DOCSLIB.ORG

Local Environment Agency Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Local Environment Agency Plan £ " /\ - S o [ A J ^ h 6 0 y 5 local environment agency plan TAMAR ESTUARY AND TRIBUTARIES CONSULTATION REPORT JULY 1996 Environment Agency Copyright Waiver This report is intended to be used widely and may be quoted, copied or reproduced in any way, provided that the extracts are not quoted out of context and that due acknowledgement is given to the Environment Agency Published July 1996 l+o E n v i r o n m e n t A g e n c y Information Services Unit Please return or renew this item by the due date Due Date Foreword The Tamar Estuaries and Tributaries Local Environment Agency Plan is the first in a series of such plans to be published by Cornwall Area Environment Agency. These plans expand the concept of former National Rivers Authority's Catchment Management Plans to encompass the wider range of responsibilities of the Agency. This plan sets out the Agency's vision for realising the potential of the local environment and will be used as a principle tool by the Agency at a local and regional level in planning and delivering environmental improvements. This document is inter-related with the Tamar Estuaries Consultative Forum's Tamar Estuaries Management Plan. The latter concentrates specifically on Plymouth Sound and the estuaries of the Rivers Plym, Tamar, Tavy and Lynher, and is concerned with social, economic and environmental improvements to the estuarine catchment. An important stage in the production of both plans is a period of public consultation. We are keen to draw on the expertise and interest of the local communities and for them to have a say in the development of Agency plans and work programmes. This document includes relevant information about the catchment and lists the issues we have identified and which we feel need to be addressed. Both plans set out strategic and specific issues and objectives which we consider will enable the effective planning and management of this area into the next century. Please send us your comments, your views are important. Please send your comment by 23 October 1996 to: Darragh Turley Environment Planner - Cornwall Area Environment Agency South West Region Sir John Moore House Victoria Square, Bodmin Cornwall, PL31 1EB We look forward to hearing from you. * ^ ^ < 5 ROB ROBINSON AREA MANAGER (CORNWALL) CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... i G lossary............................................................................................................................................... vi CATCHMENT VISION .................................................................................................................... 1 SCOPE OF THE PLAN .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Catchment Statistics..............................................................................................................3 CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................ 7 CATCHMENT USES ...................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Conservation - Landscape, Wildlife and Archaeology ........................ ......................... 13 4.2 Fisheries .................................................................................................... ......................... 19 4.3 Agriculture ............................................................................................... ......................... 27 4.4 Forestry...................................................................................................... ......................... 33 4.5 Recreation and Amenity......................................................................... ......................... 35 4.6 Aquaculture ............................................................................................. .......................... 39 4.7 The Built and Developing Environment ............................................... .......................... 41 4.8 Flood D efence.............................................................................................. ......................... 49 4.9 Mining and Q uarrying............................................................................ ......................... 57 4.10 Contaminated Land ................................................................................ ......................... 63 4.11 Abstraction and Water Supply............................................................... ......................... 67 4.12 Effluent Disposal ................................................................................ ......................... 73 4.13 Waste Management ................................................................................ ......................... 79 4.14 Controlled Processes .............................................................................. ......................... 83 TARGETS AND STATE OF THE CATCHMENT .....................................................................87 5.1 Water Q u ality ..................................................................................................................... 87 5.2 Water Q uantity............................ ................................................................................. 115 5.3 Physical Features ....................................................... .................................................... 122 5.4 Flood Defence............................................................. .................................................... 140 5.5 Waste Management .................................................. .................................................... 146 5 6 Air Quality .................................................................. .................................................. 149 TABLE OF ISSUES ......... ......................................................................................................... 156 APPENDICES A Conservation, Sites of Special Scientific Interest B Fisheries C Water Quality D Flood Defence Standards of Service E Categories of pollution incidents F Water Resources Units and Abbreviations References TABLES 1: Drainage A reas............................................................................................................................................ 3 2: Hydrometric gauging stations ....................................................................................................................5 3: Flows at Ludbrook, River T av y ............................................................................................................... 11 4: Fisheries Surveys......................................................................................................................................21 5: Open rod fishing seasons..........................................................................................................................24 6: Agricultural Land Use ..............................................................................................................................29 7: Farm Types...............................................................................................: ...............................................30 8: Agricultural Pollution Incidents............................................................................................................... 31 9: Fish farm abstractions/discharges........................................................................................................... 40 10: Development restraints due to inadequate sewerage infrastructure and/or sewage treatment......... 48 11: Flood defence structures ......................................................................................................................... 51 12: Nett private licensed resource commitment in the Tamar Estuary and Tributaries Catchment. 71 13: Percentage of population on mains sewerage........................................................................................76 14: Pollution incidents arising from industrial and sewage effluents 1992 to 1994 .............................. 77 15: Controlled Processes in Tamar Estuaries and Tributaries C atchm ent................. ..............................84 16: Translation of River Quality Objectives based on the NWC scheme to River Ecosystem Classes . 87 17: Stretches where data has been 'set aside' .............................................................................................. 89 18: Proposed RQOs which are higher than historical RQOs based on the NWC system ..................... 90 19: Proposed RQOs which are lower than historical RQOs based on the NWC system ..................... 90 20: Proposed Long Term RQOs for the Tamar Estuary Catchment ........................................................91 21: Compliance with EC Bathing Water Directive......................................................................................94 22: Sites monitored for List I substances .....................................................................................................95 23: Sites monitored for List LI substances.....................................................................................................97 24: Designated salmonid stretches with derogations...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stonehouse Voice Summer 2019
    How to save the Expert analysis of live music scene why truth and lies after demise of impact your mental The Hub Page 14 health Page 12 Welcome to your new neighbourhood newspaper We’ve launched this newspaper for Stonehouse residents and businesses because there are lots of good things happening in our neighbourhood and we plan to make sure you know about them. The main aim of the Stonehouse Voice is to celebrate all of the good stu going on from art, music and creativity to local business and social enterprise and encourage you to report and write about them. We’ll print the stories about us that most other media ignore. In fact, we’re starting a local media revolution because our stories and features are written for our community, by people who live among us. At rst, we will be appearing twice a year, but the plan is that we’ll eventually be published quarterly, and monthly after that. And as we go along, we’ll transfer the ownership of the Voice to yourselves, the community, in the form of a non-pro t Community Bene t Society. So, we’re on the lookout for a team of community journalists and designers, who live on our patch and would like to celebrate it. If you want to take a part in developing the paper through writing, design, publishing or managing just email to [email protected] or lookout for the regular workshops Above: Crafting with the Make it Up project at the Union Street Party. Photograph Dom Moore at Nudge or Ocean Studios.
    [Show full text]
  • Cargibbitt Farm, Caradon Town. Details October 2020
    in association with Cargibbitt Farm Caradon Town | Liskeard | Cornwall GUIDE £1,175,000 Cargibbitt Farm, Caradon Town, Liskeard, Cornwall, PL14 5AR A superb smallholding in an idyllic setting comprising of a large and flexible four bedroom barn conversion with a further building with kitchen, accommodation, indoor swimming pool and large patio with beautiful views. There are extensive outbuildings an d equestrian facilities, attractive gardens and over 22 acres of grounds all with far reaching views. • Detached four bedroom barn conversion. • Well-appointed, highly flexible character accommodation. 7 bed 4 bath 3 recp 8.6 acr Double garage with room above • Located in a private setting with stunning far reaching views. • Delightful landscaped and attractive gardens. • Substantial modern leisure suite with heated indoor swimming pool. • A range of extensive equestrian facilities including indoor arena and stabling. • Several well fenced pasture paddocks amounting in total t o some 22 acres. • Many modern comforts including fibre broadband to the premises. • Good access to riding out on Bodmin Moor and village facilities. • A 15 minute drive from main line rail connections. Cargibbitt Farm lies in an idyllic tucked away but not isolated location close to Bodmin M oor. There are outstanding views afforded from all parts of the property with the main house and garden being beautiful ly sheltered. Originally a barn, the building was converted and extended we understand in the 1970’s with careful attention to detail ensuring that a wealth of character was preserved. Today, the home which is a superb example of a country residence has highly flexible accommodation of at least four bedrooms.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoo Meavy Farm Hoo Meavy Farm Hoo Meavy, Yelverton, PL20 6JE
    Hoo Meavy Farm Hoo Meavy Farm Hoo Meavy, Yelverton, PL20 6JE • Superb Location • Fine Rural Views • Fantastic Living • Accommodation • Stables and Outbuildings • Five or Six Bedrooms • Stunning Conservatory • Third of an Acre of Level Gardens Guide price £600,000 SITUATION Hoo Meavy is a desperately pretty hamlet on the banks of the River Meavy, just inside the south west boundaries of Dartmoor National Park. On the opposite side of the river is the small village of Clearbrook, where there is a country pub and about two miles away is the attractive moorland village of Yelverton, with a wide range of shops and other facilities. Further afield is the delightful and popular ancient market/stannary town of Tavistock. The area has an excellent choice of first class independent and grammar schools located in Tavistock and Plymouth. The Dartmoor National Park, with its 368 square miles of spectacular scenery and rugged granite tors, is literally on the doorstep. This heather clad moorland, with A fabulous farmhouse with stunning views across open moorland deep wooded valleys and rushing streams, provides unlimited opportunities for walking, riding and fishing. Sporting pursuits in the area are second to none, the and extending to 2746 square feet south coasts of Devon and Cornwall, with their beautiful estuaries, beaches and coastal walks, are within easy reach as well as the rugged coastline of North Cornwall. Follow the Tamar Estuary past Derriford Hospital and the maritime port of Plymouth will be found, with direct links to London and excellent facilities for sailing, including comprehensive marina provision and access to some of the finest uncrowded waters in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Walk Logistics 2018 Landscape.Pub
    Come Walk with Me . Portwrinkle Mount Batten Par Looe Cremyll Fowey Polperro Wembury Bigbury on Sea Mevagissey Monday 23rd April • Lizard Point to Coverack - 10.6 Miles - Moderate/Strenuous. Tuesday 24th April • Coverack to Helford - 13.1 Miles - Moderate. Ferry trip to finish across the Helford River. Torcross Salcombe Wednesday 25th • Helford Passage to Falmouth - 10.0 Miles - Moderate. Portloe Thursday 26th April • AM Falmouth to Portscatho - 6.2 Miles - Easy. Includes 2 ferry trips at the start to St. Mawes & Place. PM Portscatho to Portloe - 7.5 Miles - Strenuous. Portscatho Friday 27th April • Portloe to Mevagissey - 12.3 Miles - Strenuous then Easy. 1 Week Saturday 28th April • Mevagissey to Par - 12.4 Miles - Strenuous then Easy. Falmouth Sunday 29th April • AM Par to Fowey - 7.0 Miles - Moderate. N PM Fowey to Polperro - 7.1 Miles - Strenuous. Ferry trip across the River Fowey to Polruan. 2018 Route Itinerary Monday 30th April • AM Polperro to Looe - 5.0 Miles - Moderate. Helford To help you decide which PM Looe to Portwrinkle - 7.6 Miles - Strenuous/Moderate. date or dates to choose, Tuesday 1st May • Portwrinkle to Cremyll - 13.1 Miles - Moderate. here is a brief itinerary Wednesday 2nd May • AM Cremyll (Plymouth) to Mount Batten - 8.6 Miles - Easy. Ferry trip across the Tamar to Stonehouse. detailing the location, PM Mount Batten to Wembury - 6.3 Miles - Easy. Coverack distance and ease of the Thursday 3rd May • Wembury to Bigbury on Sea - 14.0 Miles - Easy then Strenuous. Ferry across the River Yealm from Warren Point to Noss Mayo route for each day of the 2 Week then minibus around the River Erme Estuary (no ferry available).
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Paignton
    GUIDE 1 Welcome to the 2020 NOPS Kit Kat Tour Torbay is a large bay on Devon’s south coast. Overlooking its clear blue waters from their vantage points along the bay are three towns: Paignton, Torquay and Brixham. The bays ancient flood plain ends where it meets the steep hills of the South Hams. These hills act as suntrap, allowing the bay to luxuriate in its own warm microclimate. It is the bays golden sands and rare propensity for fine weather that has led to the bay and its seaside towns being named the English Riviera. Dartmoor National Park is a wild place with open moorlands and deep river valleys, a rich history and rare wildlife, making is a unique place and a great contrast to Torbay in terms of photographic subjects. The locations listed in the guide have been selected as popular areas to photograph. I have tried to be accurate with the postcodes but as many locations are rural, they are an approximation. They are not intended as an itinerary but as a starting point for a trigger-happy weekend. All the locations are within an hour or so drive from the hotel. Some locations are run by the National Trust or English Heritage. It would be worth being members or going with a member so that the weekend can be enjoyed to the full. Prices listed are correct at time of publication, concession prices are in brackets. Please take care and be respectful of the landscape around you. If you intend climbing or doing any other dangerous activities, please go in pairs (at least).
    [Show full text]
  • July Aug Magazine
    Published and funded by St Martin-By-Looe Parish Council July/August 2008 Editor:Kim Smith. Tel: 01503 262269. Compiled and typeset by Charles Hyde. Tel: 01579 340905 [email protected] Summer is here at last, let us hope for some long hot days to enjoy the outdoors; there are some great events to attend in and around the Parish, Morval Vintage Rally, and the Village Show to name just two, see the events page 16 for details Parish Council News Planning Applications No Mans Land Sewage Works The Council considered an applica- Once permanent access is estab- tion for a Celtic Spiral labyrinth on lished, it is hoped that SW Water will land at Windsworth. A further appli- take over the running of the sewage cation was received in relation to the works; it’s early days yet but progress farm wide development at Keveral is being made. Farm. Children’s Play Area Donations agreed Progress is being made; CDC’s A donation for £25 was made to Vic- Community Development Officer is tim Support Cornwall, and a £50 con- planning a meeting with residents, tribution towards the work of Caradon councillors, housing officers, PCSO’s Neighborhood Watch was agreed. and the Youth Development Officer No Mans Land Noticeboard to discuss the matter further. Land is The noticeboard has been repaired, still to be identified, however various to display items please contact discussions are taking place and it is Charles on the number above. Our hoped to find a suitable site shortly. thanks go to Andrew and Chris at Pedestrian Crossing B3253 Solartec.
    [Show full text]
  • PDZ1 Final Report Intro
    PDZ: 1 Rame Head to Pencarrow Head Management Area 01 Management Area 02 Management Area 03 Aerial view of Polperro Rame Head to Pencarrow Head This section of coast generally faces south or south west. It mainly comprises hard, rocky cliffs fronted by shore platforms, sand/shingle beaches and incised valleys with streams discharging to the coast. The largest beach is Long Sand at Whitsand Bay, with a few smaller pocket beaches including Millendreath Beach and Seaton Beach. Tidal inlets exist at Seaton, Looe and Polperro. Commercial interests other than tourism and recreation in the area are the commercial fishing fleet at Looe, and agriculture along the cliff top. This is a relatively undeveloped rural and agricultural part of the Cornish coast comprised mainly of grassland and arable land, with some woodland. This area is valued for its costal habitats, rare plants, historic sites and important geomorphological processes. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly SMP2 Final Report Chapter 4 PDZ1 1 February 2011 Cornwall and Isles of Scilly SMP2 Final Report Chapter 4 PDZ1 2 February 2011 General Description Built Environment Fixed assets at the coast increase towards the west, with the coastal settlements at Portwrinkle, Downderry, Seaton, Millendreath, Plaidy, East and West Looe and Hannafore, Talland and Polperro. The main settlement of the area is Looe. Downderry Heritage The Rame Peninsula is the site of an important cluster of post-medieval fortifications including a group of scheduled monuments. There is also an Iron Age settlement at Rame and there are medieval field strips close to Tregantle fort. A group of Bronze Age barrows are situated close to the cliff east of Downderry, with other historic and archaeologically valuable sites and scattered archaeological remains between Polperro and Polruan.
    [Show full text]
  • North Hill Parish Newsletter July 2021 Issue #251 FREE
    North Hill Parish Newsletter July 2021 Issue #251 FREE Covering: BATHPOOL, BERRIOWBRIDGE, BOTTERNELL, COADS GREEN, CONGDON’S SHOP, ILLAND, KINGBEAR, LANDREYNE, MIDDLEWOOD, NEWTOWN, NORTH HILL, PENHOLE, SLIPPER HILL, STONAFORD, TREBARTHA, TREFURSDEN, TREKERNELL AND TREMOLLET Welcome to NorthHillParish.News Notes from the Barn July 2021 It will have come as no surprise to most of us, after weeks of speculation and watching the Covid case numbers rising again around the county and nationwide, that we enter July with the same level of restrictions as we had in June. This will be such a disappointment to many venues around the county as we reach the peak summer months. Many indoor and outdoor events which were due to be held will now have been cancelled, and who knows how long it will be before groups of more than 6 people will be able to meet privately? Nevertheless, we have lots of great articles for you this month. Our Climate Emergency contributor has brought you a valuable insight into COP26, the UN Climate Change Conference and the important contributions that we in the Parish can make. We have news of an interesting visitor from Honolulu, and some very special nature reports from around the Parish. I hope we will continue to enjoy some lovely summer weather and the ability to get out and about to enjoy our beautiful surroundings! Jan Editor 1 | P a g e IN THIS EDITION……. Page 3 Climate Emergency – COP26 and why it’s important 4 Kehaulani Kamaunu - aka Lorene – to pay us a visit in July! 5 June Meeting of the Coads Green W.I.
    [Show full text]
  • SALTASH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN CONSULTATION DRAFT June 2019 - 2030 Saltash Town Council
    SALTASH NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN CONSULTATION DRAFT June 2019 - 2030 Saltash Town Council Neighbourhood Plan Steering Group 1 Saltash Neighbourhood Development Plan—Consultation Draft June 2019 The Saltash Neighbourhood Development Plan has been prepared in accordance with the Neighbourhood Planning Regulations 2012, the Localism Act 2011, the Planning & Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, the European Directive 2001/42 on Strategic Environmental Assessment and the EU Directive 92/43 on Habitats Regulations Assessment. 2 Saltash Neighbourhood Development Plan—Consultation Draft June 2019 Photo 1: Saltash from above, showing the relationship with the River Tamar and surrounding open countryside lying beyond a clearly delineated urban edge. 3 Saltash Neighbourhood Development Plan—Consultation Draft June 2019 CONTENTS • REGENERATION OBJECTIVES FOR THE TOWN CENTRE • POLICY TC1 – DEVELOPMENT AT CARKEEL PREFACE • POLICY TC2 - MAINTAINING THE TOWN CENTRE AS A RETAIL AND SOCIAL DES- 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………...…...7 TINATION • FOREWORD • POLICY TC3 – NEW USES FOR UPPER FLOORS IN THE TOWN CENTRE • NEXT STEPS AFTER THIS CONSULTATION • POLICY TC4 – RETENTION OF SMALL SCALE EMPLOYMENT IN TOWN CENTRE • HOW THIS PLAN IS ORGANISED 7. CREATE AND SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS……………………………..32 • STEERING GROUP & WORKING GROUP MEMBERSHIP • POLICY SN 1 – SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE AT 2. BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………………………………….11 BROADMOOR FARM • THE LEGAL BASIS • POLICY SN2 – STRENGTHENING NEIGHBOURHOODS
    [Show full text]
  • WRRC Autumn Newsletter
    No. 9 Welcome to the quarterly newsletter of the WRRC. The September 2008 WRRC is the organisation responsible for representing the W R R C region at a national level to the ARA, and for supporting the WEST REGIONAL ROWING COUNCIL development of rowing across Cornwall and Devon. Paralympic Handover On Wednesday 17th September pupils from eight schools across Devon got together to celebrate the Paralympic Handover in style at the YMCA in Plymouth. Over 100 pupils took to the 18 rowing machines in a relay to notch up the target of 147,000 metres. The children worked so well that this target was raised to 200,000 metres halfway l l l through the event, and even this higher target was smashed as i i i the final metres rowed totalled 252,000! c c c Non-disabled & disabled pupils, sports leaders, sports develop- n n n ment officers, partnership development managers and repre- sentatives from Active Devon, Amateur Rowing Association u u u (ARA), English Federation Disability Sport (EFDS), Sport England, Team South West and Team Devon all proved that sporting success is achieved when a team works effectively together. o o o In addition to celebrating the Paralympic Handover of the games, from Beijing to London, the event C C C marked the signing of a Partnership Charter between the ARA and the EFDS. Against a backdrop of students and staff rowing to victory, Rosemary Napp, National Manager of ARA and Colin Chaytors g g g CEO of EFDS signed the agreement (pictured). n n n r r r Eddystone Challenge 2008 South Coast Championships 2008 i i i e e The Eddystone Challenge, organised and run by e More than 1000 rowers from over 30 different Mayflower Offshore Rowing Club, is a 28 mile en- clubs in Southern England took part in the t t t w w w durance sea rowing event which is open to any row- 2008 South Coast Rowing Championships, t t t able craft, provided it is sea worthy and capable of which were hosted by Plymouth Amateur o o o e e e making the round trip from Plymouth out to the no- Rowing Club on the River Plym.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon and Sea Trout Protection Byelaws
    Salmon and Sea Trout Protection Byelaws Supporting statement August 2018 We are the Environment Agency. We protect and improve the environment. Acting to reduce the impacts of a changing climate on people and wildlife is at the heart of everything we do. We reduce the risks to people, properties and businesses from flooding and coastal erosion. We protect and improve the quality of water, making sure there is enough for people, businesses, agriculture and the environment. Our work helps to ensure people can enjoy the water environment through angling and navigation. We look after land quality, promote sustainable land management and help protect and enhance wildlife habitats. And we work closely with businesses to help them comply with environmental regulations. We can’t do this alone. We work with government, local councils, businesses, civil society groups and communities to make our environment a better place for people and wildlife. Published by: Environment Agency Further copies of this document are available Horizon House, Deanery Road, from our publications catalogue: Bristol BS1 5AH www.gov.uk/government/publications Email: [email protected] or our National Customer Contact Centre: www.gov.uk/environment-agency T: 03708 506506 Email: [email protected]. © Environment Agency 2018 All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Plym Valley Connections Heritage Lottery Fund Project
    Designers of the London 2012 Olympic Parklands PLYM VALLEY CONNECTIONS HERITAGE LOTTERY FUND PROJECT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AND HERITAGE ASSESSMENT AUGUST 2013 CONTENTS 1.0 FOREWORD 5 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 3.0 INTRODUCTION 10 4.0 APPROACH TO THE LCHA 12 5.0 METHODOLOGY 14 5.1. Guidance and Sources of Information 14 5.2. Study Area 15 6.0 OVERVIEW OF ASSESSMENT THEMES 16 6.1. Introduction 16 6.2. Physical Landscape and Natural Heritage 16 6.3. Cultural Heritage 22 6.4. People, Access and Places 30 6.5. Drivers for Change 33 7.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS 34 1. Coastal and Tidal Waters Landscape Character Type 36 2. Open Coastal Plateau and Cliffs Landscape Character Type 42 3. Lowland Plain Landscape Character Type 44 4. Wooded Valley and Farmland Landscape Character Type 46 5. Upland Fringes Landscape Character Type 54 6. Upland Moorland Landscape Character Type 62 7. Urban Landscape Character type 64 8.0 PROPOSED HLF BOUNDARY AND CONSIDERATIONS 66 9.0 CONCLUSIONS 68 APPENDICES 71 Appendix 1. Workshop Summary Findings Appendix 2. List of Significant Heritage Assets Appendix 3. Gazetteer of Environmental Assets Appendix 4. Landscape Character Overview FIGURES 4 1.0 FOREWORD “The longer one stays here the more does the spirit of the moor sink into one’s soul, its vastness, and also its grim charm. When you are once out upon its bosom you have left all traces of modern England behind you, but, on the other hand, you are conscious everywhere of the homes and the work of the prehistoric people.
    [Show full text]