A Lens of Liminality: an Interpretive Biography of Charles Warren Stoddard, 1843-1909
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A LENS OF LIMINALITY: AN INTERPRETIVE BIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES WARREN STODDARD, 1843-1909 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAl'l IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY DECEMBER 2004 By John-Gabriel H. James Thesis Committee: David A. Chappell, Chairperson David Hanlon Robert McGlone © 2004, John-Gabriel H. James 1ll To Poppo (1910-2000) IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of many friends and family members have helped to make this work possible. It has been a long haul. First of all, I would like to acknowledge my tremendous debt to the amazing efforts and insight of four authors who have helped me to better understand the life and times of Charles Warren Stoddard: Dr. Carl Stroven, Roger Austen, John W. Crowley, and Jonathan Ned Katz. Without their example of perseverance in the face ofobstacles and their example of taking initiative with groundbreaking research and scholarship, this work would not be possible in its present form. Next, I would like to thank my committee members, Professor David Chappell, Professor David Hanlon, and Professor Bob McGlone for all of their assistance and support. Your comments and feedback on revisions have helped me to reflect much more deeply about Stoddard's life and my own. A very special thank you goes to Joe Coppola & the Coppola Family of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, and all of the members of the Copley House family in Boston. Without your encouragement and support over the past five years ofstruggle, I could not have possibly completed this transformative and important project. Thank you mom, Poppo & Grandma, and Stephanie; Larry and Tanya Test of Hilo, Dr. David Purcell of UHH, and all of the library staff at 00 Manoa and OO-Hilo. I would also like to extend a hearty mahalo nui loa and aloha to the staff at the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston, the University of Notre Dame Archives staff, and the staff at the State of Hawai'i Archives in Honolulu. v ABSTRACT Charles Warren Stoddard (1843-1909) was an American writer who lived on several cultural fronts of the nineteenth century world. This thesis serves as an interpretive biography which utilizes an anthropological theoretical framework to shed light on Stoddard's life and times as an actor on the stage of nineteenth century American and Pacific Islands history.The lifecourse of Stoddard (especially as he came of age in the late nineteenth century) illustrates critical issues pertaining to the evolution of sexual identities, spiritualities, and politics in nineteenth century American and Pacific Islands history. The settings of Stoddard's most life transformative experiences were in eastern Oceania, (most notably, the Kingdom of Hawai'i), where he experienced an alternative lifestyle which stood in stark juxtaposition to 19th century Euro-American lifeways and mores. Charles Warren Stoddard's liminal (i.e., marginal) weltanschauung serve as the clarifying elements of this interpretive biography, which builds upon the significant contributions of recent scholarship. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . Abstract.. List ofAbbreviations viii. Preface .. Introduction Chapter 1: 1 Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7 Bibliography Vi List ofAbbreviations Primary sources and works by Charles Warren Stoddard and his associates frequently cited within the text can be identified here with the following abbreviations: GP Roger Austen, John W. Crowley, ed., Genteel Pagan: The Double Life ofCharles Warren Stoddard (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991) IFP Charles Warren Stoddard, In the Footprints ofthe Padres (AM. Robertson, 1912) lTD Charles Warren Stoddard, Island ofTranquil Delights: A South Sea Idyl and Others (Boston: Herbert B. Turner, 1904) SSI Charles Warren Stoddard, South Sea Idyls (Boston: lR. Osgood, 1873) Stroven Carl Stroven "A Life of Charles Warren Stoddard", Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1939 TH A Troubled Heart and How It Was Comforted At Last (Notre Dame, Indiana: Ave Maria Press, 1885) Vlll PREFACE Prior to enrolling in the graduate program in History at the University ofHawai' i at Manoa in the Fall Semester of 1997, I discovered a book titled Asian American Sexualities: Dimensions ofthe Gay and Lesbian Experience, edited by Russell Leong. One of the primary concerns of this text, which includes a collection of essays presented by Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, is the ways in which gay, lesbian, and bisexual identities emerge out of the intersections of history, race, and sexua1Ity.° I Of particularly poignant interest to me during my early days as a graduate student at Manoa was an article co-written by Lisa Kahaleole Chang Hall and 1. Kehaulani Kauanui, (two scholars with roots in Hawai'i) entitled Same-Sex Sexuality in Pacific Literature. Hall and Kauanui challenge and deconstruct the frequently deployed Euro-American rubrics in which "Asians" and "Pacific Islanders" are subsumed. One of the main arguments articulated by both authors is that Pacific 1 Russel Leong, ed., Asian American Sexualities: Dimensions ofthe Gay and Lesbian Experience (London: Routledge, 1996), Introduction, passim IX peoples, from Aotearoa to the Hawaiian Islands, have shared a cosmology in which sexuality is an integral force of life - indeed the cause ofthe life of the universe - and not a separate category of behavior and existence. This viewpoint, the authors add, stands in contrast to the western analytical categories of "homosexuality", and more fundamentally, "sexuality" itself, which has ultimately established a legacy of western control and commodification of Pacific sexualities still persisting to this day.2 During the Fall Semester of 1997, I walked into an alternative bookstore in Honolulu and found a slender volume titled Summer Cruising in the South Seas, the cover of which displayed a handsome man of either Asian or Pacific Islander heritage. The individual on the cover appears mostly nude, with luxuriant tropical foliage as a tantalizing backdrop. I was surprised to see that this small book was authored by a Euro-American by the name of Charles Warren Stoddard. I opened the book to take a cursory glance of its contents, and 2 Lisa Kahaeole Chang Hall and J. Kehaulani Kauanui, "Same-Sex Sexuality in Pacific Literature", in Russell Leong, ed., Asian American Sexualities: Dimensions ofthe Gay and Lesbian Experience (London: Routledge, 1996),114-115 x was further astonished by its openly homoerotic content. I checked the years during which the text was written, and was further amazed to learn of its late nineteenth century authorship. "Who is or was Charles Warren Stoddard? ", I asked myself. And furthermore, "How could such material be written in the late nineteenth century?" And so began my search into learning more about this fascinating individual. In the Spring Semester of 1998, I wrote a research paper for a graduate seminar offered by Professor Margaret Jolly of the Australian National University. The seminar provided invaluable insight into travel literature of the Pacific, gender issues in Pacific Islands anthropology, the study of cross cultural encounters between Pacific Islanders and Euro-Americans from both anthropological and historical perspectives, and more. After completing a term paper on Stoddard, I realized that I had only scratched the surface of his significance as a travel writer who once described Oceania and Pacific Islanders, was a sojourner in the Pacific, and the complexities of his life as a gay, Catholic man Xl living in a frontier society with somewhat reified gender ideals. This thesis would not be possible without the initiative, fortitude and exhaustive academic research ofDr. Carl Stroven and Roger Austen, two scholars who did momentous biographies of Stoddard: Stroven, in the year 1939, and Austen during the late 1980s? Stroven was one of the first scholars to study Stoddard from a biographical and literary historical perspective, and Austen followed suit some five decades later, including important evidence of Stoddard's sexual liminality; namely, his homosexuality. Although Stroven merely hints of Stoddard's homosexuality in the narrative of his Ph.D. dissertation (the word homosexuality is mentioned only on a few occasions within the approximately three hundred pages of Stroven's study), it is Austen who first unabashedly addresses the dynamic of homosexuality in Stoddard's life in Genteel Pagan: The Double Life ofCharles Warren Stoddard. Carl Stroven's study explores a plethora of sources: Stoddard's voluminous diaries and 3 Roger Austen, John W. Crowley, ed., GP and Stroven, "A Life of Charles Warren Stoddard", Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1939 XlI personal correspondence kept in Hawai' i and during his tenure as a university professor, excerpts from his earliest literary efforts as a writer in San Francisco during the 1860s and 1870s, newspaper articles, local historical records from Rochester, New York, San Francisco and Honolulu, and other primary sources from the mid- to late- nineteenth century. Some forty to fifty years later, Roger Austen utilized many untapped sources directly related to Stoddard's homosocial and homosexual relationships, primary sources from Stoddard's days as a professor at both Notre Dame and the Catholic University of America, and draws poignant conclusions regarding Stoddard's homosexuality from the vantage point ofthe new, burgeoning field of queer studies, a field which delves into the evolution of gay and lesbian