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“It Could Be Seen More Clearly in Unreasonable Animals Than in Humans”: the Representation of the Rete Mirabile in Early Modern Anatomy
Medical History, 2009, 53: 561–586 “It could be Seen more Clearly in Unreasonable Animals than in Humans”: The Representation of the Rete Mirabile in Early Modern Anatomy SEBASTIAN PRANGHOFER* In 2005 Japanese neurosurgeons reported the case of a carotid rete mirabile in a 47-year- old male stroke patient. They documented their observation with MRI scans which repre- sented dark ramifications before a light background and described the structure as a net of collateral vessels, caused by an obstruction of the carotid artery, resulting from a malforma- tion of this vessel. However, they had to concede that the “exact pathogenesis and clinical significance of the rete mirabile remains unknown”.1 The 2005 case report was significant in three respects. Firstly, it referred to a phenomenon that had allegedly “evaporated from human anatomy after the seventeenth century”.2 Secondly, pictures were used to support the argument of the authors; and thirdly, the authors showed a great uncertainty about the nature of the phenomenon which they identified as a “carotid rete mirabile”. However, the structure described by the Japanese surgeons shared little but the name with its historical predecessor. While in modern clinical medicine the term rete mirabile describes a pathological symptom, in the early modern period it referred to an anatomical structure. The “wonderful net”3 was usually described as made from arteries at the base of the skull, but its existence in man, exact appearance and function was heavily con- tested among anatomists. In tracing the history of this obscure structure, one finds that the uncertainty about the nature of the rete mirabile dates back to the sixteenth century, when its Galenic interpretation as a vital organ, which extracted the animal spirits from the blood, was first doubted by the anatomist and professor of medicine in Bologna, Berengario da Carpi. -
The Dissertations of Doctors of Medicine Active in Estland, Livland and Courland, Defended at European Universities in the Eighteenth Century
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2010, 3/4 (133/134), 367–402 The dissertations of doctors of medicine active in Estland, Livland and Courland, defended at European universities in the eighteenth century Arvo Tering During the seventeenth century and the fi rst half of the eighteenth century, learned medics of the Russian Baltic provinces and the Grand Duchy of Courland mostly found employment as physicians of wealthier towns and as medical doctors, running private practices or even as chief surgeons in the military hospitals of Tallinn and Riga. However, during the last two decades of the eighteenth century, the demand for educated doctors sud- denly rocketed: the positions of county doctors were created in new county and district centres and mansion owners and landlords introduced a new trend by hiring private doctors into their mansions. From 1802, the fi rst generation of professors of medical and auxiliary disciplines of the newly established Tartu University became the core of learned medical specialists in the Baltic provinces. Most of the medical doctors that practiced in Estland, Livland and Courland during the eight- eenth century and the fi rst half of the nineteenth century had studied in the largest German universities – Halle, Jena or Göttingen, and to a lesser extent Leipzig, Königsberg, Erfurt, Erlangen and in some of the univer- sities of the Netherlands, particularly Leiden.1 Most of these medics had passed a process of being promoted to the position of a med ical doctor, Th e research for this article has been supported by the Estonian Science Foundation grant no 8938 and Target Financed Program no SF0180040s08. -
Jean-Baptiste Sarlandie`Re's Mechanical Leeches (1817–1825): an Early Response in the Netherlands to a Shortage of Leeches
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Medical History, 2009, 53: 253–270 Jean-Baptiste Sarlandie`re’s Mechanical Leeches (1817–1825): An Early Response in the Netherlands to a Shortage of Leeches TEUNIS WILLEM VAN HEININGEN* Introduction At the end of the eighteenth century there was a rapidly growing demand for leeches in Europe. Western European and Central European freshwater species had been mainly used until then but now more and more different species were introduced.1 England imported large numbers from Eastern Europe and the Levant, and Pondicherry in Southern India was an important centre for the shipment of these animals whose application was considered a mild form of bloodletting.2 In the autumn of 1825 the Algemeene Konst- en Letterbode, a Dutch weekly journal, drew attention to a shortage, informing its readers that large numbers, kept for medical purposes, had died without an apparent cause,3 possibly through an unknown infective agent. It also printed information by a German pharmacist from Kassel on the proper method of keeping leeches alive as long as possible in large aquaria, by including water plants.4 One solution to the problem had already been invented—the artificial leech of Jean- Baptiste Sarlandie`re. At their annual general meeting, held on 21 May 1821, the officers of the Dutch Society of Sciences (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, founded in 1752), on learning of Sarlandie`re’s invention through Martinus van Marum, the Society’s secretary, decided to hold a competition on its serviceability.5 They were persuaded by the increasing demand for leeches, as well as by the fascinating and pro- mising aspects and originality of Sarlandie`re’s invention. -
ANATQMICA DE MOTV CORDIS ET SAN- GVINIS in ANII4ALI- BVS, (J VIL IE L M I HA Rtre[ ANGLI, ' M^Edictregii, ^
eXERCITATIO ANATQMICA DE MOTV CORDIS ET SAN- GVINIS IN ANII4ALI- BVS, (j VIL IE L M I HA RTrE[ ANGLI, ' M^edictRegii, ^. e^f(fejforis tAnatomix, wCol- W ^{sMc^uw tfiieliniH/i. FRANCOFy-RTI, ibusGVILIELMI ^ITZERI. Sumpt . »-,, .1NNO M. DC. XXCIU. /: '-^?-iv . <-f^Ut^i-f^K. 'SM^-/. ^» tt-^ <i. ^ity ^ 77^-- %yy^eie. ^ ^^ft^ y^jut^ /^ 240. MEDICINE,TRAVEL & ANTHROPOLOGY from the Library ofjohann Friedrich Blumenbach A Catalogue of the Blumenbach/Herbst Collection With a Supplement from our Stock Catalogue Six Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. 442 Post St., San Francisco California 94102 U. S. A. Telephone: (415) 781-6402 Cable: LOGOS, San Francisco underliningand ^bok;HOWV, t:[, v!he^w^^ All items are guaranteed as described. P"c»_^^ ^vue"co'ns'i^ed'ofmore than underlinmg^^mb^s w^ and'subTect'tO'change. Shipping charges ^be^d 'h^e'ge'naa'lly "indicated this by an estimate of the ^e^^nittance'aSompa^s^r^5^^^ number of lines of written comment. fornia ple^e add appropr. ate ^les,tax-, A11,t', ooks^re, Our measurements indicate page size. 'pa;keYw i7h great care and^entfollym^rd. ^al^ ^ranTo^nic'Shipments w .11be forwardedbyreg. ster^d Thiscatalogue was_written^ed^b^^m^. D. airmail at customer's expense unless we receiver Nolrm'^nlnTD"avida-Rubin. Photography by Martin In'st'ru'ctions"AU purchases may be returned within two Krikorian. Cover by Ross Design. weeks of receipt. 'ZFrf^'ill^rations are-duced^d^m;^ "Customers who have not purchased from us betore senrde^ils'from'ilh. strations rathe, than the complete should'send payment with order, or supply trade^ret^ original plate. -
Breast Cancer : Patient Narratives and Treatment Methods
Whitman, Birgit (2004) Breast cancer : patient narratives and treatment methods. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2969/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] BREAST CANCER: PATIENT NARRATIVES AND TREATMENT METHODS BIRGIT WHITMAN BA (HONS) Well come Unit for the History of Medicine and Gloucestershire Royal Hospital SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD TO GLASGOW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL FACULTY February 2004 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. My colleagues at the Gloucestershire Royal Hospital for allowing me the time for this project and for their never-ending practical support and enthusiasm; Consultant Nurse and wonderful friend Donna Parkin; medical secretaries Charlotte Sainsbury, Linda Mallett, Amanda Cresswell; Sam Evans from Medical Illustrations; Consultant Surgeon Brian Heather; Chloe George and Alison Hicks from the Medical Library. Staff at the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine in Glasgow and London for making me welcome and supporting me; Ann Mullholland, Ray Mcbain, Malcolm Nicolson, Anne Crowther and particularly my advisor Marguerite Dupree; Fiona McDonald for her invaluable comments and reference material; the staff in the Library and Medical Photographic Library. -
Visual Representation and the Body in Early Modern Anatomy
Visual Representation and the Body in Early Modern Anatomy Sebastian Pranghofer Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Department of Philosophy and School of Medicine and Health 2011 Table of contents Abstract 4 Declaration and statement of copyright 5 Acknowledgements 6 List of Figures 7 1. Introduction 13 2. The visual representation of the anatomical body, practice and authority 34 2.1 Body, image, mediality 36 2.2 The anatomized body 46 2.3 The public display of the anatomical body 55 2.4 Conclusions 63 3. Early modern anatomy and the identity of the anatomist 64 3.1 Honour, dignity and decency 66 3.2 The identity of the anatomist 72 3.3 Skill, knowledge and the aesthetics of anatomy 80 3.4 Conclusions 88 4. Representations of the rete mirabile in early modern anatomy 90 4.1 The Galenic understanding of the rete mirabile and the Vesalian 93 challenge 4.2 New physiologies of the rete mirabile in the seventeenth century 99 4.4 The disappearance of the rete mirabile from human anatomy 106 4.4 Conclusions 112 5. From the milky veins to the lymphatic system 116 5.1 Milky veins and lymphatic vessels 120 5.2 The iconography of the milky veins and the lymphatic vessels 126 5.3 The system of absorbing vessels 131 5.4 Beauty and truth 139 5.5 Image, text and methodology 145 5.6 Monro, Fyfe and the ‘Edinburgh body’ 151 5.7 Conclusions 154 2 6. Personhood before birth? – Early modern images of the unborn 159 6.1 Practical knowledge and images of the unborn 164 6.2 Images and ideas of generation 170 6.3 Visual representation and debates about preformation 176 6.4 Christianity, morality and the unborn 189 6.5 The biological facts of reproduction 200 6.6 Conclusions 204 7.