William Blake and His Circle
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William Blake and His Circle APPENDIX Blake Records Second Edition (2004) ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA1017 The most extensive and important discoveries of contemporary references to William Blake and his relations since the Second Edition of Blake Records went to press concern the Moravian faith of his mother before he was born1018 and the Will and family of his wife’s brother-in-law Henry Banes after his death.1019 See also the apprenticeship of Thomas Owen to William Blake in June 1788. P. xii For "Lisson Grove, west of the map" and "No. 20 (1828- 130)" READ: 1017 The information about Walkeringham and the Moravians in these Addenda was first recorded in Keri Davies, “William Blake in Contexts: Family, Friendships, and Some Intellectual Microcultures of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth- Century England”, Surrey Ph.D., 2003, of which he generously sent me a copy. The discovery of the Blake connection with the Moravians was made by Dr Keith Schuchard in June 2001 and published in Keri Davies and Marsha Keith Schuchard, “Recovering the Lost Moravian History of William Blake’s Family”, Blake, XXXVIII (2004), 36-43 – apparently omitting the references below dated 6 Feb, 13 Aug 1750, 12, 28 Sept, 20, 23 Nov, 4, 11, 18 Dec 1751. (When I examined the Archive in the 1960s, we did not know that Blake’s mother had first married Thomas Armitage, and the connection with Blake was therefore invisible.) For wonderfully generous help when my wife and I worked in the Moravian Church Archives in 5-7 Muswell Hill, London, in May 2004 I am deeply indebted to the archivist Lorraine Parsons. 1018 Keri Davies and Marsha Keith Schuchard, “Recovering the Lost Moravian History of William Blake’s Family”, Blake, XXXVIII (2004), 36-43. 1019 Angus Whitehead, “‘I also beg Mr Blakes acceptance of my wearing apparel’: The Will of Henry Banes, Landlord of 3 Fountain Court, Strand, the Last Residence of William and Catherine Blake”, Blake, XXXIX (2005),78-99. 3075 Queen Street, Mayfair, to the right of the map and No. 1 (1828-29) P. xii For "1785-90" READ: 1785-91 P. xii For "Upper Charlotte Street" and "1828-31" READ: Upper Charlton Street ... (1829-31) P. xiv for "1790-1800" READ: 1791-1800 P. xix Owners and Repositories of Unique Materials Cowper and Newton Museum (Olney, Buckinghamshire), since 1996 on deposit in the Buckinghamshire County Record Office Fitzwilliam Museum (including the MS “Autobiography of John Linnell” formerly in the collection of John S. Linnell) Moravian Church Archives (London) Murray (John) Archive (National Library of Scotland) Nottinghamshire County Archives (Walkeringham Church Register) Princeton University Library, Cromek Archive (formerly David Warrington) 3076 William Blake and His Circle Universitätsarchiv (Herrnhut, Germany) P. xxii DELETE “David Warrington” P. xxxiv to the Boucher-Butcher genealogy substitute for Catherine’s sister Sarah1020 Sarah Boucher ====10 Nov 1788 == Henry Banes Battersea St Brides St Brides (1757-March 1824) London (d. 20 Jan 1829) ___________ Wine Cooper Louisa1021 ========= Richard Best (?1790-?1845) (d. ?1839) Watch finisher ____________________________________ Charles Charlotte Elizabeth Thomas Richard St Louisa St St John Pancras St Pancras Pancras Pancras St Pancras 1020 The new information about the Banes and Best families derives from Angus Whitehead, “‘I also beg Mr Blakes acceptance of my wearing apparel’: The Will of Henry Banes, Landlord of 3 Fountain Court, Strand, the Last Residence of William and Catherine Blake”, Blake, XXXIX (2005),78-99. 1021 Mrs Best’s given name is spelled “Louisa” in the baptismal records of her children in the rate books of 3 Fountain Court (1839-44) and in the 1841 census; it appears as “Louiza” in the transcripts of the Will of Henry Banes (1826) and its proving (1829). Probably the correct spelling is “Louisa” as in the name of her daughter Charlotte Louisa. Louisa’s age is derived from the census of summer 1841 (reported by Whitehead, pp. 90, 91) in which she is said to be 50 years old and “ind” (i.e., of independent means). The 1841 census identifies Thomas and Richard Best Jr as artists. 3077 (b. 1 April (b. 16 Aug (b. 19 Dec (b. 4 Dec (b. 20 March 1805) 1807) 1809) 1813) 1815) print co- artist lourer & artist (ex- hibited 1834-39) P. 2 The christening of the baby who was to become the mother of William Blake was recorded in the church of St Mary Magdalen in the village of Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire: “Catherine ye Daughter of Gervase Wright & Mary his [wife was] Bapt. Novem. 21st” 1725.1022 Walkeringham is a straggling village three miles West of Gainsborough (Lincolnshire), twenty miles North-West of Lincoln, and forty miles North-East of Nottingham. Cudworth (Barnsley, formerly Yorkshire), where Catherine’s future husband Thomas Armitage had been christened three years before, on 21 June 1722, is 35 miles West-North-West (through Doncaster) from Walkeringham. Catherine came from a family of yeomen.1023 She had six brothers and sisters, two of whom died before she was born: 1022 Walkeringham Parish Church Register, Nottinghamshire County Archives, transcribed from a photograph reproduced in Blake, XXXVIII (2004), 42. BR (2) xxxii, said she was born in London 28 Sept 1723. 1023 Her family may not have remained long in Walkeringham, for no Wright appears in the printed Nottingham voters lists of 1774, 1818, 1826, and 1830. 3078 William Blake and His Circle Gervase Wright Maltster and Yeoman Farmer of Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire Will of 7 Oct 1700 ___________ Gervase Wright married Mary Dawson 23 April 1712 _____________________________________________________________ Richard Robert Katharin John Elizabeth Elizabeth Catherine Benjamin married Elizabeth 29 April 6 Feb 15 Oct 1 Jan 30 June 6 April 21 Nov 23 Sept 4 July 1715 1717 1718 1720 1722 1724 1725 1729 1754 2 Dec 1732 died buried young 8 Oct 1722 _________________________________ Richard Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Mary 7 July 3 Nov 22 June 23 Nov 19 Feb 1759 1763 1766 1769 1024 1772 When she was ten, she may have been present when Elizabeth Perkyns, who had been convicted of extortion and false accusation of rape, on 16 July 1736, was “stript naked from the waist upwards and whipt publicly in her Town of 1024 The dates are of christenings, in Walkeringham for Gervase Wright and his children, in Sutton Cum Lound for Elizabeth Whitehead Wright and her children. The information comes from the Nottinghamshire Record Office via Davies. 3079 Walkeringham ... between the hours of twelve and one till her body be bloody”.1025 Catherine Wright married Thomas Armitage, hosier, in London on 14 December 1746. Four years later, the young couple were drawn to the newly formed Moravian Congregation in Fetter Lane,1026 whose records show: “Munday 13.th August 1750 ... Armitage desires to come nearer to ye B.rn also his Wife in the Society & M.rs Clarke”.1027 The Moravians were at the forefront of the English spiritual revival. On the night of 1-2 January 1739, John and Charles Wesley, George Whitefield, and Benjamin Ingham (inter alia) attended a Moravian lovefeast,1028 and, according to Wesley’s journal, about 3:00 A.M. “the power of God came mightily upon us, insomuch that many cried out for exceeding 1025 K. Tweedale Meaby, Nottingham: Extracts from the County Records of the Eighteenth Century (Nottingham [?1948]), 207. 1026 According to Colin Podmore, The Moravian Church in England, 1728- 1760 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998), 170, “the first English [Moravian] congregation [was formed] on 15 May 1742" in Fetter Lane. In 1749 an Act of Parliament recognized the Moravian Church as “an antient Protestant Episcopal Church”, a sister church of the Church of England (Podmore 228). 1027 Moravian Church Archives: Society Labourers’ Conference Minutes. The dates are from the Old Style (Julian) calendar; in the English-speaking world, the last day of the Old Style Calendar was 2 Sept 1752. 1028 “The lovefeast is primarily a song service, opened with prayer ... the presiding minister often says a few words, explaining the purpose of the service, just before the congregation partakes of the bun and coffee, or whatever is served. ... There is no rule as to the food to be offered, except that it be very simple and easily distributed” (Adelaide L. Fries, Customs and Practices of the Moravian Church, Revised Edition [Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Moravian Church in North America, 2003], 78). 3080 William Blake and His Circle joy, and many fell to the ground.” This “sudden effusion of the Holy Ghost”1029 marked the beginning of a year in which the Revival was to overflow the confines of the Fetter Lane Society and spread into other parts of England. ... this lovefeast in Fetter Lane was the turning-point at which the Revival’s focus moved from devotional revitalization in London to evangelism throughout England.1030 Though licensed as Dissenters, the Moravians did not wish to separate their members from their birth-churches (usually Anglican) or to form a new sect.1031 Rather, they wished to form powerhouses of piety within the orthodoxies of Anglicanism (in England) or Lutheranism (in Germany). At first the Moravians expanded their numbers very rapidly. In 1748 “they put the total numbers of souls in their care in England ... between 5,000 and 6,000, compared with 12,000 for Wesley and 20,000 for Whitefield”.1032 Much of this expansion was in Yorkshire, led by Benjamin Ingham.1033 In 1742 and 1744 Moravian societies were formed in Wyke (South of Bradford), Mirfield (South South East of Wyke), Gomersal, Pudsey (Leeds County) (between Bradford and Leeds), Ockbrook (now Derbyshire) (between Derby and Nottingham), and Dunkinfield (now Cheshire). There was 1029 William Holland, “An Extract or Short Account of some few Matters relating to the Work of the Lord in England” (1748) (Podmore 48).