Qualification Accredited

GCSE (9 - 1)

Teachers guide HISTORY A (EXPLAINING THE MODERN WORLD)

J410 For first teaching in 2016

Urban Environments: Patterns of Migration - Spitalfields Version 1

www.ocr.org.uk/history Spitalfields 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Canaries 1. forIntroduction students Contents A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 10. 9. 9. 8. The Great Yiddish Parade Children oftheGhetto A foreign land oftheDamned City Defiance Bold The hospitalinthefields Desh orbidesh?FishDesh andchipsorbastoo iyo bariis? We cangrasp ourrights Shaheed Minar Number andLondon’sThirteen Harlem and select and select Simply clickon Word fileusingAcrobat Professional? thatyou cansaveDid you know thispdfasa Would you prefer a Word version? Microsoft WordMicrosoft File >Save . As Other

25 22 19 15 11 43 39 33 30 4 7 3 2 Bibliography NOTES FORNOTES TEACHERS Visiting Spitalfields Notes and resources Planning thecourse Thanks 68 onwards. theexaminationtaking from 2020 unit onMigration, for students A oftheOCRGCSEHistory forms part Historic Environment studythat This isaresource packfor the

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Teachers’ Guide

50 67 65 52 51 © OCR 2019 Spitalfields of contemporary sources so thatyou thepastthrough canexperience thevoicesof contemporary At firstsightitmay in,butthatisbecausewe seemalotto have take includedlots This istheirstory. couldn’t afford anywhere else, from whoarrived somewhere else. law, whoendedupthere whosebusinesswasseenasedgyordirty, becausethey wasaplacefor thosewhodidn’tIt quite fit,whobroke therulesorwere outsidethe London life. anew for people comingto start the dockswhichwere to always airtravel –untilinternational -thepointofentry into theCity. isthatitcloseto theriver The secondthingto know Thames and edge, eastern beyond theBishop’sand Spitalfieldsisjustoutsidethenorth Gate builtadefensiveRomans wallround London century, thatlasted untilthesixteenth aboutSpitalfieldsisthatitwasoutsidethewalls.The firstthingto know The students for Introduction A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History make sense. make The few are dates itisusefulto listed know attheend ofeachchapter. you understandtheorder inwhichthingshappened, the There are lotsofdates butyou don’t have are themall:they to there learn sothat understanding? Digdeeper. does ittell you andtheirplaceinit?How abouttheirworld doesitaffect your the sources and thinkaboutthem. What wasthispersonsaying andwhy? What chapter, first. read itsstory whathappened,Then when you lookcarefully know at the tenements tillthelightwastoo dimto see. Ouradvice:asyou cometo each thestreets, in of thepeoplewhowalked stallsandworked tradedfrom themarket chronology , sothatthings 3 download itfree via your appstore oraccessit onlineat Note: for Chapter 6you will needtheapp mind. the placesmentioned. inyourThis willhelpyou capture theplaceanditshistory to visit,useStreetview explore anactual thestreetsthe chanceto make andfind At theendofthis packthere isaguidedtour through you Spitalfields. don’t If get and Bengalis? Jews, Somalis Irish, Are theanswers to thesequestionssimilarordifferent inthecasesofHuguenots, 4. 3. 2. 1. As you read, think aboutthesefour questionsfrom thespecification: • • • • • What you What wasWhat ofmigration theimpact onSpitalfields? wereWhat thekey events ofSpitalfields? inthe migration history How were theyreceived by population? thesettled didimmigrantsWhen arrive ,why from and where? their own again,andstayed, joinedby amongothers. Somalis How transformed Bengalis thearea again,fought to defend itagain,made it theirown andthenmoved on. fromHow Jews Europe Eastern transformed thearea, fought to defend it,made areasridden intheworld. ofany city mostunhealthyHow andcrime- Spitalfieldsbecameoneofthepoorest, dirtiest, conditions. atthecentre ofamovement workers for rule, withIrish better under military becameviolentasthestreets poorandrich between wereHow conflict put refugees. andfashionthankstoHow French Spitalfieldswasatthecuttingedgeofstyle do need to know is the big stories: whathappened, isthebigstories: how needto andwhy: know Zangwill’s Spitalfields zangwillsspitalfields.org.uk . Youcan Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields City, to Street, justto Lincoln highway theeastofErmine themajorRoman north eastofthe The area we wallsto callSpitalfieldswasoutsidetheRoman thenorth immigrantsof theearliest to endupinSpitalfields, even ifitwasonlyindeath. god ofwine:scallopswere hissymbol. This young, wealthy woman Roman wasone this woman inLondon arrived thetemple hadbeenrededicated to Bacchus, the inPersiaa cultthathadstarted andspread allover Empire. theRoman thetime By religion: sheworshipped atthe perhaps a non-Christian Temple following ofMithras, from inRome. theshapeofherteeth Sheprobablyknow thatshewasborn followed ofawoman whodiedinaround wastheskeleton inhertwenties 350AD.Inside We a hundred graves includingaleadcoffinbeautifully decorated withscallopshells. uncovered excavating 1999workers onthesite over oftheoldSpitalfieldsMarket In migration inSpitalfieldsare oftheearliest stories Some aboutwomen. 1. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History times: stage entertainment wasnotallowed walls. inside theCity times: stageentertainment City. inShoreditch Nearby wasLondon’s theatre sinceRoman firstpurpose-built not quite fitsocialnorms. There were greater freedoms beyond thecontrol ofthe Spitalfieldswasaplaceofrefuge for rebels century sixteenth andpeoplewhodid it becameaplacewhere outcasts, and poorer criminals people gathered. the By Once outsidethewallsyou were nolongercontrolled authorities, so by theCity such asarchery, swordplaycombat skills andlater firearms. ground where peoplepractised becameanartillery open fieldsnearthepriory Spital. So or StMary ‘Spitalfields’ means hospitalinthefields’.‘the Meanwhile the withoutBishopsgate, HospitalofStMary wastheNew The fullnameoftheirpriory strong linkswithFrance. ofthesesisters Some may well have beenFrench speakers. Augustinian order thathadcometo Englandwith William the Conqueror andhad (similar to nuns)intheirCatholic founded priory, in1197. The sisters belongedto an Ages thiswaswhere were theMiddle women giving caredIn birth for by sisters’‘lay was here. cemetery wallsandtheirnorthern outside thecity and York. The road isnow Bishopsgate andtheA10. theirdead buried The Romans The hospitalinthefields 4 persecuted Catholics. When shegothere inprison, shesetabout visitingpriests to support from disguised asherservant, She arrived Spainin1605,with apriest and dedicated herselfto religion andtheneedsofwomen, especiallythepoorest. family with royal into arich Born connections, Luisa rejected wealth andpower story. andpoetwithanextraordinary aSpanishCatholicy Mendoza, activist for several years ina ‘safe house’. Luisa for ofDoña Hearranged deCarvajal thearrival inthe1605Gunpowderwho waseventually beheadedfor Plot, lived hispart here Catholic France andtheSpanishNetherlands. Father priest aJesuit Garnet, Henry among theremains oftheoldpriory. They includedforeign ambassadorsfrom for Catholics andmany choseto live outsidethewallsinhousesandgardens After theProtestant wasdestroyed) life Reformation (whenthepriory wasnoteasy against by asermon ‘strangers’ Spital. preached atStMary theviolentanti-foreigner of riots was hostility: ‘Evil Day’ May off in1517were sparked foreign-bornSome people, prevented from livinginsidethewalls, settledhere. There andtanning.meat curing traders dealinginoldclothesandotheritems, aswell as ‘noxious trades’ suchas Further south,below thewallsaround Houndsditch wasanarea illicitstreet ofoften Essex, were stored. ofthemedievalRemains charnelhouse, where thebonesof13 th century famine victims who had fled to the priory from famine victimswhohadfledto thepriory century Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields faith. Shewasready to diefor herfaith.Here iswhatshewrote abouthermission: holyrelics people–especiallyprostitutescollecting andconverting -to theCatholic A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History in 1 including double doors, grilles andahidden chapel. Sovereign Virgin’. They grew theirown features food andthehousehadtight security set upanillegalreligious offive women community shecalledthe ofthe ‘Society Spital Yard doorneighbour wasthe where hernext Venetian ambassador. Here she This underground wasreally work dangerous. 1611sherented Houseon In Brick Translated by Anne JCruzin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Carvajal_y_Mendoza what IwishedanddocouldtohelptheEnglishMission. rightly inmypower, soIcouldinturngiveitalltoourLordandaccomplish wish nottolosewhatwasinmyhandsachievethatwhichIbelieved And everyhourthatpassedseemedtomeayear;andIwasfilledwithgreat Luisa Voice deCarvajal yMendoza, The Other in Early ModernEurope Portrait ofLuisa deCarvajal yMendoza, 1623 (Toronto 20140, quoted 1 5 probably born a Muslim, asked in1597 to bebaptised intheChurchprobably asked aMuslim, ofEngland. born In had comefrom whatisnow Morocco. After living inLondon for several years Mary, as described ‘blackamoore’. Fillis, whosefather maker OneofthesewasMary abasket registersin theparish ofStBotolph’s Church atAldgate 1538 and1603was between small butgrowing peoplerecorded fifteen residents. numberofAfrican Oneinevery While Catholics were persecuted, often life appearsto have beenfareasierfor the remains convent,casket to thisday in aMadrid stillunburied. Spain where arguments different between meantshewasnever buried. factions The Ambassador’s house, to herbodywassentinaleadcoffin insideawooden casket intheSpanish thatyear December shediedand, afuneralservice after again. In England, onconditionthatshe left sherefusedReleased andwasimprisoned defences). Two ofherwomen Luisa diedandDoña wasarrested and imprisoned. climbed thewallswithladdersandbroke down thedoors(slowly, due to her up troops IandtheArchbishop James ontheorders ofCanterbury. ofKing They ambassador, soldierswithback- butin1613herhousewasraidedby over sixty LuisaDoña gotaway withthings for years, maybe protected by the Spanish drying out cloth on ‘tenter hooks’. outclothon‘tenter drying To Grounds. theright,peopleare practising ontheArtillery shootingandarchery of themap, to therightofroad. The wall andBishop’s are Gate atthebottom ofthemap. To workers textile theleft, are ‘Copperplate’ SpitalandYard mapofBishopsgate andSpitalfields, 1553.StMary –where Luisa lived -are atthe top Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 1.1 The Venetian ambassador, 5May 1517 Sources second-hand clothes. asPetticoatThe street soonbecameknown Lane. grew andaninformal uponHog’s market cloth to dry Lane, where peoplesold significant. production: theopenfieldswereThis wastextile goodplacesto hang wallswhich would eastern later grew become upoutsidethenorth One industry ethnicity, waswhatdecidedwhetheryou were treated equallyornot. to acceptance. didnotseemtoTudor beabarrier Religion, not skin Englandadarker A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History and1613 ofDoñaLuisa’s1.2 One companions intheBrickHousebetween 1611 After Easter, acertainpreacher, attheinstigationofacitizenLondon, strangers topiecesandsacktheirhousesonthe1 much morebesides,hesoirritatedthepopulace,thattheythreatenedtocut by takingtheirwivesanddaughters. With thisexasperatinglanguageand industry, andoftheprofitsarisingtherefrom, butdishonouredtheirdwellings manner andcustoms,allegingthattheynotonlydeprivedtheEnglishoftheir assembling with themagistrates. Heabusedthestrangersintown,andtheir preached asusualinthefields,wherewholecitywashabitof first. without gettingoneofthe maids toshuttheseconddoorbeforesheopens know ofit.Luisaalsoinstructed theporternevertoopenfrontdoor because ifanythingshould happenshewouldbeoneofthefirstthatshould window toseewhomitwas, thentotellherthatsuchaonewasthere… the doors. When anyonehadknocked atthedoorshemustlookoutof her directionsinallthingsfortobetheporterand keep thekeysofall one ofthehousemostcareful,obedient,andpunctual thatwouldfollow into thehousebyforce… As forthedoors,shewasalwayscarefultochoose walls ofthehouseandwhendoorshadbeenopened tothrustthemselves in theCatholics’ houses sometimes theywouldbreakinatthewindowsand She wasverycarefulandwatchfuloverthehouse… asshehadheardthat 3 2

st ofMay.

6 3June1597 1.3 From thememorandum bookoftheparishclerkSt Botolph’s Church, (Oneworld 2017) 4 Cruickshank, 3 2 • • Practice questions • • pointsThinking Guildhall Library Manuscripts at Manuscripts GuildhallLibrary Quoted inGlynRedworth, Quoted in London? find outhow migrants were treated seventeenth andearly century insixteenth Which ofthesources inthischapter ismostusefulto wantingto ahistorian Was religion themainreason peoplemigrated to Spitalfields inthisperiod? ofpeoplewho came? How didthelocationofSpitalfieldsaffect thekinds times? andMedieval Roman doweWhat evidence have ofideas, aswell aspeople, migrating to thearea in This MaryFillisbeingabouttheageof20yearsandhavingbeeninEngland June. that thesaidMaryFillis…waschristenedonFridaybeingthirddayof said inthatcountrybothabasketmakerandshovelmaker. SothatIdosay this child,whonamedher, MaryFillis, ofMorisco,ablackmorebeingasshe … And theMinisterafterwards …saiduntothewitnessesyoushallname received intoChrist’s HolyChurchandbemadealivelymemberofthesame grant toher…thatshemightbebaptizedwithwaterandtheHolyGhost, Father throughourLordJesusChrist,thatofhisbounteousmercyhewould unto thefont,anddesiringcongregationwithhimtocalluponGod answering himveryChristianlike… Then thesaidCuratedidgowithher demanding ofhercertainquestionsconcerningfaith,whereuntoshe Wherefore shemadesuit…tohavesomeconferencewiththeCurate for thespaceof13or14years…wasdesiroustobecomeaChristian. https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/immigrants-and-propaganda-the-1517-evil-may-day-riots/ Spitalfields (Random House2016)p96 (Random The She-Apostle: The Extraordinary Life and Death ofLuisa The Extraordinary LifeandDeath deCarvajal The She-Apostle: 4 https://www.history.ac.uk/gh/baentries.htm . Mary’s story is told in Miranda Kaufmann, Kaufmann, istold inMiranda story .Mary’s (OUP 2008)p203andrepeated inDan Teachers’ Guide

Black Tudors © OCR 2019

Spitalfields arrived inLondonarrived by 1687,mostlylivinginSpitalfields. Onesuchcommittee, experiences. Committees setupto helpthemestimated that13,050Huguenotshad a law protecting pooranddestitute theirrights. terrible Many after arrived Huguenots increased theFrench rapidlyinthe1680safter Louis King XIVoverturned inthearea asrefugeesarriving from religious persecution. The numberof From the1570sonwards French Protestants asHuguenots–started –known ofanexpandingcity. walls andSpitalfieldsbecamepart so many homeless. Relaxed buildingregulations ledto ahousingboomoutsidethe housing beyond theoldwalls, theGreat especiallyafter Fire ofLondon in1666made theCivil after Wars ofthe1640s. London’s populationwasgrowing, needingmore theareaThroughout becamemore theseventeenth builtup, century especially to Daniel Defoe, there were around weavers 40,000poorsilkribbon inLondon. EnglishweaversSome withsilkaswell aswool. worked the1670s, By according 2. Canaries A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History now homeproduced were they notaffected by warorstormy seas. offer thatundercut highfashionatprices taxed French As thesesilkswere imports. became fashionable. AlongwithHuguenotsilversmiths could andgoldsmithsthey They transformed French thearea highquality withtheirnew thatsoon styles silk weavers housesthatwere whosettledinnew skilled beingbuiltover thefields. Many were highly self-reliance support. tradition ofbusinessskills, andcommunity and Tours each other. were –sothey peoplewhoknew often They hadastrong Church records show thatmany oftheHuguenotscame from towns justtwo –Lyon drawn to. Protestant Dissenters –religious –were andMethodists outsiderssuchasQuakers industry. There wasaFrench Protestant church nearby. wasalsoanarea that It spaceto buildon. andfurther properties There wasalready alocal silk weaving Why cometo didthey Spitalfields? The buildingboommeant there were empty provided for refugees. 1700Huguenotswere By about5%ofLondon’s population. La MaisondeCharité deSpitalfields was known as wasknown ‘La Soupe’ becauseofwhatit

7 James LemanJames 1710 designsbySilk textile Huguenotmaster weaver 5 Row (now BrushfieldStreet), wasacentre for trading. theirtextile Lion(now ofRed Commercial) Ionthecorner Charles Streetby and Paternoster King 50,000 localsnow dependedonthesilkbusiness. setup The SpitalfieldsMarket, new The Huguenotsbrought anew, markets. thatopenedupnew profitable industry a timeofnationalpeaceandstability. people were to attracted Spitalfieldsandthearea becameaboomtown, helpedby Company atatimewhenEnglandwasexpandingitstrading empire. More andmore involved. The andItaly, silkcamefrom brought China,India by shipsoftheEastIndia offruit,flowers withpatterns textiles andplants. were Many trades andcrafts Square 1700thereBy were about500master weavers and15,000loomsaround Spital According to DanielDefoe 5 . Their neededacomplexprocess work to transform theraw silkto beautiful and Princelet Street. Elder Street, Street,Wilkes Fournier Street in families inthe1720sand1730ssurvive some oftheeleganthousesbuiltfor these Although thesquare nolongerexists, cemetery. andRoman priory medieval Househadbeen–andbeforeBrick it,the builtupSpitalSquare,the newly where and Parroissien lived ingrand houses on Families suchasDalbiac, Lekeux, Rocher soon becameestate owners inthearea. merchants andmaster weavers and HuguenotswereSome already wealthy Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields GCSE (9–1) History A (Explaining the Modern A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 6 commented onthesehouses: Dickens later Charles the writer acentury Over finches developed alongwhatisnow Cheshire Street. songbirds whichtheHuguenotsloved, inbirds suchaslinnets and andamarket were later addedto the upper floors. roofs Some hadbirdcages andtrapsto catch much lightaspossibleto helpweavers andwell-lit weaving see to garrets work, They were bothfamilyhousesandworkshops. The widemanselwindows letinas Huguenot housesinSpitalfields. Note theworkshop garrets withwidewindows onthetop floors.

http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/09/dickens-in-spitalfields-3-in-the-streets/ here. Huguenots had broughttheirstreetsalong withthem,anddropped themdown in someforeign town,andhavenotrace ofLondoninthem...Itis asifthe the upperstory, andthatwindowallsmalldiamondpanes, arelikethehouses And whatstrangestreetsthey are!… These highgaunthouses,allwindowon 6 8 England. givesWhile Anglicansbelieve thatGod themfree will, Huguenotsbelieved traditions. They were Calvinists, withafaithquite different from theChurch of closeto their religion generationsofHuguenotskept The early andcultural Spitalfields theweavers keep ‘to inorder’. against foreigners. IIplacedcompaniesofHorseGuards Charles around 1683 King In Tensions mounted andsomelocalseven themselves beganto arm ready up to rise as athreat to theirlivelihoods, competingfor andwillingto work undercut wages. classeswasmixed,reaction from though.Many theworking saw arrivals thenew The French immigrants were largely well received by themiddleclasses. The Horace. writer the Roman are from only shadows) taken apoemby (We sundial withtheLatinwords ‘UMBRA SUMUS’ onitsoutsidewallisa Lane.and Brick High Neuve ofFournier Eglise onthecorner street andlodgings.them work OneofthesewasLa finding to arrivals, new poor andgave support nine Huguenotchurches whichhelpedthe churchyards. 1700Spitalfieldshadatleast By dead stillhad, by law, inAnglican to beburied andCatholics –their something deniedQuakers the freedom to worship andbuildchurches – in predestination –thatourfutures are already laiddown. wereWhile they given Garthwaite 1744 Garthwaite Maria for Spitalfieldssilkby Anna Design andstyles. skills new learn groupsthe two together andencouraged Englishweavers to Meanwhile the Weavers’ Company for looked ways to bring foreign canary London, imagining native Englishbirds complainingabout the English citizens. Apoemopposingthiswaspublishedin 1709ParliamentIn passedalaw naturalisingHuguenotsas (Source 2.6) . Sundial onthewall oftheFournier Street church Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields apprenticed for in1688: seven years to Nipping John rules. from Here Dupen’s HuguenotJohn are extracts indenture whenhewas receive food andlodging butwould notbepaidandwould have to follow strict – tiedto hisemployer for seven years thetrade. to thattimehewould learn During classmaninSpitalfieldswould beindenturedA young to working amaster weaver may isHuguenot. implythatGoodchild London. thinkHogarth writers Some which endswithIdlehangedat Tyburn becomingLord andGoodchild Mayor of a beermugwiththewords ‘Spittle Fields’ onit.Later plates tell theirstory carved thisfirstplate Francis hardIn but isworking Goodchild Tom Idleisdozing lazilywith young oftwo apprentice weaversthe story inanupperfloorgarret inSpitalfields. London life 1700s. inthe early createdThe artist William many engravings Hogarth satirical thatcommented on A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History many languages and dialects frommany languages anddialects themixof peopledrawn to thebooming Spitalfields would have thestreets heard ofeighteenth century walking Someone would intheyears leadto crisis to come. andHuguenotapprenticeThe poorconditions shared weavers by English,Irish all othernecessaries. finding untohissaid Apprentice meat,drink, apparel,lodging,and and instructed best meansthathecan,shallteachandinstructorcause tobetaught he useth,bythe … And thesaidmastertoapprenticeinsameartwhich night unlawfully. playhouses, norabsenthimselffromhissaidmaster’s servicedayor … heshallneitherbuynorsell.Henothaunttavernsor his saidmastermighthaveanyloss. With hisowngoodsorothers not playatcards,dice,tablesoranyotherunlawfulgameswhereby fornication norcontractmatrimonywithinthesaidterm.Heshall He shalldonodamagetohissaidmaster…notcommit 7 Industry andIdleness Industry

(Source 2.7) is a series thattells isaseries 9 servants for the wealthy: as early as 1618 a man buried atStBotolph’s as1618amanburied asearly for thewealthy: servants as isdescribed people. asnanniesor working There orIndians may have childservants beenAfrican ofthearea. industry FrenchThere English,Irish, were andsomeJewish certainly 9 8 7 2.1 Statement to Parliament by King William III,1695 Sources 1685 1572 Key dates -by wasadiverse class, society occupationandethnicity.It widow. theirmeeting: He described a room to rent inPetticoat Lane, where hemethisfuture wife Betty, anEnglish to enslavement heeventually settledinEnglandandfound inAmerica, transported and Gronniosaw.spent timehere wasUkawsaw Nigeria eastern innorth Born ‘James DuppaBrewer’ James to Mr servant (anIndian) 10 Himself From Rozina Visram, From theDupen archives, quoted inJoyce Hampton. Quoted inHampton p152 A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw Ukawsaw A Narrative Albert oftheMostRemarkable intheLifeofJames Particulars quoted in provide asupplyofmoney suitabletotheseoccasions. protestants whosuffer fortheirreligion.Imostearnestlyrecommend toyou Compassion obligesmeto mentionthemiserablecircumstancesofFrench

loved herfromthatmoment. room, thepersonthatwasweavinglookedabout,andsmileduponus,I a greatdesiretoseeit,andaskedifImight…assoonweenteredthe enquired whatitwas;shetoldmeapersonwasweavingsilk.…Iexpressed gentlewoman ofthehouse,Iheardnoisesomeloomsoverourheads. The morningafterIcametomynewlodging,aswasatbreakfastwiththe Asians inBritain:400YearsAsians ofHistory Room toRoom Breathe –Beyondthe Walls The French Louis XIVreversed king thelaws protecting Huguenots*, DayThe massacre StBartholomew’s ofProtestants inParis causedthe silkweavers. ofNantes). of the Edict (*Revocation causing asecondwave ofrefugees, many ofwhomwere master first wave ofHuguenotrefugees. (Pluto 2002) (Migration Museum Project Museum (Migration 2018)p16 9 The Story oftheHuguenots:AUniqueLegacyThe Story 8 . One African whodefinitely. OneAfrican 10 (Not Just Another Book 2018) p180 (NotJustAnotherBook , and African Prince, asrelated by Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 2.4 Dr Richard Richard 2.4 Dr Welton, ofSt Mary’s, Rector oftheHuguenotsin speaking 2.3 DanielDefoe, 1719 ’Survey2.2 JohnStrype, ofLondon and Westminster’ (1720) A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History (1709) adapted from2.6 extracts 2.5 from ‘The Valiant Weaver’ ananti-Huguenot song 1690s considerable andessentialpartofourwealth,thefundexportation, Silk manufacturesofthiskingdom…[are]thestapleourtradeandmost Let’s notdefileourdear ownnest To naturalisethemisajest; The breadoutofournatives’ mouth… Perhaps intimethey’lltake, forsooth And turnmeoutofhouseand home?... Or shallsuchinterloperscome, And biggerlookedthanRefugees… Here theygrewfat,andlivedatease subsisting ourpoor. support ofournavigation,andtheonlymeanswehaveforemploying well. strangers mayserveforpatternsofthrift,honesty, industryandsobriety as along withthem. And thisbenefitalsototheneighbourhood:thatthese manufactures ofweavingsilksandstuffs andcamlets:whicharttheybrought … butalsoagreatadvantagehathaccruedtothewholenation,byrich strangers God’s blessingsurelyisnotonlybroughtupontheparish,byreceivingpoor Weavers allmaycursetheirfatesBecausetheFrenchworkunderrates must needstorobourreligiontoo. what belongstothepoorofourownlandandgrow richatourexpense,but here fromjusticeandbeggarywhichtheyfled,tobefattenedon This rabblearetheveryoffal oftheearth,whocannotbe contenttobesafe 13 15

12 Canary-birds NaturalisedCanary-birds inUtopia 14 11 – a Canto

10

15 14 13 Wearing andUsing ofPrinted andPainted Callicoes inGreat Britain. 12 11 • • Practice questions • • pointsThinking 2.7 William Hogarth, p160 Quoted inCrickshank, Quoted at In p162 Quoted inCruickshank, https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/huguenot-silk-weavers-in-spitalfields A Brief State of the Question Between thePrinted Between A BriefState oftheQuestion andPainted Callicoes andtheWoollen andSilkManufacture. far asitrelates As to the wanting to find outhow Spitalfieldsresidents felt about Huguenotarrivals? Study sources 2.1to 2.7. Which ofthesesources ismost useful to ahistorian ofHuguenotrefugeesWhat wastheimpact onSpitalfields? worse? ofFrenchDid thearrival refugees changeSpitalfieldsmainlyfor thebetter orthe study ofmigration history.) inthe1570s?(Look arriving backover yourWhy thematic didHuguenotsstart With cautionthenlet’s giveourvotes, That’s noblenow, degenerate… Or elseperhapsthey’llmakeourstate ‘Gainst cuttingourownsubjectsthroats. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2016/06/10/the-church-of-st-mary-matfelon- whitechapel-part-one/ https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2016/06/10/the-church-of-st-mary-matfelon- Industry and Idleness and Industry

(1747),Plate 1 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields preferred to hire thembecause, asthepoorest residents, accepted they low wages. Penal Laws againstCatholics. that discriminated Employers inSpitalfieldsoften home. Many hadbeenforced declineandstrict by thelinenindustry’s into poverty labourers wereIreland. thoughsomehadbeenlinenweavers Most unskilled back There wasalsosomeantagonismdirected group atanew ofimmigrants from their jobs. Five years later marched they thatthreatened inprotest engine-looms atnew 1670EnglishweaversIn inSpitalfieldscomplained aboutforeign competition. 3. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 1780, whenone ineleven Londoners there were were Irish, violentanti-Catholic wereThe Catholic notallowed Irish to worship openlyor build churches. In and oneEnglishboy shotdead. endedwith seventeen badlywoundedbattles withgunsandknives onbothsides undercutting theirwagesonachurch buildingsite. of acoupleofdays aseries Over of Englishlabourers fightingbroke outafter July1736serious accusedtheIrish In andto sufferwere andoutofwork, racistviolence. to beunderpaid themostlikely This madeEnglishweavers resent them. - Gaeilge –mostofwhomspoke The Irish From a1736 pamphlet‘Spittlefields and Shoreditch inanuproar, or, to pay thedevil especially bytheFrench…forwewillnothavethemreigninourkingdom. By foreignnationsweareimpoverishedbythemtradingwithournation stop totheirwicked,cruel and inhumanpurposes. taken bythemagistratesto quellthoseaudaciousrioters,andtoputa whom theyhavesubsistence.…Itishopedthatproper meanswillbe dreadful oaths,cursesandimprecationsagainstthose verypeopleby living; yettheseungratefulwretchesareeverbelching outtheirmost who, eveninastrangecountry, bythenativesthereof theygettheir It isshockingtobeholdthecrueltyorimpudenceofsome people, Bold DefianceBold From apamphlet‘Feare publishedby God’ protesting apprentices, 1670. with theEnglishandIrish’

17 16 11

18 17 quoted inCruickshank p138 1984) p140,further 16 withhundredsworkshops ofweavers underpoorpay andconditions. cheapest labour(women andchildren) to operate them. employersThe richest ran wore on,more andmore master weavers brought inmachinesand somehired the was unpredictable: there were boomtimes and deepdepressions. As thecentury lot lower goodtimes. even workers, during thanfor mostotherskilled The silktrade ofbeinganapprenticethe period waslongandhard andeventual wageswere a and landowners technologies (EnglishandHuguenot).New were threatening jobs, English andHuguenot–were employers rangedagainsttheirricher They –Irish, the day (from theFrench meaning journée ‘day’) wasaboutclass. thedeeperconflict forNevertheless, ‘journeyman’ weavers, were socalledbecausethey employed by employers whofeared thecompetition. the machines, by were breaking they supported often unemployment started When outsidersbrought mechanicalloomsandweavers innew fearing protested successfullyandthegovernment bannedthematerial. side. cotton)When calico(printed dresses from overseas becamefashionablethey Sometimes, to andemployers protect theirindustry, workers were onthesame weaving industry, brought themtogether. withmany EnglishandHuguenots, shared thatthey especiallyinthe poverty fact for However, Act. Catholic Catholics Relief onlycamein1829withtheRoman the ‘Gordon’ down Lane. Catholic andamobburnt chapelsinBrick Full riots freedom p264 Quoted inCruickshank, Public quoted DGwynne, Record inRobin Office, http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/08/13/stanley-rondeau-huguenot/ But robusofourrightsandwe’reupeveryone! None morequietthanusiftheyletalone, henceforth daretoinfringeweavers’ laws! Now thankGodandgoodfriends,wehavegainedthatjustcause.Letnone From ‘A ontheFailure Song New oftheBillagainstWeavers’ by Huguenot Heritage: The History andContribution ofthe HuguenotsinBritain Huguenot Heritage:The History Huguenot James Rondeau Huguenot James Teachers’ Guide

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Spitalfields He trained and armed hisown guard. private He trainedandarmed Herefused joinor to lethisworkers sohecouldseehow spentthemoney. they thecoinshepaidhisworkers marked Street(Huguenot) on40Crispin washated by many. Heemployed 450peopleand Things cameto aviolentclimaxinthe ‘Cutters’ Riots’ ofthe1760s. Louis Chauvet where hadbeenusedagainsttheEnglishrulers. they being includedmarches,they sabotage, damageto looms, even aneffigyofemployer masterSome weavers were threatened. the1760sprotests In were frequent and roaming thestreets andcuttingthesilkofweavers atlower whoworked rates. weaversby theirbosses. were gangsofangry Opponentsclaimedthatarmed poorercombinations were familiesandprevent to weavers support beingexploited Men. Society, saidthe theCommitteeTheir andtheLiberty supporters Men organised themselves into ‘combinations’ withnamessuchastheSubscription class. being themostmilitant,organised working andsuccessfuloftheBritish They response,In Spitalfieldsweavers, gained thereputation of ledby often theIrish, A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History windows and burning hisfurniture.windows andburning the scaffold, itto Spitalfieldsandsetitupoutside Chauvet’s carried house, smashing his protestedDoyle his crowdangry gathered for theexecution andsoldierswere taunted andstoned. Green ofBethnal andwhatisnow HeathRoad.corner Road Cambridge Ahuge, executedso they menlocally, thetwo outsidetheSalmonandBall Tavern onthe from thiscase, Spitalfields. however, In wanted anexample, to the authorities make example ofthem.Executions usuallyhappened at Tyburn, west ofLondon andfar Thomas Poor. They were sentenced wanted to to deathandtheauthorities make (Huguenot), were accusedofcuttingthesilkloomasmallmaster weaver called Two andJohn (Irish) Doyle combination, John Valline Defiance leadersoftheBold £500 reward for information. At Chauvet’s occupationandheoffered request, a Spitalfields wasputundermilitary August 1769amobofabout1,500peoplethenbrokehundreds In ofhislooms. killed. then brokeupacommittee meetingatapub. Shotswere fired weavers andtwo were give money tomoney combinations. After alarge crowd to topay, gethisworkers tried soldiers hung and burnt. Some of these tactics hadbeenbrought ofthesetactics over Some fromhung andburnt. Ireland innocence to he diedthecrowd theendandafter down ripped an 12 John Rocque’sJohn 1746map ofSpitalfields Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields The crowd draggedhimto afield, threw himinto thefreezing water ofapondand Cheshire Street where hewastrappedagainstthewallofabrewhouse andstripped. surrounded by amobandwhippedhitrepeatedly. Herantowards whatisnow escape through abackgarden andrantowards Folgate Norton where hewasagain toA hundred Hetried orsosurrounded thehouseshoutingthatheshouldbekilled. to Hefled, theground bleeding, andkicked. into houseforknocked anearby safety. saying that Chauvet wasthereal villain. The mobstoned andchased him.Hewas calling hima rascal’.‘blood-selling to reason Hetried withthemwithoutsuccess, by agrowing Lanewhenhewasattacked endofBrick mob near thenorthern were asaresult dead. ofwhichIrishmen 1771hewaswalking On16April in court, wasnow hated.Clarke People believed hewasinthepay ofChauvet andhadlied a march by localpeoplecallingfor apardon. Two looms ofaweaver calledDanielClarke. Two were hanged, thistimeat Tyburn, inspite of weavers.of Irish More combinationmemberswere the arrested, accusedofattacking thedecisioncirculated locallyandangergrew.attacking There were more arrests, mainly over thatthehangingThere hadbeenintheEastEnd. thefact Pamphlets wasanoutcry A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History proper rate. There were nomore weavers’ riots. lower therefore wages. workers Some losttheir jobswhileotherwere paid the area ofEnglandwhere couldget away and moved they withpaying to thenorth wages.As However, a result, noonewaspaidstarvation someemployers the left • • • • • in1793.UndertheseActs: extended which wasfurther 1773 SpitalfieldsAct, ofviolenceended.The cycle Two years later thegovernment responded withthe bodies sentto by bedissected surgeons. a sandpitandpelted himto death. Two menwere hangedfor andtheir thecrime Imports offoreign silkwereImports controlled. Combinations were banned. Employers couldnothave more apprentices thantwo atany one time. Employers were paidwagesabove punished ifthey orbelow thoseset. Weavers couldnegotiate pay with magistrates who thensetwages. others were transported. 13 and, therefore, theenemy. Huguenots, thought,would they behappy thatthe theRevolution thatpeopleinSpitalfieldsmightsupport government wasworried After the1789French wassoonatwarwithFrance. Britain Revolution, The 19 Sign onthewall Society oftheBrickLane buildingusedby theSpitalfieldsSoup miserable conditionare in.’ they unionists commented thattheweavers were nolongerwell organised, ‘and whata helpingthepoorest thesameyear families. ameetingofLondonstarted In trade Society coldwinters, 1797theSpitalfieldsSoup peoplewere In particularly starving. effect, couldnotprotect thismeanttheSpitalfieldsActs thepoorerIn weavers. In organising themselves intradesunionsmadeithard for weavers to gettogether. onthestreets ofSpitalfields. poverty The 1799Combination stopping Act workers wasalready indeclineandthere thesilkweaving wasnow real fact, industry In the country. The may SpitalfieldsActs beonereason for this. However, of Spitalfieldswaslargely andunrest quietatatimeofriot inotherparts thatopposedtherulingclassandcalledfor allmentoSociety have thevote. who hadcolonisedIreland. weavers Some didjointheLondon Corresponding by theRevolution’s andequality, anditsoppositionto theBritish valuesofliberty French monarchy hadbeenoverthrown. would beattracted They thoughttheIrish Quoted in http://www.brh.org.uk/site/articles/bold-defiance/ 19 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 3.1 Samuel Foote,3.1 Samuel ‘The Tailors: A Tragedy for Warm Weather’ (1778) Sources 1773, 1793 1769 1691 Key dates A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 3.4 From the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine’, November 1763 weaver 3.3 Another messagesent by the Defiance’‘Bold combination to amaster contributions. 3.2 Aletter from Defiance membersof theBold Committee, for asking

placed hiseffigy in acart,withhalterabout hisneck,anexecutioner on one destroyed his looms,andcutagreatquantity ofsilktopieces,after whichthey In riotousmanner[they]broke openthehouseofonetheirmasters, end. demands ofyesterday, we’llgiveyou a gallonofthornstoyourfinallife’s We giveyouaneggshellofhoney, butifyourefuse tocomplywiththe slaves. not usedatthistimetocrushyourenemiesyouareand willbeforeverbond must eitherconquerandflourishorstarveperish, forifsufficient meansis by onemanwiththisletterandkeepitupyourbodies, asatthistimeyou Gentlemen, sendyourdonationsthisnighttotheDolphin inNewCockLane And all the sister trades were forced to join. Lo! Their example points the way. Hence, soonaformidablebandarose, Oppressed withdebtsandhunger, rose inarms… … whenwithweavingsonsofsilk.

22 The regulated SpitalfieldsActs weavers’ pay andconditions. The authorities respondedThe authorities to theCutters’ withexecutions Riots in The were Jacobites inIreland defeated, beginning of aperiod Bethnal Green.Bethnal to migrate,workers repression againstCatholics andeconomiccrisis, forcing many Irish 21 20

14 3.5 Aletter from silkweavers Irish complaining aboutthearmedguards of 24 23 22 21 20 • • Practice questions • • pointsThinking thetime. 3.6 JohnDoyle’s lastwords onthescaffold, according to anewspaper at thesilkmasters, 1768. Quoted in Cruickshank, p276 Quoted inCruickshank, Quoted inLinebaughp278 Quoted inGRude, 1730-1848(LawrenceThe Crowd and 1981)p76,quoted inHistory inCruickshankp270 Wishart Quoted inPeter Linebaugh, 2003)p277 The London Hanged (Verso Quoted inLinebaughp285 justified organisations defending ofworkers? therights wanting to decidewhethertheweavers’ societies were gangsor violentcriminal Study sources 3.1to 3.6. Which ofthesesources ismostusefulto someone Spitalfields. Explain why there wassuchanatmosphere in18thcentury ofconflict Was thedeclineofSpitalfields solelythefaultofemployers? To for theweavers? were whatextent avictory theSpitalfieldsActs hanged itonagibbet,thenburnttoashesandafterwardsdispersed.’ side, andacoffin ontheother; andafterdrawingitthroughthestreetsthey gold, andthemnotoriouswretcheswhosworeitfalselyaway. child unborn.Letmybloodlietothatwickedmanwhohaspurchaseditwith my Almighty God,thatIamasinnocentofthefact amnowtodieforasthe I JohnDoyledoherebydeclare,asmylastdyingwordsinthepresenceof proper inNewgate. and cutlasses,headingthearmywatch,lodgingwhomtheythink At unseasonablehours,[they]goarmedwithblunderbusses,pistols,swords 24 23 Teachers’ Guide

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Spitalfields many unemployed weavers indespair. Hecouldfindonlyten weavers stillatwork 4.1) 1837weaversIn petitionedtheLord Mayor ofLondon abouttheirsituation • • • destroyedA combinationoffactors thewealth ofthearea: Conditions inSpitalfieldsgoteven worse warwithFrance after ended in1815. 4. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 25 anddangerous.The area by was regularly outsidersasdirty described The idea famine. from depressed andfrom ruralEnglandhopingfor devastated by anIreland work, a poor, depressed, overcrowded oftheEastEnd. part They were joinedby migrants southeast Englandmay have someHuguenot roots. Those whoremained lived in religion andculture ofFrench Protestantism. Up to 90%oftoday’s populationof or therest ofthecountry. They hadbecome Englishandnolongerfollowed the French refugees whohaddonewell oftheLondon now lived inwealthier parts before.from theHuguenotboomtown ofacentury Those descendantsofthe different Spitalfields wasavery place thesecondhalfofnineteenth century By employedindustries community. many ofthelarge Irish both were livinginlodging housesneartheirwork, the sugarbakeries alsoGerman, atthedocksfrom coloniesintheCaribbean. arriving at While many oftheworkers which were immigrants runby benefitingfrom German theshipmentsofsugarcane refineries southof Laneandthesugar-baking in Brick Whitechapel Road, mostof As theweaving tradediedthemainemployers inthearea were Truman’s brewery (Sources 4.2and4.3) George Gissing, . visited theareato Dickens seeso The in1851andwasshocked Charles writer easier for from textiles -to overseas floodthemarket. –especiallyIndia were 1824theSpitalfieldsAct it controlsIn repealed, andmaking endingimport weavers outofajob. More andmore master weavers were usingmechanisedloomsthatputlocal There wassevere economicdepression across thecountry. City ofthedamned City The NetherWorld . (1889) 25 (Source

15 (r) The formerProvidence Row NightShelter onBellLane (l) Gustave andBlanchard Doré Jerrold 1872:Anightshelter inWhitechapel • • • conditions: people whometthemandrecorded theirlives, hopingto raiseawareness ofterrible were andhardship for extreme certainly many,The poverty asshown of inthework wasIrish. Kelly wasSwedish LizStride andMary were to survive: victims immigrant women trying this area atthattimeisremembered asthehauntof ‘Jack theRipper’, ofwhose two Army). were withthepoor. Both inthearea, active working ofall, Most perhaps, immigrant) and Barnardo (himselfanIrish William (whofounded Booth theSalvation People inSpitalfieldsneededto be ‘saved’ by philanthropists suchas Thomas readers wasofaplaceto befeared.created inthemindsoflargely middle-class in the1880sand 1890s, published as ofliving conditions survey organised Booth adetailedhouse-to-house Charles health conditionsinHare Street (now Cheshire Street). reformer whowrote about wasasanitary Gavin inthesameperiod Dr Hector Greenpeople inBethnal andSpitalfieldsinthe1840s. –authorof Mayhew Henry London Labour andtheLondon Poor Life andLabour ofthePeople inLondon , interviewed , interviewed Teachers’ Guide

. © OCR 2019 Spitalfields as housingwhilethereWhitechapel hadbetter were Road off, streets middle-class poor. As Booth’s colour-coded map’‘poverty shows ( The reality, however, livinghere wassometimesmore was complex.Noteveryone the bath. (l) Gustave 1872:Ahouseofrefuge, Doré in A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History and not allwere poor. of description ‘vicious, semi-criminal’. There were familiesandcommunities thriving conditions, insomecases oneroom per family, donotseem to but they fit the None ofthemwere weavers, allhadtrades. butthey They lived inovercrowded differently appearssomewhat many families).It ifwe lookcloselyattheresidents: the housesofupandcomingHuguenotmaster weavers, now dividedupbetween One oftheareas hecoloursblackonhismapistheeastendofPrincelet Street (once criminal’. as describes coloured whichBooth entirely black, ‘Lowest class. Vicious, semi- and daughter Philip Swartzh,20,tailor, from‘RussianPoland’ withhis19-year-old wife lodgers Willaim Germantis,30,tailor’s presser, withhiswifeandson5Polish Barnet Cohen,45,bootfinisher, German,withhisPolishwifeand3children Isaac Newman,35,bookseller, Russian,withhiswifeand8children Elizabeth, 12 Henry Prollius,44yearsold,cabinet-maker, German,with hisdaughter 26 (r) The formerwash Castle Street housesonOld Source 4.8 ), mainroads such 16 4.1 Petition weavers from starving to theLord Mayor ofLondon, Sources 4.4 Andrew Mearns, ofOutcast LondonThe Bitter (1883) Cry silkweaver’s poorIrish family. 4.3 Charles Dickens in ‘Household Words’, April 1851 –visitingthehouseofa 4.2 Charles Dickens in ‘ March 1837 30 29 28 27 26 Quoted inCruickshank p468 Quoted inHampton p187. from Abridged Cruickshank pp535-536 http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/16/dickens-in-spitalfields-4-the-silk-weavers/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/09/dickens-in-spitalfields-3-in-the-streets/ roar thesametunetothemwhentheydie. the monsters,whodeafentheirfirstcrieswithwhirr andrattle,who superior spaceandhaveit.… The childrensleep at nightbetweenthelegsof The roomisunwholesome,close,anddirty. … The loomsclaimallthe swarming withvermin. cleansing water… You have togropeyourwayalongdarkandfilthypassages by abreathoffreshair, and whichrarelyknowthevirtuesofadrop courts, manyofthemwhich thesunneverpenetrates,whicharevisited and refusescatteredinalldirections andoftenflowingbeneathyourfeet; with poisonousandmalodorousgasesarisingfromaccumulations ofsewage crowded together… To getintothemyou have topenetratecourtsreeking human rookeriesare,where…amidsthorrorstens ofthousandsare Few whowillreadthesepageshaveanyconceptionof whatthesepestilential eighty-five thousandhumanbeingsarehuddled. population, perhaps,existing. Within itssmallboundaries, notlessthan than ninetotenthousandareatwork.…Spitalfieldscontainsthedensest twelve thousandhouses–althoughatthetimewhichwewrite,notmore From fourteentoseventeenthousandloomsarecontainedinfromeleven relief… present momentinastateborderinguponpauperism,withoutanyhopeof destitution andmiseryfromthewantofemployment,thousandsbeingat May itpleaseyourlordship…petitionersareinastateofthegreatest 27 Household Words’ 29 , April 1851 28 30

Teachers’ Guide

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Spitalfields 4.5 Gustave Doré 1872: Waifs andStrays A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 4.6 Silkweavers inSpitalfields 17 4.7 Booth’s mapofLondon 1898-99anddetailfrom poverty themap

showing Spitalfields (cont. on next page) (cont. onnext Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields GCSE (9–1) History A (Explaining the Modern A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 31 1840s 4.8 An Irishwoman Mayhew, whoworks to asastreet Henry sellertalking Henry Mayhew, Henry this dayandthat day. i nivertastebeer, andnotoftentay, butIsithereallday, andIfeel thehunger sometimes. counthry- womenthat’s init…Ilive on brid,and‘taties and salt,aherrin’ I sleepatalodging-house, and it’s adacintplace.It’s mostlymyown London Labour andthe London Poor 31 (1851), ed by Rosemary O’Day and David Englander (Wordsworth, 2008),p.117. andDavid O’Day Englander(Wordsworth, (1851), edby Rosemary

18 • pointsThinking • Practice questions • • • Who orwhatwasto blamefor thisdecline? life for waslike peoplelivinginSpitalfieldsatthistime? Which ofsources 4.1to 4.8are what mostusefulto wantingto ahistorian know it wasin1700? youDo thinkSpitalfieldswasapoorer andmore dangerous placeby 1900than themselves? byHow whatthepeoplesay farare about theattitudesofoutsiderssupported disgust to thepeopleofarea? youDo feel ofthesources thewriters were showing solidarity, sympathy or Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields just over wallsfrom theCity Spitalfields. Their beautiful hadsettledinDuke’sPortuguese Jews Place, Aldgate, expelled in1290.SmallnumbersofSpanish,Dutch and back to England for were thefirsttimesinceJews sincethe1650s, were they community after invited There hadbeenasettledandgrowing Jewish Street: Europe. For example, commentson Pool’s Booth Square nearwhatisnow Quaker remnants refugees oftheHuguenots, Jewish from by thenewest arrivals: Eastern Booth’s andthe shows thedisplacementofmany oftheEnglish, Irish survey Street. The namessuggestthatmost,ifnotall, were Jewish. Throughout thearea, elseisclearfromSomething thepeoplethatBooth’s researchers metonPrincelet 5. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 32 1841. for immigrant children, while aJews’ openedonCommercial School Street Infant in needs, the Jews’ Free moved School to Lane in Spitalfields1822andcatered Bell docks, settled intheEastEndwhere accommodationwascheap. To meettheir andlackofimmigration controls.opportunities Many, landing by boatattheLondon Ashkenazi Spitalfields. However, increasing numbersofGerman livingjustwest of They were mainlymiddle-class, originating from SpainandPortugal. werethe widerpopulation.Most equalto hadachieved civilandpoliticalrights they butby themid-nineteenthdiscrimination, century anti-Judaism experienced Jews andstate boxingheavyweight champion. descent,becameEngland’sPortuguese Jewish aSpitalfieldsboxer 1792DanielMendoza, In of ( synagogue, isstillthriving theoldestinBritain, Quoted inCruickshank p531 A foreign land This isthelastofanIrishcolony, theJewsbegintopredominate. Jews began to arrive in Britain, attracted to attracted itsrelative inBritain, beganto arrive Jews freedoms, economic Sephardic

Jews Jews right ).

Bevis Markssynagogue Bevis 32 19 included soup kitchens and a temporary shelter. andatemporary included soup kitchens therefugees andhelpthem getontheirfeet.organised to support charities This groups Jewish might bethreatened Other ifthere wasanantisemitic backlash. community.within thesettledJewish Many were thattheir own status worried hardLife for arrivals. wasvery thenew There were alsodifferent reactionsto them ofthepopulationSpitalfields wasJewish. by 1899a quarter shift: spaceoftimethere wasahugepopulation religion short andcustoms. avery Over Sandys Row Synagogue Sandys placeofworship. asaJewish Row andisstillfunctioning established by in1874,took Dutch over Jews aformer Huguenotchurch inSandys wasatitsbusiestonSundays. the market The firstsynagogueinSpitalfields, for centuries. onSaturdaysmarket Ascouldnotwork Jews (the on stallsalongHoundsditch andPetticoat Lanethathadbeenarough-and-ready of themwere poorpedlarsandtraderssellingsecond-hand clothesinthe ‘rag trade’ estimated Mayhew thatthere were inLondon 18,000Jews 1851Henry andmanyIn could join a community withfamiliarlanguage, food,could joinacommunity forced into thecheapestplacesto live, where they ofEnglish,mostwerepossessions andlittleknowledge Poor,numbers endedupstaying inBritain. withfew Many hopedto goonto theUSA,butsignificant persecution andhopingto lives. buildnew especially London. ports, British They were escaping EuropeEastern migrated westwards, by seain arriving fromof Jews Russian,Poland of andotherparts schoolandhighereducation. secondary Thousands and putquotasonhow many couldattend Jews couldlive, Jews bannedthemfrom owning property at Jews. The Laws 1882May where thenrestricted pogroms for theassassinationofCzar(Emperor), there were were Jews 1881,after change inSpitalfields. blamed In Events faraway intheRussianEmpire thenledto huge –violentattacksandmassacres –aimed Shabbat orSabbath), Teachers’ Guide

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Spitalfields Key dates Spitalfieldsasan Jewish ‘alien’ land, butwithsomerespect for itsinhabitants. readers, described forVisiting andmissionaries, writing journalists theirmiddle-class containing 800peopleandthere wasracialtension inthearea. be housed. Street,Wentworth thearea oftheworst housing, hadalodging house iteven harder residentslong term for felt wasmaking themto theinfluxofJews At atimewhenhouseswere beingdemolishedfor roads new andrailways, some competition andeconomicdepression. Housingwasalsoareal pointofconflict. problem, even thoughthetruereasons for technology, theseincludednew foreign immigrants were arriving people inSpitalfieldsitcouldappearthatnewly the were alsoseenby someasathreat to jobsandwages. To many desperately poor noted, rate went thecrime down andtheseareas becamequieter. However, they areas 75%and100%Jewish. becamebetween When thathappened, observers lived moved separate Jews andEnglish:asthey livesMost out, some from theIrish A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 5.2 Beatrice Potter, socialreformer 1889 5.1 Israel Zangwill, Sources 1881 1656

accent ofthe poverty-stricken foreigners: theroughswearingof boatmen cries: thehoarse laughterofthedockloungers atthestrangegarband broken For afewmomentsitisscene ofindescribableconfusion:criesandcounter- more especiallyCharity. virtues, devoutyettolerant, andstrongintheirrelianceonFaith,Hope, rich intheircheerfulness,industry, andtheircleverness…richinallthe Germany, fromHolland, streamsofJewishexiles,refugees.Settlers…all Into theheartofEastLondontherepouredfromRussia, fromPoland, The assassinationofCzarAlexanderinRussialedto violenceagainst wereJews readmitted to England, 366years were they after expelled. Jews, forcing themto move west, asrefugees. many arriving Small numberssettlednearSpitalfields. The Children ofthe Ghetto 34 (1892) 33 20 34 33 5.5 The Jewish Chronicle 12August 1881 Free School. Dated February 25,1829 5.4 Advertisement for for theanniversary thefounding oftheJews’ in1912. 5.3 Louis Winogradsky* in1987, describinghisarrival agedfive andahalf 36 35 StillDancing(Collins 1987), inEd David Englander, Potter, Beatrice Community’, Jewish ‘The Booth, inCharles Quoted inCruickshankp491 Quoted inCruickshankp480 another fewdays,themajorityofthese,robbedlittletheypossess,are of thehundrednewcomersaredispersedinbackslums Whitechapel. In at passengersunabletopaythefeeforlanding.Inanothertenminuteseighty reciprocal dutyofbecoming Englishmen. altogether toforget thatinacceptingthehospitality ofEngland,theyowea from themthanthe Anglicised portionoftheCommunity... they appear Jew andJew, andformsitsopinionofJewsingeneralasmuch,ifnotmore, The outsideworldisnotcapableofmakingminutediscrimination between programmes.] popular TV [*He changedhisnameto Lew Gradeandlater becametheproducer ofmany while therewasnomoneyforluxuries,weneverwenthungry. understood becauseallIcouldspeakwasRussian…Myownmemoryisthat, our liveswewerereallypoor, and,ontopofthis,Icouldbarelymakemyself and ratherdark,sowerethetworoomswelivedin…Forfirsttime My initialimpressionsoftheplacewerenotgood…BrickLanewasbleak turned outofthe‘freelodgings’ destituteandfriendless. 35 A Documentary History of Jewish Immigrants of Jewish inBritain History A Documentary Labour andLife ofthePeople 36 vol 1(1889). 1840-1920p23 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 5.8 Metropolitan Police onImmigration ofForeigners, Report 28July1888 5.7 Gustave Doré andBlanchard Jerrold, 1872 5.6 LionelAlexander, to theJewish Board ofGuardians, Secretary 1888 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 5.10 Metropolitan Police onImmigration ofForeigners, Report 28July1888 3May 1884 ofaninvestigation5.9 Report by themedicalmagazine Lancet’,‘The filling theairwiththeirhoarsevoices. content, intheirdoorways;thecostermongersdrivebarrowsslowlyby, children, filltheroadsandpavement. The Jewishbutcherslounge–fatand Spitalfields, theleeringthin-handedthief…withendlessswarmsofragged The German,theJew, theFrenchman,Lascar, theswarthy nativeof operations sendingpeoplebackwho,havingwanderedhere,proveuseless. to checkitbywarningsratherthanprohibitions…isoneofourlargest My Boarddoesnotfavourunwarrantedimmigrationbutdotheirutmost bringing downwages,they beingwillingtoturntheirhandsanything. become thevictimsofdesigning personswhousethemasthemeansof population fromthedistrictsnowinhabitedbyformer …theyeasily the effect oftheovercrowding bytheimmigrantshasbeentodriveourown sanitary conditionofthispartthemetropolis. London, aresonumerousthattheirpresenceseriously affects thesocialand The foreignJews,whoformanyyearshavebeenflocking totheEast-endof being seldomtheyareseentheworsefordrinkinstreets… of whattheyearnandgenerallyabstemiousasregardsintoxicatingliquorsit other countries. They arequiet,inoffensive, andindustrious,makingthemost of obtainingabetterlivelihoodandenjoyingmorefreedomthantheywouldin The immigrantsarenodoubtattractedtotheUnitedKingdombyprospect 40 38

37 39 41 21 (1896) 5.11 Henry Walker, 42 41 40 39 Cruickshank p420 37 • • Practice questions • • pointsThinking 5.12 The Kitchen 1867 SpitalfieldsSoup (Religious Tract quotedWhite, inJerry Society), Englanderp22 Englanderp85 Englanderp22 Committee to theHouseofCommons onImmigration Select Speaking find out how Jewish immigrantsfind outhow Jewish were viewed andreceived? Which ofthesources inthischapter are mostusefulfor aresearcher wantingto Explain why EastEuropean came to settleinSpitalfields. Jews arrivals? Huguenot andIrish How didtheresponse immigrants to Jewish compare to pastattitudesto necessity? already livinginSpitalfields.English andIrish Was thismainlythrough choiceor Many European separate Eastern lives immigrants from Jewish lived very the We seemtobeinaworldofdissolvingviews. We suddenlyfindourselves people-waiting-for-a-morsel-of-food-in-news-photo/3068352 https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/vast-queue-of-poor- The peoplearepeaceableandlaw-abiding. seem, therearenoscenesofdisorder, andnothingapproachingtoruffianism. segregated peoples,religions,customsandindustries…Strangeasitmay of London,itisyetlikeaforeigntown,withitsownlibertiestrade, taken leaveofeverythingEnglish,andenteredanalienworld.…Intheheart in aforeignland. The streetsweentermightbe Warsaw orCracow. We have 42 East London: Sketches Work ofChristian Workers and London intheNineteenth Century 38 ‘ London, APilgrimage’ (Jonathan Cape 2007)p129,andinCruickshank p494 (Jonathan (Grant andCo 1872)p150,quoted in Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields culture wasalive andwell, Robert ashistorian Winder describes: Spitalfields wasexciting, andfascinating. vibrant,warm It’s alsoaplacewhere Jewish the stereotype oftheEastEndasaplace onlyofdegradation anddespair. His coined theterm ‘melting pot’ –challenges amulticultural community to describe Life. andpaintsavividpicture ofJewish Zangwill –who in theSpitalfieldsheknew novelof hispeople. His Lane. inBell School Hegrew upto beateacher dedicated and writer to theinterests in1864,livedIsrael Zangwill wasborn inFashion Street andwent to theJews’ Free 6. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 43 you asgiving life youstrike adeeperunderstandingof Jewish inSpitalfields. ofthepodcast,pickoutoneimage and onequotationthatespecially each section When you have listened, closethewindow andclickonnumber2.Andsoon.From To clickonnumber1andplay theaudio. As start, you listen, imageswillappear. Spitalfields) orviewed onlineat The podcastcanbeaccessedthrough your phone’s appstore (search for Zangwill’s of podcast,imagesfrom thetimeandatour ofthestreets. zangwills-spitalfields/id1076318988?mt=8 Dr Nadia Valman’s app

Bloody Foreigners beef or bets withJewishbookmakerswhilechewingon Warsaw sausage,salt community-in-exile …Onthecornersof Whitechapel, youcouldlay and booksellers,Jewishtobacconistsjewellers–acomplete There wereJewishtheatresandmusichalls,publishers Children oftheGhetto (Abacus 2004)p234 gefilte fish,withperhapsabagelorstrudelontheside. Zangwill’s Spitalfields Children oftheGhetto: AStudyofaPeculiar People zangwillsspitalfields.org.uk ) takes you to) takes inacombination thatworld ( https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/ . There are seven sections. 43 (1892)isset 22 CJews-Free-School-Courtesy-of-Jewish_fig1_307724693 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Jews-Free-School-playground-assembly-1909- 3 SECTION • pointThinking . class Jews 2 SECTION 1 SECTION The soup kitchen onWhite’sThe soupkitchen Row class in London?Victorian philanthropy What doNadia Valman andZangwill (thenarrator) have to say about takes usto theJews’ takes Free Lane. onBell School introduces Zangwill andtheSpitalfieldshegrew upin. takes us to the soup kitchen for poor, usto theJewish thesoupkitchen takes middle- setupby richer –wealthy to peopledonating timeandmoney help thepoor–and Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields very samebuildingthatwasfirstbuiltasaHuguenot very LaneandFournier ofBrick on thecorner Street, the 5 SECTION byhubs, Zangwill. described richly people alsolived. community These were important one ofseveral synagoguesinsidebuildingswhere rooms eachhousingonefamily. Number19became mansions ofPrincelet Street, now broken upinto single 4 SECTION • pointThinking A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History provoking orthodox Jews to violence. Jews provoking orthodox eating hamsandwichesontheholyday of Yom –asolemn day offasting - Kippur whom were the atheist.In ‘Battles oftheGhetto’ satonthesynagoguesteps activists chapterand anarchist –ofwhommore –many politicalactivists inthenext of socialist LanesynagogueandJewish theBrick There between conflict wasoften values. visited theirsynagogue. Ajournalist of the West End. They wanted to holdonto traditional had broken away from themore liberal, relaxed Judaism who community Jewish orthodox it passedto astrictly few years 1898 Church. later it becameaMethodist In for Promoting AmongsttheJews, anda Christianity 1809ithadpassedtochurch. theLondon In Society the school’s negative attitudeto Yiddish, thestudents’ homelanguage? school asan’Anglicisation bootcamp’ inZangwill’s eyes? What doyou thinkof have highaspirations. Butwhatdoes Valman the meanwhenshedescribes With rules, itsexcellent theschoolencouragedchildren facilities and strict to looksatlife intheformer Huguenot takes usto theSpitalfieldsGreat takes Synagogue

19 Princelet Street 23 • pointThinking Petticoat Lane, London, onaSundaymorning, 1883 cameto shopforclass Jews feast days. EastEndbutalsowhere classJewish middle- oftheworking theheart Lane markets, 6 SECTION how far cultural traditions and language should be cherished andmaintained,how farculturaltraditionsandlanguageshouldbecherished theareas ofreligionIn andeducationthere were deepdisagreements about remains anissuefor later immigrant communities. What doyou think? or how farimmigrant communities shouldadaptto Englishways. This tension is about Lane’‘The (Goulston Street and Street)Wentworth andPetticoat Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields moved theblocks as in.Zangwill described ‘monotonous barracks’. brick sturdily blocks, – builtsix-storey andin1887198families–mainlyJewish apartment StreetDean (now Thrawl Street). They replaced huge, slumswithtwo notorious addressed inhousingby BuildingsonFlower buildingtheRothschild thecrisis and The Board for Poor, ofDeputies oftheJewish theRelief ledby Lord Rothschild, Rothschild. 7 SECTION A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 44 Working-Men’s‘The Street’ Homes, near Middlesex from London, Jack tells the story of the new housingdevelopments by ofthenew Peabody tells thestory and The Buildings, Rothschild 1903 44 People oftheAbyss (1903). 24 • Practice question • • pointsThinking The entrance arch to thenow Building demolishedRothschild 1900s? challenges ofdailylife the1880s and between how peoplelivinginSpitalfieldsdealtwiththe useful to wantingto ahistorian understand Which ofthesources intheappwould bemost survival.’ How isthis? accurate adescription Valman inSpitalfieldsasone of ofJews theworld describes and ‘tenacity previous housingfor thepoorofSpitalfields? How farwere thePeabody Buildingsanimprovement andRothschild on Israel Zangwill in1894 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields place. refused employers’ there terms were their willing to alsootherswithoutwork take There were workers more inthearea. than25,000immigrant If workers garment Labour Exchange on Whitechapel where Road were they upby employers. picked therefore many went usetheofficialchannelsto to findwork, theunofficialJewish labour forced to acceptlow pay andbadconditions. Unableto speakEnglishand class, andofareadyclothing from supplyof cheap working thehugeindustrial where entrepreneurs Jewish took advantageofagrowing demandfor cheap into poverty. Many became ‘sweatshops’ –eachroom atiny, crowded workplace thebuildingsthathadhousedweavers’ thenineteenth century During loomsfell 7. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Russia inopposition to the monarchy, from andmany arrived there Jews already divisions. andCommunist –were ledby Socialist ideas –often Jews spreading in thenumbers arriving. Andthereto restrict were fundamentalpoliticalandreligious and somesettledAnglo-Jews whowere abouttheinfluxandwanted uncomfortable This wasnotaunited community. There were arrivals thenew deepdividesbetween to themachines. girlsshackled sweatshop hadnine-year-old Workers even includedchildren: according to tradeunionist Lewis Lyons, one But conditionswere terrible. often were businesses–theworkshops Jewish closedonSaturdays andopenon Sundays. that –incontrastto was alsoattractive non- It paidenoughtoavailable. survive. It For many, ready-to-wear wastheonlywork garments sweatshop making tailoring factory floor, turningoutlow-costclothesatultra-highspeed. them. Itwascalled‘outwork’,anditaproductionlinewithout another wouldstitchthemtogether, anotherwouldcloseandfinish prepare leatherforshoes,anotherwouldcutouttheuppersandsoles, on astrictandhighlycompetitivedivisionoflabour:onehousewould They werefree-wheelingandaggressivebusinessunitswhichrelied from dyes,glues,andthegasusedtolightdimcellars. heads surroundedbydust,threadsofcottonandwool, andfumes Men andwomentoiledceaselesslyinhot,steam-filled rooms,their Great Yiddish ParadeGreat Yiddish 46 45 25 denounce the employers. was notthere: hedenied he hadever agreed to speakonthat day. Herefused to march the ‘Great Yiddish Parade’. reachedWhen they thesynagogueChiefRabbi speak againsttheemployers’the ChiefRabbi treatment ofworkers. They calledthe marched to theGreat Synagogue in Aldgate, band, led by to aGerman demand that March unemployed and Things cameto aheadin1889.In workers ‘sweaters’ victims’ asthecapitalistenemy. by Anglo-Jews andtheChiefRabbi, supported class. working whoranthesweatshops,They saw theJews many ofwhomwere Street‘Berner radicals’ aimedto endthesocialinjusticeaffecting alltheLondon with othersattheInternational Workers’ Street. Education Clubat40Berner The 46 45 such as groups suchasAaron Liebermann’s andread newspapers Hebrew Society Socialist angeredpolitically active. Others, by sweatshop labour, revolutionary joinedJewish Winder p236 Winder p235 Winder Group ofanarchists inLondon Witkop (seated andRudolfRocker includingMilly left) (behindher) Arbeter Fraynd.Arbeter (Workers’ Friend). editor, Its Morris Winchevsky, metregularly Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 4. 3. 2. 1. went onstrike. workers Later garment that year Jewish These were theirdemands: destroyed. Street ledto theBerner clubbeing That policeandactivists nightfightingbetween said oftheorganisers: When policeconfronted themarchers the A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 48 47 again. pledged notto strike endedwith acompromise deal:inreturn for hours,It theunions reduced working of £100. lasted took sixweeks part. andaroundThe workers strike 10,000garment However, gave the tailors convinced themandthe dockers agenerous donation hesaid: workers striking and whenhemetJewish dockers’ leader, immigrants Jewish as haddescribed immigrants.been pushedoutofSpitalfieldsby theinfluxofJewish Ben Tillett, the dockers, many ofwhomfelt andthelargely Irish workers theirfamilies has garment leaders went to askthedockers’ unionfor help. There were tensions Jewish between Four fund. the So weeks inthestrike there into left thestrike, wasalmostnomoney MPandLordSamuel Montagu thestrikers. –gave Rothschild to money support wasopposedby manyThe Anglo-Jews, strike prominent thoughtwo wealthy – Jews Rosenberg p84 Englander p169 All mealsto behadoffthepremises. half anhourfor tea. That thehoursbereduced ofonehourfor to twelve, dinnerand withan interval working hours. working andsweatersGovernment contractors notto give homeatnightafter work toGovernment contractors pay wagesattradeunionrates. It becomesourdutytodeclarethattheyarenotJews. come. You areourbrothersandwe willdoourdutybyyou,butwewishyouhadnot the dregsandscumofcontinent 48 Manifesto ofthetailors’strike committee 27August1889 Jewish Chronicle Jewish supported thepoliceand supported 26 47 offered to dockers’ lookafter children, familiesfewer to give mouthsto feed. striking dockers’ Led strike. by Milly andothersfromWitkop There tailors’ wasanothersuccessfulJewish in1912,atthesametimeasa strike and antisemitism. Board were ofDeputies arguing thatit would againstaction, onlyinflameviolence case ofthetailors’ a generationearlier, strikes leaders suchasthe officialcommunity were 1936,Jews dividedover ofrallieson4October series how to respond. As inthe End becamecommon. When theBUFplannedto march through theEastEndto a Green. in Bethnal hadaheadquarters Violent in theEast Blackshirts) attacksonJews offascismandantisemitismacrossrise Europe. UnionofFascistsThe British (or threat inSpitalfieldsfacedaserious A generationlater withthe inthe1930sJews wasthefirstUKlawAliens Act to control immigration. recommendedbeing pushedoutofthearea. immigration controls. It 1905the In East End, itdid say that itwasleadingto overcrowding andprevious inhabitants Commission saidthatimmigration wasnotto blamefor thesocialproblems ofthe William Evans Brothers Gordon, himselfamemberoftheBritish League. While the MP Major headedbyCommission localConservative onAlienImmigration toResponding anti-immigration pressure, thegovernment setupaRoyal Lane.Brick response toIn theBBL,antiracistssetupanAliensDefence League atnumber38 strong anti-immigration petitionwere from EastLondon. 4,000marchers. 1902attracted ofthesignatures Most to inJanuary their45,000 Road End andtheirrallyonMile They recruited community membersfrom thelocalIrish slogan was ‘England for theEnglish’ campaigned andthey against immigrantsJewish ofputtinguprents, jobsandforcing taking down wages. Their on adailybasis. BrothersThe British League, founded inEastLondon in1900,accused that closedonSaturdays onSundays. hadto butworked dealwithantisemitism Jews would have shutdown thePetticoat businesses andhitJewish LaneSunday market London. Oneanti-Jewish campaign Sunday wasfor tradingcontrols which strict Meanwhile, anti-immigrant feeling andespeciallyinEast inBritain wasontherise themin1889. They remembered hadsupported how thedockers the dumping…offoreignpaupersontheseshores. Arbeter FrayndArbeter , Jewish families , Jewish Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields be onthesideofFascists -charged didnotgive thembutthey way. and politicalorganisations suchastheCommunist Party. Police –whomany felt to People’s Council Against Fascism andAntisemitism,acombination oftradeunions They were organised by younger people intheJewish Spitalfields. there oftramsleft by anti-fascisttramdrivers.They setupa barricade of the junction streetWhitechapel andCommercial High Street, ontheedgeof room in19Princelet Street. Ontheday ofthemarch ahugecrowd assembledat defended. wasorganised Resistance from placesincludingadownstairs various were hadto beginning be to wasthatthecommunity settle-thepopularview On theground inEastLondon –where refugees someJewish from NaziGermany A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History and crime. It is preserved in the memories ofthosewho grew inthememories upthere. ispreserved and crime. It continued to thrive, ofstrong withanundercurrent aworld community ofpoverty the years the between In World Wars Spitalfields andinto the1950sJewish the 1912dockstrike. familiesduring byafter Jewish hadbeenthechildren saidthey looked ofthosewhojoinedthebarricades Some ontheirside, most joinedtheantifascists.dockers Spitalfields. hard One significant wasthat,althoughtheBUFtried to factor enlist Irish street and, mostfamously, Cable Street. The fascistswere unableto march through Similar confrontations policeandprotesters between happenedonRoyalMint andthepolicecouldnotclearawayAldgate for wasblocked theFascists to march. you wanttohelptheJew-baiters,keepaway. disorders, willbeactivelyhelpingantisemitismandJew-baiting.Unless Jews who,howeverinnocently, becomeinvolvedinanypossible Not Pass.’ scene …allthetimecrowdwasshoutinginunison ‘TheyShall of ambulancebellsandtheroarbusesracingextra policetothe police whistles,thegallopinghorsesofmountedpolice,clanging Bursts ofshouting,cheeringandbooingmingledwiththesound The Jewish Chronicle,The 1936 Jewish 1October The Daily Herald,The Daily 1936 5October 27 50 49 Irvin Bernard Irvin Basil JacksonBasil Brick Laneinthe1940sand1950s–somememories 49 51 50 interviewed in2006by Heritage Eastside Community interviewed Rosenberg p203 Rosenberg, It wasaveryJewisharea…there’s nodoubtaboutit…everyshopwas the premises . … fresh beigelsandchollahs for theweekendbecausetheywerebakedon they wouldcomedownfor theirdelis,theyusedtocomedownfor … Itwasafocalpointatthat timefortheJewishpeople,inasmuch barrels ofpickledcucumbers andsmokedherring. The choppedherring. The sortofdelistherewhere …theyhadherringshanginguponstrings, … And alsoalongBrickLanethere,thetypesofshoptheyhadthere.… tremendous, and everybodykneweachothertherebyname. The bantertherewas Brick Laneitselfusedtohavestallsalongtheroad,mainly fruitandveg Whitechapel, youhadBloom’s whichwasthebigthing. place calledLozna.…andofcourseifyougotheother waytowards doors away, andontheothercorner …thereusedtobeadresshire made cakesandalltheusualthingsthatwasoncornerafew was averyfamousbaker’s, Burnsteins.Everybodyknewthem,they … OnthecornerofBricklaneandHanburyStreetwasnextturning made suitsformyfather, hissonmadesuitsforme Weinberg weusedtodoallourprinting. …Needer’s men’s tailors,he We hadaprinter’s exactlyacrosstheroadfromus,afellowcalled around was Jewish. The shops,thenames,sortofpeopleyousawwalking you know…thesamewaythateveryone’s Bengali,inourdayeveryone shop, notonlyascustomersbutfriendswell…wereprobablyJewish, that cameintothe more…were Jewish. There weremanySynagoguesandallthepeople percentage… butIguess90%ifnot virtually Jewishandeverybodywholivedthere….Idon’t knowthe Battle fortheEast End p197 51 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 52 55 54 53 Max BronsteinMax A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Englanderp94 Englanderp173 The London Years, quoted inDavid Rosenberg, Footprints Rebel (Pluto 2015)p87 Winder p239 a pickledcucumberandthatwassolidmeal. meal initself. And you’dgetasaltbeefsandwichandwally, whichwas Being Jewstheyalsodidtakeawaysofsaltbeefsandwiches,whichwasa couldn’t haveanymilkdishesbecauseyoucan’t mixmilkwithmeat. Of courseyou’dhavethingslikelemontea,blackcoffee, becauseyou thing thereandthedesserts,wouldbethingslikelockshunpudding. salt beefandlutckers,friedpotatoescutuptonguewasanotherfavourite Jewish lochshunsoupandthentheotherfamousthingsyou’dhavewere was knedelsandkrapplochwiththemeatinmiddleofit. A classic chopped liverandthenyouhadchickensoupwhichwasaclassicthing There wastheclassicthingslikechoppedherringsoreggandonion properly . there andthatwastheirenjoyment‘causenotalotcouldspeakEnglish they weren’t toomanyJewishpeoplebuttheydidmanagetocongregate The EastEndtheatreswereallinwhatwecall Yiddish youknowand People onBrickLane inthe1950s 28 1889 Key dates childhood Goldberg,7.4 Arthur AJew Went (1937),writing abouthis Roaming 7.3 The Jewish Chronicle 1889 intheJewish Chronicle circulated7.2 Resolution duringthemarch to theGreat Synagogue, reported 7.1 RudolfRocker, editor of Sources 1936 1905

some otherboys wereplayingcricketearly oneevening…Oneof the tormentor of Jewish boyssmallerandless muscularthanhimself… Iand earned somethingofareputation intheneighbourhoodasabullyand My Jew-baiterwasahefty youngrascalbiggerthanIwas,whohad they areunwillingtoassistusinamelioratingourposition. Rabbi, howtoimproveourmiserablecondition,weclearly seethat the indifference oftherichJewsinnottellingus,throughChief in bycertainmembersoftheJewishcommunity. Inconsequenceof We renderourprotestagainstthepracticeoflaboursweatingindulged Britain. Richesandpovertylivedalmostontopofeachother. assertive wealthandindescribablepovertyasinthegreatcitiesof children wereborn…nowherewasthecontrastsovastbetween dreary tumbledownhovels… And inthosecesspoolsofpoverty, An abyssofhumansuffering …squalidcourtsandalleyways,with thus excitefurtherprejudiceagainsttheirentirebody. exaggerated ideaoftheirnumbersbyparadingthrough London,and It isquestionablepolicyonthepartofpoorforeigners togivean Jewish tailorswent onstrike. Jewish Fascist were stopped from Blackshirts marching through theEastEnd. The immigration restricted AliensAct for thefirsttime. 55 53 Arbeter FrayndArbeter 54 from 1898,writingin1956 Teachers’ Guide

52 © OCR 2019

Spitalfields 7.5 Major Evans7.5 Major Gordon, BBL memberandConservative MPfor Stepney, in A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 7.7 Statement by Jewish Trade Unions, 1895 7.6 Arnold White*, andEmpire, Efficiency 1901 The Alien InvasionThe Alien tongs, withanever-growing circleofpalsurging uson…IfIletmy caught himfullonthenose. The nextmomentwewereat ithammerand and strengthofhim,Ishotoutafistwhich,morebyluckthanjudgement, That wasmorethanenoughtomakemeseered.Regardlessofthesize better mindwhatyou’resaying.’ ‘Accusing meofpinchin’ yerball,eh? You stinking,dirtyJew-kid! Yer He steppeduptomemenacingly. ‘Give memyball,please,’ Isaid,pullingupinfrontofhim… into hispocket. the feetoftormentor. Hepickeditup…thencoollyslippedtheball boys gaveamightyswipeattheballwithanimprovisedbat,anditfell exploitation) to allsortsofcausesexcept therealones. The cryagainstthe miseries ofthe masses(whicharenatural consequencesofclassrule andclass always hasbeen,thepolicy oftherulingclassestoattributesufferings and worker ingeneral,andagainst theJewishworkerinparticular. Itis,and unreasonableness, andwant oflogiccontainedinthecryagainstforeign We hopetoconvince ourEnglishfellowworkersoftheuntruthfulness, ofDestitute Aliens.’]Immigration [*White wasthefounder ofanorganisation called ‘For Preventing the are alreadyinjeopardy. Rule byforeignJewsisbeingsetup. The bestformsofournationallife The islandofaliensintheseaEnglishlifeissmall today. Itisgrowing. offscum ofEurope. the streets,notbynaturalincreaseofourownpopulation butbythe under theconstantdangerofbeingdrivenfromhishome,pushedoutinto East of Aldgate onewalksintoaforeigntown…[TheEnglishmenfeels] me butforalltheotherJewishladsaround… opponent getthebetterofme,lifewouldbecomeintolerablenotonlyfor 56 58 57

29 56 7.8 ABUFpamphlet, 1937 60 59 58 57 • • Practice questions • • • • Parliament on10July1936 7.9 George Lansbury, LabourMPfor Bow andBromley, in speaking Thinking pointsThinking University of University reproducedWarwick, at p257 Winder EGClarke, Hansard Winder p256 to Spitalfields? understandthetensions inJewish thesources inthischapter,Of whichwould bemore usefulto someonewanting so opposedto eachother. those represented by theUnemployed Committee andthetailors’ unionswere the1880s, explainwhyIn represented theviews inthe Find outaboutthemany foods refers BasilJackson to. againsttheFascistsWhy diddirect action in1936? getsomuchlocalsupport Union ofFascists, have to beenattractive somepeopleinEastLondon? Why would thearguments Brothers oftheBritish League and, later, theBritish How successfulwere thetailors’ protests? Everywhere heisthescapegoatforothers’ sins. foreigner …isinternational. London istheslaveofJewishmaster. maker, polisherandtailorwereEnglishmen. Today theEnglishmanin East Not solongagoEastLondonwasthehomeofBritishstock. The cabinet these unfortunatepeople. they areincitingotherstoattackthem,andvisittheirhorrorspleenupon market-place fullofJewishtradersandusethemostfoullanguagetothem… among theJewishpopulation…sellersof[fascist]literaturegointoa There is,Ibelieve,innearlyeveryEastEnddistrict,eastof Aldgate, realterror , quoted inRosenberg, The BritishUnion andtheJews Battle fortheEast End https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/jewish-immigration-and- the-aliens-act-1905 , quoted inDavid Rosenberg, 59 p234 60 Battle fortheEast End (Five Leaves 2011)p97 Jewish Chronicle Jewish Teachers’ Guide

and © OCR 2019 Spitalfields back to the seventeenth century. Silk – so often part of the Spitalfields story –was oftheSpitalfieldsstory back to the seventeenth century. part Silk–sooften recordsEarliest inEastLondon, ofBengalis go brought asservants, from India abandonedwhennolongerneeded.often women Some alsocameasayahs,British. brought to from asnanniesand work India performers. They were oftheEmpire notillegalimmigrants: were assubjects they had to asbeggars, sleep rough pedlarsandstreet inshedsby thedocks, surviving jumpedshipto escapetheiremployers. hadended.their contracts Others Many were Some to Britain. abandonedinLondon, unableto return homebecause inEastAfrica. Somaliland onshipsbringing tea andjuteThey worked from Bengal andBritish –andespeciallyfrom India the Caribbean intheeastofBritish Bengal merchant ships. oftheEmpire China,Cyprus,They camefrom –Malta, many parts small butgrowing numberof EastLondon wasalsothehometo a century twentieth andearly Nineteenth 8. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 6 Jewry Street, Aldgate, the years theFirst after wasopenedin 1897. In 6 Jewry World War, overseas seamen–there were 22inEastLondon by 1850–andanAyahs’ Home at time,as 1801.Over localwomen andsomeformer Lascarssetuplodging housesfor There Company wasanEastIndia lodging housefor LascarsinShoreditch asearly natural harbour, offered for menwhohadcrossed Somali thegulf. jobopportunities and bothwere andrefuelling inAden’s controlled Shipsdocking by theBritish each other, andAden inSomaliland in Berbera Yemen. The were two strongly linked facing was guarded Ocean from by ports entrance to Sea two theRed theIndian without having by to months. goallround cuttingjourneys Africa, southern The The openingoftheSuezCanal in1869enabledshipsto travel from Asia to Europe ofBengal. Sylhet inthenorth conditionsofship’s intheterrible work boilerrooms. allthesemenwere Nearly from poverty, debtandsometimesfaminefor families. Analternative for young menwas and cheapmanufactured cotton from theUK. The silkbusinesscollapsed, causing destroyed theBritish tradewithhightaxation their own textile exports, theBengali from silkandcotton cloth. hadbeenrich Bengal thetradeinhigh quality To boost a reason why many for young menlooked Bengali jobsatsea.Before rule British Number Number andLondon’sThirteen Harlem Lascar seamen who had been working on British onBritish seamenwhohadbeenworking 30 food withoutcharge. HealsorantheShahJalal ‘curry café’ at76Commercial Street. jumpingshipintheUSAayear1920 after earlier. There, mencouldgetshelter and Thirteen’ –13SandysRow, runby Ayub Ali ‘Master’ inLondon whohadarrived in The mostfamouslodging seamen,though,was houseamongBengali ‘Number families. OnewasMunshi’s andIrish by poorJewish at16Elder Street. lodging housesbeganto appearintheformer weavers’ housespreviously occupied 13 Sandys Row today 13 Sandys 76 Commercial Street today Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields stage intheirlife. For thesemen,andsomewomen, life wasonthemargins. Officially ontheships, saw London especiallythosestillworking Others, asonlyatemporary classwomen andbeganto settle. localwhite working ofthemenmarried Several an EastLondon wasopenedinasmallhouseonCommercial Mosque Road. Seamen’s moreWelfare organised. arrivals 1941 ofnew In League, support making of Cable 1943Ayub Street. Qureshi In Ali andShahAbdulMajid formed theIndian the sametime, clubsandcafes andCaribbean Somali appeared inthewestern end wasbeginning Lane.Brick to Acommunity establishitselfandto getorganised. At Asian generalstore – Taj street, -openedinwhatisnow Buxton later moving to was aimedatotherBengalis, afew 1936thefirst Englishpeoplebeganto visit.In and around restaurant thistimethefirstSylheti owned opened. Indian Though it trade. Life to ontheshipsandtheninlodging cook, learned housesmeantthey inrestaurants, porters, intheclothing took could–askitchen whatjobsthey Men in Princelet Street, Street, OldMontague StreetWilkes andHeneageStreet. Ayub Aliprovided dotted allover lodging inproperties Spitalfieldsincludingplaces A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History war. and thenanindependent Bangladesh;and, later, became engulfed asSomalis incivil merchant seamenjoined by many, ofPakistan many became part othersasBengal After theSecond World War would seethesmallgroup alabour shortage of on theAtlantic convoys bringing food to Britain. merchant onBritish shipsand many died ofthemenserving Lascars were aquarter in theEastEndandonlyafew andBengali oftheminSpitalfields–butSomali of the Second At thestart World War numberswere stillsmall–under200Bengalis Spitalfields. caféwas theRio on Cable Street butthere were alsocafes onCommercial Street in as became known ‘London’s Harlem’. The most celebrated meetingplace Somali – many asstowaways ofwhomhadarrived -formed agrowing that community This wasalsotrueonCable Street where andCaribbeans andother Africans Somalis –werethe widercommunity adailyreality. at atimeoflow –andisolationfrom immigration andhighunemployment. Racism OrderSeamen whichforced themto register suffered withpolice–they a ‘colour bar’ werethey but–following British, andthe1925Coloured the1905Aliens Act Alien 31 63 62 61 1869 Key dates 8.3 8.2 Shah Abdul Qureshi Majid 8.1 Ahmed Yusef Sources Adams pp41-42 Adams p41 https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history

plenty ofothersafterhim, but nobodylikehim. nothing. When people couldn’t speak English,hehelpedthem. There were … Hewasaverygoodman, hehelpedalotofpeople,notakemoney, us withsomeoneelsetosleep. Bengali peoplecameafterleavingtheship. We stayedthere, orhewouldput … onthecornerofFashionStreet,nearbigchurch, thatwaswhereallthe Mr Munshi’s house.’ boat?’ Isaid,‘Yes’. Hesaid,‘Come withme,Iwillgiveyoushelter, Ilivein I havefoundsomeonewhocanhelpme.’ Hesaid,‘You havecomefromthe I wassoveryglad,heldhim,embracedhim.said, ‘Bygoodluck,atlast about twenty-fiveverydarklooking…hespoketome inSylhetdialect… my ship,becauseIhavecomeheretostay…suddenlysawayoungman, much disappointed,didn’t knowwhattodo. At thattimeIcannotgobackto correct, andwhenIshowedthemtoanyone,theydidn’t know. Iwasvery I hadoneortwoaddresses,buttheywerewronglywritten,not tomorrow anothership. many ships. You getoff ashiptoday, you go totheShippingFederationand come toyou. We wouldn’t stayhereverylongbecausewhenyouhavetoo months. You sendsomemoneybackhomeandverysmallthey maybe you’vebeenawayforsixmonths,oneyear, maybethree Life’s veryhard,youareworkingfor£23amonthandwhencomehere Haji Kona Miah The SuezCanal opened, for providing Lascarseamen. jobopportunities 61 63 62 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 8.6 Mr Abdul Manan 8.6 Mr 8.5 Shah Abdul Qureshi Majid Ashraf8.4 Mr Hussain A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 8.9 Kathleen 8.9 Kathleen Warsame interviewed in1981 8.8 Shah Abdul Qureshi Majid Abdul Malik 8.7 Mr holding theirmoneyandremittingitforthem. still usedtolookafterthem,readingandwritingtheirletters,fillingupforms, Later, whentheyhadgotjobs,wouldrentroomsin Ayub Ali’s house.He Devil. matter howgood youwere,livedthat sideofthelinesoyou’d gonetothe Because thatsideyouwere good,thissideyou’dgonetotheDevil…no Cable Street,aninvisibleline thatnodecentwhitefamilyevercrossed. The whitepeopletolerated theseamenbuttherewasthatinvisiblelinedown stay solong–Ithoughtwouldgoback. from eachother. …Icouldhave broughtinmyfamily. ButIneverexpectedto There wereonlyabouttenorfifteenwhenIfirstcame, andalllivingveryfar They camebecausetheywerepoorandwantedtomakesomemoney… we whostartedthat. Bangladesh dependsontheforeignexchangesentbyourpeople,anditwas have comehereandtheydon’t knowthatitwaswefewwhocamebefore. Our greatsuccesswasthatthousandsandofourcountrypeople children … the streetstheyusedtoringasmallbellandattractschool the silkclothesanddifferent clothing…orinthestreetswithtoffee. In And someofthemdidthepeddling,theyusedtogofromdoorwith rites … hospital, washthebody, andgivethe funeralserviceaccordingtotheMuslim rented aroomnearthemosque.Heusedtopickup deadbodiesfromthe TaslimHaji Ali wasthefirstonewhoorganised theMuslimmortuary–he 66 65 64 67 68 32 69 68 67 66 65 64 • • Practice questions • pointThinking Abdul Malik 8.10 Mr Adams p117 Adams p161 Adams p118 Adams p64 Adams p151 Surviving seaman whosettledinSpitalfields, wantingto uncover theirfamilyhistory? How usefulwould thesources inthischapter befor adescendantofLascar themselves. andsupport Explain how thesesmallnumbersofmenmanagedto survive of evidence. What are itsstrengths? Are there any problems withoralhistory? in the1980sremembering theiryounger lives. Think aboutthevalueofthiskind allthesourcesNearly inthischapter witholderpeople are from oralinterviews be inEngland,theirmothercountry. Isaid‘Allofyou,you’regoingtohavea away…and whentheycamewereallforEngland…gladto We got Africans, about40or50aweekfromthecolonies,andstowing changing. you’re notgonnaliveifyouthinklikethat.’ … You couldseetheirattitudes Stop believinginEnglishmantoomuch,‘causeyou’regonnasurprise, surprise. You’ll gethurt. together. singing, jumping,allinthestreet.IthinkweweretwoorthreeBengalimen same nightweheardthewarwasover. Ifinishedwork,camehome,laughing, … bombed,torpedoed,minedIdecidednottogoseaanymore,and I joinedtheshipsagaininthiscountry. Three shipsdied underme,gonedown (BBC1981) 69 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Back home, they married and started families, not expecting to settle permanently families, to settlepermanently notexpecting andstarted Back home, married they year timeswhendemandforfor during wasslack. garments afew monthsevery little, andsavelodgings to withothermen,spendingvery enoughmoney gohome suited migrants. the new forThey couldwork several months, cheap sharing The oldsweatshops ofSpitalfields, and othersby somestillrunby Pakistanis, Jews ofEnglandandintheEastLondon clothingtrade. ofthenorth and factories citizens to enter theUKandlive here. andwork Young mencameto inthemills work reaffirmedAct thatthey, asCommonwealth citizens, asBritish hadthesamerights inBritain. same timethere labourshortage Nationality wasaserious The 1948British inaccessible. Many inSylhet facedunemployment poverty. andextreme At the where mencouldpreviously getjobsasLascars,port wasnow over theborder and the ofEastPakistan. Calcutta (Kolkata), independent from Sylhet waspart Britain. andPakistan, nationsofIndia andbecamethetwo waspartitioned 1947India In 9. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History In 1962 a new law, 1962anew In theCommonwealth limited Act, immigration Immigrants of Green.Bethnal community, roots, many ofwhomhadstrong around Irish centred to thenorth adeclining, class They left ageingpopulationalongsidearemaining white working- was becomingunderpopulated. Family inEast London and Kinship were easttowards rehoused estates Ilford. innew further According to a1957report whocouldonlyafford class Jews London. councilhouses, especiallyworking Others, andwest ofnorth went those whohadmademoney to more leafyparts voluntarily: populationwasbeginningMeanwhile theJewish to move outof thearea. left Some landlords, someof whomwere alsoBengali. back home, were they now squashedinto substandard housing, exploited often by migrants hadbeenforced to live previously. Usedto livinginspacioushousing crowded lived invery dwellingsMen inconditionsnotsodifferent from how Irish Sylhet. in Britain. savedThe they money couldbuylandandbuildhousesin meantthey Shahid Minar , many were nothappy to leave Spitalfields, which 33 was because of several factors comingtogether.was because of several factors Spitalfields wascloseto thewealthy owned) restaurant trade centred Lane. on Brick The growth ofthese ‘curry houses’ The onoffer work was ascooksandwaiters inthe ‘Indian’ and (butBengali-run for work. UK looking –were ofthe nowespecially leatherware joinedby menwhocamefrom otherparts – were industry inthegarment factories closingdown. already Bengalis working and inBangladesh.As familiescame to joinhusbands andfathers, thenorthern years later, didintend 89%saidthey to stay, forced by economicrealities bothhere didnotintend saidthey andrestaurant togarment stay workers intheUK. Twenty to enoughmoney to goback earn ‘home’ to 1960over settle. 80%ofBengali In unemploymentMeanwhile intheUKmeantthatitwasbecomingimpossible rising theirfamilies to to couldafford theUKassoonthey bring arrangements to. living inEastLondon rebuild. invested Many to alsomade money helpthecountry decades were inBangladesh. Many timesofpoliticalandeconomicinstability inEastLondon abouttheirrelatives’ worried working Men safety. two The next were murderedwhen thousandsinDhaka by the West Pakistan army. protests inLondon, the especiallyafter at theEastLondon and Mosque Toynbee Hall. thewarthere During were major these years. during politically active Funds were victims to coordinated helpcyclone werebecame theindependentnationofBangladesh.Many SpitalfieldsBengalis followed by abloody warfor independencefrom Pakistan in1971.EastPakistan halfamillionpeople, killed cyclone Then 1970aterrible disasters hitBengal. In came from onlythree subdivisionsofSylhet. Sylhet. This with ajobto goto, thosealready here jobsfor arranged andfamilyfrom friends whichmeantbringing theirfamiliesover.UK, As vouchers couldbegiven to people being refused vouchers to return, sothebestoptionwasto putdown roots inthe settle permanently. whowent hometo Men EastPakistan for several monthsrisked had vouchers permits). (work led to anincreaseThis actually innumberscomingto andcitizens from subjects British thecolonies andCommonwealth to thosewho chain migration meant that a large proportion of Spitalfields Bengalis ofSpitalfieldsBengalis meantthatalarge proportion kalo ratri (‘black night’) of25March 1971 night’) (‘black Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields priority. Buttheruledidnotapplyiftheirloved oneswere overseas. the councilrules, thattheirfamilieswere thefact separated shouldhave given them housing, theirfamilies over hopingto bring whenitbecameavailable. According to overcrowded tenements completely unfitfor families. appliedfor they So family They wanted theirloved to bring onesto were jointhembutthey livingin againstthem. because therulesdiscriminated was notonthebasisofneed. This presented menwithimpossiblechoices Bengali a flatbecameavailable, itwent to whoever hadbeenonthelistlongest.Allocation Council. The Labourcouncilallocated housingaccording to a ‘ladder’ system: when most peopleinSpitalfieldscouldafford. estates Some were runby Tower Hamlets However, there wasamajorhousingproblem. Council flatswere theonlyhousing walkfrom therestaurant couldlive wasahugeadvantage. thatthey ashort the fact haditwithfood.long asthey hours, tilltheearly Andfor waiters andcooksworking pubsclosed, alcoholafter Licensinglawsworkers. meantpeoplecouldstilldrink as ofLondonCity restaurants andtheBengali-run couldoffer cheap, food tasty to city A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History family over withoutsecure accommodation,more andmore chosethe third option. from familyorbringing the Bangladesh, staying separated returning to poorprospects in with thechoicebetween rent to landlords. private Faced the slumtenements, paying wereand Bengalis livingin andCypriot infact) Jewish Maltese, mix ofEnglish,Irish, were 100%white (a nearly As aresult, thecouncilestates chance ofgettingcouncilhousingorbeingjoinedby theirfamilies. them away for many were monthsandmeantthey homelesswithno permanently for onmerchant men,mostofwhom were Somali ships. stillworking Their took work he losthisplacecompletely andcouldnot applyfor anotheryear. This wasdisastrous Another rulealsohithard. for amanwas away over from If three thecountry months Wentworth Dwellings Wentworth 34 twice theofficiallevel ofovercrowding.twice reported The 1984SpitalfieldsHealthSurvey ahundredup from 1980nearly householdshadover 77in1951to 150in1979.In The numberofpeoplelivinginonedilapidated townhouse inPrincelet Street went cases itwasplanned, inothers peoplewere squatters by found accidentwhenthey as thestreets southof Green some ofBethnal Road. In Whitechapel andnorth Road squatters’Bengali movement, anditspread to otherbuildings inthearea andasfar ofthe wasthestart StreetMontague andoccupiedthem.It their own hands. 22adultsand50children GLC broke into empty housesinOld Council (GLC) andinthesummerof1975homelessfamilies took matters into oftheremainingMost socialhousinginSpitalfieldswasrunby theGreater London care for theelderly, youth centres andlocalparks. together to suchas residents opposedevelopers andimprove working localservices Spitalfields Project brought together over 40local groups andwhite andhadBengali Meanwhile, 1970sthe intheearly ‘Local Committee’ whichgrew outofthe home hadto bewithinreach ofthesweatshops. and beableto respond to fashion business:women from thefast-changing sewing businessneeded toThe becloseto garment suppliersandshopsofthe West End homewaslonganddangerous. shutdown thejourney transport after the morning for andtourists: workers menleavingcatch restaurant hoursof city intheearly work livingcloseby. with workers workspaces neededto Restaurants beinSpitalfields to live Lane. nearBrick The smallbusinessesofSpitalfieldsneededamixhousingand there suffered often violentracismfrom neighbours. Moreover, peopleneededto endoftheborough.Spitalfields attheeastern Butthosefamilieswhodidmove wereWhen Bengalis offered flatsby Tower Hamlets, were they alongway from As slumswere cleared, overcrowding gotworse. officedevelopment thatwouldinrevenue.move bring City peopleoutandattract Spitalfields. goingdown. The amountofhousingwasactually The councilwanted to housing.new 1965and1980theCouncil homesatallin builtnonew Between But while Tower Hamletswasbusydemolishingtheslums, itwasnotbuilding and having noappetite. conditions, abouttheirchildren withmothersworried beingundersized for theirage womenthat 30%ofBengali complainedofchronic poorhealth dueto living Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields demanded rehousing, GLC buttheLabour-controlled refused. little–oneblockandasmallestate. Squatters had donesomebuildingbutvery was directed mainlyattheGLC, themainhousingprovider inSpitalfields. They with hisparents, attheageof17. becameBHAG Secretary The squatters’ movement involved this possible. to HelalUddinAbbas, make inpoliticalaction whosquatted generation inSpitalfieldswere wanted clearthatthey to stay andwould get At itsheightthemovement involved several hundred families. Anew, younger ‘tiger’ inBengali). inSpitalfields. direct politicalaction ofBengali This wasthestart families together to Group HousingAction launchtheBengali (BHAG –whichmeans group Race Today and Terry Fitzpatrick from theSquatters’ Unionbrought squatting derelict. andFarrukhThen Sen inFebruary 1976Mala Dhondyfrom theBlackradical hadbeencheated landlordsthey for by money fake to pay housesthatwere key A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History only estates. However, the Controller ofHousing, Len interpreted Bennett, thisto meanBengali- BHAG to give themalistoftheestates felt they were safe for families. Bengali admired theself-helpandentrepreneurial ofthemovement. spirit They invited were farmore sympatheticthanLabour had been.Leading saidthey Conservatives won theGLC 1977theConservatives In elections. To thesquatters’ they surprise, destroyedthey bad. thebuildings, whichwould look very hadnowherethey to go. would justbesquatted againunless properties The empty But asthemovement grew, theGLC familiesif thatitcouldnotevict faced thefact provide. Bengali area toobtaintheprotection whichalarge group oftheirpeoplecan from Spitalfields and ithasbeensuggestedthattheyneedtoliveinamainly There havebeenphysicalattacksonBengalisinareas ofEastLondonaway If allimmigrantgroupsputinasimilarrequestitwouldbechaos. Tony Judge, Labour ChairoftheGLC HousingCommittee Jean Tatham,Jean Conservative ChairofHousing, GLC 1978 71 70 35 74 73 72 71 70 about theirfailure to prevent racist violence. wasamarchand oneoftheiractions to Leman Street policestationprotesting Today response ofracism,younger to began toIn therise Bengalis organise. 1976 In and sowere thestreets. gangs targeted Asian Skinhead familiesonestates. attacks becamemore andmore were common.Schools unsafe for children Bengali Lane,regularly soldtheirpaperonBrick taunting andabusingAsians. Violent racist Green where won they Election. 10%ofthevote 1974General intheOctober They in theform oftheopenlyracistandfascistNationalFront. They hadabaseinBethnal were andsowasunemployment. rising This encouragedthegrowth ofthefarright and deepeconomicdepression classcommunities. were Prices hittingworking- womentime asBengali andchildren were oilcrisis arriving,the1973international Tensions high,mademore were soby thewiderpoliticalsituation.At thesame very GLC that they: alsoangered white residentsIt whofeared would they bepushedoutandtold the plan’ felt thatthey would force housing. theminto poorquality Their statement said: from BHAGThis whowere causedanoutcry againstwhatthepress calleda ‘ghetto Forman p83 Forman p202 Leech p14,quoted inGlynnp124 Kenneth Leech,Kenneth East London Advertiser community, providedtheexistingtenantswish tomoveawayandcouldbe earmarking blocksofflatsor, indeedawholeestateifnecessary, fortheir We mightcontinuetomeetthewishesofBengalicommunityby given thenecessarytransfers. white community. were livinginthedustbinofLondon,andGLCwasdoingnothingfor We willnotsettleforsegregatedslums helped organise the Anti-Racist Committeehelped organise ofAsians theAnti-Racist inEastLondon (ARCAEL) Brick Lane 1978 , June1978,quoted in Forman p84 ; The Events andTheir Significance 74 (Stepney Books 1994),quoted (Stepney Books inGlynnp124 73 GLC Housingdocument,22May1978 Teachers’ Guide

Race © OCR 2019 72 Spitalfields behind Altab’s coffinfrom Laneto Street. Downing Brick to aneedfor 7000people, On14May community mainlyBengalis, action. marched Altab Ali’s murder isremembered upthewhole asthemomentthatwoke occasions.’ We would askfor andbeatthemup. money I’ve beaten up Pakis onatleastfive One ofhismurderers told police: we saw aPaki‘If we usedto have agoatthem. Lane. hadchasedhimdownand they Brick hisfood Park shoppinghome St Mary’s andstabbedto death.Hehadbeencarrying by homefrom agangofteenagers whenhewasattacked near work Ali waswalking candidates inall Tower Hamletswards -a25year oldclothingmachinistcalledAltab day, 1978–localelection On 4May withtheNational Front standingwithover 40 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History streets. days thatfollowed violencecontinued, happening inside withracistviolence often of peopleall backgrounds andethnicitiesorganised by theAnti-Nazi League. In threaten Asians inthatarea.’ that yesterday destruction outby‘the thelargest wascarried gangto assembleto and bottles, windows anddamaging breaking carsandshops. housing, gangs ofwhite youngsters Lanearea, terrorised theBrick throwing concrete Then onSunday 11June, justas themediawere fulloftheGLC’s ‘ghetto plan’ for 75 Protest outsideBrickLane police stationafter themurder ofAltabAliin1978 76 The following Sunday there wasananti-racist march The Times reported reported 36 commemorates five students killed in1952whileprotestingcommemorates five for studentskilled to use theright Minar, thecapitalofBangladesh,which areplica ofamonumentinDhaka, ParkSt Mary’s isnow officiallyAltabAliPark, inhismemory. Within itistheShahid 76 75 meant for localpeople. struggle. Translated as ‘martyrs’ memorial’ italsoresonates withthemurder andallit here Bengalis withtheirrootsand connects inBangladeshanditsindependence ofnationalidentity sun behindher. theimportance presence asserts inthepark Its representsPakistani government. It amotherprotecting herchildren withthered their own languageratherthantheUrdu Bengali languagebeingimposedby the The Times https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36191020 12 th June1987, quoted in https://kenanmalik.com/2018/05/05/altab-ali-and-brick-lane-1978/ The AltabAliArch for Asians. Things hadto change, did. andthey fire. Whole areas oftheEastEndwere adanger zone died whensubstandard Lanecaught housingonBrick still alongway to go. The following year three people in gettinghousingontheirown terms. Butthere was abandoned. The squatters’ movement hadsucceeded andwhiteBengali residents andthe ‘ghetto plan’ was Lane, GLC leaderswere confronted by anallianceof Street on13June, days the attackonBrick two after At ameetingintheMontefiore Centre onHanbury Shahid Minar Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Sources 1978 1975 1971 children. 1962 1948 Key dates A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 9.2 Charlie Forman familiesin 9.1 NumberofBengali Wentworth Dwellings

beat. area … And thosequalitiesmadetheSpitalfieldscommunities very hardto new community, wantingtoseeitschildrengrowingupandworking inthe to confrontthepressuresmounting upagainstSpitalfields. At itsheartwasa Committee. Inonecombination oranotheritisthesegroupswhichhavehad workers forBengalipregnantwomen–whichwasthe backboneofthe groups andtheBengalico-ops,careworkersfor elderlyandthesupport synagogue, Bengaliyouthgroupsandwhiteclubs, thewhitetenants’ It wasthisamalgamationoforganisations –frommosque,church and 1979 200 1971 19 1960 Altab Aliwasmurdered. The squatters’ Bengali movement began. The warfor independenceledto theformation ofindependentBangladesh. The Commonwealth wasthefirstofmany Act Immigrants laws controlling gave Act Nationality peopleoftheCommonwealthThe British to theright reasons why mendecidedto Bengali over stay andbring theirwives and immigration from thecoloniesandCommonwealth. was oneofthe It citizens. asBritish come andwork 0 78 77

37 9.7 Shams Uddin,Altab Ali’s friend 9.6 Ansar Ahmed Ullah,interviewed in2000 9.4 Amemberofthewhite Collinwood gang, interviewed in1972 9.3 HelalUddinAbbas interviewed in2001 83 82 p22 andGlynnp126 81 80 79 78 77 9.5 Caroline Adams, youth worker, 1979 Glynnp127 Ed DanielandMcGuire, Glynnp123 sources inthesetwo Information andthefollowing from paragraph taken Forman pp88, 60-61 Spitalfields https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36191020 The Spitalfields BengaliAction Group NazrulCentre andtheKobi 1974-78’ realise wecouldn’t ignoreit,orwhowould benext? had tofightbackifweweresurvive…. The bloodof Altab Ali madeus When Altab Ali losthislifewedidn’t feellikewehadachoiceanymore, longer bepatronisedorignored,atleastnotwithoutacomeback. young people… The Bengalicommunityhadcomeofageandcouldno ARCAEL andtheactivityaroundittransformedconsciousnessof many particular politicalgrouping. What weweresayingis,thatthisisagroupof [BHAG] wasn’t agroupofradicalactivistswhohadanagenda againstany community we’rekindoflookeddownon,that of stuff. are beingattacked,wecan’t getjobs,we’renotgivendecenthousing. As a probably feltthesamewhentheycamehere. They feltlikeit’s déjàvu…we and whattheycandoinordertocampaignforyourrights … And they movement beforethewarandwereverymuchaware ofpoliticalmovements Many ofuswitnessedthewar[forBangladeshin1971]orsawpolitical matter. didn’t thinkitwastakingalife,youthoughtthatPaki,anddidn’t Now, yourealisethatitisaseriousthingtotakesomeone’s life,butthenyou listen tothemyouwillpayapriceforit. you havealegalobligationto[do]. You shouldlistentothem.Ifyoudon’t people whoarenotcurrentlybeingcateredforbyyourlocalauthority, which – a battleforland The Paint House:Words from anEast End Gang (Hilary Shipman1989)p67 (Hilary 83 81 (Penguin 1972)p127,quoted inGlynnp143n61 (Avenues Unlimited 1979),quoted inLeech, 79 82 80 Teachers’ Guide

Brick Lane 1978 © OCR 2019 Spitalfields • pointsThinking 9.8 Suroth Ahmed, interviewed 2006 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 84 • • • Practice questions Interviewed by Swadhinata Interviewed Trust ofSurrey, andUniversity Glynnp128 understand the rising tensions inSpitalfieldsthe1970s? understand therising Which ofthesources inthischapter are mostusefulfor someonewantingto Explain how responded Bengalis inSpitalfields. to thehousingcrisis Explain why itwasdifficultfor familiesto Bengali gethousing. to livinghere, andwhy? whatways wereIn younger different Bengalis from theireldersinapproach something wokethemall;theybegintorealisetheirpowerofunityandsoon. like thepeopleweresleeping,unawareoftheirrightsanddignity, suddenly that. The Bengalipeopledevelopedafterthatincidentdayby…Itwas the killing… And Ibelievewenevereverwereunconsciousofourrightsafter … We neverexpectedsuchhugenumbersofpeoplewouldcomeouttoprotest safe …Butafterthekillingof Altab Ali, thescenariowascompletelydifferent racist, wehavetobeindoorsaftersunset,andgrouptogether demand anyrightsofourown. We havetohideourselvesfromthewhite Bengali peopledon’t havetherighttobehere. We areheretowork,not I cametoBritainin1972.…wehadthemindsetthatwe, Asian andthe 84 38 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields this description of the area he knew thirty years ago: thirty oftheareathis description heknew Forman, inSpitalfieldsthe1980s,Charlie activist wrote ahousingandcommunity 10. We grasp can ourrights A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 86 boom. to andtherestaurant energy. tradewasstarting a new heartland wasaBengali It thesouth,though,therewas anarea was In ofdecaying shopsandfleamarkets. that always had amainlywhite workforce, wasclosing. Lane endofBrick The north stillexisted,workshops ofabusinessindecline. were butthey part Trumans Brewery, LaneGreatThe Brick Synagogue wasby thenamosque, Masjid. theJamme Clothing

Spitalfields- abattleforland else tostopandhaveabreak. machinists inhisworkshop. They’re onpiecerates,there’s notimeforanyone a cut-downcardboardbox,whichheusesastray. Heheadsbacktotheother armful ofpolystyrenecupssteamingteaandvegetablesamosas,carriedin ketlama, cookedonlyonceaweek.Someonepushedhiswayoutwithan It’s Friday. There’s aqueueinthetake-awaycafesformeatpancake Next door, theblack-hattedorthodoxJewssorttheirbalesofcloth. where untilrecentlymetalletterswerestilllaidoutwaiting foracompositor. over herlongtrousers. They crosstheroad,pastold Weinberg theprinters, Her daughterholdsherhand,walkingslowly, wearing herknee-lengthskirt staircase andturnsoutfromHanburyStreetagainstthe flowfromthemosque. A womanwearing acardiganoverhersarireachesthebottomoftenement Street. the knotsofpeopleattalkingcornersPrincelet StreetandHanbury his fishcutup.Othersfromthemosquepassshopsbyandgatherround shop ispacked.Someoneexplainingwithintricategestureshowhewants of vegetablesintotheNew Taj Storesfortheweekendshopping. As ever, the white skullcaps,calledtokis.Someofthemenfilterpastwickerbaskets flow ofthoseleavingprayeristracedinthecrowdsbybobbingtheir The doorsofthemosqueflyopen.Menburstoutintofrostystreetand (Hilary Shipman1989)p1 (Hilary Charlie Forman, Spitalfields-abattleforland(1989) 86 39 following year, got organised. they womenBengali hadnotvoted. cameroundWhen thefullcouncilelections the housing problems facedby white residents. A group ofwomen realised thatmany asa elected Tower acampaign Hamletscouncillor after blamingAsians for the was 1993 ward NationalParty byelection amemberofthefar-right racistBritish ofthe 1990ssomeofthe hostilitiesandinsecurities theearly In ‘70s returned. a In still rife, white residents. especiallyonhousingestates withmajority safe Lanewasafairly was violentracismagainstBengalis and Brick area. Butovert, by youth Bengali andanti-racistorganisations, confronted whooften themdirectly, themid1980sNationalFrontBy had beenchasedoffthestreets ofSpitalfields housing andagainstracism. politics, hisideasweremainstream formed party through grassroots on action councillortoBengali represent Spitalfields. many ofthosewhonow Like entered 1985HelalUddinAbbas–who hadbeenateenage squatter –becamethefirst In Hamlets Association andmany for inthe LabourParty. Equality becameactive Racial and culture. were activists Bengali attheforefront oforganisations suchasthe Tower springboard for girlsandwomen. NazrulCentre The Kobi openedasahubfor arts The Jagonari Women’s Centre wasoneofseveral organisations providing a racism, employment, educationandhealth. activities. Many othergroups for sprangupto provide peopledealingwith support Youth Movement becamehighlyorganised andadeptatgettingfundingfor their UK politics. organisations youth Bengali suchastheBangladesh andcommunity elders were by immersedthemselves events stillabsorbed inBangladesh,they in fought for. the 1980s younger politically. becameactive Bengalis In While their wouldplace they beinfor atimebefore washomeandhadto be moving on.It Altab Ali’s murder point.For wasaturning Bengalis, Spitalfieldswasnolongera or supportive environmentforwomen. The meetingsweren’t heldattimes male dominated andveryegotistical.Idon’t thinkitwasaveryencouraging We sawthatalotoftheanti-racist organisations andmovements werevery There wasalotofintimidation goingonsopeopledidn’t comeouttovote.… Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields residents, someofwhomhadbeenwaitingfor years, saw thisasunfairqueue- residents, argued thathousingshouldbeallocated according white to need. Other white. housingactivists, alongwithmany Bengali overwhelmingly poorer white of allocationswhichfavoured residents. longterm councilhousingwasstill Most Housing wasthemajorissueto address andtheproblem wasthe ‘ladder’ system The BNPcouncillorlosthisseat. A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 87 familiesfromminibuses to bring thehotels –theGLC Livingstone was leaderKen amassmeeting attheBradyCentreofficers. women In –with Bengali organising out by being carried wasdamningabout racistallocationspolicy A 1988report There wasalsoabattlewiththeGLC, themainhousingprovider inSpitalfields. would bethere. inschoolsfarfrom how Children longthey Spitalfields, would notknowing start UK. London. For wives andchildren, these hotels were of the theirfirstexperience often andwestfamilies were outto appallingconditionsinhotels beingfarmed innorth out-to puthomelessfamiliesonashipmoored- carried inthe Thames. Meanwhile, iteven hardermake for Bangladeshi familiesto behoused. There was even athreat –giving housingto thechildrenpolicy ofthosealready incouncilflats-aimedto to actively preventLiberal counciltried familyreunion. Their ‘sons anddaughters’ was truebothofLabourandtheLiberalswhotook over from themin1986. The The real problem wasthat Tower HamletsCouncil houses. wasnotbuildingnew This arrived.they struggling for years theirfamiliesover, to bring unableto putthemonthelistuntil mostcases, families. fathershadbeen jumping by though,Bengali newly-arrived In

Audio interview at Audio interview that wewouldtryandprovidesafetyorcompanyforthewomen. station, bepresentathotspotssoifthereweregoingtoBNP people around, sure thatwomenfeltsafetodothat.Sowewouldprovideescortsapolling could voteandgettothosepollingstations. And soouraimwastomake Against Racism.… We wantedtoensurethatwomenwhovote, organisation ourselves,andwecametogetherasagroupcalled Women Unite different nationalitiesanddifferent backgrounds, wedecidedtoforman or placeswherewomencouldreallyattend,Soasagroupoffrom https://londonagainstracism.wordpress.com/films/julie-begum/ Julie Begum,Women Unite Against Racism 87 40 Meanwhile thegrowth ofhousingassociationsandcooperatives –often Action Team, whichlasted untiltheGLC ledby NaziaKhatun, wasabolishedin1986. challenged aboutracistallocationsandagreed andHousing to Race setupanew action. now went mainlyto housingfor localpeoplethanksto thisorganised community in Spitalfields. The areas thecouncilhadoriginally cleared for officedevelopment with strong localinvolvement –meantthatmore andmore houseswere beingbuilt biggest Bangladeshi- runhousingassociation intheUK. Dwellings tenement gottogetherandformed acooperative.Itisnow the The SHA beganin1979whentenlowpaid workerslivinginthe Wentworth Office of the Spitalfields Housing Association (SHA)onQuaker Street oftheSpitalfieldsHousingAssociation Office SHA housingontheChicksandEstate andVallance Road Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields became Leaders of Tower 2019justover HamletsCouncil. early halfthecouncillors In level, former two Spitalfieldscouncillors, Lutfur andHelalUddinAbbas, Rahman culturalidentity.Bengali involvement Meanwhile Bengali inpoliticsgrew. At Council andproud presence and adistinct thepermanent ofasettledcommunity affirmed to create spacein thestreet adistinct anditsbuildings. opportunity ‘Banglatown’ drive to copy Soho’s Chinatown tourists, whileresidents andattract alsosaw itasan Lane wasofficiallyrenamed ‘Banglatown’ by theCouncil. For councillorsthiswasa concentration of ‘Indian’ restaurants intheUKandarea 1999Brick wasthriving. In restaurants andcafes rose from 10in1997to 46in2003. businesseswereBengali alsotransforming Lane. Brick The numberofBengali-owned of land, challengeofficedevelopers andgetover rented 1,000new homesbuilt. industries, organise thehomeless, break openracistallocationpolicies, stop thesale andwhitelocal Bengali residents managedto resist dispersal, develop theirown industry, selllandandpromote response, officedevelopment. In anallianceof classpeople, forceworking into Bengalis designated areas, undercut theclothing to disperseanddivide tried the1980sand90scouncils of allpoliticalparties In A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 92 91 90 89 88 2015 Mayor Lutfur wasremoved Rahman from charges. officeoncorruption and groups andMayoral won elections. Butin boththeParliamentary ontheleft) for Labourand,collapse insupport for groups (an allianceofMuslim atime, Respect and many becamedisillusionedwiththem. Bengalis broughtThe a warinIraq ofagenerationagobecamethepoweryoung 2000s activists politiciansoftheearly leadersto deliver andgettingcommunity votes.of usingoldvillagenetworks The Tower Hamletslocalpoliticshashaditsshare ofscandals, withcouncillorsaccused were Bengali. Forman p208 in2012,Glynnp163 Interviewed in2012, Glynnp162 Interviewed Glynn p153 Claire Alexander community. that asaBengalileaderyoucanrepresentnotonlythe Bangladeshi sending veryclearmessagesaboutequality…butalso abletodemonstrate change. …ByhavingaBengalileadernowonthecouncil, Ithinkweare Hamlets, peoplefeltwehadthenumbers, influencetobringabout By havingahigherconcentrationofBangladeshisin a boroughlike Tower 88 This wasnow thebiggest Helal UddinAbbas 89 41 Rushanara Ali, who was born in Bangladesh and arrived inEastLondon inBangladeshandarrived Rushanara Ali,whowasborn in the1970s for (includingSpitalfields). Green Bethnal andBow constituency The winnerwas candidates fieldedBengali allthree Election, majorparties the2010General In describing theexperiences residents ofBengali onsomelocalestates 10.1 Sources 1991 Key dates who werepeddlingjustabsolutegarbageaboutme. impressed, andactuallyjusttotallyinspiredbytheirabilitytostanduppeople people ofmyfather’s generation,thekindofelders,ifyoulike…Iwasso Many ofthepeoplewhowerefirsttosupportmeandstandupfor Women inmainstream active politicshave facedharassment. there were many –wasfemale. councillorsin2000onlyone–JusnaBegum Bengali dominationremainsMale adifficultissueinmany familiesandorganisations. While great influenceonher. Involvement inpoliticshasnotalways beeneasyfor women. aroundat theheightofactivism theAltabAlimurder, whichshesays had a

and rubbishbeingpushedthrough letterboxes,rubbishdumpedondoorsteps, material beingputthrough letterboxes,carsdamaged;excreta,stinkbombs damage toproperty, e.g. windowsbeingbroken,doorsdamaged,burning Shooting withairguns, throwingstones,eggs,sticks,using ironbars;criminal Verbal abuse,spitting,physicalassaultbystabbing,kicking, punching. My familywereverysupportive. was makingthosethreats. The policewerevery, verygoodandsupportive. because ofthethreatsthatwerebeingmadetome. And Ididn’t knowwho I wasnotjustworriedaboutmyselfbutmywholefamily, Report to Report Tower HamletsHousingCommittee, February 1987, The civil war in Somalia began. The civilwarinSomalia Rushanara AliMP Shiria Khatun Teachers’ Guide

92 © OCR 2019 91 90 Spitalfields 10.3 10.2 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 10.6 10.5 10.4 given 30yearsbeforewhentheyhadfivechildren. be sensibletoleaveapensionercoupleinfour-bedroom flatwhichtheywere without alift?Bothfamilieswillbedesperate.Ontheotherhand,itwouldnot single-parent counciltenantonaone-bedroomflatthetopfloorofblock family ofsixrentingoneprivateroomthathasnokitchenorhotwaterwitha …. ‘Need’ isadifficult thingtodefine.Howdoyoucomparetheneedsofa shot gunsandthreateninglettershavealsobeenusedtofrightenthevictims. doors, thumpingonceilings;dogs,cars,motorcycles,knives,petrolbombs, washing vandalizedorstolen,graffiti daubedondoorsor walls,bangingon irresponsible –bothtotheir ownfamiliesandtotherestofcommunity. and cometo Tower Hamletsandexpectthe Counciltohousethemistotally Tower Hamletsisfulltobursting,and…foranyoneleaveBangladesh stream ofcolouredpeoplemovingintoflatsandhouses. outside theboroughandourfamiliesaresplittingup as theywatchasteady lived intheEastEndforlong.Ourchildrenarebeing forcedtofindhomes We’re sickandtiredofprioritybeinggiventocolouredpeoplewhohavenot the housingladder. and wehavealwaysbeenhere.Sofair’s fair. Leteveryoneworktheirwayup Please tryandremembertherearestillEnglishpeoplelivingintheEastEnd Letter to theEastLondon Advertiser 1982 Charlie Forman. 1989 1986 December July 1983 June 1980 Tower Hamletshomelessfamiliesin hotels Jeremy Shaw ,Liberal councillor, November 1991 Letter to theEastLondon Advertiser 1983 93 928 families 166 families 26 families 95 94 96 42 98 97 96 95 94 93 1983 to 1984 10.7 • • • Practice questions • pointsThinking 10.8 Forman p188 Forman p187 Spitalfields –abattle forland PriceWhat Equality East London Advertiser Spitalfields –abattlefor land changes in Spitalfields over the last thirty years? changes inSpitalfieldsover thelastthirty Which sources inthischapter are mostusefulfor wantingto awriter explainthe the housingissuesin1980s? Which sources inthischapter are mostusefulfor someonewanting to explain Explain how familiesmanagedto Bengali gainaccessto housing. residents, whileallocationaccording to needseemedfairer to residents? Bengali Why didthe system’‘ladder ofhousingallocationseemfairer to many white A disturbinglevelofracistcommentandjokingwaswitnessedbythe affordable housingfortheworkingclassatall. common enemy–theStatewhichhascoldlydecidedtostopproviding the ladderwillstartarguing amongthemselves,ratherthanrecognisingtheir ladder canmove.… The systemensuresthatpeopleondifferent rungsof supply ofnewhousingcomingontap,intowhichpeopleatthetop conditions. The systemwillonlyworkatall,solongasthereisaconstant housing, itperpetuatesthemyththatthesepeopleactuallycreatebadhousing By puttingpeopleyouhavechosentodiscriminateagainstintheworst into slumsanyway. to allocatethempoorerestates;theirviewwasthattheywouldturn remarkably similarsolutions,thatis,toputalltheBengalistogetherinE1and makers, andcausingproblemsonestates…Severalofficers… offered researcher. Bengalisinparticularwerecommonlystereotypedasdirty, trouble Dr DeborahDr Phillips, researcher into GLC Housing allocations from Charlie Forman. 1989 (1986),Forman p194 97 , 15November 1991,Glynnp159 (Hilary Shipman 1989) p189 (Hilary Shipman1989)p189 (Hilary 98 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields women andchildren. whohadprofessional Mothers careers -and inSomalia middle classwithprofessional backgrounds. They includedsignificant numbersof classseafarers, were immigrantsSomali many hadbeenworking arrivals ofthenew asrefugeesand arrive inmany includingtheUK. countries While mostoftheearlier civilwarforced 90saterrible theearly andItaly.by Britain many In peopleto flee hadbrought previouslyindependent Somalia together colonised territories two the1990sbigchangesaffected community. theSomali 1960thenewly In In home. women ofSomali liesveiled withinthearchive.The untold story menthatmadeSpitalfieldsandtheEastEndtheir seafaring it wasnotjustSomali used to people. identifySomali Veiled withinthearchive, researchers are findingthat inthearchives.identified asSomali The terms ‘coloured’ or ‘negroes’ were frequently intheEastEnd, itishard tolong history uncover theirstories. They were not often are Somalis oneofLondon’sAlthough British largest communitiesandhave hada 11. Deshorbidesh?Fish andchipsorbastoo iyo bariis? A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 99 Contrasting firstimpressions ofEastLondon community. some ofwhomhadlosttheirhusbandsinwar-were force thedriving often inthe

https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history became anEast Londoner. coriander and allthesespices.…Itgrew onme.Iloveditlater …Ijust they wereselling. ItwassomethingI’d seen inSomalia,thetomato, the advanced. Ihated Whitechapel area…butIwasconnectedtothevegetables was strange…notthatmuch farawayfromamini Africa, butalittlebitmore I thoughtgoingtoEurope is goingtobebigroads,beautifulbuildings…It Old, dirty, lotsofpeople, Ididn’t likethemarket.Ihadhighexpectations, Ruqiya Egeh some families…Ididn’t feelanyproblemwithstayingin Tower Hamlets. feeling, wow, everyone’s there,youcangothere…Ifoundfriends, around, somany Arab nations,soIdidn’t feelanydisadvantagebecause Iwas It feltlikeIaminmycityactuallybecausetherewas somanySomalis Yurub Farah 99

43 Centre for isthebiggest mosqueintheUK. girlsandwomen in2013.It 2004theLondon CentreIn Muslim door, openednext to bejoined by theMaryam EastLondon opened in1985on Mosque Whitechapel Road. new, state-of-the-art Central to identity. istheirMuslim thelives andSomalis ofmostBengalis The striking Heath Road. justeastofCambridge mosque hasdeveloped alongastretch EndRoad oftheMile parents’ highaspirationsfor them.Meanwhile anew Road’‘Somali ofshopsanda here, generation,born The next have fared muchbetter, helpedby often their funded by theCouncil andothers, provided somesupport. and thriveineducationoremployment. welfare Somali andculturalorganisations, racismonhostileestates andtooexperiencing thelanguagefluently oldto learn affluentlifeused to afairly backhomeandnow findingthemselves inpoverty, Learning Englishwasachallenge, teenagers especiallyfor Somali newly-arrived I didn’t likeitbutIhadnochoice…wetoadjust. extremely uglyatthattimeanditwastoomuchtobear. To behonestwithyou London wasverydirtyatthattime… Tower Hamletswasrundownand Zahra Hassan London Muslim Centre East London Mosque and Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields organisations offer asapositive alternative theIslamiccommunity to drugsand Young for andMuslimaat women. Organisation, Muslim Jamaat-e-Islami These through work organisationsThe incommunity mosqueisactive such asthe A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 103 102 101 100 together. as aplacebringing theimmediate community multifaith history is especiallyloved isalsoproud asa guardian culturaltraditions.ofits of Bengali It previously achurch andasynagogue, wasconsecrated asamosquein1976and Masjid. Lane Jamme ofSpitalfieldsisthe Brick the heart This beautifulbuilding,In crime. by Glynnp191 Interviewed Quoted in Survey ofLondon, of Histories Quoted inSurvey Whitechapel 2018 http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-locations/tower-hamlets.html http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-locations/tower-hamlets.html communities. communities gothere,notonlySylhetis,Bengalis,butallkindsof They haveaseparateplaceforwomen.It’s abigplace. All kindsof obviously everybodywaslike‘yes,ofcourse,we’reallbehindit.’ can doit,ourpeoplewillhelpus’. And thentheyturnedtothecommunity, afford todoit? And itwasonebraveunclewhosaid,‘no,no,ofcoursewe the peoplewhowouldusemosque,andit’s goingtocostsomuch,canwe Everybody wasquiteapprehensivethattheprojectsolarge, didwehave something. The bestwaytomakeachangeinthecommunityis dosomethingandbe of Islamistobringaboutchange,changeforthebenefit ofeveryone… taking drugsandingangsdoingotherthings…One ofthefundamentals like them…wecanlookuptothem,becauseknow thattheywereonce teachers andsoon. These rolemodelsgaveyouamotivation;wanttobe that Isupposehadrolemodels.sawin YMO …peoplewhowerelawyers, They talkedtomeaboutIslam. What isIslam?Islamawayoflife… After Rimi talking aboutEast London talking Rimi Mosque Nazmul, in2000 talking Maheera Ruby, 2018 102 101 100 44 way thatantiracistswere in the 1970s. ‘Radicalisation’ young attracted people who traditions–achance to Bengali feel were they conservative ‘making history’ inthe capitalism and, for someyoung away people, away ofbreaking from perhaps political Islam,whichclaimed to offer aradicalalternative to socialismand firstcentury twenty the early In withyoungworks peopleto promote andheritage. andEastLondon Bengali history back to 1954andgives welfare advice, rights andwiththeSwadhinata Trust that The mosquehasstrong linkswiththeBangladesh Welfare Association, whichdates place. They useitsimplyforprayer. the peopledonotusemosqueforpolitics,theythink ofitasasacred my countrylike-forexample,folk-basedIslamorSufism. Inthistradition, In BrickLaneMosque,IfindIslaminthespiritthatmost ofthepeoplefrom Brick Lane MasjidandBangladeshWelfare Jamme Association some Bengalis weresome Bengalis to attracted more fundamental Momin Ahmed, about BrickLane Mosque talking Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 103 Spitalfields people within the community herepeople withinthecommunity andalsocampaigns for in justiceandequality in 2017EastLondon LGBT Bangladeshissetup to negotiate for people ofLGBTQ+ identity. thetraditionofselforganisation, In the Qur’an. While thesewere roundly condemned, life inSpitalfieldscanbehard posters announcing a ‘gay free zone’ appeared inthearea, quotingaverse from dangerous ofdrugsandgangs. world 2011 have Issuesofhate In crime arisen. still highandsomeyoung into peoplefrom theenticingbut allcommunitiesdrift Meanwhile, problems remain. Poverty levels, unemployment are rates andcrime andAsianof Bengal DubFoundation. Asian Underground Bangla, clubsceneandmusicianssuchasJoi Talvin Singh,State with itscrossover identity, becamefashionable–represented inEastLondon by the identities withroom for all. At some point inthe1990s, too, young Asian British style, ways though,negotiate to various Most, be trueto IslamicandBritish theirBengali, ‘Westernised’ direction,rejecting traditionalvaluesaboutrelationships andfamily. others from theyounger generationhave moved inamore secular, sociallyliberal felt alienated by mediastereotyping as ofMuslims ‘terrorists’. Alternatively, many A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Huguenot town houseshas gathered pace. The streets are elegant butlargely business peoplewhocanwalk to from work city ofthe Spitalfields. Gentrification have becomehighly desirablefor peoplecanafford and them: successfulartists have these houses prices and soldthemto risen, buyers. Sincethen,asproperty them. suchas27FournierThey bought upafew properties Street, renovated them streets’ architectural valueandmanagedto prevent thedevelopers from obliterating Street, Buildings formed the SpitalfieldsHistoric Trust in1977. They recognised the use thelandfor offices. Agroup ofyoung white women andmen,squattingin Elder andminicaboffices.works There were Landto plansby demolishthemand British empty, andsomehousedbusinessessuchastextile somehadmultipleoccupancy Commercial Street. were Backinthe1970sthey inastate ofdisrepair. were Some theold Huguenot townhouses Laneand The firstconcerns Brick between inSpitalfields, stories gentrification and bothraisecomplexquestions. distinct two There isalsotheissueof thelatest immigrants to thearea, the ‘gentrifiers’. There are marching through thearea. English Defence League (andhugeopposition)from action wasprevented by court hastargetedright andthishasdeepenedtensions 2013the Muslims inthe area. In thepastdecade, inanenvironmentBangladesh. In Islamophobia,thefar ofrising Apanjon which offers support to whichoffers support 45 104 Banglatown Cash andCarry. fromdisconnected thecommunitiesliving ontheChicksandEstate andshoppingat silent. Housesare wealthy. attainableonlyfor thevery This area now feels very been perfect for large homelessfamilies. Bengali been perfect renting spacehadto leave. These housescould, argued inthe1980s, activists have When 27Fournier Street familiesandclothingbusinesses wasboughttheBengali –hasgone. andBengalis argueby hasbeenlost. Some Jews thattheirtruecharacter on by Huguenotsandcarried –started of thetownhouses ashomesandworkplaces While the ‘look’ oftheHuguenotstreets hasreturned withsomebeauty, thetradition Spitalfields – abattleforland Street Traces shopfront onFournier of aJewish it. ‘bettered itself’ tothepointwhereworking-classpeoplecannolongerafford better themselvesastheJewsdid.ItwillbebecauseEastEndhave survive. IftheBengalisdomoveon,itwon’t bebecause they aretryingto clothingtrades can’t. They don’t haveachoice. They mustliveintheareato The rich…canafford toliveelsewhere. The Bengalisofthecateringand (Hilary Shipman1989)p253 (Hilary at night. moneyed crowd to thearea whichbuzzes tilllate 2000sandisbringing anew,the early younger, the regeneration Green in ofBethnal cityside music shopsand ‘artisan’ beganwith chocolate. It of vintageclothesshops, independentcafes, Shoreditch hasitsoutlays with the ‘hipster’ world GreenBethnal Road. Here the clubsceneof around theOld Truman’s andontowards brewery Lane endofBrick happening onthenorthern been lost. The otherversion is ofgentrification along withbeautifulbuildings, would have linkwithourmigration history, an important ball–would havewrecking beenfarworse and the onlyrealistic alternative –thedevelopers’ would argue response, that In conservationists Charlie Forman, 1989 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 104 Spitalfields now chainrestaurants have replaced localindependenttraders. Giganticblocksof ofLondon byCouncil, theCity solditto Corporation, developers and supported failedwhen ofmuchtheoldSpitalfieldsMarket destruction Tower Hamlets Meanwhile thethreat from plannersremains. City The campaign to prevent owners ofthecafé said Irish response,In theNorthern classcommunities. Oneprotesterworking said the attacked 2015rioters In A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History café itreplaced. sushibarmay thenew well have thesameBangladeshiowner asthecurry diversify: street food diningon theother. ontheonehand, andhigh-end Locals have hadto housesfindithard to compete fashionsfor withnew global the traditionalcurry arch hasseenbetter days. and People meals intheirsupermarkets canbuyIndian ‘Banglatown’ fundedandhadnoteeth: now projectwaspoorly theBanglatown up. Spitalfields, ofBengali As therestaurant for boomisdrying theheart The Royal London Hospital building. see hugechangeswiththeopeningofCrossrail andthenew Town Hallintheold produce for willnow headfor market looking Whitechapel, may thatstreet market offices andstudentflatsloomover thePetticoat LaneMarket. While localBengalis line toopenabusiness,yougotheconglomeratesandbigcompanies. about attackingindependentbusinesseswhoareputtingtheirwholelifeonthe If youwanttotalkaboutgentrificationanddifferent classes,youdon’t go community. affordable housing. We don’t wantpop-upginbarsorbriochebuns,we We don’t wantluxuryflatsthatnoonecanafford, wewantgenuinely Cereal Killer café, seeingitasasymbol ofanattackon 105 46 105 down theLane. becoming abijouhotel. Perhaps itisasymbolofchange asmuchthemosque rememberJews cinema;for itastheMayfair itwasNazcafé; Bengalis now itis A buildingthathaslived thechangesover thepast hundred yearsLane. is46Brick

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/27/shoreditch-cereal-cafe-targeted-by-anti- gentrification-protesters Brick Lane restaurants andthe‘Banglatown’ Arch Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Bengali culture has always valued the arts and cultureBengali hasalways valuedthearts integrationmake difficult. that many schoolsare may 100%Bengali nearly schools inthewholecountry, althoughthefact Tower Hamletshassomeofthebestperforming ishigh: ofhealthandeducationservices quality strong presence closeto thecentre of London. The culturally, politically andeconomically. They have a isheavily investedBut thecommunity inthearea tensions may betoo andexternal much. Internal have prospered, someleave andsomestay. can’t afford to thosewho live inSpitalfields. Of wanttobecause they buytheirown homesbut and Huguenotsdid?Many are already leaving Will stay Bengalis -ormove onastheJews, Irish A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History ones they chose to be known by.) chosetoones they beknown namesare notthechildren’s(home) andbidesh (foreign place). (The real ones, just schoolchildren words abouttheBengali desh primary project asked Bangla Stories immigrants whogave usthebattered fishinour fried ‘national’ 2009the dish!In whiletheir rice) Westernised are friends andchips’.‘fish And, of course, itwasJewish identity call thosestillimmersedintheirSomali jokingly iyo‘bastoo bariis’ (pastaand the placefamilycamefrom represent homeinsomeway? Young Somalis British young seethemselves? Is And how dothevery ‘home’ completely here ordoes back socialequality. and Spitalfieldsare aghetto trappingpeople–especially women –andholding feel Others thebestofbeingBengali. whilekeeping the bestofBritish Whitechapel hasmadeitpossibleto thriveandgrowcommunity insafety andconfidence, taking argueSome thatthe creation ofastrong –separate and–to Bengali some extent festivalbiggest Bengali Asia. outsideSouth Lane –isthe withaparadedown Brick starting flourishing. inJuly– Mela The annualBoishakhi are theatre,Bengali poetry, music andvisualarts 46 BrickLane ontheway to becoming ahotel 47 http://www.banglastories.org/home-and-away/where-is-home-where-is-away.html 106 easy distinction between between easy distinction ‘home’ and ‘away’. For stillresonant intheirfamily, people withamigration memory there perhaps isno

From a research project in two East London primary schools by Katy Gardner and Kanwal Mand, University of Sussex, described in ofSussex,described Mand, University From Gardner andKanwal schoolsby aresearch Katy EastLondon projectintwo primary Max: Q: Ted: see …Onceinabluemoon. Max: Q: Max: thought that Q: Max: Q: Max: Q: Max: Q: Max: Q: Where isyour Ok…let’s saywhereis…homeEngland? Are yousure?Ithought itwastheotherwayround…Imaybewrong, And whatdoes does What Soyour your What, My‘away’ ishere. And awayisBangladesh.Igotfamilyintherethatdon’t reallygetto Idunno. Yeah. MyhomeisEngland…that’s my I’d sayBangladesh. Bidesh Yeah. desh desh meanshomeand desh bidesh isBangladesh? wasyourhomeand desh bidesh mean?Isithome? ? ? 106 mean? desh meansaway. ***** bidesh bidesh wasaway. . Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 11.2 Ruqiya Egeh 11.1 Rushanara Ali MP Sources A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 11.3 Zahra Hassan constituents arefromothercommunities,whitemiddleclass,working constituents areofMuslimorigin,majorityBangladeshi,therestmy …But obviously, asyouknow, asamemberofParliament,thirdmy to theirchildren,look,ifshecangoandbeanMP, thenanything ispossible. lot ofparentswhosaytomethattheyfinditreallyhelpfulbeable connections withmycountryofbirth,andI’mveryproudthat…Imeeta origin andheritage,IwasborninBangladesh.Sohavestrong I’m firstandforemostBritish,Iwasbroughtuphere,haveBengali where, twenty yearsago,theBengaliswere. ago theywere likeus,buttheymovedforward. Unfortunatelythe Somalis are they havegotveryhighpositions andgoodjobs. When Imovedtwentyyears habitable now. …Someoftheotherethnic minoritieslikeBengaliseducated, Tower Hamlets becameclean. All theoldproperties goneorrepaired,more we arepartof Tower Hamletssothisishome. but …Ifeelasapeoplewecanhavepositiveimpact in Tower Hamlets,and think Iwillgobackoneday, Idon’t wantmychildrentoforget theiridentity, the violenceinSomalia…thesekindofthingscanget toyou…Ialways what I’vedonebeinghere.Iwouldliketogetridofthe negativethoughtof different country. IthinkifwasbackinSomalia Iwouldnothaveachieved support whichhelpedmedevelop,andIwaskeenbecause Iwascomingtoa elderly asashelteredkeymanager. Ifeltlikemyschoolgavemealotof a needtohelppeoplewithlanguage.…I’mworkingnowtheSomali as aphlebotomist,thencamebacktothecommunitybecauseIfelttherewas the language,toworkinginahospitalwhenIfinishedmydegree.trained I’ve doneallsortsofjobsstartingfrombeingacleanerbecauseIcan’t speak class, Somali.SoI’mnotarepresentativeofonecommunity 108 109 107 48 11.4 Mostaq Ahmed11.4 Mostaq 112 111 110 109 108 107 11.6 Fatama Khanam 11.5 Mobarak Hossain Interviewed in 2006 by Kim Stokes and Nicola andNicola Stokes in2006 by Kim Weinfass for Interviewed Heritage Eastside Community 2012,Glynnp155 inJanuary Speaking http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-locations/tower-hamlets.html http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-locations/tower-hamlets.html https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history don’t seeanytailoringfactories,Instead,youcurryhouses onthemain Once BrickLanewasanoutdatedarea–ithadtailoringfactories.Nowyou couples with…2kids,youngkids.It’s notthe sameanymore. nowadays you’llfindonlysinglepeoplemovinginto theareawithapartner, for them.Beforetherewasextendedfamiliesaround the areaitself…But … A lotofthemhavegone,movedout …‘coslike,housingwasaproblem go tothefarm,exploreareaitself. We usedtogetupsomanythings lot ofthetimetogetherinarea,weusedtogoout andabout,weusedto well allthepeopleIusedtoplaywithwhenwasyoung, weusedtospenda I usedtohavemyfriends…they’veallmovedout. There’s noonethereand, interesting togothere. culture inBrickLaneanymore,onlycurryhouses…SoIdonotfindit no roomforadda(chattingwithfriends)…ItseemstomethereisBengali there morethanonceeverysixmonths.It’s aplaceofcurryhouses. There is Now BrickLaneistwominutesawayfrommyhouse,butIdon’t thinkIgo major change. but Bengalis;now50%ofBengalishavemovedaway…thathasbeenthe difficult forustosurvive…15yearsago,youwouldn’t havefoundanyone street. ButIdon’t knowwhere we’regoingwiththistrend.Infutureitwillbe 110 112 111 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields • • • • change, ashave thepeoplewhopassedthrough. to Much thinkabout... This chapter raisesquestionsabout ‘mixed’ identities. The streets have seencontinual pointsThinking A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History • • Practice questions • Have the two gentrifications – of the Huguenot townhouses and the northern Have –oftheHuguenottownhouses gentrifications thetwo andthenorthern feel thisaffects theirchildren andgrandchildren? isviewed today? theway community How theSomali doyoufamilies impact How doestherelatively archival andtheir ofSomalis evidence unacknowledged How similaris ‘Banglatown’ before? EastEndofacentury to theJewish the current migration story ofSpitalfields? the current migration story How usefulare thesources inthischapter for someonewantingto understand Explain how Spitalfieldsischanging today. changes us? we food, thoughtofasBritish dowe changetheplacewe come to as muchasit and chips’? Or, justasfishandchipscamefrom elsewhere andchangedwhat where beingwhere we we camefrom are? andstart When dowe become ‘fish something profound? When we migrate, atwhatpointdoes ‘home’ stop being confusedabout bidesh anddesh–homeawayIs Max –orishesaying change yet orfalling?` again,isitrising Second World War As thenrose itfaces againto heartland. becomeaBengali community, ofaJewish the itrose declinedafter thetwentieth astheheart In thenfell inthenineteenth.Spitalfields rose sharply intheeighteenth century Lane–beenapositiveend ofBrick ornegative change? 49 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields contemporary sources, aswellcontemporary asotherrecommended resources, many withdirect roughly) chronologicalThe packtells a(very story. byThese are supported where to look. course teachers shouldfeel free alsoto lookelsewhere. We give many suggestionsof possible to thoughof design from awholeunitusingonlysomematerials thepack, course to fittheirown requirements, willbe seefit.It asthey material usingselected areSchools to notexpected usealltheresources here: teachers willneedto plana the authorhasprovided for enoughmaterial nootherresearch to beneeded. assumption thatschoolsdonothave easyaccessto Spitalfieldsmigration history, IMPORTANT: There isfarmore here material thanschoolswillneed. onthe Working for students. This packprovides to materials enableteachers to plananddeliver aten-hour course Notes for teachers A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Bethnal GreenBethnal in thenorth. Road the west to Vallance intheeast,andfrom Road Whitechapel inthesouthto Road The area focused onfor thisstudystretches approximately from Bishopsgate in movement events andtrends ofpeople, are boundaries spread not soclear: beyond. Green,Bethnal Shoreditch, End.Whitechapel For andMile anyone studyingthe smaller area thantheSpitalfieldsof 1680swhichincludedmuchofwhatisnow andtoday’sSpitalfields parish SpitalfieldsandBanglatown Ward cover amuch the London metropolis. borders are Its noteasyto define. The nineteenth century oftheEastEnd ofLondon wallsoftheCity eastern andeventually becamepart asSpitalfieldsisasettlementthatgrewThe area upoutsidethe north known available resources you may wishto use. notes andresources tour ifyou manageavisit(orsuggested anonlinewander);andadditional walking for thissection teachers thereIn are ideasofdifferent ways to approach theunit;a questions intheOCRexam. while chapters endwith hyperlinks to helpfulsites online. at the end of the pack with further information andother attheendofpackwithfurther practice questions Thinking pointsThinking whichare to the structured similarly encouragestudentsto reflect, 50 though many would prefer to refer to themselves as ‘Bangladeshi’. However, as We have usedtheterm ‘Bengali’ thosewithfamilyorigins to inBangladesh, describe Use ofterms both oftheirheritage.West andBangladeshaspart Bengal andthatmany Bangladeshisregard ofIndia); culture widerBengali in (part Bengal in Spitalfields, Bengalis someofwhomoriginatecommunities ofHindu in West ispredominantly weWhile thiscommunity Muslim, recognise thatthere are smaller then Pakistan, we have theterm kept ‘Bengali’ for to avoid allperiods confusion. and ofIndia includesthetimewhenwhatisnow Bangladeshwaspart this history Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields B. A. Here are three ofmany possibleapproaches. Planning thecourse A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History C. themes. questions from Use someofthepractice thepack. from text thispackthatreflectthese sourcesnarrative. andexplanatory Select rather thanastepThis allows by amore step chronological thematicoverview

An approach similar to withastructure thelayout oftheexam to from letthem elicitstories theirinterrogation ofsources. whento Decide give to read studentstext pack. andwhento explainto themor inthebuiltenvironment.including evidence ofthe thebasicframework Keep and why migrations andevents happenedandassessingthevalueofsources, An approach focused for onthekey theexam: skills • • andjudgethevalueofsources.select Suggested examples: then give themcreative challengesthatwillforce themto studydeeplyandto with studentsto give themabasicframework, points ofthehistory key sharing A more holistic, creative approach ,project-based • • • specification question. Two opposingteams prepare for evidence adebate onanunderlying and multiculturalhistory. Students create guidebookthatfocuses aSpitalfieldstourist onitsmigration migration history? What How hasSpitalfieldsbeenshapedby was theirimpact? its What were thekey events inthemigration ofSpitalfields? history received by thesettledpopulation? When didimmigrants arrive, why andfrom where? How were they , taking in turn eachofthefollowing: inturn , taking . Spendacoupleoflessons understandinghow 51 • • • • their choice. over thewholeperiod, anddefend ofthestory aspects thinktellthey key Students have numberofsources arestricted to (five, select that perhaps?) address eachofthefive questionslisted in(B)above. from material thepackforStudents select anexhibitioninwhichthey ofSpitalfields. play ascripted telling thestory andperform Students write period. particular studies create a5minute filmhistory, eachgroup ofstudentsfocusing ona andpossiblyclipsfoundUsing stillphotos andsources online, inthepack, Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Links Chapter 1 exceptional photographs for you to share withstudents. there are linksstrongly recommended by theauthor, many ofwhichprovide day andwith anarchive below ofover oneachchapter thesections 3,000pages. In http://spitalfieldslife.com/ General Notes andresources A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/03/17/stories-of-norton- folgate-old-new/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/03/17/stories-of-norton- Folgate andwasarrested there onacharge ofmurder. waslivingon Norton Marlowe Christopher September 1589 theplaywright * In https://www.spitalfieldsforum.org.uk/history/ andsurrounding buildings: * Anartist’s impression oftheHospitalStMary http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/07/01/inside-spitalfields-oldest-building/ * house: The charnel medieval https://www.londonmithraeum.com/ roman-princess/ https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/how-we-solved-the-mystery-of-the- http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/07/28/the-spitalfields-roman-woman/ * womanThe Roman and Temple ofMithras: isatreasure trove ofSpitalfieldsriches, changing every 52 Map-by-Adam- Dant1.jpg Map-by-Adam- http://spitalfieldslife.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Huguenots-of-Spitalfields- who lived inSpitalfields: * Adam mapshowing theHuguenotfamilies DanthascreatedThe artist awonderful watch?v=wa5-9ISYigQ Video: Links Chapter 2 WollstonecraftMary inSpitalfields1759. wasborn * As thischapter focuses somuchonwomen itseemsappropriate to mention that Tudors Fillis’s* Mary story, in alongwithnineotherAfricans Tudor England, istold in Luisa: her. isnamedafter oneoftheirAirbuses to Spain,lookoutfor you restaurant. flyIberia were If isnow anItalian kept parts onto him, spraying hisfacewithrotting bits. The site ofthechapelwhere thebody executed monkfound underthebodiesofothercriminals. Onebodyfell itburied been hanged, onecaseamansentto findthebodyofan drawn andquartered. In whohad LuisaDoña religious from alsocollected martyrs relics andbodyparts Housewere oftheBrick Remains alsofound theexcavations during inthe1990s. * We Luisa’s know from herown letters andtheaccountsofherfriends. story riots londons-evil-may-day- * For more onEvil Day, May goto Notes by Miranda Kaufmann (Oneworld 2017). Kaufmann by Miranda The Legacy oftheHuguenots inLondon https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/

https://www.youtube.com/ Teachers’ Guide

Black © OCR 2019 Spitalfields * You canread more about weaving. information –mainlyaboutwhy andhow came, they andabouttheprocess ofsilk story. schools, Created therefore they for primary provide somebasic, easy-access * http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/07/01/john-stowes-survay-of-spittle-fields-1598/ https://www.migrationmuseum.org/tag/spitalfields/ https://www.exodus2013.co.uk/the-silk-weavers-of-spitalfields/ http://eastldn.co.uk/2016/06/15/the-immigrants-of-spitalfields/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2013/04/14/the-huguenots-of-spitalfields/ * For more ontheHuguenotsofSpitalfieldssee: A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 16901763-and-textile- design/zvgfbdm 16901763-and-textile- clip at matters. afive See minutewomen herstory isatlastbeing recognised ashigh art, com/2010/08/13/stanley-rondeau-huguenot/ by wealthy Huguenotmaster weaver Rondeau. Jean York to live inSpitalfields –butherexquisite designs fabric were commissioned standsout.Shewasn’t Garthwaite women, AnnaMaria Huguenot–shecamefrom * For anyone anddesign, ofsignificant histories interested orinoverlooked inart inParliament, didn’t.birds they day: winthey seabirds argue migratory shouldbeaccepted. thepoem,native they city In isnuanced–inthepoem,whilenative birds opposetheFrenchIt canaries, spitalfields Murdoch at www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org https://www.bbc.com/teach/class-clips-video/anna-maria-garthwaite- . https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/huguenot-silk-weavers-in- Canary-birds hasarangeofresources ontheHuguenot . … in an illuminating article by Dr …inanilluminatingarticle Tessa .At atimewhen ‘craft’ ledby sooften http://spitalfieldslife. 53 * For thefeel ofHuguenotSpitalfieldsfrom the1720sto the1900s, Dennis Notes 113 were the authorities perhaps pointingoutwhere thepower stilllay. Commercial Road, towering over thearea. With Huguenotchurches springing up, Church – designed by Hawksmoor -appeared ofFournier onthecorner Street and grew, hall).As theHuguenot community and community AnglicanChrist the new on SandysRow (now asynagogue), LaPatente Street (now acafé on Hanbury * Two otherbuildingsthatwere Huguenotchurches are stillexist:they L’Artillerie Hospital. Peace, Commissioner for theLand Tax andGovernor ofSt andtheSewers Thomas’s Lieutenant andthe for ofMiddlesex theCounty Tower Hamlets, Justiceofthe the 2 owned abigSpitalfieldsestate andby thetimeofhisdeathin1726wasColonel of Commons. Marot designed theceremonial oftheHouse coachstillused by theSpeaker streets andAitchison,now today. theopticiansDollond isonmostHigh Daniel as aSpitalfieldsweaver, company, anopticsshopin theStrand. His later starting * Amongtherefugees Dollond, wasJohn whocamefrom andworked Normandy feed. failed. that silkworms It * Anattempt wasmadeto trees cultivate silkinEnglandby growing themulberry silkweaverAfrican southofthe Thames. may have an beenthesamepersonasEdward, Blackman, thesonofReasonable possible thatsilkweaver in1614 Endwhogotmarried Edward Blakemore ofMile oftheEnglishsilkweavers* Some may have hadmigrant origins. For example, itis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAjZWZwxg_g toexpected explore insilence. at Details numbers are filtered sothere are orthree onlytwo ineachroom andvisitors are visit: ifyou are isnotsuitablefor inthearea, aschool group, go!It though,as affluent silkweaving family. recommended for Highly anindividualorsmallgroup outstanding. Animmersive installationonfive floors, itrecreates ofan theworld Severs’ Houseat18Folgate Street, oneofLondon’s spaces, mostatmospheric is Robert Robert Winder, nd Regiment intheRoyal Hamlets, Lieutenant for ofLondon, theCity Deputy 113 Bloody Foreigners SirIsaac Tillard, descendedfrom wave theearlier ofHuguenotrefugees, (Abacus 2004)p96 www.dennissevershouse.co.uk –andwatch Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Jean-Baptiste Denisina1722pamphlet threat posedto qualitiesoftheFrench! Englandisseento bebecauseofthesuperior himself aHuguenotwhosetagainsthisown thesecond, people. the In * Here are more two fascinatinganti-Huguenotpieces. The ofthefirstwas writer andstreetcontains craft fashionstalls. for officesandchainrestaurants, building whiletheremaining nineteenth century buildings down halfofthemarket development openedin2017whichknocked went upto houseawholesalefood market. That moved to Leyton in1991.Anew until1887whenthecurrent buildings lasted asageneralmarket * SpitalfieldsMarket A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 114 wantsusto laughat the EnglishoratHuguenots, or both. whether Hogarth isnotclear classes.leaving It church aSoho with thecoarseEnglishworking anotherengraving, compares fashionableHuguenots rich, * In Noon,Hogarth indulgence to foreigners (anon,London 1735) Considerations uponthemischiefs that may arise from granting too much Quoted in Cruickshank, p164 Quoted inCruickshank, What aglorioussetofpeoplearetheseFrenchmasterweavers…thatruin be calledaFrenchcolony. and diet,thefruitfulnessoftheirwomen,City, intime,willprobably considerable withregardtotheirnumbers…andconsidering theirsobriety traffic isintheirhands,withagreatshareofthatwines.Noraretheyless manufacture, forIbelieveitcanbedemonstrated,that ninepartsintenofthat all theprofitablebranchesoftradeastheyhavealready thatofthesilk considering theirfrugality, economyandindustry, theywillintimeengross provide againsttheiradmissionintoanyplacesofpower, profitortrust.For and frugal,sowehavethemorereasontobejealous of theirdesigns,andto As theFrenchare,ofallpeople,mostenterprising, themostindustrious; honour orprinciple…aridiculousconcourseofvagabonds. countrymen …thegreatestpartofrefugeesareacast-outpeople,without themselves bytheruin,spoilsofunfortunate,notsparingtheirown the body, ofwhichtheydenominatethemselvesmembers,purelytoenrich 114 54 Links Chapter 3 diversity-and- differing-opinions diversity-and- https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-irish-in-early-industrial-britain- http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/09/dickens-in-spitalfields-3-in-the-streets/ warehouse/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/02/dickens-in-spitalfields-2-at-the-silk- Links Chapter 4 immediate relief.’ distressed for work’, 649were ‘in distress’, 216were ‘in greater distress’ and31 ‘need wereusing theirsoupkitchen inthesilktradeandofthem,352familieswere ‘much that justunderhalfofthefamilies reported Society 1812theSpitalfieldsSoup * In movement.’originators, oftheChartist theprop andsupport leaderFeargus Chartist O’Connorand inthe1840sIrish themas described ‘the ofwhatSpitalfieldsweavers hadachieved lived thememory on, ideas. Nevertheless, people’s inorder to divert 1795, whichhestarted attention away from revolutionary setupby Patricksoup kitchen Colquhoun (founder ofthe Thames Police) River in inthe1790smay bethefree inthelackofactivism * Anotherfactor food inthe reference to years thatradicalmovement before. oftwenty * The weavers protesting in1670wore thegreen oftheLevellers inaconscious Notes defiance/ articles/bold- The issympatheticto writer theweavers. * For disputes seehttp://www.brh.org.uk/site/ afulleraccountoftheindustrial Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Weavers * The 1839Royal Commission on report an 1885photo showing aweaver withhiswife atwork nearby. spitalfieldslife.com/2010/02/16/dickens-in-spitalfields-4-the-silk-weavers/ * The fullaccountofDickens’s visitandhisconversation withtheweaver isat Notes children nineteenth century http://spitalfieldslife.com/2014/06/29/an-astonishing-photographic-discovery/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2014/12/09/gustave-dores-east-end/ https://booth.lse.ac.uk/ children andJewish photos of Irish http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/01/15/charles-booth-in-spitalfields/ A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History aspects to the community inspite to ofthechallengesfaced, thecommunity asaresultaspects often of andthat therepopulation wasamixofpoor andnot-so-poor were many positive Green offBethnal andshows Road thatits 2009) looksattheOldNichol (Vintage * Sarah Wise’s book complainedaboutatthetime.stereotype that localJews asbeingfrom isdescribed Green Bethnal Bill Sikes and thethiefFagin isaJewish Dickens, especially in included Charles * Popular authorswhoreinforced anddangerous theideaofacriminal EastEnd reality, many suffered andwere terribly told theirparents hadabandonedthem. to Canada, Australia, Zealand New –supposedlyfor Africa andSouth abetter life. In classchildren were away working * Some taken from theirparents andsent forcibly William Bresson inOrangestreet, probably ofHuguenotdescent: which thereisnodrain. close tothehouserunsastagnantditchfilledwithabominable blackfilthfor … thereisnocesspoolnorsewertocarryoff thesoilfromprivy, and included accountsofvisitsto weavers’ houses. Onewasthehomeof The Blackest Streets – 115 Oliver TwistOliver

the Life and Death ofaVictorian Slum the LifeandDeath TheCondition Loom oftheHand (1837-9). The violentrobber Booth’s map, along with http:// late 55 style. An enterprising trader–maybe here, Anenterprising style. maybe in Oldham (itisdisputed) - fishbattered noticed waspeoplesellingfried * OnethingMayhew intheJewish negligent landlords andlocalauthorities. 116 115 came.’ orreturn to thelandwhencethey theirown livingwithoutcharity must eitherearn inthe * Onewriter Notes cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19343551 promote antisemiticarguments . You canfindthemapat problematic, though,asitmay have beeninaccurate andwasusedby someto may be few Jews. It andwest hadvery whileareas100% Jewish, to thenorth * George Arkell’s EastEndmapshows areas Jewish ofSpitalfieldsthatwere almost israel-zangwills-spitalfields/ Excellent photos oftheJews’ Free School: http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/08/17/at-sandys-row-synagogue-x/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Adam-18.12.jpg Adam Dant’s Spitalfields: mapofJewish Links Chapter 5 and chips. combined thiswithFrench-style potatoes to fried create our ‘national’ dishoffish Winder, Quoted inHampton p188 116 Bloody Foreigners (Abacus 2004),p232 Jewish Chronicle Jewish disapproved saying ofthesoupkitchens, ‘They http://spitalfieldslife.com/2016/06/28/ https://digital.library. Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Chapter 6 Brewer,Mrs Jewish Colony‘The inLondon’ in The Sunday 1892 Magazine visitor thatcanbecompared withsource 5.11: * Anotheraccountby amiddle-class A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Soup Kitchen LawsSoup 1901 2–soupkitchen SECTION their own. for discussion,orifyou prefer to give studentssources ratherthanthemchoosing * Here are ofsomethesources transcripts usedonthepodcastthatcanbe Notes collections/ collections/online- at of imagesandobjects There collection isarich Links have notintrudedthemselvesonourattentioninanyway, andhencetherehas attracted thenoticeofpublicbytheirappearanceinpolicecourts;they They havebeenneithertroublenorexpensetousascitizens;theynot when IaddressedtheminEnglishthemajorityofshooktheirheads. not knoweventheletters,peopleinstreetswereofourtype,and were foreign,thewaresadvertisedinanunknowntongue,ofwhichIdid country whosepeopleandlanguageIknewnot. The namesovertheshops My firstimpressionongoingamongthemwasthatImustbeinsomefar-off recipient isnot deserving. Officer, justifyingsuch stoppage,oronbeingotherwise satisfiedthatthe power tostop anyorderforreliefonreceiving areportoftheInvestigating Any twoormoremembers oftheDistributingCommitteeshallhave been nothingintheirexistencetoexciteourinterestorrousewrath. 118 https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/ 117 56 Mark Fineman,Mark born1904 Stella Vine, born1902inFalticne, Romania 3 SECTION 120 119 118 117 Quoted in Valman, Quoted in Valman, London Metropolitan Archive, quoted in Valman, ined. Englander, Included there itwasaprettydreadfularea.Itontheverge ofthemostnotorious The Dutchtenterground …wasatonetimequiteagoodarea,butwhenIlived ‘This oneknowsacoupleofletters.’ recognised acoupleofletters,andshesmiledatme– ‘Goodgirl’ shesaid, she opensthebook,andbecauseEnglishissame writing asRomanianI how sheunderstoodanyofusbecausewewereallfrom different parts.So arrived totheteacher’s deskandshesays‘Whatisyourname?’ Idon’t know used tosittherewiththeirtrousersundoneandbeckon toyou. When Ifirst to gointoschool,andherewaslittlehousesaboutone storey…andbeggars In BellLanetherewasaverynarrowturning…allthe kidsusedtorunthere best shecould. was theonlyonewhospokefluent Yiddish –somygrandmotherwoulddothe English andmyyoungerbrotherssistersdidn’t reallyspeak Yiddish -I mother wasoutallday, mypooroldgrandmothercouldn’t speakawordof really wasmorelikeanorphanagethanafamily. Myfatherwasdead,my That wascalledthefourpennyrope. The povertywasawful…myhouse place. and pulltheropeyouallfelldown.Itwasawayofgettingout and verycheapmattressesthere,inthemorningsomeonewouldcome you couldgetwascalledarope. There weretworopesslungacrosstheroom most commonlodginghousesandverycheapbrothels… The cheapestbed street inthewholeofLondon,whichwasDorsetStreet.Itfull – school Zangwill’s Spitalfields Zangwill’s Spitalfields A Documentary History of Jewish Immigrants of Jewish inBritain 1840-1920 History A Documentary - by kind permission of the Jewish Museum, London. Museum, oftheJewish permission -by kind London. Museum, oftheJewish permission -by kind 119 Zangwill’s Spitalfields 120 (Leicester UP1994)pp69-70 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Mrs A.E, born1907inStepneyMrs at museum ofimmigration andthesynagogue. Further detailsandhow to bookavisit spacecontaininga isadeeplyatmospheric ofthebuilding.fabric It ‘suitcase’ * 19Princelet Street isopento thepublic, butonlyoccasionallydueto thedelicate 4–PrinceletSECTION Street A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History George RSims, 1894 5–Great SynagogueSECTION Israel Zangwill, www.19princeletstreet.org.uk we justraninandout,veryseldomdidyoufindthedoorclosed,unlessthey they justsatbythedoorandraninout,children,allofthem, kind ofopenhouse,thestreetdoorswereopen. A ladywantedalittlechat, There wasnosuchthingasloneliness,everybodyhelpedoneanother. Itwas volumes, books ofRabbiniclawandlaw. Gathered togetheringroups are In thehallor anteroom ofthebuildingare shelvespackedwithancient least happywhentheywerecrying moaned, theyclenchedtheirfistsandthumpedbreasts andtheywerenot Schul oftheirs:theyshoutedandskippedshook sang,theywailedand literally, itwasbywayofreverence,notease. They enjoyedthemselvesinthis their slippers–metaphorically, that is–forthoughtheyfrequentlydidso and evenalittlevulgarwithHim.Itwasplaceinwhich theycouldsitin was theirhomeaswellthe Almighty’s, andonoccasiontheywerefamiliar religion buttheirartandletters,politics publicamusements.It It wastheirsalonandlecturehall.suppliedthem notonlywiththeir and roaredchorusedprayerswithazealthatshook thewindowpanes. They droppedin,mostlyintheirworkadaygarmentsandgrime,rumbled someone, shedidn’t haveenoughmoneytogettheweekendgroceries. their food,thensomebodywouldlendthem.Mymotherwasalwayslending were goingoutoraway…Someonedidn’t haveanymoneytobuy Children oftheGhetto 123 121 122 57 Isaac Zangwill, 6 SECTION The Times 125 124 123 122 121 Quoted in Valman, Englanderp107 Quoted in Valman, Quoted in Valman, Quoted QuotedCopyright Lara Marks. in Valman, Zangwill’s London. Museum, oftheJewish permission Spitalfields –by kind explaining certainpassagesofittothemenwhocrowdabouthimandlisten an ancientmanwithalong,greybeardisreadingwell-wornvolumeand a numberofJews,youngandold,whoarestandingarounddeskatwhich [How ithadchangedbythe 1890s] compounds withcupsofchocolate. young men,fatwomenand theirchildren,allwashingdownthelusciousspicy of handsomegirlsandtheir [sweet pastries]werebesiegedbyhilariouscrowds … The confectioners’ shops,crammedwith‘stuffed monkeys’ and‘bolas,’ cackling andscreaming. and itsmud.…apandemoniumofcagedpoultry, cluckingandquacking and alleyabuttingonitwascoveredwiththeoverflowings ofitscommerce The Lanewasalwaysthegreatmarket-place,andevery insalubriousstreet [About themarketin1860s] and thepolicehadtoclearstreets. agitation. StoneswerethrownatthehousesofseveralprominentSocialists, the wholeneighbourhoodaroundPrinceletStreetwasinastateofgreat thrown … The disorderthusstartedquicklyspread,andwithin halfanhour the Socialistsintotheirclub,fromwindowsofwhichglassbottleswere through thecrowdedstreets. The orthodoxJewsresentedthisanddrove along thestreetswhenabodyofSocialistJewsdrovevancontainingfood Day of Atonement. Between 3and4o’clocklarge numberswerewalking The orthodoxJewswereobservingthereligiousfastsinconnectionwith intently tohiswords. , 20September 1904 – market Zangwill’s Spitalfields Zangwill’s Spitalfields Zangwill’s Spitalfields Children oftheGhetto - by kind permission of the Jewish Museum, London. Museum, oftheJewish permission -by kind - by kind permission of the Jewish Museum, London. Museum, ofthe Jewish permission -by kind London. Museum, oftheJewish permission -by kind 124 125 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YNZhjMqINMandt=126s Video: East End: Jewish Links Chapter 7 LifeCharles Booth, andLabourofthePeople inLondon, 1903 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History http://www.cablestreet.uk/ http://exploringeastlondon.co.uk/stepney/eastendtoday/east_end.htm http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/11/25/adverts-from-the-jewish-east-end/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/02/25/alan-deins-east-end-shops/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/01/02/chapter-5-shootout-in-sidney-st/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/11/23/at-the-great-yiddish-parade/ http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/11/03/when-max-levitas-stormed-the-savoy/ act-1905 https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/jewish-immigration-and-the-aliens- strange smells. One ofthewondersLondon,amedleystrangesights,soundsand the uniformgreyofEnglishmiddle-classlife. of theOrientwithitsfrigidfinger, andtoblurthevividtintsofEastinto The communitywas Anglicized …respectabilitycreptontofreezetheblood

126 58 * Notes * * Jewish Chronicle, 22March 1889 * Myer Wilchinski, ofaSweater’‘History in 129 128 127 126 Englanderp172 Quoted inBillFishman. Quoted in Winder p236 Quoted in Valman, Zangwill’s London. Museum, ofthe Jewish permission Spitalfields -by kind The Lancet Arbeter FrayndArbeter Jewish happinesswillcomeonlywiththe of allunhappyworkers Jewish workersarecomplaisantandsmugnothing perturbsthem?… workers mustuniteandorganise themselves… What goodistalkwhen [we shall]changeentirelythepresentorderoftyranny andinjustice…the propagating. and revolutionarydoctrineswhichafewnoisyagitators weredesirousof daily work,andpersuadedthemnottobedeludedby thefalsesocialistic when Dr Adler gavethemsomewholesomeadvicewithrespecttotheir Messrs. Lyons andPhillipKrantzprofesstospeak,attendedonthatoccasion, … onthe16thFebruaryagoodlynumberofclassbehalfwhom many unwashedcorpses.’ hopeless beingsmustofnecessitypossess… The majoritylookedlikeso and allwiththatenquiring,beseechinglookhalf-starved,helpless bring themthescantiestmeansofexistence;somemarriedandwithfamilies, Many ofthemlikemyself,‘greeners’ willingtoworkatanythingthatwould the innumerablesewingmachines,windowsshinewithflareofgas. At allhoursofthedayandnightstreetresoundswithrattlewhir , 1884 East End Jewish RadicalsEast EndJewish , 1888 127 p141,andin Winder p235 129 Commonweal , 26May 1888 Teachers’ Guide

128 © OCR 2019 Spitalfields Rudolf Rocker, The London Years (1956) took* Anaccountofhow indockers’ Jews children: A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History again, and she and Rocker travelled toagain, andshe andRocker theUSAwhere shediedin1955. women’s control. to birth right of theNazisforcedThe rise herto becomearefugee for where andthenGermany incampaigning theNetherlands shebecameactive for years shewasreleased theUK war activities. After two imprisonment in1918and left asanenemyhusband wasinterned alienshewasalsoarrested in1916for heranti- for thepoor.opposed thewarin1914and ranasoupkitchen However, her after with thickblackhairanddeep large eyes …eagerandzealous for ourcause.’ sheedited Fraynd. theArbeter Rocker heras Hedescribed ‘a slimyoung girl… tomoney pay for therest ofherfamilyto joinher. Rudolf partner With herGerman She cameto inasweatshop London the to in1894andworked earn from Ukraine who campaigned allherlife againstcapitalism,antisemitismand maledomination. wasthesocialistfeminist activist andanarchist* OneleadingJewish Milly Witkop Soviet leadersLenin, Trotsky andStalin. includedfuture LabourParty Democratic oftheRussianSocial faction the Bolshevik Club–ameetingof Socialist oftheJewish shopbutthentheheadquarters a sari ofFulbourne1907 –inabuildingonthecorner Street and Whitechapel Road, now * Spitalfieldsand May In Whitechapel activism. continued to beacentre ofleftwing over 300dockers’ childreninEastEndJewishhomes.Shopkeepersgaveus they wereinaterriblyundernourishedstate,barefootandrags. We placed couldn’t feeditsownchildrenproperly…[whenwefetchedthechildren]… of theCommitteealwayswentfirsttoseehouseandtoooftenfamily homes. Offers pouredin.Unfortunatelywecouldn’t acceptthemall.Members families intheEastEndtotakesomeofdockers’ childrenintotheir something tohelptheirfellowworkers…ItwasdecidedaskJewish The Jewishworkerswhohadjustwontheirownstrikefelttheymustdo Jewish andnon-Jewishworkers. to seetheirchildren.Itdidagreatdealstrengthenthefriendshipbetween docker parentsusedtocometheJewishhomesin Whitechapel andStepney docks areaspokepubliclyofthekindnessshownbyEastEndJews. The shoes andclothingforthem. Trade unionleadersandsocialworkersinthe 130 131 She 59 Doyle, author of the * Conan The by BBLwere someprominent peopleincludingArthur supported the NationalHealthService). for thewelfare state) andClementAttlee (whose1945Labourgovernment setup Volunteers included later laidthefoundation William (whose1942Report Beveridge was Jewish, andgraffitiwas Jewish, appeared inGoulston Street saying Juwes are themen ‘The around the ‘Jack theRipper’ murders. arrested, Oneofthesuspects Aaron Kosminsky, * Anti-Jewish feeling amongnon-Jews inthearea thepanic washighin1888during 132 131 130 withtheminto nationallife.’ couldtake solutionsthatthey to develop practical End, bringing themfaceto facewith poverty, andgiving themtheopportunity create‘to aplacefor future leadersto live asvolunteers andwork inLondon’s East radical socialchange, established Toynbee HallonCommercial Street. The aimwas acouplecommitted to andSamuelBarnett, 1884Henrietta activity.community In boys andyoung men–itsbuilding, theBradyCentre, isstillacentre for EastEnd * There were organisation. otherforms ofcommunity The BradyBoys’ Clubhelped to anti-immigrant feeling inthegeneralpublic. hiding incaughtfire were andthey allkilled. The Street’‘Battle ofSidney contributed in Whitechapel where, asiegeinvolving after policeandarmy, were thehousethey werewhile they robbing ajeweller’s inHoundsditch. They thenfledto Street Sidney them three policemenwhosurprised killed –inSpitalfields 1911. Activists Jews * There were majorevents involving Russianrevolutionaries –thistimeLatvians, not rioting. butwasprobablyaccused ofhidingevidence doingsoto prevent antisemitic When theMetropolitan policeCommissioner ordered thisto beerasedhewas that willnotbeblamedfor nothing’.

Rocker, http://www.toynbeehall.org.uk/about-us/our-history/ https://journeytojustice.org.uk/projects/local-history/ The London Years , quoted inRosenberg p90 Sherlock Holmes books. Teachers’ Guide

132 © OCR 2019 Spitalfields * Few Spitalfields remain. tracesofJewish The SandysRow synagoguestillholds * Clement Bruningin * Captain Colomb, Conservative MPfor Tower Hamlets, 1887 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/a-home-for-the-ayahs- https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-lascars-britains-colonial-era-sailors Links Chapter 8 com/watch?v=u-Ri3-tdWEg be confusedwiththeNew York Polish Jewish traditionsalive. NBtheLondonbaking beigelbrought shouldnot by RussianJews Lanekeep endofBrick competingbeigelshopsatthenorthern –andthetwo Road End –hiddeninthemiddleofahousingestate offMile bakery Rinkoff’s services. a causeandsystembringinghopesunlightintolivesdarkenedbylong popular supportwehavegainedinEastLondon…becausepreached The mostsurprisingphenomenoninthegrowthofBritishfascismisgreat into theUnitedKingdom. such regulationsasshallputastoptothefreeimportationofdestitutealiens Majesty’s Governmentispreventedbyanytreatyobligationsfrommaking the immigrationofdestitutealienswithoutrestriction;andwhetherHer [I wonder]…whatgreatstatesoftheworldotherthanGreatBritainpermit which strivestomakeEastLondontakeonthecharacter of Odessaor Warsaw. to castoff theforeignyokeofadomineering,allpervading Yiddish culture, years ofhunger, squaloranddespair, becausewehaveshownthemaway The Blackshirt , 4 October 1935 , 4October bagel . Enjoy this: 134 https://www.youtube. 133 60 after thewar.after of The story Young Epiaeof32BrushfieldStreet inSpitalfieldsmay be londons-harlem * At 135 134 133 collections/item/object/205194626 Church, theBlitzinNovember Spitalfields during 1940. * There inChrist familysheltering is a memorablephotograph by BillBrandtofaSikh man andlived onCable Street allherlife. where activist shewasacommunity Asand discrimination. anadultinLondon to aSomali shehadahappy marriage childhoodin and hadasolitary Yorkshire astheonlyBlackchild, suffering neglect * Kathleen Warsame wasbrought from 1900sasasmallchild Ethiopiaintheearly Conference washeldin Whitechapel in1939. * AnindicationoftheAsian presence inthearea thatanIndian isthefact Workers * Ananonymous man Bengali East’sGreen North MPandheldtheseattill1906. Parsee 1895Indian Bhownaggree* In Mancherjee becameBethnal (Conservative) Notes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0afJbusVJk http://numbi.org/heritage-archive-projects/ https://www.swadhinata.org.uk/bengalis/ was directed athim.) one arrested. aware (Be thathisstatement racistlanguagethat containstheextreme butendedupbeingthe hewasattacked men whoabusedhiswhite housekeeper one to share withstudents. You canseehisstatement to police:whenheconfronted Quoted inCaroline Adams, Rosenberg, Winder p255 https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/seafarers-and-stowaways-in- curry.’ Indian menlived,andhesaid,‘Idon’t know, you’d bettergoontillyousmell When Ifirstcameto Aldgate, itwas1925.Iaskedapolicemanwherethe Battle fortheEast End there are detailsofviolentracismsuffered by immediately Africans Across Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers Rivers andThirteen Across Seas Seven p154 135 , interviewed inoldage, commented: , interviewed (Tower Hamlets Arts Project,(Tower 1987)p39 Hamlets Arts https://www.iwm.org.uk/ Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields The Times londons-harlem * Alsoat A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History ali-mobilized- bangladeshis-in-londons-east-end-e48b9d419ac5 https://medium.com/bangladeshiidentity/forty-years-on-how-the-murder-of-altab- http://www.altabalifoundation.org.uk/articles/How_Altab_Ali_Changed_Us.pdf Altab Ali: http://www.banglastories.org/ Video: AltabAli Video: housing conditions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyuw50IYk4Aandt=63s inEastLondonVideo: Racism Links Chapter 9 available, manyofthesettlerstendedtosocialisewithmemberssmall overcrowded andinsanitaryconditions. With fewrecreationalfacilities accommodation. Instead,theyoftenfoundthemselveslivinginrundown, resulted inmany African andCaribbeansettlersbeingunabletosecuredecent The combinationoflowwages,poorhousingstockanddiscriminationalso not allmixwell. A greatmanyareunemployedandall livinginsqualor. There isnowafairlybigmalecolonyofdifferent nationalities,andtheydo gambling andtheillegalsaleofgoods. houses intheCableStreetarea,oftenthoughttobevenuesforprostitution, Asian, Malteseand Arab communitieswhoranthebusycafesandlodging https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/seafarers-and-stowaways-in- https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/296/detail/ , January 1950 , January https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdavKYA7ivo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUloVqWIIV4

-highlyrecommended for background information. 61 whitechapel- spitalfields/ Spitalfields inthe1960s: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36191020 138 137 136 * Levitas,* Max commenting Jewish politicalactivist, in1999 * NazrulIslam Notes https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-bengali-east-end the response ofthehousingcooperative: to themurder andthestart audioclipsgivingBrief firsthandoralaccounts(audio)ofthesquatters’ movement, https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/297/detail/ For by AnsarAhmedUllah abouttheShahidMinar, anarticle see Written by a group quoted ofcouncilsocialworkers, inForman p73 Glynnp99 The Great East EndHousingDisaster http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/migration-themes/connections-9.html vermin-infested tenementssuchas Wentworth Dwellingsisapublicscandal. volition … Whatever thereason,continuingexistenceofseething,filthy, …the tenementsofSpitalfieldsareleftapparentlyto collapse oftheirown ‘30s and‘40s. It’s allgonebacktothebackroomworkshopswhichwefoughtagainstin It’s likeadreambutoncewecome’ thedreamgoes. When wecomehere,understandthereality, butthenwecannotgoback… and whatitdoesn’t haveand whatwe’lldooverthere.It’s just allthrilling. It isahobbyforSylhetitogoLondon…We donotthinkofwhatithas 136 http://spitalfieldslife.com/2018/07/22/ron-mccormicks- , 1972 138 137

Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields Mala Sen, interviewed November Sen, Mala 2001 inseparate housing: was merit that oppressed control peopleneededto take oftheirown struggle. For them.there X,Fanon suchasA.Sivanandan,Malcolm consciousness andthinkers andothers, inBHAG* Many andotherorganisations activists were strongly influencedby black to * Report Tower HamletsJoint HousingManagement Committee, 1980 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History school toilets and seeing a friend beinghelddownschool toilets and threatened andseeingafriend atknifepoint. * Onemantold thisauthorthathemissedschoolfor goinginto alongtimeafter the 1978 Letter from theBangladesh Youth Movement to theLeader oftheGLC, 7June On theotherhand, for many squatting familiesthemotivationwasaboutfairness: 141 demands cannotbemetwithinareasonabletimespan. used indealingwitheveryapplicant,blackorwhite,whosehousinglocation housed morequickly. This isnotforcibledispersal, This isthesame procedure it cantoencourageBengalislivebeyondSpitalfieldswheretheybe If theyarenottoliveindistressingconditionsthe…Committeemustdoall few yearsastheexistingBangladeshidependantsarrivefromBangladesh. The populationofSpitalfieldsislikelytoincreaseby40percentinthenext community asatarget ofviolence. developing relationshipsbetween thecommunitiesandisolateBengali against dangerousseparatisthousingpolicies,which would ruinexistingand are part,andjoinwithotherlocalBengaliwhitegroups inprotesting We arecommittedtothemulti-racialmulti-culturalsocietyofwhichwe Bengali. was andweachievedit,todayyouwalkroundBrickLane,it’s totally ghetto, atleastyouhaveeachothertodefendyourself.’ …Sothat’s whatit Some peoplesaid,‘You arecreatingaghetto.’ We said,‘fine,wepreferthe 140 139 62 bengali%20booklet%20FINALcropped1.pdf at downloadable booklet that emerged, aswell assomeoftheleadingpeople involved, are inthefree andcampaigningThe ofmany stories organisations community oftheBengali and%20Key.pdf https://www.cardboardcitizens.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/CC%20Map%20 Housing: http://spitalfieldslife.com/2014/05/12/julie-begum-on-brick-lane/ http://herfootsteps.org.uk/tower-hamlets/ https://londonagainstracism.wordpress.com/people/julie-begum could notcontrol. were couldattack. Immigrants ofthischange thatthey anaspect unemployment andhow theirstreets were changing becauseoflarger forces they withtheCollinwood gangshow felt thatwhatthey threatened* Interviews by was 141 140 139 https://londonagainstracism.wordpress.com/images/women-unite-against-racism/ Women Unite Against Racism: https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-bengali-east-end http://www.banglastories.org/ Links Chapter 10 Leech p14,quoted inGlynnp124 Glynnp125 Forman p90 https://www.ideastore.co.uk/assets/documents/ Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields weekend, killing 3 and injuring 79,someofwhomhadlimbsamputated. 3andinjuring weekend, killing The clear previous (48injured, weekend many andagay thefollowing pubinSoho seriously) 13people.injuring The bomber, aBNPmember, the Market hadbombedBrixton * Violent 1999whenanailbombexploded, racismreturned LaneinApril to Brick thepolicewanted to would getthemthey If have to attackthewomen first. male dominationintheanti-racistmovement, alsoformed acordon round themen. and arrested men.Julieandotherwomen, theBengali whilechallenging sexismand had inthe1970s. When young confronted Bengalis them,policefrequently targeted thistimetheBNPwereDuring encroaching onSpitalfieldsjustastheNationalFront * JulieBegum Notes A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History * Forman’s thefounding bookdescribes oftheSpitalfields HousingAssociation: ALLOCATEDFLATSBEING TO THEM.’ thehomelesswillgoto IF is elected thetop ofthelist,EVEN THIS MEANSALLEMPTY leaflet,made to lookasifitcamefroma fake the LabourParty, whichsaid Labour ‘If theLiberalscreatedBangladeshi familiesto the1990councilelection behoused. In * The Liberals’ andDaughters’‘Sons iteven harder aimedto make for policy targets Asian were and gay communities. theBlack, in theirlives.It’s nocoincidencethatpeopleherefightoppression. Anyone who’s comefromfleeingterrororoppression–theydon’t wantthat many evenings visitingtheprivatelyrented terracesinPrincelet,Hanbury of £25million poundsworthofproperty. …Inthewinterof 1979theyspent hardly haveimaginedthat within adecadetheirco-opwouldownthebestpart workers inLondon,withscarcely apennyofcapitalbetweenthem. They can Fashion Streetinthesummer of1979. They weresome oftheworst-paid was demanding. Ten Wentworth tenants firstmetaboveaminicaboffice in housing intheirownchosen area,andnotbeforcedtomovewheretheGLC them fromonesetofslumstoanother. With aco-op,theywantedtobuy its memberssawaco-opasthewayofstoppingGLC frommoving Formed notbysquatters,buttenementdwellersof Wentworth Dwellings, 142 63 FINALcropped1.pdf https://www.ideastore.co.uk/assets/documents/bengali%20booklet%20 https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-east-london-mosque 2000s Hamlets intheearly 143 142 http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/04/18/return-to-elder-st/ https://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history http://www.banglastories.org/ painting oflife aantifascistmarch Lanein1978during inBrick http://spitalfieldslife.com/2017/06/14/dan-jones-artist/ generations andotherresources http://numbi.org/heritage-archive-projects/ https://www.londonlive.co.uk/news/2017-11-25/archiving-british-somali-history Links Chapter 11 Interviewed by Journey to Justice by Journey Interviewed Forman pp104-105 idea. Inthesedimlylitroomsheatedbyparaffin stoves,withtenantssittingon Through thecoldeveningstheywentfromroomtoexplainingco-op and SpelmanStreetswhich Tower Hamletshadfailedtobuyupinthe1970s. only threeofthemwerenotBengalis. Seventy tenantsin21housesand18tenementsbecamethecoreofco-op– convinced. They agreedtoask theco-optobuyhousesfromtheirlandlord. their bedsinvestsandlunghis,thedebatedeveloped. The tenantswere www.journeytojustice.org.uk withawiderangeofquotationsby in Bengalis Tower in2016 143 for interviews with Somalis ofdifferent withSomalis for interviews has a wonderful full-colour full-colour hasawonderful Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields * There have beentensions themosquecommunitiesinrecent between years. In and professionals.’ institutions lodges, andHeritage Community clubsandhomeswiththelocal Somali Spitalfields, Cable Street, Whitechapel and thewiderEastEnd, includingthecafes, archiving-british-somali-history CHBH Raac’‘Hida walk( heritage over thepast10years through ourarchive projects -mostrecently andheritage the presence Somali intheEastEndofLondon thenarrative oftheBritish to re-frame gendered dynamicofempire’s power. projects hasbeenattempting NumbiArts than specificethnicity. … women ofSomali speaksto aracial,The untold story immigration thatSomali to theUKwaswithinagreaterfact context historical reiterateproblems to the uncover history] facingresearchers Somali British trying women. ofSomali facing researchers Shewrites: andthehiddenstory ‘[The *The authorisgrateful Abdullehfor to Kinsi theinformation aboutthechallenges Notes A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History of white rock andBlack dubreggae aswell astheAsian underground. *Asian DubFoundation afollowing managedto attract thatbrought together fans becauseothermosquesarewill onlygoto Masjid theJamme fundamentalist maledominated, Ahmedsays he whileMomin Lanemosqueisvery that theBrick fromthe quotationstaken Bangla Stories ) - by mapping the Somali spaces and stories around) -by spacesandstories mappingtheSomali https://www.londonlive.co.uk/news/2017-11-25/ in the main text, Rimi goesonto complain Rimi inthemaintext, 64 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 1. Whitechapel. atLiverpool StreetHere Stationandfinishingat isasuggested itinerary, starting touse Streetview visitvirtually. placeswhere isalso, possibleto the actual thingshappened. ofcourse, It perfectly to recreate thepastinstudents’ minds, telling standin asthey someofthestories Spitalfields iseasyto easy reach andthere itvery islotsto seeinasmallarea, making Visiting Spitalfields A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 2. If you arrive by tube, on entering the main station concourse turn right. If you you by If tube, arrive right. If themainstationconcourseturn onentering the former you’llyour left seethefrontage of is left, it, turning White’s Row andon Justpast andthenabakery. School a buildingthatwasonce Ragged pegged outontenter hooks)and Ground Diagonally opposite is Chauvet lived andtheCutters’ erupted. Riots now flats. thisiswhere LouisThough nothingremains ofthe18thcentury and, to thehugefaçadeofformer your left, Passage to emerge left (pastOttolenghi’s) andturn Artillery Street into Crispin streets were for squalor. Good like. century stuffaboutDickensian Then backinto narrow to alley explainto themthatthisistheremainsdark, ofwhat the19th Passage. into Almostimmediately a you left into canturn Artillery left and turn Synagogue back across thecrossing to find(on yourbluedoor)the right, where by Lascarswould after Bengali Ayub head to belooked AliMaster. Double Street into SandysRowto andthenright see but only onSundays. into immediately thenarrow Go left alley Market Widegate Street into –thesite Middlesex Dicksonthecorner) ofPetticoat Lane Dirty escalators goingupto Bishopsgate. Cross (with theroad, andthenright left turn by overgroundarrive At endoftheconcourseare theeastern left. train,turn (where were textiles Jewish Soup Kitchen Jewish Soup (the only still functioning one in Spitalfields) . Double backagain oneinSpitalfields).Double (the onlystillfunctioning Tenter . No 13 Providence Row Shelter Night (now an Italian restaurant) (now anItalian Sandys Row Tenter Ground , 65 4. 3. the Zangwill’s Spitalfieldsapp. only)andthegarden synagogueandwhichiscoveredbooking extensivelyin theatre thatwasthere. of into right what remains ofHuguenotSpitalfields. Turn into left Commercial Street andcross to enter Fournier Street –you’re now entering Walk to eastupBrushfieldStreet reach (or through SpitalfieldsMarket) of left down toand lift theremains ofthe Priory’s lunches).Alittleaheadofyou among thelandscapingareand eatpacked stairs Bishop’s Square (thestone benchesunderthecanopy are agoodplaceto sit Market the endofstreet to yourandthelastvestiges right of Victorian Brushfield Street. You’ll seeHawksmoor’s pastthenightshelter to emergeNow into doublebackandwalknorth No 6 Spital Square (now offices)isapavement new roundel commemoratingthe Yiddish opposite you. Turn towards left into thegoatstatueandthenright Princelet Street onthesite ofSpital Yard where lived. Luisa deCarvajal No 19 . Anna Maria Garthwaite lived onthecorner. Garthwaite front. AnnaMaria In 19 Princelet Street houses the Museum of Immigration (advance ofImmigration housestheMuseum Christ Church Spitalfields charnel house Wilkes Road andbeyond iswhat’s andthen Spitalfields Teachers’ Guide dominating

© OCR 2019 Spitalfields 5. 6. You emerge in A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 9. 8. 7. Green Road, iconic24-hour eventually thetwo finding onyour left Drays Walk, thenthebijoushops, undertherailway andontowards Bethnal Sen Mala pastthe Lanecanincludewalking upBrick An optionalforay north east from Lane. Brick Street, walking recommend onespecifically, theotherendofHanbury buttry Lanerestaurantsis nottheBrick butoneofthefew remaining cafes. Notfairto street onyour left. The bestbetfor affordable, authenticBangladeshicooking Kobi NazrulCentre with to thejunction left doorway, the the housingcooperative movement began,inthe ofthe poorest dwellingsare of attheheart Spitalfieldsandalso whereVictorian graffiti saying Juwes are thosethatwillnotbeblamed for nothing’.‘The Here we from Eddowes Catherine the Ripper’s victim wasdropped below a chalked asyouon your lookdown left Goulston Street iswhere theblood-covered rag great street food on Street and you’re inthe is allthatremains ofthe into we right turn To is your left Walking Laneyou backdown with Brick cometo thejunction Street.Wentworth for over community Council anddevelopers. housing enabledby SpitalfieldsHousingAssociation theBengali-run –avictory street into Monthope left to seesomeoftheaffordableturn Continuing Lane, southdown Brick passunderthe has theUMBRASUMUSsundialonwall. mosque, previously asynagogueandchurch. The sidefacingFournier Street minaret ofthe Banglatown isthesleeksilvery andto ourright Walking Lanefrom southdown Brick Princelet Street of we are now intheheart queues. bun.Authenticor many eatingbutthere otherfillingsinachewy are often shops Beigel (commissioned by the Tate Laneand ofBrick onthecorner Gallery) Brick Lane 1797 Old Montague Street whichare agreat placeto getsaltbeef, salmonandcream cheese Wentworth Street. from Society. you theSpitalfieldsSoup have If time, turn Goulston Street and . To your left, Petticoat Lane Hanbury Street Hanbury Rothschild Buildings Rothschild Hanbury Hall Hanbury Taj Stores where thesquatters’ movement began,but . Incidentally, the forbidding housingblock Soon on the right is the brick arch isthebrick which ontheright Soon daily market –afew clothesstallsand dailymarket , aformer Huguenotchurch down the where, you canfindthe left, turning andjustbeyond, above a . Continue across Commercial Wentworth Dwellings Banglatown arch Chicksand Estate Jamme Masjid Jewish mural of andthen .

66 and%20Key.pdf https://www.cardboardcitizens.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/CC%20Map%20 Sarah Wesker, NaseemKhan) http://herfootsteps.org.uk/tower-hamlets/ www.layersoflondon.org information/Banglatown-and-Bengali-walk-leaflet.pdf https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Leisure-and-culture/Tourism/Visitor- Spitalfields tours available online: 11. 10. emerge into Whitechapel Road. Turn you and soonafter cross left Brick Lane.Brick into biggereatingplacesinsideandgenerallydobetter food, farcheaper, than you wantsomegoodAsian food, openout several ofthejointsliningmarket is spaciouswithgreat andcheapfood, views andfineto rest withoutbuying. If Store of onthecorner Whitechapel andBradyStreet Road –thetop floorcafé you home. needatoilet stop If journey andrefreshment agoodplaceistheIdea of andtheentranceto start Whitechapel Market the eastalong Continue walking Whitechapel andyou Road willsooncometo the ofthepark, in thefarcorner Lane –you willseethe Now cross thestreet. Opposite of to –onthecorner your left White Church Wesker. suchasIsaacRosenberg, writers andArnold the gauntofJewish Bernard Kops few whichwas doorsdown you passthe andformer library Whitechapel Gallery six-pointed-is anornate starsign indicatingthesite ofthe andAlbert’spub andthenanalleyway clothesshop, above thedoorofwhich dooristhe restaurant kosher thatfinallyclosedin2010.Next Jewish White Hart Street for From Street,Wentworth base headdown OldCastle Street pastthetemporary Toynbee Hall East London Mosque you willpassaBurger King. That isonthesite of -socialhousingtour and, onyour thegrey right, former communal –includessites inSpitalfields Altab Ali Arch . Alittlefurther, ontheothersideofroad, isthe Shahid Minar - women activists (Julie Begum, Mala Sen, Sen, Mala Begum, (Julie -women activists over theentranceto . Asuitableplacefor reflection. Whitechapel Station - Bengali Spitalfields -Bengali Blooms Jewish Daily PostJewish Daily Altab Ali Park , thefamous bath house Commercial Teachers’ Guide

for the and, . A to to © OCR 2019 Spitalfields Charlie Forman,Charlie Ed David Englander, transcripts) Heritage, House 2016)EastsideCommunity Dan Cruickshank, 1987) Claire Alexanderetal, Caroline Adams, extensively were: Many sources were usedandare credited inthefootnotes. The resources usedmost Bibliography A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Migration Museum, Museum, Migration Peter Linebaugh, www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk Sundeep Lidher, (Runnymede McIntosh Malachi Trust) www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-somali-oral-history www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history-online-oral-history-bengali-east-end 2018) Joyce Hampton. Britain DGwynne, Robin Sarah Glynn.Class, Alan Gilbey,

(Sussex1984) East End Backpassages –anExplorer’sEast EndBackpassages Guide Spitalfields –abattleforland Across Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers andThirteen Across Seas Seven The Story oftheHuguenots:AUniqueLegacyThe Story The London Hanged Spitalfields – the History ofaNationinHandfulStreets Spitalfields –theHistory Huguenot Heritage: The History andContribution oftheHuguenotsin Huguenot Heritage:The History Ethnicity and Religion intheBengaliEast andReligion End Ethnicity Room toRoom Breathe – Beyond theWalls A Documentary History of Jewish Immigrants ofJewish inBritain1840-1920 History A Documentary www.banglastories.org/ (Verso 2003) (Verso The BrickLane Project 2006 (Hilary Shipman1989) (Hilary (Tower Hamlets Arts Project (Tower HamletsArts

(2018) (Quartet 2012) (Quartet (Not Just Another Book (NotJustAnotherBook (Manchester 2014) (Manchester (audio (Random (Random 67 2017) Society, Shanghati Literary access: Two books, recommended bothlocallypublishedsopossiblyhard to poetry Foreigners Rozina Visram, Nadia Valman, Tower andLearning, HamletsLibrary David Rosenberg, (Five Leaves 2011) David Rosenberg, Stepney WordsStepney III–Poetry by East London Schoolchildren andEnglish)by Bengali residentsbetween from the1950sthrough to thepresent (Abacus 2004) zangwillsspitalfields.org.uk Asians inBritain:400YearsAsians ofHistory Rebel to Responses FascismBattle fortheEast End–Jewish inthe1930s

Footprints Poetic East End (Pluto 2015) The Somali East End The Somali (2017) – including poetry (alltranslated (2017) –includingpoetry https://surveyoflondon.org/ (Pluto 2002) Robert (Pluto 2002)Robert Winder, (Rich Mix/Apples and Snakes andSnakes Mix/Apples (Rich Teachers’ Guide

Bloody © OCR 2019 Spitalfields Sundeep Lidher,Runnymede TrustSundeep The http://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history – Halima Khanom Tower andArchives Library HamletsLocal History Heritage –EastsideCommunity Judith Garfield – Julie Begum The Swadhinata Trust Prof Claire ofManchester Alexander–University Abdulleh–NumbiArts Kinsi Special thanksto: Thanks A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Fellow of the Historical Association and the Schools History Project.Fellow Association History andtheSchools oftheHistorical for textbooks of theMigration theOCRGCSE.HeisanHonorary He isco-author school andwrote theprevious OCRresource packsonButetown Shields. andSouth The author, inanEastLondon Spafford, secondary Martin wasHeadofHistory About theauthor All photographs 2019. notcredited were by theauthorinJanuary taken Photographs areAll mistakes theauthor’s are own. infringements Nocopyright intended. Dr Nadia ofLondon University Valman –QueenMary http://numbi.org/ https://www.swadhinata.org.uk/ www.runnymedetrust.org https://www.hidden-histories.org/

68 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2019 The small print OCR Resources: [email protected] resources ofourqualifications: we delivery offer to support Please getintouch ifyou of wantto discusstheaccessibility www.ocr.org.uk/expression-of-interest Expression ofInterest form whichcanbefound here: organisation, you canrequest more information by completingthe are switching from considering your current provider/awarding Whether you already offer OCRqualifications, are to new OCR,or wikimedia.org Lane restaurants p46:Brick commons.wikimedia.org; -commons. Lane in the1950s-quest.eb.com;on Brick Lane- p36:1978.06Brick org; p25:Group ofanarchists p28:People -commons.wikimedia.org; London’s People oftheAbyss; IsraelZangwill -commons.wikimedia. p24: Historical/Shutterstock.com; Buildings-Jack The Rothschild p23:Petticoat- commons.wikimedia.org; Lane, London -Everett of London p20:Free -commons.wikimedia.org; Lane Bell School quest.eb.com; mapofLondon p18:map -commons.wikimedia.org; and Strays silkweavers -commons.wikimedia.org; inSpitalfields- p17:Gustavethe 1880s-commons.wikimedia.org; Doré 1872: Waifs Whitechapel p16-livingconditionsin -commons.wikimedia.org; org; p15:Anightshelter p12:map-commons.wikimedia.org; in p10:silkweaverscommons.wikimedia.org; -commons.wikimedia. Leman silkdesigns p8:silkdesign (x2)-commons.wikimedia.org; - p7:James andmap-commons.wikimedia.org; y Mendoza Carvajal p5:Portrait ofLuisamap -sevenMaps7/Shutterstock.com; de theuseoffollowingOCR acknowledges content: p3:Spitalfields [email protected] the specificationandaresource usat: pleasecontact between you ofthechanges. donoticeadiscrepancy If summary document, there version willbeanew numberindicated, and a are madeto specificationsthesewillbeindicated withinthe information onthelatest specificationatalltimes. Where changes andthespecification,thereforepublished support pleaseusethe to checkalldocuments, there between may becontradictions Our documentsare updated over time. ismade effort Whilst every astheoriginator ofthiswork. acknowledged remain andOCRis the OCRlogoandthissmallprint intact This resource may befreely copiedanddistributed, aslong OCR website to ensure you have themostupto date version. We update ourresources onaregular basis, sopleasecheckthe responsible for any errors oromissionswithintheseresources. ofthecontent,to OCRcannotbeheld ensure theaccuracy method thatisrequired by ismade OCR. effort Whilst every qualifications, butinnoway constitute anendorsedteaching OCR’s resources ofOCR are thedelivery provided to support the smallprint .

www.ocr.org.uk/i-want-to/find-resources/ for your qualification: There isnow aquickandeasysearch tool to helpfind forLooking aresource? free resources Registered company number3484466.OCR isanexempt charity. The Triangle Road, Cambridge, Building, CB28EA. Shaftesbury Limited by Guarantee. Registered inEngland. Registered office © OCR201 programme your call recorded maybe ormonitored. Cambridge. oftheUniversity of ofCambridge Assessment, adepartment OCR ispart Email Facsimile Telephone 01223553998 General qualifications CentreOCR Customer Support www.ocr.org.uk [email protected] 9 For assurance ofourquality training staff andaspart purposes Oxford Cambridge andRSAExaminations isaCompany 01223 552627