Akteure Des Israelisch-Palästinensischen Konflikts Interessen, Narrative Und Die Wechselwirkungen Der Besatzung

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Akteure Des Israelisch-Palästinensischen Konflikts Interessen, Narrative Und Die Wechselwirkungen Der Besatzung www.ssoar.info Akteure des israelisch-palästinenschen Konflikts: Interessen, Narrative und die Wechselwirkungen der Besatzung Lintl, Peter (Ed.) Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerk / collection Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Lintl, P. (Hrsg.). (2018). Akteure des israelisch-palästinenschen Konflikts: Interessen, Narrative und die Wechselwirkungen der Besatzung (SWP-Studie, 2/2018). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56913-0 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. SWP-Studie Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Peter Lintl (Hg.) Akteure des israelisch- palästinensischen Konflikts Interessen, Narrative und die Wechselwirkungen der Besatzung S 2 März 2018 Berlin Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Abdruck oder vergleichbare Verwendung von Arbeiten der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ist auch in Auszügen nur mit vorheriger schriftlicher Genehmigung der SWP gestattet. SWP-Studien unterliegen einem Begutachtungsverfah- ren durch Fachkolleginnen und -kollegen und durch die Institutsleitung (peer review). Sie geben die Auffassung der Autoren und Autorinnen wieder. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 2018 SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Telefon +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1611-6372 Die Studie entstand im Rahmen des Projekts »Israel in einem konflikt- reichen regionalen und globalen Umfeld: Innere Entwicklungen, Sicher- heitspolitik und Außen- beziehungen«. Das Projekt ist in der SWP- Forschungsgruppe Naher / Mittlerer Osten und Afrika angesiedelt und wird vom Auswärtigen Amt gefördert. Inhalt 5 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen 9 Auswirkungen des ungelösten Konflikts auf israelische Machtkonstellationen und Akteursperspektiven Peter Lintl 31 Die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde und die Hamas-Regierung: Erfüllungsgehilfen der Besatzung? Muriel Asseburg 48 Die Europäische Union und der israelisch-palästinensische Konflikt: Von der Deklaration zur Aktion? René Wildangel 66 Permanente Spannungen zwischen UNRWA und Israel – warum eigentlich? Birthe Tahmaz 79 Ein Akteur im Wandel: Die jüdische Israel-Lobby in den USA Lidia Averbukh 90 Anhang 90 Abkürzungen 91 Die Autorinnen und Autoren Problemstellung und Empfehlungen Akteure des israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts Interessen, Narrative und die Wechselwirkungen der Besatzung Mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert dauert die israelische Präsenz im West- jordanland inzwischen an. Von israelischer Seite wird sie als militärische Verwaltung deklariert, von der internationalen Gemeinschaft aber ein- hellig als Besatzung verstanden. Seit 25 Jahren sind zudem unterschied- liche Bemühungen gescheitert, den Konflikt zwischen Israelis und Paläs- tinensern im Sinne der Formel »zwei Staaten für zwei Völker« beizulegen. Nachdem US-Präsident Donald Trump entschieden hat, Jerusalem als Hauptstadt Israels anzuerkennen, womit er die israelische Annexion in- direkt gutheißt, stehen sogar die Abkommen von Oslo wieder zur Debatte, in denen beide Seite erstmals ihre nationalen Rechte anerkannten. Wie neue Ansätze einer Vermittlung zwischen den Konfliktparteien aussehen sollen, ist derzeit unklar. Dabei hat kaum ein Konflikt international so viel Beachtung gefunden und so viele Vermittlungsversuche erlebt wie der israelisch-palästinen- sische. Internationale Akteure haben sich wiederholt darum bemüht, den Friedensprozess zu einem erfolgreichen Abschluss zu bringen: sei es beim Gipfel von Camp David unter Vermittlung von US-Präsident Bill Clinton, im Zuge der Bemühungen um die Verwirklichung der sogenannten Road Map des Nahostquartetts, im Rahmen der arabischen Friedensinitiative oder durch Vorstöße nichtstaatlicher Akteure wie etwa der sogenannten Genfer Initiative. Daneben haben zahlreiche Regierungs- und Nichtregie- rungsorganisationen versucht, »on the ground« ein friedliches Zusammen- leben zu ermöglichen und Entwicklungsprojekte ebenso zu fördern wie die Wahrung der Menschenrechte. Nicht zuletzt sind auch viele Advocacy- und Lobbygruppen in den Konflikt involviert, die sich bemühen, den Inter- essen einer der beiden Seiten international Geltung zu verschaffen. Bislang ist es nicht gelungen, den Konflikt friedlich zu lösen, auch die Besatzungssituation hält noch immer an. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in der Studie gefragt, wie der Konflikt die Interessenlagen, Narrative und Spielräume unterschiedlicher Akteure prägt und verändert. Außerdem wird untersucht, welche Faktoren und Prozesse den Konflikt aufrecht- erhalten. Dabei gilt es insbesondere zu zeigen, welch zentrale Rolle die an- haltende israelische Besatzung des Westjordanlands für den Konflikt spielt und wie sich die Besatzung auf die politischen Perspektiven und Hand- lungsimperative der Akteure auswirkt. Die Studie konzentriert sich auf fünf Akteure: Israelis, Palästinenser, die EU, das UN-Hilfswerk (United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA) und die jüdische Israel-Lobby in den USA. Neben den unmittelbar Beteiligten, den Palästinensern und Israelis, nimmt die Studie nicht, wie sonst üblich, die Rolle anderer Staaten in den SWP Berlin Akteure des israelisch- palästinensischen Konflikts März 2018 5 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen Blick, sondern widmet sich in den letzten drei Beiträgen beispielhaft unterschiedlichen Typen von Akteuren und der Frage, wie sie mit dem Konflikt umgehen. Die EU ist ein internationaler Akteur, der nach seinem Selbstverständnis in der Lage ist, den Friedensprozess zu unterstützen; UNRWA ist eine internationale humanitäre Organisation, die unter den Bedingungen der Besatzung agiert, und die Israel-Lobby in den USA schließlich versucht durch Einflussnahme auf die US-Regierung, indirekt auf den Konflikt einzuwirken. Wie zu zeigen sein wird, verändern die Akteure nicht nur den Konflikt, der Konflikt verändert vielmehr umge- kehrt auch die Akteure, wenngleich in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Mit Blick auf den israelischen Diskurs, den der erste Beitrag beleuchtet, stellt sich die Frage, wie sich das Ausbleiben einer Konfliktlösung auf das gesellschaftliche Meinungsbild, politische Akteure und Machtkonstella- tionen in Israel auswirkt. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie das rechte politische Lager, das den Friedensverhandlungen skeptisch gegenübersteht, durch deren Scheitern Auftrieb bekommt, während linke Positionen zunehmend mar- ginalisiert werden. Diese seit 2001 anhaltenden Entwicklungen sorgen heute dafür, dass kaum jemand in der politischen Landschaft Israels End- statusverhandlungen mit dem Ziel einer Zweistaatenlösung fordert. Dage- gen sind Teilannexionen des Westjordanlands diskutabel geworden. Der zweite Beitrag dieser Studie analysiert den Umgang der palästinen- sischen Führungen in Ramallah und Gaza-Stadt mit der israelischen Besat- zungsmacht, der sich in einem Spannungsfeld von Verhandlungen, Wider- standsrhetorik und direkter oder indirekter Kooperation bewegt. Dabei zeigt der Beitrag auf, wie die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde (PA) und die Hamas, trotz aller Unterschiede und wider Willen, zu Erfüllungsgehil- fen der Besatzung geworden sind. Der dritte Beitrag, der die Rolle und das Engagement der EU untersucht, kommt zu dem Schluss, dass es eine Diskrepanz zwischen den gesetzten Zielen der EU und den erreichten Ergebnissen gibt. Sowohl die Bemühun- gen um eine Zweistaatenlösung als auch die Unterstützung der palästinen- sischen Entwicklung sind ins Stocken geraten. Beide werden zudem, so der Autor, durch den anhaltenden Konflikt mitunter konterkariert. Die vierte Beitrag befasst sich mit der internationalen humanitären Organisation UNRWA, die unter den Bedingungen des Konflikts und der Besatzung operiert und gegen ihren Willen zur Partei wird. Die Autorin analysiert die verschiedenen Spannungsfelder,
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