James A. Harrell Cite this article: J. A. Harrell, ‘Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples’, JAEA 1, 2016, pp. 11-37. JAEA www.egyptian-architecture.com ISSN 2472-999X Published under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 2.0 JAEA 1, 2016, pp. 11-37. www.egyptian-architecture.com Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples J. A. Harrell1 From Early Dynastic times onward, limestone was the construction material of choice for An- cient Egyptian temples, pyramids, and mastabas wherever limestone bedrock occurred, that is, along the Mediterranean coast, in the northern parts of the Western and Eastern Deserts, and in the Nile Valley between Cairo and Esna (fig. 1). Sandstone bedrock is present in the Nile Valley from Esna south into Sudan as well as in the adjacent deserts, and within this region it was the only building stone employed.2 Sandstone was also imported into the Nile Valley’s limestone region as far north as el-‘Sheikh Ibada and nearby el-‘Amarna, where it was used for New Kingdom tem- ples. There are sandstone temples further north in the Bahariya and Faiyum depressions, but these were built with local materials. The first large-scale use of sandstone occurred near Edfu in Upper Egypt, where it was employed for interior pavement and wall veneer in an Early Dynastic tomb at Hierakonpolis3 and also for a small 3rd Dynasty pyramid at Naga el-Goneima.4 Apart from this latter structure, the earliest use of sandstone in monumental architecture was for Middle Kingdom temples in the Abydos-Thebes region with the outstanding example the 11th Dynasty mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (Nebhepetre) at Deir el-Bahri.
    [Show full text]