Conservative/Liberal Face-off Local Venues Sing the Blues Big Change, Bigger Results Enemy combatants Is Cleveland’s recent C-M has a strong desire to or prisoners of addition of a House of increase its reputation across the war? Gavel Blues really the high country. The Gavel examines a columnists explore note that was expected? potentially controversial method the debate in light The Gavel investigates that will surely upset many of the Geneva the squeeze HOB is current and past students but Convention and imposing on local would reap substantial benefits Sept. 11. concert venues. to C-M in the future.

CAREER, PAGE 5 LAW, PAGE 2 OPINION, PAGE 6 THE GAVEL VOLUME 53, ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2005 THE STUDENT NEWSPAPER AT CLEVELAND-MARSHALL COLLEGE OF LAW

Health insurance proves beneficial C-M selects Mearns as new dean By Christopher school to meet with Mearns, the last of the finalists to students Friedenberg the faculty and stu- to visit the campus, impressed STAFF WRITER dents. faculty, staff and students as he By Tom Szendrey After a nationwide search Jayne Geneva, responded to questions during his STAFF WRITER for Cleveland-Marshall College who represented two-day visit. Students at CSU have a new of Law’s new dean, the Cleve- administrative staff Commenting on his visit, provider of student health insur- land State University Board of on the committee, Mearns said, “I was not trying to ance. Although most students Trustees selected local attorney said, “The initial make a case about why I should have probably not heard of the Geoffrey S. Mearns. face-to-face inter- be dean of C-M. I presented who Chickering Group, it is an inde- Mearns served nine years views were telling. I am. I did not want to be the dean pendent subsidiary of Aetna, and, with the United States Depart- Some [candidates] if I didn’t have the support of the according to a number of students, ment of Justice before com- we thought were people. I’m excited by the oppor- it is an improvement over the last mencing private practice in going to be stars tunity, but I’m happy in private program. Cleveland in 1998. As a partner who looked great on practice and I wouldn’t want to According to several students, in two of Cleveland’s major paper were awful in give it up for something I’m not there were some problems with law firms, Thomson Hine and the interview.” good at.” the last student health insurance currently Baker and Hostetler, CSU Provost “Externally, I think the rela- provider paying claims. Some Mearns specialized in business Chin Y. Kuo re- tionships that I’ve developed over students were affected because crimes and corporate investiga- stricted the num- my law career would be beneficial hospital and doctor bills did not get tions. ber of finalists to to the students and the institution,” paid. Other students paid medical Contacted last fall by the five, but two final- said Mearns. bills and were not reimbursed. College of Law Dean Search vost told us to cast a wide net—not ists withdrew from consideration Mearns also said, “I want to Before the contract expired, a Committee, Mearns recognized to limit ourselves to the traditional and the remaining two candidates, expand placement opportunities committee explored other options that he was “a non-traditional academy and law schools.” Mearns and Stephen Bender, were for students and improve the and sought bids for an alternate candidate,” but he was reas- After nearly 200 nominations invited to the campus. Bender marketing and development of provider of student health insur- sured that the search commit- and applications were received, subsequently withdrew from con- C-M locally and nationally. Dean ance. tee was seriously considering the committee selected approxi- sideration. Steinglass has done an excellent The 2004-05 school year is the candidates outside the usual mately 15 candidates for an initial “Mearns was definitely top five job building the foundations.” first in a three-year exclusive con- academic circle. interview. material; unfortunately we had “Internally, I recognize I don’t tract that CSU has with Chicker- Prof. Phyllis Crocker, vice- After the interview, seven already sent out five invitations have the same kind of managerial ing. According to Eileen Guttman, chair of the committee, said, finalists were then to be chosen when the Provost declared the new experience for law school manage- See INSURANCE, page 3 “The CSU president and pro- by the committee to return to the limit,” said Geneva. See MEARNS. page 2

ould k sh no No flaw in striking the keys w u Top of the By Kathleen Locke to all professors this past fall, said students. If there ends up being o . . STAFF WRITER Y Michael Slinger, director of the a problem and all requests can- . Class in For the Fall 2004 semester, law library and associate dean. not be filled, a lottery would take the option of taking final exams Students who wanted to use place, and students would be noti- on laptop computers added a new laptops for this year’s exams could fied ahead of time as to whether Technology twist for all professors and stu- use their own or borrow one from a laptop will be available for dents who are used to using blue the school. them to use, said David Genzen, books and scantrons for exams. Students then downloaded the assistant director for academic In all, 20 different courses of- The Jan. 2005 issue of The National Jurist magazine software, Exam4 onto their laptops technology. fered students the option of using ranked Cleveland-Marshall 21st among accredited law prior to the exam. Another concern prior to, laptops for a total amount of 320 schools in its use and support of technology. One initial concern was wheth- and even during, the exams was examinations taken on laptops. C-M beat out schools such as UCLA, John Marshall, er enough laptops would be avail- the protection of each student’s This was the first year the option Stanford University and Pennsylvania State in the The able to students who did not own exam. of using laptops was available to National Jurist technology honor roll. a laptop but wished to take their “There was some added stress all professors, who could decide The major factors taken into account for the report on exam on a laptop. A shortage that something would happen and whether or not to offer the option technology were the availability of a wireless network, of laptops ended up not being an the exam might get lost, even to their students. whether the law students are required to purchase laptops, issue. though the program auto saves,” For the past three years, this whether the school permits exams to be taken on computers “We were able to give a laptop said Inga Laurent, 3L. option had only been available on and the existence of a technological courtroom. to every student that asked for Exam4 is designed to auto- a trial basis to select classes of 25 one,” said Slinger. “We didn’t matically save every 10 seconds students or less. Because of the come close to running out.” with a fail-safe back-up performed success of the first three years, the Currently, the school has 20 every five minutes. faculty voted to expand the option laptops that are available for See LAPTOPS. page 4 THE GAVEL Page 2 LawLaw February 2005 Celebrating House of Blues plays solo C-Mʼs proud Will the Cleveland HOB put long-standing local music venues in the red? By Ryan Harrell choices for entertainment. respectively, bring some vitality the house and provide healthy bar STAFF WRITER Cindy Barber and Mark Leddy to areas other businesses have sales, said Barber. history Last fall, House of own the Beachland Ballroom, lo- abandoned. Acts drawing smaller crowds Blues (HOB) Cleveland cated in Collinwood, a few miles Barber said that all of these are in effect subsidized by these By Steven H. Steinglass opened to great fanfare east of downtown. In addition to venues have suffered a loss of larger acts. According to Barber, Black History Month at C-M is more in its downtown loca- hosting underground music groups bookings since HOB opened. if HOB is able to book a critical than just a ceremonial calendar event. tion on Euclid Avenue. with large followings, such as According to Barber, at least two number of these acts, this balance C-M was one of the first law schools Boasting a 1,200-seat the Black Keys or the Yeah Yeah bands that previously played at could be upset, and smaller acts in Ohio to admit African American capacity concert hall Yeahs, the Beachland also gives the Beachland, Hot Tuna and the could lose local outlets to promote students, and we are proud of the men with a sound system small local acts a proving ground Drive By Truckers, have now themselves. and women who, often at great personal formerly used by the on which to build followings. booked at HOB. “There have been Barber also worries that HOB sacrifice, took advantage of the oppor- Rolling Stones. Certain areas of Collinwood some shows that we have not even does not share the commitment tunity extended to them and through This new venue are derelict, but the Beachland’s been asked to bid on since [HOB] to the city that natively owned tenacity and courage transformed the promised to bring high- existence has led to a minor revi- opened,” said Barber. venues do. Specifically, she noted profession and the cultural landscape of profile acts to Cleve- talization of this area, giving area The threat for local venues that the Atlanta HOB left town our country. I would like to share some land. Some local venue businesses increased pedestrian is not just that larger acts will be after becoming unprofitable after of their stories with you, for their stories owners, however, be- traffic on nights of shows. This playing elsewhere, but that the only two years. Regardless of belong not just to the triumphant history lieve Cleveland’s mu- phenomenon is not unique to the clubs could go out of business al- civic concerns and the plight of the of Ohio’s black citizens, but also to the together, said small business owners, Cleveland black citizens of America. Barber. One concertgoers may have one final The first African American graduate of the draw- incentive to support these smaller we have been able to backs inher- venues: ticket price. identify was a William ent with pro- While locally owned venues H. Clifford ‘02. Clif- moting new rarely host shows fetching over ford served two terms music is the $25, HOB tickets are routinely in in the Ohio General As- risk that not the $30-35 range, before Ticket- sembly, graduated from every night master charges are added. law school at the age sic scene was vibrant Beachland, as several other Cleve- will be profitable. The reason that HOB did not respond to re- The of 40 and accepted a enough before this new land music venues exist as activity a venue like the Beachland can of- peated inquiries, but its website Dean’s position in the War De- addition, and that HOB hubs in otherwise forgotten areas. fer the variety of music it does is is clear that it does not operate may ultimately leave area The Agora and the Odeon, located that it can count on a certain num- through franchises, thus ruling out Column partment. Thomas Wallace concertgoers with less in Midtown and the East Flats, ber of marquee acts that will pack any stake of local ownership. Fleming ‘06, co-founded the Cleveland Journal, a publication dedicated to promoting black busi- and educational rights. The late Mayor of MEARNS: Atpyical candidate claims top spot nesses. Cleveland, Carl B. Stokes ’53 was the first Continued from page 1-- Association rules require that the faculty be The years following the Great black mayor of a major American city; his ment. My approach is two-fold. C-M has substantially involved in the selection of a War were significant ones for African brother, the Honorable Louis Stokes ’56 a strong complement of associate deans, law school dean,” said Crocker. Americans: many emigrated from was the state’s first African American U.S. administrators and assistants. I will start by “What the faculty cared most about in the agricultural culture of the south to Congressman, an office he held and distin- relying on their expertise. Secondly, there a new dean,” said Crocker, “was finding seek higher paying work in the mills guished for 30 years. is a participatory process. The faculty has somebody committed to our vision of mov- and factories of the north; others re- The Hon. Lillian W. Burke ’51 was a tradition of self-governance, as do the ing the law school forward, in improving on turned from honorable service on the Ohio’s first black woman judge, and the Hon. students,” said Mearns. its national reputation, [being] enthusiastic battlefields. Two such veterans were Jean Murrell Capers ’45 was the first African Nick DeSantis, 3L, the student repre- about the law school and committed to the Charles V. Carr ‘26, general counsel American woman elected to the Cleveland sentative on the committee, formed a core plans we have in place to make out law for the Future Outlook League, an early City Council. group of students who interviewed the school academically stronger and more organization active in finding jobs for The Hon. George Forbes ’62, now Presi- finalists. “There was more due diligence in diverse.” black citizens, and Lawrence O. Payne dent of the local NAACP, was the first black that three week process than I’ve ever seen “What the provost asked for were the ’22, Cleveland’s first African American President of Cleveland City Council; the in my life,” said DeSantis. names of at least two unranked candidates assistant prosecutor. Hon. Leo Jackson ’50 became the first black The student subcommittee had a core of by January from which the President [Mi- Perhaps the most visible African judge on the Eighth District Court of Appeals five permanent members and five rotating chael Schwartz] could make a recommen- American lawyer of the 30s, 40s and 50s in 1970. Two decades later the Hon. Patricia members from a pool of approximately 20 dation to the university board of trustees,” is Norman Selby Minor ’27, for whom A. Blackmon ’75, became the first African students. The subcommittee interviewed Crocker said. “All the groups, faculty, stu- the local African American Bar Associa- American woman elected to that court, and the candidates in closed and open half-hour dents and staff, contributed evaluation forms tion is named. Minor single-handedly in 1980 President Jimmy Carter appointed sessions. which were appended to the report.” destroyed the racist stereotypes that the Hon. George W. White ‘55, to the United According to DeSantis, students “thor- According to Geneva, “The provost had limited black attorneys’ access to States District Court for the Northern District oughly grilled” Mearns, particularly about first asked for three names, then when the the city’s courtrooms. Many will attest of Ohio. Today, Judge White, who retired his ties with Baker and Hostetler. DeSantis report was nearly finished, the provost said that his greatest gift to the bar was his from the bench, is Director of the Cleveland said, “Some students think that Baker and he wanted only two names. The three names willingness to mentor the next genera- Browns Foundation. Hostetler overlooks C-M graduates in favor were Joel Friedman, Mearns and Candace tion of black attorneys. Stanley Tolliver ’51 was a leader in the of more prestigious law schools.” Zierdt.” Our post-WWI African American struggle to secure the rights of Cleveland “Students were forward thinking about “The two names considered by the alumni also carved a place for them- school children to equal educational oppor- the dean selection process. The ability of a president and provost were Friedman and selves in region’s history books. Louise tunity, and, together with C. Lyonel Jones dean to fundraise was important to students, Mearns,” said William Shorrock, vice Johnson Pridgeon ‘22, was Cleveland’s ’63, director of the Legal Aid Society of finding money for scholarships and improv- provost for academic affairs and faculty first black woman attorney. Cleveland, and the late Charles W. Fleming ing the quality of life,” said DeSantis. relations. Why was Mearns chosen as the Two other early women graduates, ’55, represented many of the black citizens Attached to the final report sent by the next dean of the law school over Joel Fried- Hazel Mountain Walker ‘19 and Jane falsely accused of criminal acts during the committee to the offices of the president man? The evaluation forms, according to an Edna Hunter ’25, never practiced law race riots of the late1960s. and provost, the student subcommittee, unidentified source in the president’s office, but used their law degrees to the benefit The man who made history as the first in a separate report, recommended Joel may have been a significant consideration. of their race. Walker was the city’s first black City Council President George Forbes Friedman of Tulane University to be the “The ‘community reaction forms’ that came African American woman school prin- is founding partner of the Cleveland firm of next dean. with the report were three inches thick, and cipal. Hunter, an extraordinary social Forbes Fields & Associates. “Joel Friedman was favored by a lot of they were carefully read and tabulated,” the services pioneer, founded the Working Each of these men and women laid students, but I’m happy with the process and source said. Girls’ Association, later renamed the claim to rights and entitlements that should I’m happy with the final result. Mearns is “Some of my friends in the legal com- Phyllis Wheatley Association. have come their way without struggle, yet an impressive, worthy choice. I’m sure he’ll munity have expressed some envy about my During the 50s, 60s and 70s C-M’s in securing them, they also claimed a part do a great job,” said DeSantis. new job,” Mearns said. “I tell them, there African American alumni emerged as of America for our present generation of “The entire faculty voted whom to are always opportunities if you’re willing powerful forces in the struggles for civil black students. recommend to the provost. American Bar to take chances and a cut in pay.” THE GAVEL  LAW FEBRUARY 2005  3 Accreditation drives attendance policy By Jamie Cole Kerlee ceed two weeks of the course along with the informs his students that any appeals or room discussions and brief presentations. STAFF WRITER range of potential penalties. However, there complaints after the third absence are to be If a student is called upon and he or she is The American Bar Association pub- are professors whose attendance policy var- directed to Lifter. absent, the professor will then make note lishes “Standards and Rules of Procedure for ies from that of the general provision. So Not all professors deviate from the of the absence. Approval of Law Schools.” The standards long as the professors provide reasonable general attendance provision. O’Neill al- Prof. Kathleen Engel does employ the set forth in the 2004-2005 manual are the notice of their rules to their students, lows for a maximum of four unexcused use of a sign-in sheet. Engel’s policy allows guidelines that each law school must adhere these variations are permissible. absences. If a student has five unexcused for a student to be absent four times during to in order to be accredited by the ABA. According to Prof. Kevin O’Neill, absences, that student is not permitted one semester. Beyond that, Engel said “I Standard 304(d) states, “A law school “I can’t tell you the number of times to sit for the final exam. reserve the right to lower the student’s grade shall require regular and punctual class at- I have talked to a student Regarding excused ab- or administratively withdraw the student tendance.” For accreditation, a law school about his or her sub-par sences, O’Neill said, from the course.” is required to demonstrate that they have performance on my “I try to be very The general attendance policy at the adopted and enforce attendance policies. exam only to understand- University of Toledo College of Law is However, the ABA does not issue guidelines learn that they ing of the “regular and punctual class attendance,” for specific course attendance policies or missed the individual according to Beth Eisler, the associate dean penalties for students that have missed a classroom needs and for academic affairs and professor of Law substantial amount of class time. session prob- at UTLAW. The 2004-2005 C-M Student Handbook during lems of Attendance at UTLAW is regulated by expressly states, “Students are required to which my stu- students signing the class rosters for each attend classes with substantial regularity.” I e x - dents class. Students cannot miss more than two If a student misses more than two weeks plained when and one-half weeks of class during one se- of their course in one semester, their atten- t o t h e decid- mester. In contrast to C-M’s general policy, dance is considered unsatisfactory. class ing UTLAW students are allowed to miss a It is then at the discretion of the profes- exactly wheth- greater number of classes. sor to determine the impending penalty. h o w t o e r t o Moreover, the penalty is administra- Possible penalties include (1) the final deal with grant tive withdrawal from the class. However, grade will be lowered; (2) the student may the issue that them.” there are no distinctions between excused be administratively withdrawn from the they fumbled Neither and unexcused absences. Eisler said, “All course; or (3) the professor can give the on the exam.” the ABA nor absences are counted.” student an “F.” Prof. Stephen the C-M Student The University of Akron School of Law When asked about C-M’s attendance Gard puts his students Handbook has provi- also contains the ABA language within the guidelines, Associate Dean Jean Lifter said on notice by setting down his sions regarding methods attendance policy set forth in their student the policy acts as a “default.” The policy rules the first day of the semester. Any for taking attendance. There are no handbook. “In accordance with the policies does allow professors the flexibility to draft student who is absent three times during the guidelines requiring professors to have of the school of law and the American Bar their own individual course attendance poli- course of one semester will be automatically sign-in sheets or another means of student Association, regular and punctual class at- cies. The C-M attendance policy sets the withdrawn. The nature of the absence is accountability. Most professors use a seat- tendance is necessary to satisfy…credit hour minimum standard that absences cannot ex- of no consequence to Gard, and he further ing chart to identify students during class- requirements.”

INSURANCE: CSU signs exclusive student insurance contract

Continued from page 1-- ered is another benefit of the pro- said, although expensive, the stu- on his own. entire fee when a student signs up RNCNP, coordinator of student gram, said Guttman. If a student dent health insurance program is Guttman said the university for health insurance. health insurance, it is standard for becomes seriously ill, a future cheaper than it would have been is attempting to address students’ Currently, CSU is awaiting contracts of student health insur- insurance plan cannot exclude for him to buy medical insurance concerns about the need to pay the legal advice as to whether stu- ance to be entered into with only that student’s condition as dents will be able sign up one provider. The reason, said a pre-existing condition, via Campusnet, similar to Guttman, is so the students can pay said Guttman. Although it the university’s parking the cheapest possible price. is rare, Guttman explained pass program. The goal is It will cost a law student $834 that in the past, students have to incorporate the fee into for a calendar year of coverage come down with conditions any tuition payment plan a for the 2004-05 school year. Al- from cancer to high blood student may sign up for. though some students feel this is pressure. Regardless of whether expensive, Guttman believes it is According to Matt Thom- a student has insurance, all worth the cost. According to Gutt- as, 2L, the student health CSU students have access man, “If you make one trip to the insurance program is an im- to the student health center. emergency room, it will probably provement over not having Guttman stressed that the pay for itself.” any insurance at all, but it is health center is available Joy Roller, 1L, be- for all students enrolled lieves the program is at CSU, not just those stu- worth it. “It is not as dents who purchase insur- good as the insurance ance through Chickering. I used to have before The health center is staffed starting law school, but by a physician and certi- it is cheaper than any fied nurse practitioners. other insurance I could The health center does not find, and it means I’m charge a fee to see a physi- covered,” said Roller. cian and charges a minimal Marisol Cordero- fee for some laboratory Goodman, 3L, has a testing and medications. different opinion. Due to a change in the rules about deadlines when insurance had to be pur- chased, Goodman was The reason why it is beneficial for CSU to unable to purchase insur- ance in the fall and was contract with only one insurance provider is so therefore excluded from purchasing insurance for the students can pay the cheapest possible price. the second semester. In the past, coverage could be pur- not as comprehensive as a policy If a student makes one trip to the emergency chased at any date. that he had from an employer room, the policy will probably pay for itself. The importance of being cov- prior to law school. Thomas THE GAVEL Page 4 CareerCareer February 2005 Networking Busting the no late fees myth is an By Jamie Cole Kerlee Netflix.com. The program is exactly the student, one might read the fine print of the STAFF WRITER same with the exception of a price variation. agreement entered with Blockbuster video The catchy television advertisement started Blockbuster. com offers the same only to discover that if one fails to return answer to airing at the beginning of this year shortly after program for a monthly the movie within seven days of the due date, the public announcement of the new movie rental f e e o f the sale price of the movie is automatically policy at Blockbuster. A large mob of angry cus- $17.49 charged to their credit card. How- finding a tomers demanding “No more late fees!” ascends before ever, if a renter returns upon the video store. Then comes the revelation, tax (cur- the movie job there are no more late fees at Blockbuster. rently, Since the start of Netflix.com in 1999, the they movie rental market has become increasingly are competitive. Through Netflix.com, members can By Karin Mika run- LEGAL WRITING PROFESSOR purchase a monthly subscription for a fee of $17.99 Q: Is it necessary to work as (tax not included) and develop a list of movies that a law clerk while in law school they want to view. in order to get a job after law school?

A: I’ve kind of changed in per- my tune on this a little bit in son within 30 recent years given the amount days of the sale, Block- of former students who have buster will credit the renter asked me whether I’ve “heard Throughout the course of the month, they ning a special through 2006 where the fees for the sale price and in- of any openings anywhere.” can rent as many movies as they want, with up are only $14.99 per month). stead charge a restocking fee plus applicable T h e s e a r e to three at one time and a shipping turn around For those who do not rent movies on a taxes. Legal graduates who of one to three business days. There are no late regular basis paying a monthly fee to rent For some, the news of “No more late chose not to fees. In order to view another movie, the renter one or two movies is not economical. Going fees” came as a relief because it meant Writing work as clerks need only return the movie(s) in their possession to the movie store and picking up a movie renting a movie and not being penalized during school using the prepaid envelop that comes with the for a weekend is often the more economical if it took until the following weekend to and who have now passed the rented movie. approach. For $3.79, one can rent a movie return it. bar. The movie rental market has responded to the from Blockbuster. And now, there are no The penalties have simply been re-cat- It seems as though no change in market conditions by creating programs more late fees! egorized as restocking fees, or for some who employer is willing to take a similar to that of Netflix.com. Blockbuster now The rumor is true, late fees are a thing are really absent-minded or busy, their rental chance on them. These weren’t has an online program comparable to that of of the past. But like any intelligent law may become an outright sale. poor students either, but good, hard-working students who either worked outside the law or who concentrated more on extracurricular activities while “From Russia with Law” in law school. LAPT OPS Given the current economic Continued from page 1-- tion of using laptops with smaller Combine the study of law and travel. climate, the name of the game “Normally, when you work classes because of anonymity un- B y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e dow on the West.” is professional “contacts,” “net- with a lot of people, there is a less everyone wanted to use them, S u mmer L aw I n s t it u te o f Students enrolled in the working” and looking for av- high probability of user error,” Dougherty said. St. Petersbur g, students can program attend classes from enues of employment early on Slinger said. “This worked “If it gets to a point where ev- l e a r n a b o u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w 9 : 0 0 a . m . t o 1 : 0 0 p . m . f o u r while in law school. well enough that there was e r y o n e w h o w a n t s t o c a n d o i t o n a and spend time in Russia’s d a y s a w e e k . T h u s , t h e r e i s s t i l l Currently, most high G.P.A. n o u s e r e r r o r a n d n o o n e l o s t laptop, then it seems like it should oldest and most prestigious ample time to enjoy the many students land a position based anything.” be fine,” Dougherty added. university. s i g h t s o f S t . P e t e r s b u rg. T h e on the fall interview program. One problem that did arise Students also acknowledged Prof. Mark Sundahl program also includes excur - Another level of students involved the difference be - several positive aspects of using said he strongly recom - s i o n s t o s u r r o u n d i n g t o w n s a n d will secure positions in of- tween the amount of space laptops to take the exams. mends that students attend palaces as well as to local sites fices where they work as clerks t h a t t h e s o f t w a r e a l l o w e d f o r “I w o u ld n ever tak e an o th er the St. Petersbur g Program. of interest such as the Hermit- during law school, or perhaps q u e s t i o n s t o b e a n s w e r e d i n a n d handw ritten exam again,” s aid “Knowledge of interna - age Museum. secure positions in other offices t h e s p a c e w i t h i n t h e b l u e b o o k s . P e t e r K i r n e r, 2 L . “ I f e e l l i k e i t w a s t i o n a l l a w i s e s s e n t i a l f o r The program fee is $3500, through people they met while Exam4 can be adjusted to limit easier to take the exam because I th e mo d ern attor n ey, ” s aid which includes tuition, hous - working in the first law office. answers within a certain word could type instead of write.” Sundahl. ing, class materials and sight- Still another group of students count, and confusion about the T h e s o f t w a r e w a s u s e r - f r i e n d l y Sundahl said that the St. seeing. Financial aid is avail - will secure employment by way word count equivalence to the and easy to use, said Kirner . P e t e r s b u r g P r o g r a m p r o v i d e s a b l e . D i s c o u n t e d a i r f a r e i s a l s o of personal situations – current blue book lines had some pro- K i r n e r a d d e d t h a t t y p i n g w a s m o r e a n “ e x c e l l e n t a n d a f f o r d a b l e a v ai l ab l e b y w a y o f a n I n te r - employers, or perhaps relatives fessors adjusting word counts physically comfortable and easier opportunity to study a vari- national Student Identification who work in the field. i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e e x a m s , with the cut and paste options that ety of topics in international Card, which can be purchased Those who are not part of Laurent said. the software of fers. l a w r a n g i n g f r o m h u m a n for $22. The card application any of these groups wind up in P r o f . Ve r o n i c a D o u g h e r t y, “ G e n e r a l l y, t h e f a c u l t y a n d r i g h t s a n d t h e w o r k i n g s o f i s a v a i l a b l e a t t h e C e n t e r f o r a “no man’s land.” They wind who of fered one of her classes t e c h n o l o g y s t a ff f e e l l i k e i t w a s the United Nations to issues International Services, located up passing the bar, and thus are t h e o p t i o n o f u s i n g l a p t o p s , very successful,” said Assistant in multinational business i n R m . 3 0 2 o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y overqualified to be research acknowledged the confusion D e a n J e a n L i f t e r. “ A f e w m e - transactions.” Center. clerks, but under-qualified in about equivalent page length c h a n i c a l t h i n g s s t i l l n e e d t o b e T h e o n e - m o n t h p r o g r a m Students interested in the terms of experience and what but added that it was easier to worked out.” t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e h i s t o r i c program can contact Prof. they would bring to the table in r e a d t h e e x a m s t h a t h a d b e e n The number of laptop exams city of St. Petersbur g, Peter Sundahl or Holli Goodman for a law firm. typed. is expected to grow as professors t h e G r e a t ’s f a m o u s “ Win - more information. Thus, although I advocate One additional concern a n d s t u d e n t s b e c o m e m o r e f a m i l i a r not allowing work to overtake involved preserving the ano - with the software, said Genzen. “I St. Petersburg Program the school experience, I have n y m i t y o f g r a d i n g , w h i c h c o u l d would expect next time there will to be realistic and suggest that b e c o m e a p r o b l e m i n sm a l l be more courses included because after the first year, students classes where only a few stu - it usually takes one of two times June 4-July 2, 2005 should attempt to attain employ- d e n t s e l e c t t o u s e a l a p t o p o r u s i n g t h e p r o g r a m t o g e t i n t h e ment that will provide a future handwrite their exams. swing and make sure everyone is D eadline for signing up is Mar. 7. benefit. I w o u l d n o t o ff e r t h e o p - comfortable.” THE GAVEL  CAREER FEBRUARY 2005  5 Enemy combatant or POW...does it matter?

Question: Should the detainees at Guantanamo Bay be guaranteed a trial and assistance of counsel according to Article 105 of the Ge- neva Convention, or should the United States be allowed to detain these individuals indefinitely because they are considered “enemy combatants”?

By Benjamin Zober By Steve Latkovic GAVEL COLUMNIST GAVEL COLUMNIST The detainees at Gauntanamo Bay must As to the specific question, no, the receive the full protections of due process. detainees have no legal right to anything If we truly value the guarantees of justice, under the Geneva Convention. It’s simply we must seek to employ it everywhere, even a matter of definitions. Read Article 4, in places where virtue flounders in a sea of which defines a “prisoner of war.” The extremism. We are vilified for our values people at Gauntanamo simply do not fit into and our actions. No matter what we do, that definition and therefore do not have short of establishing a fundamentalist state, any rights, including the right to a trial or we will never placate people who seek to legal counsel. turn the world into a cemetery. Yet, if we So then the question becomes what do maintain a level of decorum that provides they get? Good question. As a quick review, even out most vicious enemies with the the Supreme Court has held they get review, benefits of law that we afford ourselves, our or rather, the courts have jurisdiction to hear response becomes beyond reproach. their cases. This was based on statutory We should not invent designations to law Congress enacted, not constitutional beat the system. The Geneva Convention law. Recently, two district courts have split makes no mention of enemy combatants. over whether the trials being conducted by The detainees fall under the category of the Armed Forces are legal. We’ll see what prisoners of war, whether we call it a war happens. or not. As prisoners of war, they are entitled First, I don’t agree with unlimited de- to certain protections including a trial and assistance of counsel. Calling people enemy tention without a hearing. I do, however, combatants is just a shortcut to brutality. feel that “unlimited” can be broadly construed. I frankly have no problem with someone Dehumanizing the enemy makes them easier to kill, some would say, even fun. We being held there for five years or more without a hearing. How long is too long? I don’t didn’t fight Germans, Russians or the Vietnamese; we invented catchy and derogatory know, but I’ll tell you when we get there. I can guarantee it won’t be before Al Qaeda is names for them, which helped our soldiers fight harder and sleep better. History has not a serious threat. I’ll be honest too, I’m not sure what an “enemy combatant” is, but I demonstrated time and again that when enemies are denigrated, they bear the brunt of really don’t care. It’s a nice name for people who try to kill our troops but aren’t really an aggression and ignorance. When we break the rules to serve our own ends, we create a army or militia. I could come up with a better name, but it probably couldn’t be printed deadly precedent, trading justice for vengeance and equity for evil. When we forget that due to decency restrictions. our enemies are people, despite their actions and ideologies, we treat them like monsters. Second, whatever these people are entitled to, I know it’s certainly not U.S. constitu- Enemy combatant is just another four-letter word. tional protections. As I said, the Supreme Court based their decision on statutory law, spe- There can be no mistake that people who perpetrate and participate in heinous crimes cifically a habeas challenge under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. There should be a minimum standard against humanity must be brought to justice. However, that key word, justice, must re- for them, I’ll agree. We, as a society, should treat them decently, giving food, reasonably main intact. clean housing, etc. I’ve read repeatedly they are treated quite well there, given specific In their own way, the perpetrators of 9/11 were convinced they were serving justice. food for their Islamic diets, permitted to pray, etc. But remember – they are prisoners, so We have a different sense of justice, one that we must maintain not only because we claim it’s not going to be a hotel. Having a neutral observer would be fine as well, such as The to be spreading it around the world, but also because it is right. Red Cross (though I question their neutral-ness these days). The founding fathers created a system that thrived on a loyal opposition. We have Lastly, as to the Geneva Convention overall – why on God’s earth would we maintain enjoyed over 200 years of peaceful transfers of power. Designating dissenters as below such a high standard for people who booby-trap dead bodies? It just defies logic. From a the law creates an atmosphere of fear and anxiety. If we can mistreat our enemies abroad, public relations view, I suppose US troops can’t shoot first and ask later in the field, but what prevents us from doing the same at home? Who are the enemies at home? If people from a “keep-my-butt-alive” view, it makes a whole lot of sense. are dying for our right to be free, it means nothing if we aren’t free. One last note: I was appalled by the torture at Abu Ghraib, but what does one expect If we have any faith in our own system, we should allow the process to work. If these from a society obsessed with sex and violence (yes, I’m talking about ours). There are people are truly guilty, then justice will be served. This is what we need to teach to our few aspects of our society that aren’t sex driven – from advertising to radio to television. newly constructed democracies. The least we can do for them is lead by example. But I suppose that’s an argument for another day.

Conservative rebuttal... Liberal rebuttal...

Mr. Zober has not done his homework. Assuming detainees are covered under the Enemies seldom fit convenient labels. Yet, if definitions are imperative, refusing to Geneva Convention and are prisoners of war, he rants about “shortcuts to brutality” and define enemy combatant is hypocritical. Article 5 places all non-designated persons within “four letter words.” I’m not sure what the third paragraph is even talking about. When did the Convention. Twisting the law to justify abuse should be beneath us. Pretending our we not fight the Germans? What did we call them? Nazis? They were. Is this supposed to be enemies are outside of the Convention does not justify abandoning morality. some witty way to make a point? And point blank: terrorists are monsters, not people. Certain rights go beyond documents, be they inalienable, fundamental or human. We Detainees are not prisoners of war and thus have no rights under Geneva. Suggesting honor them because we believe in them, not because someone forces us. The 9/11 murder- we not distinguish the detainees as enemy combatants is wrong and misguided. They are ers believed they served justice despite conducting no trials, eliciting no testimony and neither prisoners of war (and thus not soldiers) nor mere criminals. It is a situation unique heeding no law. Abandoning our justice system under any circumstances casts shadows in history. Perhaps we can argue over what exactly to do with them, but to suggest Bush of prejudice over liberty. made up a name to get around the “law” is just ignorant. Delaying trials at will supplants the rule of law with the will of the mob. We can I wonder if it makes a difference to Zober that the “people” he refers to do not choose justice or vengeance: one proves morality, the other merely our might. Abuses adhere to Geneva by doing such wonderful things as booby-trapping dead bodies and occur not because of prurient interests but because we fail to value life. As long as our decapitating innocent civilians? leaders classify enemies as less than human, we will never rise above the atrocities of Zober appears to share my desire to bring horrible people to justice. However, suggest- retribution and hate. ing that these people are no different than the armed forces we have historically fought We can play with the truth of who our enemies are or what threat they present. However, is, frankly, a little too liberal. when we treat our enemies as ruthlessly as they did us, justice is lost. THE GAVEL Page 6 OpinionOpinion February 2005 SBA tackles Say goodnight to part-time program exam policy By Jason Smith such a blunt manner, simply read- (and most of their colleagues) ally exclusive; either get rid of CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ing between the message’s lines only took one week off to study the part-time program or be con- As the old saying yields such a harsh interpretation. for the bar and still easily passed. tent with mediocrity (which isn’t By Nick DeSantis goes, it is time to either Administrators guise this message Such a plan is a sure fire way to necessar- i l y a SBA PRESIDENT “put up or shut up.” Al- in a more gentle voice, stating the fail in today’s world. bad thing if In recent years, the SBA has ad- though such a statement part-time students are just as smart So, C-M must do a Learned the value of vocated for a change in C–M’s exam may seem a little harsh, as full-time students, but pass the Hand-type balancing test to de- the part- rescheduling policy. Last year, the it is extremely relevant Bar Exam at a significantly lower termine what it values time faculty voted to allow a student to and highly appropriate rate than their full-time counter- more, the part- time program reschedule an exam if the student had for administrators and parts because they simply do not program or out- three or more exams on two consecu- faculty at C-M. have enough time to study for this tive days. Although this action is a step For the past year, all important exam because of in the right direction, C-M is among a we have been inundated other time constraints. minority of law schools in the state that with two core points So, the question remains: how more requires its students to take more that of empha- are these two points of emphasis na- one exam in a 24 hour period. The sis. These related? The answer is actually tional Nadine Ezzie, chairperson of SBA’s Gavel points pretty simple. The easiest way to recogni- Exam Policy Task Force, presented a Editorial have been increase C-M’s national reputation tion. It ap- report detailing the exam policies of Opinion stressed in would be to eliminate the part- all Ohio’s law schools. In her report, the verbal time program. This simple, yet she found that, of the nine Ohio law medium, via classroom surely controversial, step would weighs the schools, six have adopted policies that presentations by profes- drastically increase the bar passage value of would allow a student to reschedule sors, and in the written rate which would, in turn, have a pears national an exam should the student have more medium, via columns, trickle down effect on other indicia that recogni- than one exam on any calendar day stories and quotes in dis- of quality. A higher bar passage valu- tion). or within any 24-hour period. Fur- tributed publications. rate would surely result in higher ing both Some- thermore, the report found only one The first message we quality candidates seeking admis- may not be a vi- d a y, t h e other Ohio law school, the University have all heard is that the sion to C-M. These effects would able option. C-M has tried to ABA may deter- of Akron, which maintains a policy main goal for C-M’s fu- cause C-M to attain its goal of a increase passage rates through mine that, although requiring a student to take more than ture is to gain better na- better national reputation. While other measures, including requir- the intention of part-time one exam per day. tional recognition. This a Tier I ranking may be a lofty ing additional writing classes programs may be worthwhile, The task force’s report, which was increased recognition in- (and perhaps unattainable) goal, a (although oftentimes useless), such programs are not in the best adopted by the SBA and submitted to cludes: 1) gaining more Tier II ranking would seem to be offering voluntary Bar Exam prep interest of developing competent the academic standard’s committee, respect in the legal world easily attainable. courses (although attendance at lawyers. Until such a study is recommends that C-M adopt an exam outside of Cleveland So, why isn’t this elimination which resembles a Cleveland done and the ABA mandates the policy that would allow its students to and 2) increasing C-M’s done? C-M would surely take Barons game) and reducing the elimination of part-time programs, reschedule an exam should the student standing in national law serious heat from current students number of admitted students (the C-M is likely to choose the easy have more than one exam in any 24- school rankings. Let’s and (more importantly) part-time so-called “smaller and stronger” route and stick with the status quo. hour period. face it; although the U.S. alumni if the program were cut. plan). While such measures may I guess it is easiest to have the best While the academic standards News rankings may be C-M graduates, and the institution slightly increase passage rates, it of both worlds; neither putting up committee is considering the report, it deemed highly flawed, as a whole, takee great pride that is likely C-M will continue to stay nor shutting up (and continuing to is important that students express their such rankings are the tool the law school has provided non- in the bottom third of law schools solve nothing). support for the recommended revision. used by prospective law traditional students the chance to in the state of Ohio. Students should not expect that the pro- students in making ini- gain a valuable law degree. It is time for C-M posed policy changes are a given; the tial choices about a law However, times have changed. to realize that it is fruit- proposal potentially faces opposition school’s reputation. What worked in the past may not less to stress the need for THE GAVEL largely due to faculty concerns center- The other message work in the present. In the not more national recognition CLEVELAND-MARSHALL COLLEGE OF LAW CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY ing on academic integrity of the exam that we have all heard, ad too distant past, passing the Bar while, at the same time, 216.687.4533 TELEPHONE taking process. Students in support of nauseam, is that part-time Exam did not require a two-month, stressing the importance 216.687.6881 FAX this policy change should urge the C-M students are holding C-M full-time study session. Many of its part-time program. [email protected] faculty to adopt this measure. down. While not put in older attorneys gloat that they C-M’s options are mutu-

Name-change does not equal takeaway Amanda M. Paar When a student receives a scholarship scholarships. poses. Jason M. Smith upon admission to C-M, he or she receives So, for example, a first year student If a student receives a scholarship Co-Editors-in-Chief an amount ranging from $2000 a year to may be awarded a Collegiate Scholarship from an outside source, the student’s loan full in-state tuition. As of 2004-05, these for $4,000 upon entering law school. If the eligibility will be reduced, but the outside Eric W. Doeh scholarships bear the names Dean, Bar- student is eligible to renew the scholarship scholarship will not reduce any scholarship Managing/News Editor risters, Collegiate and Academic. the following year, the $4,000 award will amounts awarded through the law school. For students who receive one of these not be called a Collegiate Scholarship for Staff By Catherine Buzanski, Financial Aid Anonymous 1L scholarships, upon renewal after the first this name is one of the names reserved for Director Mike Brown year, the name of the award will change. entering student scholarships. Instead, the Jamie Cole Kerlee However, the total amount of the award will renewed $4,000 scholarship will be awarded Josh Dolesh not change. The name change is necessary from one or more of the other Christopher Friedenberg for accounting purposes. scholarship accounts. Therefore Ryan Harrell Law school scholarship money is one the student’s renewed $4,000 Peter Kirner Steve Latkovic pool of funds maintained in numerous ac- scholarship could be called the Mail Kathleen Locke counts – currently 44. The total amount Law Fellows Scholarship for Michael Luby of dollars in the accounts, as well as the $4,000, or it could be called Tom Szendrey actual number of accounts, change from the Law Fellows Scholarship Benjamin Zober year to year depending on numerous factors for $3,500 along with a $500 Pail including the activity of the stock market, Ratner Scholarship. The total Advisor Thomas Buckley levels of contributions to the funds and the still equals $4,000. It is common Printer P.M. Graphics creation of new scholarships. Each account practice to rename a student’s http://www.law.csuohio.edu/students is used to distribute new and continuing scholarship for accounting pur- ALL RIGHTS REVERT TO AUTHOR THE GAVEL  OPINION FEBRUARY 2005  7 Media companies control consumers Open

By Josh Dolesh a DVD. Supposedly, this procedure allows So what have our extra slippery friends at GAVEL COLUMNIST media outlets to prevent piracy. The idea the media done? They introduced a policy If you have not given much thought to is that the watcher or listener would not be called “down rezzing.” They told cable and Mike your digital rights, it is time you woke up able to make digital copies of the feed (es- satellite companies that they would not al- and realized that money hungry media cor- sentially exact copies). low them to broadcast high definition digital 3L sounds off on porations are attempting to send our children The user, however, would still be able to shows unless the companies turned down recent events back into the dark age of technology. The make analog copies of the stream. A good the resolution on their analog outputs to trend towards restricting digital rights will analogy for us lay peo- ple is that a prevent people from copying By Michael Luby have vast consequences on the dissemina- digital copy would be like hav- digital high definition content STAFF WRITER tion of information to the poor, and in turn ing the DVD whereas an from the analog outputs. I was watching the television the will increase the cultural and ideological gap analog copy would be Down rezzing is a double other day, or in more technical terms, between the rich and the poor. In our time, like having a crummy whammy because people who “flipping the channels,” when I came we will see a rift begin to develop between VCR copy or better yet, a have a digital feed but an analog TV across a new MTV reality drama stock- the media “haves” and the “have nots” that copy of a copy. are forced to use the analog piled with colorful teens ranting about will signal the death of the media middle This seems output on the cable or sat- their horrible lives. The show is titled class. Those that can afford media will be like a fair trade ellite to connect to their “Sweet 16,” a cute name for such an informed about political issues and those off. We had TV. As a result, the extra absolutely abominable distortion of real- that cannot will not be. this trade off for money that the consumer ity. I do not think I Lately, media companies have been years with cas- pays for the digital service had watched more using the copyright protection argument sette tapes. A and high def capability is all than three minutes to assert an agenda that goes far beyond dub tape always for naught because the analog when the lead girl protecting their economic interests. Pro sounded worse than output is severely down rezzed. said something to media lobbyists have used the issue of copy- the original, and this For now, thankfully, the Federal the like of “I won’t right infringement to overcorrect for losses fact prompted people Communications Commission talk to my parents caused by the file-sharing phenomenon at to buy first generation (FCC) has placed limits on the ever again unless I the expense of our rights. Why should you tapes. amount of down rezzing that is legal. get a Range Rover care? Because soon you will have to pay for But you must But once analog equipment is for my birthday.” everything you want to see or hear. The days remember that the out of the picture, we will have no The sad thing is, since then, I have of “owning” a piece of music or a movie are media lobbyists are choice but to succumb to the will of managed to catch a glimpse of two other soon going to be a distant memory. slicker than an oil spot on a Vaseline ice rink, big media. episodes. Accordingly, two girls ranted Ever wonder how the media outlets are and they are not satisfied with a fair trade If this trend of digital rights restric- that their “dads” would be handling the going to enforce this agenda? Consider this off. Right now, almost all set top boxes and tions continues, we will soon be left in the $100,000 party bill and another wished scenario. On both cable and satellite digital televisions are going digital. Very soon, the situation where people will be yearning for she’d be more popular after her party. feeds, small codes are embedded into the days of an analog output will be gone, but in the good old days when we had things like The only reality Sweet 16 portrays is stream called broadcast flags. These flags the mean time, people can still copy analog VCRs and tape decks. It is already happen- that acting stuck-up, selfish and ignorant tell a recording device such as a digital video outputs that have very good quality. ing. Just try and find an old DVR that can equals popularity. Thanks MTV. recorder (known as DVR or TIVO) what it Since the digital feed and output is ignore the broadcast flag, that can forward Recently, Gov. Taft released his can and cannot do with the feed. For in- protected by the broadcast flag, the only downloaded shows or that can even skip new budget for the state. Barely able stance, a flag could tell the unit that the feed chance for piracy is through the analog commercials. They are in high demand. to contain my excitement, I gave it the cannot be downloaded to a PC or copied to output on the back of a set top converter. Want to learn more? Logon to eff.org. once-over and to my surprise, NO NEW FUNDS for higher education. As I try to laugh at the fact that I will never be subjected to education funding Ohio Style, it really just makes me sad. Taft Exam review: a fruitless endeavor preaches a big game … improve educa- The following is the fourth in Why don’t professors put any handwriting, and I’m much more seems frustratingly in- tion and we improve the economy. When a six-part series following a first comments on exams? Perhaps this comfortable in front of a computer efficient, nebulous and tuition skyrockets and students are left year C-M student from orientation is overly collegiate of me, but I re- then hunched over a desk. More haphazard compared to out to dry, however, it’s no wonder C- to spring exams. ally appreciate getting back exams generally, it’s much easier for us a plain statement of prin- town sits No. 1 atop America’s poorest It’s mid-February, and I’m still that: 1) give some indication that to edit our essays on a computer ciples by someone who cities, Bob. trying to get over exams. It’s like the professor actually read them; (saving us time and space) and knows the subject. The other day 19ActionNews did a cold, and I can’t quite get rid of and 2) give some type of construc- you won’t have to deal with cross- Likewise, based upon a story on Roger Brown of The Plain its lingering effects. The worst of tive correction or indication as to outs, words in the margins or bad the method in which Dealer. If you get a chance to read it might be over, but I what I could improve upon. handwriting. exams were evaluated Brown’s sports column, it falls just short know it’s only a matter 1L Needless to and reviewed, it of Jason Blair infamy. He lies, distorts of time until they’re First year say, it was a little seems as though and repeats stories simply to get a rise going to be coming up life frustrating to re- the reason they out of the city. My unconfirmed belief is Part IV again. ceive a sum total are given is the that the PD condones it because people Having now gone of two words of assignment of keep reading. Over the past year, I have through the “exam review pro- “commentary” grades and rank- emailed Brown and the PD more than cess” and discussed it with a num- b e t w e e n m y ing of students, several times only to get ignored. Hope- ber of people (including a few of three exams, not to present the fully, this time he’ll be shown the door. them who were quite opinionated neither of them opportunity for And finally, I want to share a story on the subject), I have a couple of being remotely students to learn copied in substance directly from Re- questions / comments. insightful. As from their mis- uters that made my day (no comment Why don’t professors wait one friend of takes and gain is needed). until after the exam review period mine comment- a better under- This year, Harvard University hired to have their in-class reviews? Are ed, based upon standing of the a recent graduate as a full-time promoter they afraid that we’ll forget our professors’ com- law through in- and coordinator of social activities, ap- answers? Hate to break it, but I ments (and, in sightful dialogue parently because many students at the think that most of us forgot our his view, upon with their profes- school are too busy to relax. According answers as soon as we walk out of the grades given), professors What is the goal of law school? sors and each other. to Associate Dean Judith Kidd, “(T)he the exam. Yet virtually all of my could just as easily have tossed I know I’ve only had one semester I realize that the legal kids work very, very hard here. And they classes went over the exam before the exams onto a set of stairs and here, but it seems that it’s more field is heavily based worked very, very hard ... to get here. we could review our answers, assigned grades based upon where about accreditation than educa- upon the process of They arrived needing help having fun.” making it nearly impossible to they landed. tion, i.e. it’s about finding out what self-education and the By contrast, two weeks later, a police bring up pertinent questions. Why wasn’t my section al- students have been able to teach thought process is gen- raid in Durham, N.C. turned up 200 Why can’t we take the exams lowed to type their exams? Ok, themselves instead of teaching erally relativistic, but noisy Duke University students, many out of the SSC? It’s ridiculous to I’m whining here, but to my them what they don’t know. perhaps legal education, of them bikini-clad women, wrestling expect students to be able to have knowledge every section but mine Maybe it’s just me, but the pro- at least in the first year, in a plastic pool of baby oil in the base- intelligent discussions about their was given this option. Person- cess of reading cases and attempt- mimics legal practice a ment of a fraternity house, apparently exams without actually having a ally, I type a LOT faster than I ing to discern the legal rules buried little too closely in these inspired by a scene from the movie “Old copy of it for reference. write, I have the world’s worst within them (i.e. self-education) regards. School.” 8  DECEMBER 2004 THE GAVEL 