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Trophic Levels
Trophic Levels Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHORS Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other Jean Brainard, Ph.D. interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. -
Ecological Principles and Function of Natural Ecosystems by Professor Michel RICARD
Intensive Programme on Education for sustainable development in Protected Areas Amfissa, Greece, July 2014 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ecological principles and function of natural ecosystems By Professor Michel RICARD Summary 1. Hierarchy of living world 2. What is Ecology 3. The Biosphere - Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Atmosphere 4. What is an ecosystem - Ecozone - Biome - Ecosystem - Ecological community - Habitat/biotope - Ecotone - Niche 5. Biological classification 6. Ecosystem processes - Radiation: heat, temperature and light - Primary production - Secondary production - Food web and trophic levels - Trophic cascade and ecology flow 7. Population ecology and population dynamics 8. Disturbance and resilience - Human impacts on resilience 9. Nutrient cycle, decomposition and mineralization - Nutrient cycle - Decomposition 10. Ecological amplitude 11. Ecology, environmental influences, biological interactions 12. Biodiversity 13. Environmental degradation - Water resources degradation - Climate change - Nutrient pollution - Eutrophication - Other examples of environmental degradation M. Ricard: Summer courses, Amfissa July 2014 1 1. Hierarchy of living world The larger objective of ecology is to understand the nature of environmental influences on individual organisms, populations, communities and ultimately at the level of the biosphere. If ecologists can achieve an understanding of these relationships, they will be well placed to contribute to the development of systems by which humans -
BIO 313 ANIMAL ECOLOGY Corrected
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314 COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL ECOLOGY 1 BIO 314: ANIMAL ECOLOGY Team Writers: Dr O.A. Olajuyigbe Department of Biology Adeyemi Colledge of Education, P.M.B. 520, Ondo, Ondo State Nigeria. Miss F.C. Olakolu Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Mrs H.O. Omogoriola Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. EDITOR: Mrs Ajetomobi School of Agricultural Sciences Lagos State Polytechnic Ikorodu, Lagos 2 BIO 313 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Ecology (313) is a first semester course. It is a two credit unit elective course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology can take. Animal ecology is an important area of study for scientists. It is the study of animals and how they related to each other as well as their environment. It can also be defined as the scientific study of interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. Since this is a course in animal ecology, we will focus on animals, which we will define fairly generally as organisms that can move around during some stages of their life and that must feed on other organisms or their products. There are various forms of animal ecology. This includes: • Behavioral ecology, the study of the behavior of the animals with relation to their environment and others • Population ecology, the study of the effects on the population of these animals • Marine ecology is the scientific study of marine-life habitat, populations, and interactions among organisms and the surrounding environment including their abiotic (non-living physical and chemical factors that affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce) and biotic factors (living things or the materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment). -
Artificial Ecological Pyramid Model and Its Application in Autonomous Robot Strategy System
http://www.paper.edu.cn Artificial Ecological Pyramid Model and Its Application in Autonomous Robot Strategy System Xue Fangzheng, Fang Shuai, Xu Xinhe School of Information Science &Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang, PRC [email protected] Abstract—The Artificial ecological pyramid model is because its discovery is enlightened by ecological pyramid proposed to solve complex problems, which is a layered theory in biology. The most difference between AEPM and evolutionary multi-agent system model. The model has three traditional evolutionary and hybrid evolutionary methods is layers. The lowest layer is composed of “stimulation- that the AEPM considers the hierarchy of intelligence. response” agents called base agents. The second layer is Large numbers of agents with different intelligent level composed of combined agents that are combinations of base collect together to form an agent pyramid like an ecological agents. The top layer is composed of advanced agents that pyramid. The elements of traditional evolutionary methods have reasoning capabilities. Agents in all layers must be up are genes that indicate some information. These genes have against the test of environment. Agents on the lowest layer the simplest intelligence, which are on the lowest layer of can only improve their fitness evaluations by evolutional methods, and agents on upper layers can also improve their the pyramid, so traditional evolutionary method can not fitness evaluations by “eating” agents on lower layers. We have advanced intelligence. The evolutionary neural also construct a strategy system based on artificial ecological network system is equal to an intelligent system composed pyramid model to solve the problem of rivalry between of a neural network agent that has some advance autonomous robots. -
Ecological Pyramid – Types, Importance and Limitations
[E- learning: B.Sc. Part-III, Botany Hons.] Ecological Pyramid – Types, Importance and Limitations Dr. Arvind Kumar Department of Botany, T.N.B. College (T.M. Bhagalpur University), Bhagalpur-812007 An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem. It is a graphic representation of the relationship between organisms at various trophic levels in a food chain. The concept of ecological pyramid was first introduced by the pioneer British Ecologist, Charles Elton (1927). The bottom of an ecological pyramid is the broadest and is occupied the producers, which form the first trophic level. Producers are at the lowest level. Just as in a food chain, the producers are consumed by the primary consumers, in an ecological pyramid; the next level is occupied by the primary consumers. The next level of the pyramid is occupied by the secondary consumers and the last, by the tertiary consumers. The ecological pyramids are of three categories: 1. Pyramid of numbers 2. Pyramid of biomass 3. Pyramid of energy (1) Pyramid of numbers– Here the factor that is taken into account is the number of organisms in each trophic level. As we go up the levels of the pyramid, the number of organisms decreases. The producers form the largest number and hence are at the bottom of the pyramid. Pyramid of numbers represents the total number of individuals of different species (population) at each trophic level. Depending upon the size, the pyramid of numbers may not always be upright, and may even be completely inverted. i. Upright pyramid of numbers: In this pyramid, the number of individuals is decreased from lower level to higher trophic level. -
Overview Directions
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y A C T I V I T Y : 1 H R Marine Food Webs Students investigate marine food webs and trophic levels, research one marine organism, and fit their organisms together in a class-created food web showing a balanced marine ecosystem. G R A D E S 9 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Oceanography, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images, 3 PDFs, 6 Links OVERVIEW Students investigate marine food webs and trophic levels, research one marine organism, and fit their organisms together in a class-created food web showing a balanced marine ecosystem. For the complete activity with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/marine-food-webs/ DIRECTIONS 1. Build background about marine trophic pyramids and food webs. Review with students that food chains show only one path of food and energy through an ecosystem. In most ecosystems, organisms can get food and energy from more than one source, and may have more than one predator. Healthy, well-balanced ecosystems are made up of multiple, interacting food chains, called food webs. Ask volunteers to come to the front of the room and draw a pyramid and a web. Explain that the shapes of a pyramid and a web are two different ways of representing predator-prey relationships and the energy flow in an ecosystem. Food chains are often represented as food pyramids so that the different trophic levels and the amount of energy and biomass they contain can be compared. -
Bioaccumulation • Nutrient Cycle • Population Dynamics • Lake Ecosystem
1 • Terminologies related to ecosystems • Human influence on ecosystems • Energy and mass flow • Bioaccumulation • Nutrient cycle • Population dynamics • Lake ecosystem 2 • Ecosystems : communities of organisms that interact with one another and with their physical environment • Habitats : the place where a population of organisms lives • Population : a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time 3 • Destruction of environment (habitat) – deforestration, dam construction, road construction, etc. • Changes in species population – can result in local and global extinction – release of toxic chemicals (ex: DDT, petroleum compounds, heavy metals) – shifting living conditions: acid rain, global warming, eutrophication, etc. – introduction of nonnative (exotic) species – excessive hunting 4 1874: DDT first synthesized by O. Zeidler 1939: P. H. Müller discovered the insect killing ability and won Nobel Prize (1948) 1940s: Widely used as an insecticide (especially for lice- Typhus and mosquito-malaria) 1962: Rachel Carson published “Silent Spring” - described how DDT accumulates in organisms and affect wildlife 1960s: Environmental scientists published researches to support R. Carson’s argument (egg shell thinning by DDT) 1972: DDT banned in the U.S. 5 • Important feature of an ecosystem: – Flow of matter into, out of, and within the system Ecosystem mass/energy mass/energy flow in flow out 6 <Ecological pyramid example> <Food web example> 7 • Primary producers – Major source of energy for an ecosystem: sunlight -
Ecology Unit Notes
Ecology Unit Notes Sections 3.1-3.4, 4.2-4.5, 5.1-5.2, 4.1, 6.2-6.4 Ecology – the scientific study of interactions among/between organisms and their environment. Levels of ecological organization (from smallest to largest): Species – group of similar organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring. Population – group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Community – different populations living together in a defined area. Ecosystem – all the organisms that live in a place together with their physical environment. Biome – group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms. Biosphere – all life on Earth and all parts of Earth in which life exists. Components of ecosystems Biotic factors – any living part of an environment with which an organism might interact. Ex. Animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria, etc. Abiotic factors – nonliving part of the environment that influence the organism. Ex. Sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, water current, soil type, etc. Producers Autotrophs – organisms that capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms living cells can use. Producers – make their own food. Primary producers – the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms. Autotrophs are primary producers! Most engage in the process of photosynthesis. Chemosynthesis – chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates in dark conditions (like the deep oceans). Consumers Heterotrophs – can not make their own food; acquire energy from other organisms by ingesting them. Consumers – organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. Carnivores – kill and eat other animals. -
1. Ecosystem Structure and Function the Ecosystem Is the Structural And
1. Ecosystem Structure and Function The ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interaction between organisms and their environment. The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935. Read on to explore the structure, components, types and functions of the ecosystem in the ecosystem notes provided below. Types of Ecosystem An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles. There are two types of ecosystem: • Terrestrial Ecosystem • Aquatic Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystems Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as follows: 1. Forest Ecosystems 2. Grassland Ecosystems 3. Tundra Ecosystems 4. Desert Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink. Grassland Ecosystem In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are some of the examples of grassland ecosystems. Tundra Ecosystem Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the year. The ecosystem in the Arctic or mountain tops is tundra type. Desert Ecosystem Deserts are found throughout the world. -
Aquatic Ecology and the Food Web
Aquatic Ecology Aquatic Ecology And The Food Web ome Understanding of the aquatic ecosystem Ponds and lakes go through a cycle of changes over is necessary before fi sheries managers or pond time, from newly created aquatic environment back Sowners can begin to understand changes in fi sh to terrestrial habitat. populations. The aquatic ecosystem is a complex of interrelated species and their reaction to each other New ponds and lakes are usually oligothrophic. and their habitat. Oligotrophic waters have very little nutrients, a small phytoplankton population and consequently, clear Changes in one part of the system often cause water unless it is colored by dissolved or suspended changes, large and small, throughout the system. minerals. Eradication of aquatic plants in a pond with a healthy As the pond ages, leaves and other material wash into largemouth bass population is a good example of it from the watershed and plants and animals die and this concept. When all plants are eliminated from decay; gradually increasing the amount of nutrients the pond in an effort to improve angling access; available to the ecosystem. The phytoplankton forage fi sh such as bluegill lose their protective community increases and the water becomes less cover and are exposed to excessive predation by clear and more green. Vascular aquatic plants largemouth bass. Bass initially respond by growing colonize the shoreline and extend into the water as and reproducing rapidly, however, as the forage nutrients become available. Lakes with high levels fi sh population declines, the once healthy bass of nutrients are said to be eutrophic. -
Creating Webs and Chains to Model Ecological Relationships: Educator Handout
Page 1 of 9 Creating Webs and Chains to Model Ecological Relationships: Educator Handout OVERVIEW In this hands-on activity, students will identify producers and consumers in their own state of Wisconsin. Using a set of “Snapshot cards,” they will then create a food chain to show the flow of energy in that system, introduce an ecological force or disturbance (e.g., flooding), and predict how that force would impact energy flow. Lastly, students will construct a more complex model of the flow of energy by depicting multiple relationships in a food web and again make a prediction about the impact of introducing an ecological force. KEY CONCEPTS • All organisms need energy to survive that they obtain from their environment, including by eating other organisms. • Ecosystems are dynamic, experiencing shifts in population compositions, abundance, and changes in the physical environment over time. These factors can impact the stability and resilience of the entire system. • Ecological forces or disturbances can have natural or anthropogenic causes. • An ecosystem can be represented by different types of models, each of which may have different strengths and drawbacks. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will be able to: • Classify organisms based on their roles in the transfer of energy in an ecosystem. • Create a model (e.g., a food chain) showing feeding relationships among organisms. • Evaluate different models that depict relationships among organisms in a community. • Predict how ecological forces or disturbances may impact their models and justify -
Ecological Pyramids B.Sc
Ecological Pyramids B.Sc. Part-I, Paper-I, Group-B Dr. Vandana Kumari, Department of Zoology, R.C.S. College, Manjhaul Introduction The structure of ecosystems can be visualized with ecological pyramids, which were first described by the pioneering studies of Charles Elton in the 1920s. Ecological pyramids show the relative amounts of various parameters (such as number of organisms, energy, and biomass) across trophic levels. It has numerous names like Eltonian pyramid after Charles Elton, energy pyramid, trophic pyramid, and food pyramid. Ecological Pyramid is a graphical depiction which is meant to illustrate the relationship between different living organisms at different level in an ecosystem. In an ecosystem there are three types of ecological pyramid. The pyramid consists of a no. of horizontal bars showing specific trophic levels which are arranged sequentially from primary producer level through herbivores, carnivores onwards. The length of each bar represent the total no. of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem. The number, biomass and energy of organism gradually decreases with each step from the producer level to consumer level and the diagrammatic representation takes a pyramid shape. Types of Ecological pyramid The ecological pyramids are of three types- 1. Pyramid of numbers 2. Pyramid of Biomass 3. Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of numbers represent the total numbers of individuals(population) present in each trophic level. This deals with the relationship between the numbers of primary producers and consumers of different levels. This pyramid is quite convenient especially when it comes to counting the number of organisms. Counting is a simple task and it can be done over the years to determine the changes in a specific ecosystem.