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"~Est ~Oo~ in ~Om~Aratiue ~Oliticf ~Mar~ CRITICAL JUNCTU RES, the LABOR "This Is a Monumental Work, a Tour De Force

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~ litle from th ~elen ~ellogg lnstitnte for International ~tn~ies rn1nner of t~e ~merican ~olltkal ~cience ~ssodation~ s SHAPING THE POLITICAL ARENA "~est ~oo~ in ~om~aratiue ~oliticf ~mar~ CRITICAL JUNCTU RES, THE LABOR "This is a monumental work, a tour de force. It is one of the most important MOVEMENT, AND R EGIME D YN AMICS books in the field of Latin American politics in several years." IN LATI N AMERICA -~m erican rolitical ~ci enc e ~ eu i ew "This book is a disciplined, paired comparison of the eight Latin American countries with the longest history of urban commercial and industrial develop­ ment-Brazil and Chile, Mexico and Venezuela, Uruguay and Colombia, Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier Argentina and Peru.... Overall, a path-breaking volume." -foreign ~ffai rs "To paraphrase the book's title, this masterful work deserves to shape the intel­ lectual arena for social scientists and historians for years to come." The second printing of Shaping the Political -ro litical ~cience ~uarterl~ Arena (Notre Dame University Press, 2002) can ''This massive, ambitious, and wide-ranging book advances our understanding readily be bought from any bookseller. of modern Latin American politics by identifying the historical moment when Excerpts included in this file are only a small forces emerged and relations were crystallized in ways that shaped subsequent portion of the text, and readers are encouraged to political life." ~ purchase the complete book. -l~e ~euiew of rolitics This file includes the Preface to the 2002 "Massive in scope, ambitious in its conceptual reach, and encyclopedic in detail, edition by Guillermo O'Donnell; Authors' Note; Shaping the Political Arena is destined to stand as a landmark in the literature for years to come." Overview and Introduction; Introductions to -~tuuies in ~om~aratiue International ~euelo~ment Chapters 3 to 7; and Conclusion, Glossary, Bibliography, and Index. RUTH BERINS COLLIER is professor of political science at the University of California, Berkeley. DAVID COLLIER is professor of political science at the University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 0-2 68 -01772-7 University of Notre Dame Press U N IVERSI TY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS N O TRE D A M E , I N DIAN A Notre Dame, IN 46556 1111 I 9000C 2002 www.undpress.nd.edu 9 780268 0 17729 Cowr ·Jlllllifal>U 11111111111111 Contents ____________________________________ Preface to the 2002 Edition ix Guillermo O'Donnell Authors' Note to the 2002 Edition xiii Figures and Tables xvii Acknowledgments xix OVERVIEW 3 I. Introduction 1. FRAMEWORK: Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies 27 2. CONTEXT: The Labor Movement and the State in Latin America 40 II. Cleavage 3. LABOR: Emergence of Worker Organization and Protest 59 4. STATE: Reformist Challenge to Oligarchic Domination 100 III. Critical Juncture 5. INCORPORATION: Recasting State-Labor Relations 161 Brazil and Chile: Depoliticization and Control 169 Mexico and Venezuela: Radical Populism 196 Uruguay and Colombia: Electoral Mobilization by a Traditional Party 271 Peru and Argentina: Labor Populism 314 IV. Legacy 6. AFTERMATH: Reaction to Incorporation and Postincorporation Dynamics 353 Brazil and Chile: Aborted Populism 360 Mexico and Venezuela: Transformation of the Majority Coalition 403 Uruguay and Colombia: Reinforcing Traditional Two-Party Systems 438 Peru and Argentina: "Difficult" and "Impossible" Games 469 viii SHAPING THE POLITICAL ARENA 7. HERITAGE: Between Hegemony and Crisis 498 Brazil and Chile: Multiparty Polarizing Politics 507 Preface to the 2002 Edition _________ Mexico and Venezuela: Integrative Party Systems 571 Uruguay and Colombia: Electoral Stability and Social Guillermo O'Donnell Conflict 639 Peru and Argentina: Political Stalemate 692 V. Summation THE UNIVERSITY of Notre Dame Press should be congratulated for its 8. CONCLUSION: Shaping the Political Arena 745 decision to reissue this remarkable book. Shaping the Political Arena follows the best Weberian tradition of historical political sociology, in Heads of State since 1900 775 several senses. In one of these senses, which will be immediately obvious to the Glossary 781 reader, this book displays encyclopedic knowledge and the skillful uti­ Abbreviations 791 lization of a huge and varied literature. In a second sense, the Colliers have a broad-macro-and very im­ Bibliography 797 portant question: What were the patterns, and the consequences, of the Index of Countries by Analytic Period 855 incorporation of labor (basically, urban labor) into the national arenas of politics of Latin America?' The authors trace these consequences in rela­ General Index 863 tion both to labor and, no less importantly, to the overall characteristics of the political regimes and more generally of the societies that emerged during and after (and, as they show, partly as a result of) the political in­ corporation of labor in Latin America. In a third sense, as Weber did, this book uses a rather wide array of causal factors without reducing its explanations to any of them. Yet this is not intellectually undisciplined eclecticism: these factors are carefully sorted out and assessed in each case and across cases. Fourth, and related to the preceding remark, I found it particularly pleasurable, as I did in Weber's Economy and Society, to "watch" the au­ thors of Shaping the Political Arena move in each step of their analysis with clear-and explicit-self-consciousness of their methodology. In many passages of their book, the Colliers do us the important service of pointing out what they believe are the scope, the possible robustness, and the likely limitations of their findings and arguments. In fact, I have found this methodological self-consciousness extremely useful both for my own work and for my teaching-it is nice, and indeed helpful, to watch very good minds carefully telling us about the rationale of the con­ ceptual and empirical steps they are taking. Fifth, because the Colliers have a theoretical framework backed by impressive research, they come out with a series of hypotheses and con- I Always mindful of the need to offer clear definitions, the authors consider incorpo­ ration as the "first sustained and at least partially successful attempt by the state to legiti­ mate and shape an institutionalized labor movement" [p. 161 ). SHAPING THE POLITICAL ARENA xi X PREFACE elusions that add enormously to our knowledge not only of labor but also junctures, epochal times that transform important societal parameters of political processes-broadly understood-in Latin America. and have long-standing reverberations-a concept that can b~ and has A book of this scope and complexity invites various uses and readings. been fruitfully used by several authors in the study of .other topic~. Mine, as implied above, is that of the study of a complex collective actor For the study of these critical junctures, the compansons, now m terms by means of a theoretical framework that moves both through time (trac­ of paired cases, are very helpful. As the authors persu~sively sh.ow: ing the history of the respective labor movements in eight countries) in Latin America there were at least four patterns of labor mcorporati.on. and by means of "horizontal" comparisons. The main comparisons are of ( 1) the radical populism of Mexico and Venez_u~la; .(2) the labor populism cases that are paired by means of similarities in certain factors that the of Argentina and Peru; (3) the electoral mob11lzatwn (of labor) by a tra­ theory indicates as particularly relevant. Some of these pairings are coun­ ditional party of Uruguay and Colombia; and (4) the ~attern that at .l~ast terintuitive, and certainly they would not have been generated had the in the initial period was more exclusionary, involvmg the depolltlza­ questions posed been different from the ones of this book; for example, it tion and control effected in Brazil and Chile.2 The Collier~ further show, took me some time and several discussions with the authors until I fully by going back to the history of each cas~ and then. returnmg to t.he four understood-and agreed with-the pairing of two cases, Brazil and Chile, paired comparisons, that each mode of mcorpor.atwn g~nerated ~ts own that in many other respects are very different, as the Colliers themselves "legacy" disaggregated into the more or less Immediate reactiOns to emphasize. Here, as usual in these procedures, the proof of the pudding is labor i~corporation (the "aftermath") and its longer term "heritage." As in the eating: as the reader will notice, these pairings highlight important they argue, and highlight in the titl.e of their b?~k, this flo,;v of events.has similarities, both in the process of labor incorporation and in the over­ significantly contributed to "shapmg the political aren~ of these eig?t all consequences they generated. Furthermore, these procedures are dis­ countries (which as a set contain a very large proportion of the La:m ciplined by the innovative and conceptually powerful typologies that the American population and territory). The incorporation o~ the workm.g authors elaborate on the relationships between the labor movement on class into the national political arena-however p~ecanous., subordi­ one side, and the various kinds of incorporation effected by the state and nated, and controlled it was in most cases, and not~1thstandmg the r~­ political parties, on the other. actions, sometimes repressive, it provoked-deeply n~flu;nced th~ po.h­ The book moves analytically back and forth between histories of each tics and indeed, the whole of society in these countnes. Even w1th Its case, told in considerable detail and with remarkable knowledge, and limitati~ns-closely mapped in this book-this incorporati?n me~nt t~e comparisons that are apposite because they are anchored in similarities end of oligarchic domination and of a predominantly agranan society m that are shown to be theoretically relevant and empirically useful.
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