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Histoire Naturelle Du Genre De Fourmis Néotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr 1887 (Arthropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae, Thaumatomyrmecini)

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Histoire Naturelle Du Genre De Fourmis Néotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr 1887 (Arthropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae, Thaumatomyrmecini) UNIVERSITE PARIS XIII ________________________________________ École Doctorale de Galilée THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PARIS XIII Discipline : Éthologie Par Benoit Jean Bernard JAHYNY VOLUME 1 / 2 Histoire Naturelle du genre de fourmis néotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr 1887 (Arthropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae, Thaumatomyrmecini) présentée et soutenue le 28 janvier 2010 devant le jury composé de: P. JAISSON Professeur Président (Université Paris XIII, Villetaneuse) A. LENOIR Professeur émérite Rapporteur (Université François Rabelais, Tours) C. PEETERS Directeur de Recherche CNRS Rapporteur (Université Paris VI) S. LACAU Professeur Examinateur (UESB, Itapetinga, BA, Brésil) J. ORIVEL Chercheur CNRS Examinateur (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse) D. FRESNEAU Professeur Examinateur (Université Paris XIII, Villetaneuse) (Codirecteur) J.H.C. DELABIE Professeur Examinateur (UESC - CEPEC/CEPLAC, Itabuna, BA, Brésil) (Codirecteur) Laboratoire d’Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée (EA 4443) et Laboratório de Mirmecologia, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC) À mes parents, ils comprendront, e à Raquel, ela entenderá 2 Remerciements Ce furent sept ans de dur labeur, de travail dans l’ombre, de longues lectures et réflexions, d’essais/erreurs, de frustrations, de désillusions, de malchance, de dispersion (un peu) ; les motifs de joies et de satisfactions furent peu nombreux, mais toujours très intenses et je n’ai jamais abandonné car si « impossible n’est pas français, « sou brasileiro abaianizado de adopção e por isso desisto nunca ! ». Tout cela ne s’est pas fait sans l’apport des amitiés anciennes ou nouvelles que j’ai pu nouer, ni sans l’aide indéfectible de ma famille. J’aimerais remercier simplement : les membres du jury pour avoir accepté de corriger ce manuscrit en deux volumes. mes deux directeurs de thèse, Dominique et Jacques qui ont su être patients et faire avec ma façon de voir les choses. les directeurs des laboratoires dans lesquels j’ai pu développer ma recherche : P. Jaisson (LEEC, Villetaneuse, France), J.H.C. Delabie (Laboratório de Mirmecologia, Ilhéus, BA, Brésil), O.C. Bueno (CEIS, Rio Claro, SP, Brésil), H. Vasconcelos (LEIS, Uberlândia, MG, Brésil), C.R.F. Brandão (MZUSP) et J. Longino (ALAS, La Selva, Costa Rica). les chercheurs qui m’ont donné certaines données, leur nom sera cité dans le texte. les personnes qui m’ont aidé occasionnellement pour certaines parties de ma thèse : Crispim, Zé et Rafael (récoltes de coquilles d’escargots) ; Meire (photos coquilles, identification de fourmis) ; Cléa, Karina et Luisa (collaboration pour la cytogénétique) ; Yana (identification des termites) ; Renata et Cauê (terrain à Uberlândia) ; Alê et Brena (étude Dipteryx panamensis) ; Cenilda (micromètre) ; Marie-Claire (MEB) ; Quentin (biométrie, articles, références bibliographiques) ; Raquel (références bibliographiques) ; Alain (informatique) ; mes parents (orthographe). tous ceux avec qui j’ai partagé la vie de recherche dans les différents laboratoires dans lesquels je suis passé, notamment au Laboratório de Mirmecologia. tous ceux qui m’ont hébergé à l’occasion au Brésil et en France. et j’aimerais remercier spécialement Monique Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, qui m’a apporté une aide précieuse pour mieux comprendre le monde des Penicillata, elle les a notamment tous identifiés. ainsi que Sébastien Lacau qui m’a initié à la passionnante quête des fourmis tropicales, c’est mon équivalent Brown de Wilson ! 3 Table des matières du volume 1 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .......................................................................................... 16 Objectifs de la thèse............................................................................................................. 20 Composition du manuscrit .................................................................................................. 20 Description du contenu des chapitres du premier volume :............................................. 20 Description du contenu des annexes du second volume : ................................................ 21 ___________________________ CHAPITRE 1 - LE GENRE Thaumatomyrmex MAYR 1887 : SYNOPSIS DE SA TAXINOMIE, SYSTEMATIQUE ET BIOGEOGRAPHIE (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE, PONERINAE, THAUMATOMYRMECINI) ......................................... 23 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 25 2. Synopsis systématique du genre Thaumatomyrmex .................................................... 26 3. Principales caractéristiques morphologiques pour le genre Thaumatomyrmex : diagnose simplifiée du genre (modifiée d’Emery (1911) et de Kempf (1975)).............. 26 4. Diagnose simplifiée des groupes d’espèces................................................................... 27 4.1. Groupe mutilatus (modifié de Kempf 1975).......................................................... 27 4.2. Groupe cochlearis (modifié de Kempf 1975 ; Fontenla 1995 ; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade 2003) 28 4.3. Groupe ferox (modifié de Kempf 1975)................................................................. 28 4.3.1. sous-groupe 1 (sensu Kempf 1975) ................................................................. 28 4.3.2. sous-groupe 2 (sensu Kempf 1975) ................................................................. 29 4.3.3. Thaumatomyrmex soesilae Makhan, 2007 ...................................................... 29 5. Description de deux nouveaux caractères morphologiques : le denticule triangulaire et pointu à la base de la dent apicale de la mandibule et le tubercule pointu central du labre chez les femelles de certaines Thaumatomyrmex.................................................... 32 5.1. Le denticule triangulaire et pointu ........................................................................ 32 5.2. Le denticule pointu central du labre ..................................................................... 35 6. Remarques sur le placement phylogénétique du genre Thaumatomyrmex au sein de Formicidae .......................................................................................................................... 37 7. Remarques sur la taxinomie du genre Thaumatomyrmex .......................................... 38 8. Estimation du nombre d’espèces du genre Thaumatomyrmex ................................... 40 9. Biogéographie du genre Thaumatomyrmex.................................................................. 42 9.1. Distribution géographique des espèces et des groupes d’espèces ....................... 48 9.1.1. Groupe mutilatus .............................................................................................. 48 9.1.1.1. Thaumatomyrmex mutilatus...................................................................... 48 9.1.1.2. Thaumatomyrmex contumax..................................................................... 51 4 9.1.1.3. Conclusion sur la distribution du groupe mutilatus............................... 51 9.1.2. Groupe cochlearis............................................................................................. 56 9.1.3. Groupe ferox ..................................................................................................... 58 9.1.3.1. T. atrox, T. manni et Thaumatomyrmex sp.10 ......................................... 58 9.1.3.2. T. paludis .................................................................................................... 59 9.1.3.3. T. soesilae, Thaumatomyrmex sp.6 et Thaumatomyrmex sp.7................ 60 9.1.3.4. T. ferox, Thaumatomyrmex sp.11 et Thaumatomyrmex sp.15 ................ 61 9.1.3.5. T. zeteki, Thaumatomyrmex sp.9 et Thaumatomyrmex sp.14.................. 62 9.1.3.6. Thaumatomyrmex sp.8............................................................................... 63 9.1.3.7. Thaumatomyrmex sp.1, Thaumatomyrmex sp.2, Thaumatomyrmex sp.3, Thaumatomyrmex sp.4, Thaumatomyrmex sp.5 et Thaumatomyrmex sp. Ipaba .................................................................................................................................. 64 9.1.3.8. Conclusion sur la distribution des espèces du groupe ferox.................. 66 9.2. Conclusion sur la distribution géographique du genre Thaumatomyrmex ........ 70 10. La sympatrie et la parapatrie dans le genre Thaumatomyrmex............................... 72 10.1. Parapatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes T. contumax et T. mutilatus ............. 72 10.2. Sympatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes Thaumatomyrmex sp.1 et T. contumax .......................................................................................................................................... 77 10.3. Sympatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes Thaumatomyrmex sp.1 et T. mutilatus) .......................................................................................................................................... 77 10.4. Parapatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes Thaumatomyrmex sp.1 et Thaumatomyrmex sp.2.................................................................................................... 78 10.5. Sympatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes Thaumatomyrmex sp.2 et T. contumax .......................................................................................................................................... 79 10.6. Parapatrie entre les espèces brésiliennes Thaumatomyrmex sp.1 et Thaumatomyrmex sp.5...................................................................................................
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