Macintoshed Libraries 5

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ED 355 949 IR 054 452

AUTHOR Valauskas, Edward J., Ed.; Vaccaro, Bill, Ed. TITLE Macintoshed Libraries 5. Fifth Edition. INSTITUTION Apple Library Users Group, Cupertino, CA. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 112p.; For the 1991 volume, see IR 054 451. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020) Reports Descriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Libraries; Computer Networks; *Computer Software; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; *Hypermedia; Information Retrieval; Library Services; *Microcomputers; Online Searching; Public Libraries; Reference Services; School Libraries; Special Libraries; Staff Development IDENTIFIERS *Apple Macintosh; HyperCard; Screen Format; Vendors

ABSTRACT This annual collection contains 16 papers about the use of Macintosh computers in libraries which include: "New Horizons in Library Training: Using HyperCard for Computer-Based Staff Training" (Pauline S. Bayne and Joe C. Rader); "Get a Closet!" (Ron Berntson); "Current Periodicals: Subject Access the Mac Way" (Constance L. Foster); "Project ilLUMINAte at the University of Minnesota Libraries" (Celia Hales-Mabry); "Pat: Got the Apple Grant! Help!!!" (Pat Hunt); "A Teacher's Dream...A Student's Nightmare: The Minnesota State Test Item Bank on CD-ROM" (Keith Johnson);."The Chemist's Crystal Ball" (Merri Beth Lavagnino and Kimberly Parker); "Macintosh in a Supercomputer Library" (Mary Layman); "The Library is Not a Place" (Shelley Lochhead and Lawrence Bickford); "Profiting From the Macintosh: Investments in an Electronic Library at Southwest Missouri State University" (John M. Meador, Jr.); "Digitized Document Transmission Using HyperCard" (Eric Lease Morgan and Tracy M. Casorso); "Designing and Evaluating ARCHIMEDES: A HyperCard Reference Aid at the University of Michigan" (Jim Ottaviani and James E. Alloway); "The Gateway to Information: Using Macintosh, HyperCard and MitemView to Simplify Information Seeking at The Ohio State University" (Fred Roecker); "School Libraries and Smart School Development" (Charles Stallard); "HyperCard VIRGO Training" (Christie Stephenson); and "The CORE Project: Formatting Chemistry Information for Screen Display in HyperCard" (Stuart Weibel, Mark Bendig and Will Ray). Also included are an introduction, "The Death of the Library Workstation" (Edward J. Valauskas); a directory of vendors; an index; and a list of the hardware, software, text types, and outputs used in the publication of this collection. (ALF)

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F U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Olfico d Educational Research and Unoroveinetnt EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O Thai docurr.ent nes been reprcxluced as received horn IM parson or organization originating it. 0 Minor chows have been made to improve reproduction Quality

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tic .49k t

27) :)"

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY (1) Monica Ertel

Fifth edition.

Page design and cover graphics by Bill Vaccaro.

General Index and Vendor Index compiled by Edward J. Valauskas.

Special thanks to Monica Er.:31, Nancy John, and Patricia Tegler for their help in the making of this publication.

Also available as a HyperCard stack.

6EST COPY AVAILABLE 3 Madntoshed Libraries

edited by Edward J. ValauskasBill Vaccaro

APPLE LIBRARY USERS GROUP CUPERTINO, CALIFORNIA Dedicated to James Marshall Hendricks (1942-1970) for demonstrating that time respects genius. We'll meet you in another place so don't be late. x Introduction The Death of the Library Workstation Edward J. Valauskas

1 New Horizons in Library Training: Using HyperCard for Computer-Based Staff Training Pauline S. Bayne &Joe C Rader

Developing a computer-based training program for library staff requires a balance between technicalities and oversimplification. At the University of Tennessee Libraries, HyperCard was used to create training for staff, successfully addressing these issues in serials control, automation, acquisitions, cataloging and reference. The program is portable to other libraries; experiments have been conducted at the University of Kentucky Libraries in using the application for training. Further analysis of customization at other institutions is forthcoming.

ti Get a Closet! RonBerntson

The network at Nutana Collegiate consists of 35 Macintoshes and file servers. Currently the network uses rarallon's PhoneNet, Apple's built-in AppleTalk, star controllers, network software and a software router to operate in Nutana. Twelve months after installation, flexibility bectme a major issue in meeting the needs for equipment for students and staff. A new design of the network, with additional cabling and t patch panels should make it easier to move equipment in the school to meet growing demands.

10 Current Periodicals: Subject Access the Mac Way Constance L Foster

At Western Kentucky University, the Library uses a Macintosh to filter and edit information on current serials to produce a periodicals guide for faculty and students. This tool has proven useful in collections develo p ment, reference and serials control with in the Library. It also has provided the Library with a means to communicate to the academic community the extent of serials holdings in specific disciplines. Additionally, the Library has used the information within the guide to generate other lists of serials holdings for its patrons.

ry 15 Projeet ilLUMINAte at the University of Minnesota Libraries Celia Hales-Mabry

The University of Minnesota libraries are experimenting with a computer-assisted instruction program, based in HyperCard, to meet the growing demands of their student population. The program, called ilLUMItAte, has been tested in the autumn of 1991, and will befully implemented in 1992. Given the rapid rise in the number of undergraduates, and their lack of library skills, this application meets their needs and provides for a vehicle for the Library to maintain service in spite of losses in personnel and budget.

19 Pat: Got the Applt. Grant! Help!!! Pat Hunt

j1.1 With Singing light, The Mendoci no Co u nty (CA) Libra ry created an interactive CD-ROM on Native American i life, culture, and history, using more than 300 photographs in combination with songs and local oral t,ifl histories. The project, using a variety of Macintosh hardware and software, provides access to heretofore unavailable materials on local culture, once buried in storage or memory.With a local group of volunteers, Singing Light succeeds in presenting a non-textual interface calculated to attract even the bibliophobic to its contents.

24 ATeaeher'sDream... A Stuclent's Niohtmare: The Minnesota State Test Item Bank on CD-ROM Keith Johnson

MIDEBANK is a CD-ROM educational tool, that allows teachers to have access to some 45,000 standardized questions in a variety of disciplines. Developed by the Minnesota Department of Education, it gives instructors greater flexibility in designing tests, in their ability to edit and add questions. In conjunction with other Macintoshes and educational software, students and faculty enjoy a wealth of opportunities to use technology to their best possible advantage.

28 The Chemist's Crystal Ball Merri Beth Lavagnino & Kimberly Parker

The Chemist's Crystal Ball at Ya le U niversity provides for chem istry faculty and students a single resource for specialized information within their discipline, access to electronic mail and traditional library services, and general campus information. Placing a variety of tools under one interface allows users the luxury of using applications without the trauma of learning specialized and arcane commands and procedures. Further work will allow the development of a customized version to meet the individual needs of users without generating a burden in staff time for software maintenance.

7 tiadntoted limn%I 33 Macintosh in a Supercomputer Library Mary Layman

In the computer-rich environment of the San Diego Supercomputer Center, the Macintosh plays an important role in the Library in providing access to both traditional print materials as well as electronic media. The Library's catalog and specialized databases for computer graphics and archives are based in File Maker Pro. Electronic mail provides a means for the Library to communicate to its clientele, and to respond to their information needs. Future enhancements include a n electronic Library newsletter and the availability of Mac-based CD-ROM information.

37 The Library is Not a Place Shelley Lochhead & Lawrence Bickford

History is best remembered by those who live it.At the Hopkinton High School in Contoocook (NH), eighth- grade students experience the lives of Irish immigrants in Ireland and Boston of the 1840s with an innovative program called Immigrant Students use technology to reconstruct the lives of immigrants on a personal level, by collecting information of historical importance locally with Macintosh Portables and scanners and making the results of their archival research available as scanned images and text. Available to all participants in the project on a network, the resulting tiles provide the students of Hopkinton High a unique means to understand history by reconstructing lives with source material.

42 Profiting From The Macintosh: Investments in an Electronic Library at Southwest Missouri State University John M. Meador, Jr.

The Libraries at Southwest Missouri State University utilize profitsfrom the sales of Apple equipment to the academic community to fund the use of technology for information access. In turn, this abundance of computing tools acts as a catalyst for the Library staff to create HyperCard-based applications for staff and patio. use. The Library's tour stack and the bibliographic Instruction stack called Library Science 101 provide a means for students to better utilize the Library's resources. For the Library staff, the Bibliographer's Workstation focuses a great deal of locally available and remote information into several modules for detailed analysis.

47 Digitized Document Transmission Using HyperCard Eric Lease Morgan & Tracy M. Casorso

The North Carolina State University Digitized Document Transmission Project (NCSU DOW) is an ambitious project to transmit library materials to researchers via the Internet end across campus networks. Scanners and laser printers in participating libraries digitize, transmit and receive documents requested by researchers, which are then delivered electronically or in print. Software and hardware for this system provide maximum flexibility in highly heterogeneous computing environments, thanks to adherence to widely accepted standards and data formats.

Table of Contents 53 Designing and Evaluating ARCHIMEDES: A HyperCard Reference Aid at the University of Michigan Jim Ottavichil & James E. Alloway

ARCHIMEDES is a HyperCard-based reference aid in use at the University of Michigan's Engineering Transportation Library. Using statistical Information on the use of reference by patrons allowed the architects of ARCHIMEDES to develop a utilitarian coliection of stacks. Ely incorporating automatic means within a stack to record usage of different components, a statistical record provides a quantitative basis for dynamic modifications of ARCHIMEDES in the future.

63 The Gateway to Information: Using Macintosh, HyperCard and MitemView to Simplify Information Seeking at The Ohio State University Fred Roecker

The Gateway to Information is a unique combination of HyperCard and MitemView, providing bibliographic guidance and access to a wealth of materials in the Libraries of the Ohio State University. In particular, The Gateway provides a means to examine non-Macintosh electronic databases, including an extensive array of CD-ROM resources and the Libraries' online catalog. Extensive testingprovided guidance in designing an interface that is easy to use for novices and comprehensive for experts. The Gateway is not merely a guide to users of the holdings of the University Libraries; it is a catalyst for the critilal and independent evaluation of research materials.

69 School Libraries and Smart School Development Charles Stallard

The Hampton (VA) Public Schools are converting, over a five-year period, all 33 schools in the District to Smart Schools, that Is, information and technology-rich centers for learning. The Macintosh is an integral part of this program and the Library in each school is the nerve center for electronic resources. Librarians in each school are responsible for network activities, training, and the coordination of software usage. The library c.om m unity is activelycooperatingwith teachers in developing newreso urces forstudents, and improving communications with the District's mainframe.

73 HyperCard VIRGO Training Christie Stephenson

This article describes the development of a HyperCard staff training program for the University of Virginia's NOTIS-based online catalog, VIRGO. The stack was produced in Fall 1991 in the University's Instructional Technology program as part of work in a graduate course entitled Computer Courseware Tools. The interaction with the Training Committee in the process of stack design, the training program itself and the pros and cons of working within the structure of a course all made the development of this stack unique.

tlaciatoted tirades5 78 The CORE Project: Formatting Chemistry Information for Screen Display In HyperCard Stuart Weibel, Mark Bendig et Will Ray

The CORE Project Is a vehicle to bring the traditional world of scholarly publishing into the realm of electronic document retrieval and del ivery.A joi nt effort of Camel!, Bel loom, OCLC, the America n Chemical Society and the Chemical Abstracts Service, the Project alms to make some 200 journals-years electronically available on the desktop. Given the textually complex nature of chemical information, formatting is a crucial Issue In the Project. HyperCard Is usedaformatting workbench, prototyping markup with considerable flexibility.

85 Vendor Index

90 Index

96 About the Editors

98 Toolbox

10 TableOf Contents Introduction: THE DEATH OF THE LIBRARY WORKSTATION

nce upon a time, in the not too distant past, librarians wished that their libraries worked like toasters. Toasters. An electrical appliance to guess what? toast bread.' Since they never could make their libraries work like toasters, they really wanted their computers to operate like toasters. A patron walks in, approaches the computerexcuse me, the Library Workstationhits a few keys, and

Bingo! up pops the Information. Fortunately, for all of us, the Library Toaster I mean the Library

Workstation has become extinct. Libraries are complicated places. Information is complex,

idrardiValauskas

11 ephemeral, variegated and even perverse. information, through online catalogs. Online Patrons do not seek toast thank goodness! catalogs demonstrated that Library Toasters from librarians and their tools, but instead and virtual libraries were impossible fantasies, assistance in finding papers, books, software, because so many other tools beyond the photographs, recordingsalmost any appliance's only capacity to spew forth from intellectual product. In a world where electronic storage were needed to net even a information disposal (42% of all trade few kilobytes of data. paperbacks end up in landfills) is as much as a problem as information access, Library If we conceded that our Toaster couldn't deal Workstations one-trick appliances like with the magnitude of non-electronic infor- toasters never had much of a chance in mation, we might assume that it could handle answering the needs of both librarians and electronic data. It would be all digital, so it patrons wouldn't represent a problem. Unfortunately, the diversity of electronic media makes this Part of the fascination in creating a Library option not quite feasible. Librarians, and not Toaster was that we could have all of informa- library workstations, operate over the entire tion in one place on one machine. A virtual range, ofliring to their clients resources that library right in front of us. Walk right in, and appear on CD-ROMs, diskettes and magnetic have the Toaster butter up Moby Dish for you, tapes, all of varying sizes and formats in a in some pre-digested, easily assimilated form, ofbabel of languages. If the answer can't be course. Library Toasters on this sort of scale found on those, there's always commercial require lots of storage, but not at the expense of and public: remote databases.5 These teciviolo- filling the Reading Room with air conditioned gies are difficult to synthesize except with a metal, silicon and plastic cabinets. Other human interface, the librarian. industries, beyond libraries, were well down the road in providing huge amounts of informa- Perhaps that points to an interesting develop- tion rigged in desktop-sized boxes. For ment as a consequence of the death of the example, airlines had to deal with a question of library workstation. Library Toasters and their transporting manuals or passengers but not inherent virtual libraries represented a form of both Each airplane needs its own informa- technologic concession of the part of one of tional luggage amounting to thousands of the world's oldest professions. It meant that pages of manuals, hundreds of charts, pages librarians admitted that technology alone had and pages of maintenance records and reams ofthe ability to handle information in all of its weather charts. Enter electronic library systems. quantity and diversity. Simply, this passive These devices manage more than five gigabytes complicity meant that librarians were the of data, updatable every time the plane parks at "chattel of inanimate chattels."6 a gate.3 Here was the answer for libraries. Right? Wrong. Unfortunately for those would- Instead, Library Toasters and their virtual be inventors of Library Toasters, information libraries were flawed from the start. Imagine for libraries is not as concentrated as how you use a library. You deal with a library immediately available all in one place as for and its resources in stages. You walk in, airlines. A library has never existed that has had acclimate yourself to surroundings psychologi- an utterly complete and accessible collection of cally and physically and then browse and hunt everything from notorious masterworks to to your intellectual satisfaction. Virtual libraries obscure doggerels in one place.' It's a little and their operational front-ends these impossible to dehydrate all of the world's Toasters assumed that you had already gone knowledge into a Library Toaster if you have tothrough that preparation and were ready to be spend lifetimes rounding it all up. If anything, dumped into the middle of a vast and deep computers in libraries demonstrated the information reservoir.? Patrons turned away diversity and geographical distribution of from Library Toasters and their lack of

111111111111111111111111111111W Introcluetion/VGIOUSkOS xi 12 sympathy to this human condition of requiring conceptual vehicles, allowing us to rethink, prelude. They turned to more appropriate with prejudices removed, how we should analogs to themselves librarians -- in their make information available. As the case searches for books, reports and videocassettes. studies here prove, we are embarking on quite a notable adventure, where imagination Rather than reduce patrons to slaves of a giventriumphs, and creativity is stimulated by a computer's interpretation of information, remarkable combination of human intelli- librarians provided patrons an unprogranima- gence wedded to mechanical fortitude. ble option imagination. In our inform:- lion -rich world, computers are only tools Notes quite handy tools in the right hands, as inciicated by the tone of the essays in this 1. Peter Davies (ed.), TixArnericartHeriAegrDictionaty volume. These instruments provide a means oftheEnglishLanguage.paperbacked.,7th printing. New to escape the drudgery of manual and printed York Dell, 1973, p. 726. files and provide access to files which had 2. Dirk J. Stratton, "Down the paper trail," Aldus never seen the form of paper. The value of Magazine, v. 3, no. 2 (Jan.-Feb. 1992), p. 80. networks was not their sum of gigabytes of 3. Anon., "New electronic library systems represent $1- stored data or their megabytic speeds. It was, billion market potential," Aviation Week dr Space as these case studies prove, the ability of Technology, v. 134, no. 25 (June 24, 1991), p. 77. librarians to use their imaginations and tools 4. Also noted in Joseph J. Bran in, 'Delivering on at hand to transform objects, to create promises: the intersection of print and electronic connections, to classify resources and to find information systems in libraries,* WormationTechnology ways of taking advantage of electronic files and Libraries, v. 10, no. 4 (Dec. 1991), p. 330.

and hardware in novel ways.8 S. See summary in Mary Jo Lynch, "Ac ess technology in academic libraries," College drResearchLibrariesNews, The needs of our patrons are never more v. 53, no. 4 (April 1992), pp. 243-244. crucial to the survival of libraries than now. 6. The entire quote reads "Human history is simply the We'll find in our operiments with computers histotyofthe servitude wh ich makes men... the plaything much like many of the authors in this of the instruments of domination they themselves have volume that our patrons will surprise us manufactured, thus reducing li'ring humanity to being the chattel of inanimate chattels." From Simon Weil's with their demands and preferences. Even Oppression and Liberty, quoted in David McLellan, sophisticated clients will provide a source of Utopian pe.vissirt: the life and thought of Simone Weil. wonderment. For example, a survey was New York Poseidon Press, 1990, p. 83. recently completed of the needs of researchers 7. To quote Mark Bolas of Fake Space Labs in Menlo in the Department of Energy. The results Park, Calif, "You want them to be able to gradually proved that even these computer-literate leave this woad and go into the virtual reality world. It's developers preferred their information in a like talking on the telephone; you don't pick it up and you're instantly talking to someone. You gradually enter timely fashion on paper and from local, on- into conversation and you choose how involved or site libraries or colleagues. Even with the uninvolved you want to be. In virtual reality, that seems expansion of networks, there was still a serious to be missing?' From Michael Alexander, "Virtualreality still unrealistic,* Computersvorg v. 25, no. 25 (June 24, regard for paper as an ultimate form for data, 1991), p. 20. as well as °pica' disks.9 8. Daniel P. Dern, "Applying the Internet," Byte, vol. 17, no. 2 (Feb. 1992), 111+ and Jon Udell, "Infoglut at The myth of the all-seeing, all-knowing your fingertips," Byte, vol. 17, no. 3 (March 1992), p. library workstation gave us a chance to touch 364. reality, by allowing us to confront the needs of our patrons anew in our attempts to invent 9. Amy B. Finnerty, "DOE STI user needs study overview of results," and `STI user needs assessment virtual libraries. If library workstations earn a executive summary,* presented at I nfotech '91 (US DOE footnote in the history of automation of Technical Information (TI) Meeting), 22-23 May 191, libraries, it indeed may be in their role as U.S. Dept. ofEnergy, Office ofScientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, Tenn. xii 13 liaintoshed Urn* New he need for economically feasible, Horizons systematic training of staff in academic and research libraries spurred our original interest in lIl investigating HyperCard as a tool for the

Library development of computer-based training (CBT). Trainino Thanks to grants from the U.S. Department of Education and Apple Computer, we worked with

Using HyperCard for a team of librarians todevelop HyperCard-based

Computer-Based instructional units that have been implemented at

Staff Training the University of Tennessee (UT) Libraries and

distributed widely to other libraries. The program

Pauline S. Bayne 8 Joe C. Rader is called New Horizons in Library Training:

Computer-Based Training fir Library Staff:

14 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Library of Congress classification (Fig. 3); and We chose the topics to be developed as resourcesharing. CBT units based on survey responses from the directors or personnel officers of the GENERIC INSTRUCTION Association of Research libraries. Extensive testing and revision of parts of the whole A central development goal was to create program occurred over the course of15 generic instruction, useable by other months. The content, pacing, level of academic libraries, and perhaps public complexity, use of sound and graphics and libraries, with little modification except consistency of presentation in style and for the unit on orientation to the UT format were recurring issues. Additionally, libraries. Local information, such as the planning and programming HyperTalk names and locations of library depart- scripts, with the ability to track and record ments or processing practices, is accessed trainee performance uno^otrusively, by buttons which take trainees through required extensive effort. loops of cards or fields of information. Modifications can be made in several

Fig. I : In the University of Tennessee HyperCard -based trainingprogram for library staff, leaning is reinforced by review Wattle' ingredients for snaillike catalog Yes. activities throughout and by "test" ere: software to run the system, enough computer equipment for meaty users, end We had questions for certain units. In this example, bibliographic records in a card the right answer panel is shown as itwould catalog. Those records must be be afterthe trainee had chosen correctly. converted to a machine-readable form in order to have en online O machine-reedable records Indatebese catalog. 0 MIMIC indexes 0 printers

The program was aimed at newly-hired ways. The local buttons may simplybe students and full-time :Taff. This audience removed leaving the related cards in place created a challenge the program had to but unaccessible to trainees. Or, local be simple for those who had never worked images and information may be substitut- in a library but also not so elementary to ed. Some knowledge of basic HyperCard bore those with library experience (Fig. 1). operations is necessary, but the task is The goal was to convey basic information quite approachable with minimal experi- about working in libraries even though we ence. Librarians who findthe training recognized the necessity of adding other units attractive should be able to modify topics over time. The topics included the small percentage of local information initially were: in much less time than it would take to develop such units. orientation to libraries; access to periodicals (Fig. 2); PROJECT REPLICATION computers in libraries; acquisition and processing of A follow-up project was begun in June materials; 1991 by us with Jill Keally, Personnel reference services; librarian at li r Libraries, in cooperation

liacintoshed libraries Fig. 2: The 'Where at UT' button I . illustrates the option of allowing an institution to include local information Places fa loops while maintaining an instructional where focus that is generic in its basic design. penodicals might be found ...

Cerra*

with a group of librarians at the Universi- the project will occur in the spring of ty of Kentucky (UK), headed by Gail 1992. Kennedy. The research team decided to replace the local information in all How LONG DOES IV TAKE? training units, to convert the stacks from HyperCard1.2 toHyperCard 2.0, and to Modifications of local information administer pre- and post-tests to a group included scanning of photographs and of UK Library employees who had had no drawings, removal and replacement of prior exposure to computer-based training information, design of a new menu in libraries. UK librarians were introduced screen, and replacement of the "Stop" to the training units and to the implemen- button to bring each trainee backtothe tation procedures used at UT. In July and program menu rather than to "Shut- August, local information and graphics down." Approximately 125 screens of were provided and replaced in the stacks, information in six training units were which were then converted to HyperCard changed in 80 hours. Conversion to 2.0,and reviewed. HyperCaa 2.0 presented very few problems but did require painstaking Implementation of the CBT program at review of all CBT stacks. The most UK occurred between September 1991 common problems related to field size through February 1992 in computer either a few letters at the end of a text field laboratories used both by university were cut off or an extra line of space students and library staff Assessment of appeared hi fields. Corrections were made

Fig. 3: Developers provided options that - allow trainees to control their learning as

much as possible in terms of sequence, The Library of Congress Classification System divides all timing, and in some cases, amount of knowledge into twenty-one major classes, such as religion, repetition. The goal was to make the history, and education. structure unobtrusive. A letter from A to Z is used to represent each class.

Click on the class buttons to see their LC class letters.

New Hrizons/Bayne & Rader 16 by enlarging the fields slightly. HyperCard THE FUTURE 2.0 conversion and checking took about 15 hours. Although some aspects of the original program at UT have been completed, PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION other CBT projects are already underway or are being planned. Representative are a Copies of the CBT stacks (in HyperCard one-year review of the full implementa- 12.x) and accompanying materials are tion of the CBT program at UT and available to other libraries in two ways. conversion to HyperCard 2.0, adaptation The program consists of seven units on 14 of some parts of the instruction for user diskettes and may be obtained from the education, the development of additional Apple Library Template Exchange.' The "generic" units [e.g., on preservation of HypesCani stacks may also be download- materials], and the creation of comple- ed via the Internet from the University of mentary staff -CBT units at the depart- Tennessee Library to your own computer mental level. The aptness of the tide of the using File Transfer Protocol (F1-13).2 The program is dearer now than ever New computer address is uddiblib.utic.edu. Horizons in Library Trainingwas not a conclusion but only a. beginning.t The prograin was first distributed in April 1991, and since then over 230 requests forNotes information have been filled and more 1. The 14 diskettes cost $25 and are available from the than 75 sets of diskettes have been ordered Apple Library Template Exchange, Apple Library Users through the Template Exchange. We plan Group, 10381 Bandley Drive, MS. 8-C, Cupertino, CA to survey those who have requested 95014. information or ordered the stacks to learn 2. A program brochure, project report, and FTP in- how and where these staff training structions are available from us. materials are being used.

Joe C. Rader (left) is Associate Pmfesor and Head ofthe University kchies at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TH 37996. Joe can be contacted at 6I S/914.0048 (yoke), RADEfi@ UTIVX (gibut), or at rade@ utkradudu

(Internet).

Pauline S. Bayne(right) is Professor and Head of the Husk library at die University of Tennessee, Knoxville, N 31996. She can be contacted at 61S/9743414 (yoke), BAYNE@UTHYX (Bitnet), or at [email protected]

Onitmet)

4 17 Macintahed libraries I REST COPY AVAILABLE n my own way, I'm trying plan for the

electronic future of the library at Nutana

Collegiate. For any other school librarian with

the same aspiration, I have one practical

recommendation that may not be obvious at

the beginning set aside a location that will

house your file servers and centralize all your

wiring. This location is commonly known as a

telephone closet. GetaCloset!

Ron Berntson Before I start throwing out terms like RJ11,

Ethernet, patch panels, and punchdown

blocks, I need to proselytize. You may already be among the elect, believing that the population of 400 students and 17 library of the future will be heavily professional staff, we are doing well. electronic. To be a part of that future means understanding the underlying I have a vision of the future. I want to hardware and software on which our provide easily accessible hardware and systems are built. Ignorance means ending software that improves student and up with an inflexible network that doesn't teacher productivity. I also want to supply meet your needs. a wide range of information through the network magazine and vertical file So, I would encourage you to master the material, collections of graphic images, arcanum of network hardware design. It encyclopzdias and other computer isn't easy. First, information and expertise equivalents of typical reference .vorks. on network design comes from the worlds These types of materials are becoming of business and higher education. Schools available. There are problems with and libraries have different conditions network access, cost and suitability for each computer may have a wide number primary and secondary education, but of users and there is a high Deed for many of these problems are being ironed security (you don't want students messing out. with system files). As a small example, it's impractical for student workstations to In addition to changing software and have hard disks. The second difficulty hardware, school programs change. In our you'll face is coping with the constant small, inner-city school, enrollment changes in the market place. There will patterns shift and we continually develop always be new hardware and software that new programs that try to better meet the affect your decisions. Finally, information needs of our students. Even in simple and on networking is scattered; there's no obvious ways, our school program convenient manual that tells you how to changes this semester we retired the plan for a library or school network. typing lab, and business education is now based in the computer lab. What follows is the story of Nutana Collegiate's network. In spite of the FLEXIBILITY technical detail in this saga, I don't have the necessary space or time to fill you in Because of these changes, a network has to on all you might need to know. I encour- be designed for flexibility. If I had to do it age you to read manuals, look at catalogs, all over again, I would plan for better and talk to sales personnel and discuss net- more flexibility. It costs more money works with other more experienced initially because you spend more on librarians. wiring your sanity may also be ques- tioned because it looks like you are over- BACKGROUND building. However, my recommendation is to distribute your workstations and As the school librarian, I'm also the other user hardware resources wherever manager of the school network. Right now, they are needed, but centralize network we have 35 Macintosh computers and four hardware and wiring in one convenient file servers to meet the needs of staff and location. students. Most workstations are in the computer lab, but there are also machines THE NETWORK distributed in the library, classrooms and teacher workrooms. For a school with a Let me walk you through our medium- sized network (Fig. 1). You have to have

19 6 Madntoted Libraries some physical way of connecting your them. One leg of a star controller can computers to the file servers. There are all accommodate one or two devices. It's sorts of different wire and connectors. possible to put up to four devices on a leg We've chosen, for now, to go with without network speed slowing ix) a crawl. Farallon's PhoneNet system that uses relatively inexpensive telephone wire and The twelfth leg of each star controller goes RJ11 connectors (RJ11 connectors look to a file server, running network software like standard telephone jacks). We are (Waterloo MacJAIVETinour case) and using the built in AppleTalk network providing access to data and software. We interface available in all recent Macintosh- could also attach hardware like CD-ROM es. In the future, I predict that the faster players to a file server. Even using star Ethernet system will be the basis of most controllers, the more devices competing Macintosh networks. As evidence, on a network, the slower the traffic. It is Ethernet interfaces were built into the possible to isolate different parts of your new Quadra Macintoshes released in the network into zones most of the traffic fall of 1991. occurs within a zone. This isolation is the result of using a router, either a hardware

Fig. I :The network at Nutana Red Zone Green Zone Collegiate consists of 35 Mac'ntoshes and file servers, serving a population of ICO studentsand 17 staff. 0= Star Controller = File Server '

Star controllers are the most obvious or software router. Again, in our case, we feature in our network; we use the 300 are using a software router (Apple's model from Farallon. Star controllers are InterNet Router)that runs on three of the like traffic cops. Instead of many comput- file servers. 'While users mostly work in ers competing for a slice of the electronic one zone, they can communicate at a highway, each leg of the star controller is reduced speed with servers and other dedicated to a few computers or network devices in other zones. printers. While in our case the computers happen to be Macintoshes, on an Apple- On the Green Zone there are two file Talk network they could also be Apple servers on one leg of the star controller. Iles and IIGSs or MS-DOS machines The second server holds all of the teacher with an AppleTalk card. network accounts and provides some measure of security for their work. When a computer has to communicate with a device on another leg of the NETWORK ARCHITECTURE network, the star controller ensures orderly and speedy transfer of informa- So much for the conceptual layout of our tion. For each of the three star controllers network. We lost flexibility because of the on our current network, eleven of the legs physical design. Our initial physical layout have computers or printers plu;:ecl into had short legs running from the comput-

Get a Closet1/Bemtson t 7 20 ers to the star controllers and long legs Then long runs of cable should have going from the star controller to the room connected the workstations to the star which housed the file servers. We hid two controllers. We will gradually switch over star controllers in the ceiling of the to this kind of setup. computer lab and one more in the ceiling of the library. Putting the file servers in Our new layout will use a number of one room has been convenient, mainte- different cabling distribution elements nance of the network software is relatively (Fig. 2). In any location with a large painless. number of legs (L c., the computer lab), each leg will be connected to a punch- Within a year, the flaws of this approach down block. A punchdown block is a surfaced thanks to events over which we device for easily connecting wires. Coming out of the punchdown block will Legs be trunk cable with the appropriate Fig. 2: A new physical layout number of wires. For instance, we will be of the network will sin plifi usinga cable that carries 25 pairs of wire; maintenance, and add this trunk terminates in the server room at greater flexibility. another punchdown block. The punchdown block in the server room can be directly connected to a patch panel through a special Amphenol cable. The patch panel is simply a board with four R.I11 receptacles for every line. The star

NMI Trunk Cable Amphenol cable

P P PPPatch Panel P P111111 PD Punchdown block

S Star Controller

Patch Cables

had little control. Rooms changed, controllers also have their own patch teachers became interested in using panels. To configure the network, it's technology in their classrooms and simply a matter of plugging jumpers from enrollments in classes changed. We have start controller patch panel into the cable capacity where we don't need it and no distribution patch panel. It should be capacity where we do need it. While we much easier. The key advantage to all this can add new wiring to service new wiring is your ability to swap lines to locations, it isn't easy to shuffle all the where they are needed via the patch wiring to meet the new demands. It panels. should be a matter of unplugging unused legs and plugging in new legs. Our initial There are some disadvantages. First, you wiring made this difficult. With hind- have to master all of the elements of the sight, the star controllers should have been newly designed network. I've simplified it, located in the same room as file servers. but it's a matter of sitting down with pen,

8 21 Hadatoshed libraries paper, and catalogs and trying out Ethernet 10Base-T -- uses four different schemes. Second, you have to be telephone wires instead of PhoneNet's able to communicate what you want and two. If you add Ethernet capacity, it why you want to do it to the technician should simply be a matter of iewiring doing the wiring as well as to the principal punchdown blocks, adding new patch who's paying the bills. Third, this panels and not having to restring cable. "luxury" wiring scheme adds to the total cost of your network. A roll of 25 pair Our school system has been developing an wire cost us over $US 1,000. The inter-school network based on Digital punchdown blocks and patch panels are Equipment hardware. Other schools and all additional expenses. However, you can libraries in our jurisdiction also have develop your system in stages. Put the AppleTalk or MS-DOS based networks. trunk cable and punchdown blocks in Beyond our immediate area, there are a first and ten iporarily wire the star control- number of opportunities for connecting lers. The pitch panels can come later. A electronirAy. Just as businesses are final advantage to this kind of scheme connecting locations through wide area increases the chances of a "break" in the networks, I envision a day when schools cabling. Installation has to be carefully and small libraries will be tightly connect- done and tested. ed through electronics. How this will be done, I don't know for now, but I'm LAST BUT POT LEAST keeping my eyes open. This is just one more stage in planning our future elec- Two final considerations might go into tronic library.t your network wiring Ethernet and Wide Area Networks. First, try to build in Ron Berntson is the librarian and Network Manager extra capacity. In addition to adding more at Nutana Colegiate in Saskatoon, Sallootheran. When PhoneNet legs, unused wires in the trunk not batting cabling and star controllers, he can be cable may come in handy when it comes readied at his school at 411 Eleventh Street East, time to use Ethernet. One version of Saskatoon, Szkatcbewao S7K SH8 Canada. Phone: 3061653-1677.

Get a CleeetUBerntson 9 J. s a serials librarian and supervisor, Ifind my few voluntary hours each

week in Reference Services a truly humbling experience.' My command

of serials lingo and skills as a supervisor matter little to patrons needing a quick

answer to yesterday's assignment. My expertisedoes little to help a student

with only ten minutes to spare, preparing a speech in Communications 145.

Questions such as "Which journals have articles about drugs? I don't need

to see them, just list them," or"I have to look at three music journals

where are they?" hurriedly bring to my mind images of OPACs, COM Current Periodicals: Subject Access the Mac Way

Constance L roster

23 catalogs, CD-ROMs and directories for current library periodicals. We included all answers. Almost instantaneously, howev- tides that are shelved in the main library, er, I reach calmly for the WKU Libraries Kentucky library, Educational Resources Subject Guide to Cwwst Periodicals, a Center, and Science Library. modest 27-page document in a plastic report cover. I turn to the subject in We then scrutinized the assigned LC question and find a list of periodicals. headings in relation to our university's This printed guide is a result not only of current catalog of department names my hours at the reference desk and in the (Accounting, Home Economics, Physics serials unit but also the product of a and Astronomy, etc.) and course offerings Macintosh computer and several software in the semester registration bulletin to programs. This guide lists all of our coordinate terminology and refine library's current, uncataloged periodicals headings for local use. This process took and newspapers. It serves as an additional approximately 40 hours of staff time (for access point for information in our one person) with consultations and medium-sized library. revisions by me.

To assimilate 2,550 titles into 70 distinct With a list of 79 subject headings original- subjects was possible thanks to our online ly for 2,550 titles, we used a Macintosh serials check-in and information manage- Plus at the Faculty Media Center and a ment system at the Libraries of Western very early version of Microsoft Works to Kentucky University and the ease and fun alphabetize the tides within each subject.2 of using a Macintosh. Through the Faxon We treated each subject heading with its Company's LINX system, we communi- periodicals as an individual export file. cate with a mainframe computer thou- Piece-by-piece, the whole document was sands of miles away. With Faxon's serials transported into a layout and design check-in component called SC-10, we program (Ready,Set;Go!, version 4.0 at immediately update our serials records that time) for final presentation in a two- and receive quick turnaround time for column format The pages were linked management reports, based on several togeth, : so that the entire document fields such as fund, routing, call number, adjusted automatically for each addition Library of Congress (LC) subject classifi- or deletion. If we started from scratch cation code. When we first input all of now, we would certainly simplify our our check-in information eight years ago, methods and take advantage of more we also made the decision to utilize as powerful applications. many fields as possible for complete serials information online and to select the Data entry involved two people (a staff appropriate LC code for the "sisl" (subject member and me) for about 37 hours, or a information service line) field. For three-week period, and an additional three uncataloged periodicals, we assigned a hours to move all the export files into two-letter LC code in the absence of a Ready,Set,Go!The database was easily the standard code. most time-consuming part of the entire assignment. To keep track of new titles, To compile a guide based on subject deletions, and other changes that affect headings, we first requested a printout by the file, I keep a "working" copy of the "sisl" ofour complete check-in records from gukic at arm's length to record updates Faxon. This computer printout served as immediately. This process ensures the our wakir,g copy. Next we eliminated reliability of the guide and the database extraneous tides, cataloged serials or (in part, thanks to my home-bound membership records that were not true Macintosh SE130).

Current Periodieale/Foster 24 11 The final version of the Subject Guide is own way of housing the guide.Originally, issued by the University's print shop or we published the guide twice a year; now copy center. We follow a format consis- we only print it in autumn. Printing costs tent with other University Libraries for 1991 remained fairly stable. By publications (Fig. 1). The Dean of switching to the University's copy center Libraries distributes the guide to depart- from the print shop, we actually reduced ment liaisons, department heads, deans, costs to $55.00 for 125 copies, without and directors each fall during his meetings sacrificing quality. with the various colleges. Each library faculty member receives a copy; the In addition to its use as a reference tool, reference and periodicals librarians keep many library faculty compile statistics

Fig. The title page of the Subject Guide follows the University format for all publications. It is updated on an annual WESTERN KINTUCKY basis, with an additional file of periodicals UNIVERSITY listed alphabetically by title. SUBJECT GUIDE TO CURRENT PERIODICALS R (Including TRW Listing) A Ft

E S

1991/1992 edition

Compiled by Constance G. Foster Jannde Brooks

copies at their information desks for quick from the guide for reports requiring access. We also send a copy tothe public number of titles held in a specific area like library and upon request to the general "Reading," "Education," or "Nursing." It public. is particularly useful for accreditation reviews and for new faculty to assess the For 1988, printing cost $74.00 for 120 collection in terms of individual expertise copies with an additional $14.00 for (Fig. 2). The collection development report covers. We discontinuedfurnishing coordinator and librarians with depart- report covers and now distributethe guide mental liaison responsibilities use it to with stapled pages and a note to discard check for tides noted in core lists, for earlier editions. We assume our patrons support of new programs, orfor bibliogra- reuse the original binder or devisetheir phies, just to name a few uses.

12 liadatoshed !brad kiS 25 Fig. 2: A sample page Wind from the SubjectGuidelists ARCHITECTURE Wintothur Portfolb Mocha! fuer Kunstgeschichte titres in architecture, art American Planning Association astronomy, and banking, Architectural Design ASTRONOMY revealing the diverse Archlectumi Digest Archliectural Record American Astronomical Society. Bulletin nature of the Library's Archaeclure Archaeorottonowly holdings and the range of Contract Design Astronomical Aknanac Planning Astronomical Journal disciplines within the Prolesebnal Builder & Remodelar Astronomy University. Progressive kohliedure MIrophysicsi Journal Society of Architectural Hislorians. Journal Astrophyeloal Lean and Cornmuficaibns Astrophysks and Space Science ART Wish Astron2inical A:Podia:tn. Journal Experknerael Ashon3my AmericanArt Journal Grath Meow American Mid Icarus: Informational Journal of Solar System Studies American Craft Journal for the History of Astronomy Antiques I Collecting Hobbies Planstarian Apollo Royal Astronomical Suety. Monthly Notices Alohkas of American Art. Journal Sky and Telescope rt Art I Academe Soviet Astronomy Art a Antiques U.S. Nautical Almanac Cabe. Aknanac for Computers Ad I Design Vistas in Astronomy Art Bulletin Art Direction BANKING An Education Art Hiram ABA Banking Jouinal An in America Bar* Management Art Intemetbrui Bank** Magazine Art Journal Federal Rennie Bark of Manta. Economic Review Mum Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Economic Annews Peves Arts Magazine Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Economic Review Asian M Federal Rosana Bank of Dallas. Economic Review Buronglon Magazine Federal Reserve Bari( of Kansas City. Economic Canadian Ad Review Commit:salon Ma Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Ouarterly Review neonate Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Mutiny Review Gattwodd F--ark. I_ Reims Bank of Philadelphia. SWIMS Gazette des Beaux Ms Review Graphis Magazine: International Journal for Graphic Art Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. acttornic Review Journal of Aesthetic Education Federal Reserve Sarno( San Frarbisco. Ecionorrib Journal of Early Southern Decorative Ad Review Louisville Review Federal Reserve Bank of Si Louis. Review Magazine Anhwei Financial Analysts Journal Metier Dnrakqe Financial Executive: FE Metropolitan Museum of M. Bulletin Mancha Management NAEA Advisory (National MI Education Assn) Financial Fibbing NAEA News Financial MIAOW New CrIterbn Financial World: FW Wool Ms Forbes (onicro) Scuipttze Review Pontine (+micro) Smithsonian Sashes In American Art Independent Banker Southern Accents Institutional mvedor Studies in Ad Education International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments Studio trtemuntiat &Mirka Tamarind Papers Inlernetkinal Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade

When academic departments like Man- try to stress in a low-profile manner that agement and Marketing split, we accom- the guide is not an accurate representation modate that change by dividing the of departmental fund allocations and that journals into two separate subject areas. it does not represent a mechanism for Since our government faculty teach budgetary decisions. We have more political science and prefer all titles under sophisticated reports from Faxon for that government, we make a cross-reference, purpose. "Political Science see Government." We

1111111111111M. Current PerioglieaWFoster 26 13 The guide has also aided in the battle creating a title list. Even with more against rising serials costs. I used it to complete bibliographic access to periodi- create a document entitled "Serials cals in the near future via an integrated Costing $200 or More." It is arranged by library system, the need for almost instant college and by fund code using the reference via a paper guide will not Macintosh and a word processor. This list disappear for awhile. is extremely useful in highlighting the escalating prices of journals, especially In our high-tech library world sur- scientific, medical, and technical tides. rounded by coaxial cables, fiber optics and the bleeps of PCs and CD-ROM worksta- Once the Subject Guide appeared, tions the guide is a resource filtering the suggestions for enhancements surfaced overload of information by offering basic through memos, conversations, and self- facts on current periodicals. By its very imposed ideas. A recent improvement is nature; it guarantees absolutely no down an alphabetical title list of current periodi- time. It offers to our clientele a computer cals, appended to the guide. Although this product without the interface, in a most listing adds 14 double-sided pages to the familiar medium.t guide, the arrangement is useful for those confused over potential subject headings Notes for a specific title. This particular process 1. This article is a revision of 'Subject Access to took four and a half hours to transfer the Periodicals:A Main-Mac Combo" which firse appeared initial export files into a word processor in College 6. Research Libraries NMI in Februay 1990 for alphabetical sorting and editing. (v.52, no.2). Permission to reuse portions of the text has been kindly grantedbytheAmerican LibraryAssociation. Another four hours was used to match the list against the most recent guide, noting 2. Our Library and campus are not vety Macintosh- all the changes since the 1988 edition. oriented, so the Faculty Media Center and the new grant-funded Center for Teaching and Learning Title access offers a quick check to the represent havens for Mac users. serials holdings of the University.

In some ways we may have created a Constance L. Foster is Associate Professor and monster, requiring constant feeding and Seiah Supervisor at the Helm-Cryan library, Western care. The initial concept of subject access Kentociry University in Bowling Green, Kandy 42101. to periodicals has turned out to be quite She can be reached by phone at S021145 -6160, or popular. With the serials database in dectionicaly on Bine at VOSIIRC.WKYINft electronic form, we manipulate the information more easily, as in the case of

27 14 &detailed Wades team of librarians have been at work in the

Wilson Library at the University of Minnesota for over a year now, to complete the first phase of a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) project dubbed

"ilLUMINAte." Named after the University Libraries' successful online public catalog, LUMINA, the ilLUMINAte modules include the following: Project ilLUMINAte at the University of Minnesota Libraries

Celia Hales-Mabry

28 tools to search LUMINA via WHY Do WE NEED THIS PROGRAM? author, tide, subject, and keyword; a means to identify and locate Undergraduates using the University of periodical articles; and Minnesota Libraries confront a formida- navigational guides to the Library. ble array of obstacles. The vast majority of students arrive at the University without A successful pilot was carried out in the experience in using a research library, and autumn of 1991 in the University of with no uniform sex of basic skills for Minnesota's College of Liberal Arts library use. They are not currently (CIA) in the Composition Program. required to take any instruction introduc- Revision of the modules is underway, ing them to library resources, or to the based on the feedback gleaned from this broader issues of information proliferation experiment. Full implementation in and evaluation. New computer technolo- doses is anticipated for fall 1992. gies will make the Libraries even more difficult to comprehend, as these systems WHAT ELSE DOES IT ENTAIL? change over time while students attempt wake sense of them. The sheer number This CM project is not just computer- of students at the University of Minnesota based. Teaching assistants in CIA's needing orientation and instruction far Composition Program can give their outpaces the number of librariansprovid- students a broader understanding of the ing orientation and instruction through utility of the Library using several tools conventional means. induding ilLUMINAte, and transparencies prepared by the Library staff These WHO ARE THE FACES IN THE PROJECT? enhancements are completely voluntary and depend upon the interests of the The computer-assisted instruction project teaching assistants. involved a team including Celia Hales- Mabry (Project Leader), Kay Kane, HOW WILL IT BE IMPLEMENTED? Barbara Kautz, Loralee Kerr, Mary Koenig, Julia Schulz, and Shirley Stanley. Julia Teaching assistants sign up their classes Schult provided much of the script writing for a laboratory session or sessions during and computer "whiz" work, as the only class time. Surprisingly, this scheduling member of the team with previous was preferred by teaching assistantsin the experience in computer programming. In pilot, in spire of free access to the lab our own debates on ourdependency on during other hours. Several programs will Julia's skills, we realized that it would eventually be involved, including the definitely have been necessary to consult University's writing program in the with an accomplished programmer to General College. There may be some formulate the relatively complex scripts that 10,000 students in any given academic area part of the project.HyperCard can be year that will potentially benefitfrom this learned, however, and that fact stimulated program, making it one of thelargest of us to investigate thepotential of the its kind. These statistics reveal the Macintosh for this effort. importance of this project; the library staff cannot handle such numbers ofstudents Additionally, Susan Hoffman handled the in any other way. ilLUMINAte offers an pilot implementation and evaluation for option to provide an interactive learning the College of Liberal Arts. Karen Beavers experience that potentially is even more prepared the transparencies. And Susan effective than classroom instruction. Gangl will handle an upcoming pilot in the General College.

16 2S &doted tirades A twist to the usual application of the resulted in some improvements. There is a Macintosh is that one of the modules (the decided advantage to having reference keyword module, authored by Shirley librarians learn the computer program. If Stanley and Mary Koenig) is written in funding is later cut, the program maybe IBM's ToolBook application. Students in slowed down, but will not be jeopardized. the lab resisted very little in switching Most of us wrote directly on the Mac, from one computer to another. In the others used word processors, transferring future, all modules will be available on information eventually to HyperCard both Macintosh and IBM platforms. Either input technique seems to work equally well; it is a matter of personal Another team of librarians at the University preference. of Minnesota, based at the St. Paul Campus Libraries, are also writing comput- One must be tolerant of delays and er-misted instruction with HyperCard setbacks. In our own project, we have not Their project is for a stand -alone course in been able to expand to further modules in the Department of Rhetoric. In total, we the current year, as planned, because of are experimenting in a variety of ways with staff cutbacks. Unfortunately, we lost our providing library instruction via CAI at the most experienced scriptwriter, we are University of Minnesota. quite fortunate to have learned HyperCard in the course of the project. There is a WHAT MIGHT WE RECOMMEND steep learning curve to HyperCard Once TO OTHERS? the initial fear over programming has subsided and you are really "into" the Our feedback was far more positive than program the work progresses smooth- otherwise, but one fact has emerged so far: ly. Certainly allowances have to be made Be interactive! Allow the Macintosh user for floundering you need to be tolerant of input data directly on the keyboard, and to yourself and your group during this have an opportunity to provide immediate necessary hurdle. Snags in the program are feedback Try to maintain a certain tempo to be expected and should not be treated to the instruction, and don't insult your as major roadblocks. Just work your way audience by going too slowly, or at too through them with patience. elementary a level. Students like to have some choice in the course of inputting. SUMMARY They enjoy immediate feedback to test the accuracy of their work This program was not developed overnight. With a beginning, a group of eight Frequent tests were welcomed by the librarians are carrying the project forward. students. In our project, we are not setting Given the constraints of staff size, budget, up the computer to grade tests. Students and rising student population, there is a do not feel threatened when they know need for a new approach to the very real that only they know the results, and that problem of meeting student needs in they are learning. using the Library. A course-integrated CAI program of library instruction is an WOULD WE DO ANYTHING idea whose time has come, and the DIFFERENTLY? University of Minnesota Libraries is poised to offer just such an option to There are some operational changes in the many of its students.t course of our work that would have

Project ilLUMINAte/Hales-Mabry 30 17 Celia Hales-Mabry, Ph.D, (center) is la ItittlCd The Project ilLUMINAte team. L to R: (make Instruction libraian at the Wdson library of the University of Kerr, bead of die Entomology, Fisheries and nib Library; Kay Minnesota. She originated the conmpt of BWMINAie and heads up Kane, refereacelinstrtiction librarian; Celia Hales-Mabry; Barbara the project. Her background in bibliographic instruction includes Kautz, reference/kat/licks' librarian; and Julia E. Sault, reference leadership, since 1980, in various programs at Eat Carolina librarian for MINIM, Minnesota's statewide Bray network. Not University, die University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and the shown are Mary Koenig-Loring, coordinator of the University of University of Minnesota. She an be reached at the Humanities/ Minnesota Libra's' activities for the Tide VI International Studies Social Sciences libraries, University of Minnesota, 180 Wilson grant, and Wiley Stanley, bibliographer for sociology and social limy, 309 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Phone: work at die University of Minnesota libraries. 612/624-5578.

18 31 tladatoshed libraries 0l7 6,04144.tick hinking back, I was excited to see that note. I knew

6r-Potf. that Henry Bates, our intrepid director,

was applying for a grant from Apple I Computer under the Apple Library of

Tomorrow (ALOT) program. What I

didn't know was that it would consume

my life for a year and a half.

Pat Hunt

2, The grant proposal summarized the I had no idea what we might do to make good project as such: use ofthe grants. Even so, I wam'tworrie4 because we hada meeting in Sacramento "Using scanning and voice recorder with the staffethe California State Library technologies with CD-ROM capabilities, the and a consultant recommended by Apple: the California Indian library Collection Project high powered Abbe Don, as well as the and Mendocino County library will work in firrmidalde Professor Lee Davis ftom the collaboration to develop a multimedia Lowk Museum ofAnthropology at Cal database that will electronically disseminate Benkeky. Ijust knew thry would tell me what information to various organizations and to do. When toe all sat down at the meeting individuals interested in Native California, table everyone koked at me, and Jane Heiser and build a model for developing and asked "Weld what are you going to do?" distributing tribal archives." It is not difficult to digitize books. A CD- Yeah, sure. ROM can hold a shelfofthem and they can be easily searched for keywords. This is a Jane Heiser at the California State proven technology. We didn't do that. Library, which gave us additional support, Instead, we scanned hundreds ofphoto- told us "to go ahead and make mistakes, graphs and digitized an hour and a half of fail if necessary," but find out how to use audio recordings, trying to present them technology in libraries. with an interface calculated to de-emphasize the written word. I am the bookmobile driverftr Mendocino County Library. It happens often these days Fortunately when we knew we had the grant tha t the computer hobbyist who may be the I had called around to discover the Macintosh janitor, is suddenly promoted into another people in our area (I wasn't one ofthem). realm because ofa sudden onset oftechno logy. Mendocino is a rural county and each person I have a strong interest in computers and had I contacted knew ofsomeone else. The success been very busy in volunteering to set up the ofththe project was going to depend on getting computers at our library and encouraging the community to participate. All ethose everyone to use them. So when Henrylooked original contacts are still active in helpingthis aroundftr someone to help with the AppkI project. State Library grant I was the guy. The bookmobile is a part timejob so it left me time We had no particular accountability to work twenty or more hours a week onthe except to make a presentation toApple. grant We had meetings that allowed our imaginations to run wild. We were Most articles in Macintoshed Libraries are building the "global brain." One night we about putting Macintosh computers into were vacillating about whether to narrow libraries. We tried to put a library into a our focus on baskets and get asimple Macintosh computer. As most librarians product out. One of the group said maybe know, demographics do not project a rosy if we kept looking for a vision it would be future for libraries. The population groups more important than getting aproduct. that are growing at the fastest rate are That gave us strength and the vision we those that do not use libraries. We hope came up with was to Let TheMaterial that by working with material from an Speak. There have been enough historians oral culture, and delivering them with and anthropologists interpreting the past. high technology, we can explore a way to We have the tools here to present the reach those future populations. original materials and let people draw their own conclusions. We had a license to be radical.

20 30 &dashed *arks I was very excited when the equipment excellent quality on the monitor. We had began arriving. When I saw the box with to suppress the newsletter because it the ye" written on the side I knew that would give the wrong impression and no prayers are answered We had a bit ofa amount of verbal explanation would wipe buying panic because the money had to be it out. A second mistake was trying to go spent by the end ofSeptember '.90. I did a too far. We developed an algorithm in crash course in Macintosh hardware and HyperCard that allowed the user to dick software.' We got much good advice; some of anywhere on the photo and magnify that it at the last possible minute. part. This was a powerful feature since you can't predict what someone might Many people volunteered to work on the want to zoom in on a tool or a face, project. The scanning and photo processing etc. but it took too long, even on the went on and on. Some came to play with the Macintosh II& The large file size for the fancy toys; some came.* humanitarian high resolution scans took up too much reasons; some liked the futurist information space and would have cut into the space society aspect For whatever mason they came for sound files. So we aborted that process and they did good work. Over all, like a archiving all the scans in a high-res format guiding light, was the hero volunteer. White so, when the hardware catches up, we can Wolf, our adtural adviser, whose inspiration use them. never failed I am most proud of the fact that we got these We were inventive in designing our materials into a firm that makes them interface and avoiding text but it has a readily accessible. The photos are from limited life; we have a lot to learn about several sources and some are uncataloged As interfaces. They will evolve rapidly. The we looked for material we found that there photos and audio files, on the other hand, were thousands ofphotos ofour county's are forever. We tried to keep photo and natives. Many are in boxes in the back audio files separate from the interface. rooms of libraries and museums. It is With improved and faster search engines, difficult and expensive work to catalog the CD could still be used for its content. photographs. And just how do you index a tape recording ofa person's history? And how I would come in ftom the bookmobile run do you circulate it? The computer knows. and there would be a volunteer, say, Andrea, with a stack ofphotos, painstakingly We have a free text search that can quickly scanning them in and processing them. search every word of the documentation When I started this deal I had a picture of for keywords and make a list of photos myselfin an ivory tower learning new and audio files that match the criteria. software and being creative. It turned out The oral history sound files were also that I was a coordinator, a writer of memos, transcribed to a searchable text form. This a phone answering machine, a scheduler of allows the user to type in a word and meetings, in short, yuck, an executive. immediately access all the audio files that Nevertheless, it was a chance to per form, an contain a keyword. opporiimity ro do something well, and it motivated me to the max. Ar I worked with the material the profundity ofthe Native American's history began to We made some of those mistakes for permeate me. Slowly the disturbingtruth which Jane Heiser had given permission. dawned on me. This rich and succeoful We produced a newsletter to describe the culture, one that lived in balance with the project but the photos we could afford to ecology ofthese hills forten thousandyears, reproduce didn't do justice to the was intentionally wiped out by bureaucratic

Apple Grant/Hunt 21 policy and greed None ofthis is explicit in the they really warmed to our preject and gave database. We do not take a historical us a lot estrokes. I went from being petrified perspective nor try to interpret the original to fieling like a hero during a twenty minute source material Still, parts ofthe oral demo. histories make you think. Then, seeing all their tools and toys and art made from The database has been pressed as a CD- natural materials, itstarts to creep up on you ROM for distribution to other county what happened here. This too was motivating libraries who may want to use it as a because it touched my heart. model.2 We hope it does encourage others as one of the messages we got is that these We staged a number of encouraging cultures are fading fast. Ifwe don't demonstrations while the project was still capture it now it will be lost. in an early stage. A number of Native Americans, librarians, museum staff, and As we were running over the time allotted to educators, among others, gave us the finish the project; I sat down with Henry impression that we were making a with a list offeatures we would have to valuable contribution. We were bringing a jettison ifwe were to put the CD to bed wonderfiil resource to the surface of the Henry said `throw them out; we're done.' infosphere and especially to Native The next day I went ahead and wrote the Americans. code fir most of them anyway. There are still some gaps in the product. I would have liked When it came time to do the demo for to include a more complete interface for the Apple, I was absolutely terrified The other audio files. Also I wanted to include an ALOT pnyectsfrom Yale, University of editor that would allow printed output but Alaska, OCLC all these heavyweights oh well, it was a prototype Oh ye sh, and the had already presented And here's me, the very night I sent the data to the CD factory I bookmobile driver. The conference was was talking to a real HyperCard program- great. It was fascinating to see what kinds of mer at a party and he told me a way to triple things peopk were doing. You know, all the speed ofthe search algorithm. We will try librarians have a humanitarian mission, so to get fitnded to continued

Notes 1. A list of software and hardware includes: Hardware: Software: Mac IIfx 8MB RAM 170 MB HD Image DiskTop 4.0 Color monitor and card HyperCard QuicKcys Extended Keyboard Adobe Photoshop Boomerang LaserWr: 1. II NT TypeStyler On Location CD-ROM player MediaTracks Director Modem FileMaker Pro SAM CPU stand and cable kit Lightspeed Pascal Retrospect La Cie cokt Scanner Microsoft Office CD HyperSpell Hard dri, e (600 MB) QuarkXPress Adobe Illustrator Cartridge drive Correct Grammar FileGuattl Cartridges(25) SUM II Virtual DAT backup drive OmniPage MacDraw Floppies (100) OmniDraft DiskExpress II Tilt swivel monitor stand Super LaserSpool Calendar Maker 3.0 Diskette holders (8) DiskDoubler CanOpener AudioMedia Suitcase II MacWrite Power strip - surge protector Daisy Chain cables

22 35 Madetoshed Wats 2. Here's a brief description of the product

Product name: Singing Light Language English (Native songs in original languages) Version (U): 1.0 Grade Range: 5th grade through adult Subject area(s): Indians of North America - California - Mendocino County Keywords: American Indian: art, crafts, portraits, history, audio recordings, etc. Product Description: Produced with the assistance ofgrants from Apple Computer (ALOT) and the California State Library, this product is an interactive multimedia demonstration of Native American life, culture, and history, portrayed with the latest sound and image technology. There are more than 300 photographs (mostly grayscale) plus an hour and a half of audio files including songs and local oral histories. The text of the oral histories is visible on screen as well as audible. Includes: CD-ROM (manual on disc) System requirements: RECOMMENDATIONS: Fast Mac II , 4 MB RAM (bare minimum), System 6.35 or later. 256 shades of gray (8 bit) display, compatible CD-ROM player with audio out (speakers or headphones). Price : $99 Publisher name: Mendocino County Library Street address: 105 North Main St. City/State/Zip: Ukiah, CA 95482 Phone: 707/463-4492 Fax 707/463-5472 AppleLink: ALOTI8

Pat Hunt is the boolonobile driver for Mendocino County library, as well as a member the ten dating Singing light, a description of Maim MZelkall We in Mendocino County, California. Pat pretends to Ne interested in stunt

kites, video, and music to keep people from thinking he is a complete nerd. He can reached at the Mendadno County library, 105 North Main St, Ukiah, CA 95482. Phone: 707/ 463-4491 Fax: 707/463-5411.ApplelinkALOTI8.

Apple Grant/Hunt 36 23 eeping up with the Macintoshed Joneses is a tricky feat for our

New Prague (Minn.) Middle School Media Center. When you're

n.:uffidendy Macintoshed, it's hard to puff out your chest too far.

With just 10 Macintosh computers in a building of 600 students

and 50 teachers, it's tough to swagger around at technology

conferences like you're one of them. It's even more difficult when

you're assumed to be part of the dub, and the language shifts from

English to computerese. A conversation including INITs, CDEVs,

DIS, DOS and DAT leaves you breathlessly replying "ya sure, ya

betcha." Cutting edge of technology? More like the bleeding edge.

We're a long way from Cupertino in more ways than one.

ATeacher'sDream... Studen.t't 1\TVOGEle:

The Minnesota State Test Item Bank onCD-ROM

Keith Johnson 37 In spite of our cultural and technological media and technology, math, music, distances, we are using a tool that might science, and social studies. Most of the test generate the curiosity of other schools. It's questions are multiple-choke, but 3,400 called the MIDEBANK (pronounced of the questions are open-ended and "mighty-bank") and it exists as a CD- require the student to answer in essay ROM for both Macintoshes and IBMs. form. The sheer quantity of cptions MIDEBANK is an acronym that trans- available to a teacher will grow as more lates to the Minnesota State Test Item and more test questions are added Bank (don't ask how they got MIDE- annually. BANK out of that). This educational tool is available to Minnesota teachers to make All MIDEBANK test items are aimed at their jobs easier, and students' lives, well, the Model Essential Learner Outcot' uneasier. It's a teacher's dream and a listed by the Minnesota Department of student's nightmare. Education. Also, questions can be selected with an eye on Bloom's Taxonomy of THE HORROR...THE HORROR Educational Objectives (remember those knowledge, comprehension, applica- Imagine you're a student (remember?), tion, analysis, synthesis, evaluation). Test and your social studies teacher has access questions can be edited, new questions to a Macintosh computer, with a CD- can be added, and tests can be saved and ROM drive. On the CD-ROM are over revised from year to year. 45,000 social studies test questions . . . 45,000 test questions! The nightmarish This product exists in CD-ROM in both implications are easy to imagine ..."read MS-DOS (IBM) and Macintosh versions. Chapter 10 for Monday, and be prepared The DOS version is an 'older' edition, for a 1,000 point quiz." In the past, no while the Macintosh version just emerged teacher could humanly (or humanely) out of the beta stage at the beginning of come up with such a test. Thanks to the the 1991-92 school year. Both versions MIDEBANK on CD-ROM, Minnesota boast different advantages. The DOS teachers can conceivably unleash the version searches for test questions quicker Ultimate Test on their unsuspecting an prints tests faster. The Macintosh students. What a future. Shades of the version is more flexible, allowing teachers Jetsons. Poor Elroy. to add their own test items and edit existing test items. The Macintosh 01 ourse, we all know that no teacher MIDEBANK is in a pseudo-HyperCard would ever exercise such a cruel option format (while the DOS version is not). (well, okay, maybe we can think of one or The product also takes advantage of the two that might), but the power is there. Mac's ability to manipulate sound, with Students are now left to ponder the two additional CDs containing musical Tough Question: will their teachers push excerpts. These sound bites vary in length the "button" that will effortlessly unleash from 10 to 60 seconds, and include kazillion-point tests? samples from Bach's Cantatas, Copland's Appalachian Spring Mozart's Symphony WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, No. 41, Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite, . HOW MUCH? Stravinsky's Petrushka and Rite ofSpring Duke Ellington's Black, Brown and Beige On the Macintosh, MIDEBANK Suite, Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story, contains 120,000 test questions in ten plus other selections. In all, there are 170 subject areas: agriculture/agribusiness, art, different musical excerpts. Graphics are home economics, health, language arts,

ATearler's Dream/Johnson 25 38 part of both the DOS and Mac MIDE- indexes are revised to reflect those BANKs to accompany test questions. changes. The most recent push has been toward Outcome Based Education (OBE) A KAZILLION? REALLY? and the test item bank contains OBE performance questions. Cost of the Here's a listing of the number of questions MIDEBANK CDs? They're free to for each subject area: Minnesota school districts.

Subject Closed Open Total ENOUGH OF MIDEBANK...WHAT ELSE Agriculture 4,203 544 4,747 DO YOU HAVE? Art 1,111 58 1,169 Home Ec 1,437 749 2,186 Since teachers have the advantage of the Health 2,607 611 3,218 MIDEBANK on CD-ROM (among Language Arts 19,468 717 20,185 many other technology opportunities), Media & Tech 815 3 818 what tedwological counter-advantages do Math 23,733 79 23,812 the students in New Prague have? In the Music 1,010 465 1,475 realm of CD-ROM, our middle school Science 17,531 5 17,536 students use Compton's Ekctronic Encyclo- Social Studies 45,357 150 45,525 pedia and Microsoft Bookshefon IBMs. For the Macintosh, students enjoy the The sheer numbers look impressive (even Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, a variety of outlandish), but as you narrow the focus Discis Books, Voyager's Beethoven's 9th of your selections from general to very Symphony CD Companion, Cosmic Onno, specific, the quantity becomes less Time Table ofHistoly, Software Toolworks daunting. For example, looking for math World Atlas, and Wayzat2's GEMVol. 1. test items, you progress from subject We intend to set up a Mac network to (math), to course (elementary math), to allow better access to the CD-ROMs. We outcome (adding whole numbers),o also have a six-disk CD-ROM jukebox for cluster (addition problems), to subcluster the Macintosh, accessing multiple disks (adding 2-digit numbers). There's much without needlessly switching CDs. to be added and refined to MIDEBANK yet, but it's at a stage now that shows Over the past two years at the New plenty of possibilities for improving Prague Middle School (NPMS), we've teaching and assessment. And fear not, been making an important transition to there is a limit of 120 questions per test. Macintosh LCs. A mini-lab of five Mac LCs and two IBM-PCs are available in the At the New Prague Middle School we Media Center for students and teachers. have MIDEBANK CDs and CD-ROM In the Media Center, we produce a drives for both Macintosh and IBM newsletter for parents called Crossroads computers in the Media Center. Because and the student newspaper Hightops using of the relative novelty of these electronic Aldus PageMaker on the Macs. Other test banks, we're still in the early stages of NPMS teachers are just starting to jump coaxing and convincing teachers of the on the Macintosh bandwagon. value to use these products. In moving towards more Macintoshes, The compact discs are updated with new we're not forsaking the Apple Ile or the questions and new subject areas each year. Apple IIGS; Rather, we're trying to make Test questions and indexes are created by the best use of them for our students. We Minnesota teachers and other educators, ;lave a Ile lab networked to a hard drive and as curricula evolve, questions and containing all MECC software programs

26 &dashed Unties 39 (135 programs), public domain software computing was to start at the earliest levels (approximately 140 programs), and TIES and work up towards the higher grades. keyboarding software. We have smaller He As always, here in New Prague we're left labs in the Media Center, Science Room, craving more and more Macs. We're also and 5th and 6th grade levels, networked left to ponder the state of our technologi- to the main lab for access to software. We cal affairs in comparison to other school also have four Apple JIGS computers, districts ("are we ahead of other districts, which are especially useful in using VCR behind, the same"). We try not to get too Companion. With it, we create video tides stimulated with ideas from magazines for a weekly news program, produced in such as MacUser and Macworlal We try the Media Center. not to become too excited when other districts casually show off their Mac labs The District made a decision to furnish (on each end of the building...). We read the elementary school with a lab of Mac the Apple Library User Group Newsletter LCs, along with Macs for all teachers. It and Macintoshed Libraries studiously, was a difficult decision since our middle searching for new ideas and helpful school and high school also felt strongly suggestions to keep moving through the (to put it mildly) that they should get the technological quagmire, lest we sink into Mac lab. But it appeared that the best way oblivion. Keeping up with the Joneses? It's for students and teachers to experience a matter of educational survivaLt

Keith Johnson woda in the best of al possible worlds at the New Prague (innesota) Middle School Media Center (NPMS). Stil, he pines for more Macintosh computers in his operation. Keith realm (rationalizes?) that its quality, not quantity that counts. Besides his me& duties, be combats a weekly TY student news show, as well as a newsletter for pants and a student newspaper at NPMS. Spare Marintosites, petipberals, advice and inquiries can be sent to Keith at the New Prague Middle Sthool, 405 1st Ave NW, New Prague, MN 56071. Phone 6121758-2584.

40 ATeateher's Dreanp/johnson 27 BEST CM BELIE The Chemist's Crystal Ball

lierri Beth Lavagnino 8 Kimberly Parker

INTRODUCTION

nor to beginning the Chemist's Crystal Ball project, the .I;

Chemistry library at Yale University emphasized traditional

library resources. The only computerized service available in the

library was access to the Yale University online catalog via a

terminal. The field of chemical research, however, is becoming

increasingly dependent on electronic information services, as well

as on communication andcollaboration among colleagues. It was

41 our desire to promote awareness and use resources were not used because the user is of electronic chemical information and frustrated by navigating thr applications communication tools, and to lower the on a given computer. We therefore barriers to these resources by providing decided to integrate all of the applications easy access to them. In this paper we by locating them in a single interface. describe the steps we have taken in the Ideally, to make electronic resourceseven development of theChemist's Crystal Bag easier touse, wewould create a generic our name for the chemical information interface to all the applicationsso that workstation we developed in the Chemis- they would appear the same onscreen. try Library with support from the Apple But we knew that this would involvea Library of Tomorrow grantprogram. great deal of development work, and we needed tocreate something quickly.We DECIDING ON CONCEPTUAL ISSUES chose not to create a generic interface, but rather to create an integrating tool foreasy Our ideal design for theChemist's Crystal access to all of the applications. Unfortu- Ballwasto create a single place to do nately, once the user launches an applica- many different electronic activities. We tion, he has to know the internal imagined a scholar's workstati)n in which commands of the software and databases the user sits down at the machine and is in use. But we felt that this was accept- instantly able to access a database to look able, since a generic interface might create for information on a topic, find the article a helpless researcher trying tousethe same citations he wants, download them into information resources from another kind his personal citation databasemanager, of workstation. and request them from his library (not caring whether they are there or must We were aware of similar projects being come through interlibrary loan). From developed at the Yale Medical School and this same interface, he could check the at Yale's Department of Computing and weather forecast, pull up electronically the Information Systems. Our design group menu at the dining hall before going to felt that we should try tocreate something lunch, write a grant to do researchon a that could be compatible with these projects, newtopic of interest (incorporating since such a goal was likely to be desired paragraphs elicited electronically froma in the future. After brainstorming on colleague), manipulate a chemical several different designs, including one structure drawing program, and so on. that used the chemical reaction pathway We liked the principle that fromone to lead the user to the correct application, interface a user would be able to retrieve we decided to basethe Chemist's Crystal information, manipulate it, and output it, Ball ona prototype designed for the Yale without having to "switch gears." Medical School (Fig. 1).

We also had to keep in mind that for This design usesIlyperCardwitha simple most of the day, there is no librarian or two-layer menu system to reach the staff member present in the Chemistry desired application. By adopting this Library. For this reason, one ofour first prototype, we could meet our goals to decisions was tocreate an information create an information resource that would resource that would be as easy to use as be easy to use, require little development possible.We assumed researchers do not time, and maintain compatibility with use electronic resources with complex other Yale projects. Our design for the logon procedures, so we wanted the Chemist's Crystal Ballmain menu screen is interface to handle logon procedures slightly different from the project at the automatically. We also assumed that Yale Medical School (Fig. 2).

Chemist's Crystal Ballgavagnino & Parker 42 29 Nolemos Fig. The Chemist's Crystal Bag at Yale Universitywas based on a prototype designed forthe Yale Medical School Medical Library a Bulletin Boards a Medical Education a Patient Core a Research Databases a .` Aoministrative Affairs a

hardware provided In order to promote awarenessand use of segments. Workstation office, and electronic information sources, we by Apple was installed in each Kimberly began by altering thevisual decided to place one workstation inthe Chemistry Library, one in a chemistry design of the existing HyperCard prototype faculty member's office, and one in a created for the Yale Medical School's of chemistry laboratory. We hopedthat by project. This involved changing most Crystal Ball locating equipment dose to the siteof the icons to reflect the Chemists geared chemistry faculty and student labsand image, since the prototype was well as research areas, we would increasethe towards the medical sciences, as creating additional chemical-related usage of electronicchemical information screens, such as newhelp screens. Then resources. Kimberly passed on the revisedsoftware Beth, who DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE: and her design notes to Merri modified the scripts to changethe contents PHASE I of the main menu and submenus tomatch Kimberly's design. The MedicalSchool The offices of the principaldesigner of the items for clinical software, Kimberly Parker, and the prototype had menu applications that weren't necessaryfor our HyperTalk programmer, Merri Beth chemical version, and we needed tomatch Lavagnino, were in separate buildings the submenus to the softwareprovided by located at a distance equal to a twenty when the minute walk. For this reason, weworked in Apple. Submenus, displayed

ccl Fig. 2:The main screen for the Mir Chemist's Crystal Bail provides six main variety of ----1111111111111111111E menus, each containing a Bibliographic Databases submenus forthe user. e. Library Services Structural Databases Drawing Tools Yale information

se. Personal Databases P4

niP rmail wad nioo bolp

30 &dashed thraries mouse is held down on a main menu item, we settled down to working on Phase II provided access to a variety of specialized installing a third workstation in the applications, databases, and electronic Chemistry Library. We gradually began to resources (Fig. 3). realize that this would not be as easy as originally planned. We needed devices to After Merri Beth changed the menu items, secure the hardware, since the Library is she loaded each software application on her not always staffed. Also, because the computer and altered the appropriate library version is available for anyone to scripts to open applications upon demand use, we needed more software security on from the menu. Menu items not high- the computer to block both inadvertent lighted were designated for future service, and intentional misuse We wanted to with appropriate funding. For access to lock the HyperCard user into a level in remote databases and for electronic mail which changes would not be allowed to access, logon batch files were written, using our application. We also wanted to hide various communications paths. The the HyperCard menu bar, to prevent users HyperCard scripts were changed to launch from leaving the interface and accessing

Fig. 3: A submenu forthe Bibliographic Cca Databases menu reveals access to Chem Connection, Current Contentsand other resources. The shadedGrateful Med Bibliographic Databases is not currently available. CliemConneetioa". Current Contents"' firateful Med"' Orbit (Yale Library caw's) SIN Empress"' STN Empress"' Tutorial Yale Information Personal Databases

rissailword peadmang help

the appropriate logon file when a menu communications software. Our basic fear item was chosen. The grant team met often was that the patrons would discover sign- to review the progress of the design, and as on passwords for our library funded suggestions for alterations were made, the searching accounts. Instead of having the program was passed back and forth interface log on directly to remote fee- between Kimberly and Merri Beth to make based databases like the office and lab changes in their appropriate domains. computers we realized we needed to insert an interface, asking for a user We installed the Phase I Chemist's Crystal password. The password could be Ballworkstations on August 1, 1990 in a obtained from the Chemistry Librarian as chemistry lab and on August 6 in a soon as the user received training in chemistry faculty office. database searching, in order to encourage cost-efficient techniques. These changes DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE: were made, and Phase II installation in PHASE D the Chemistry Library was completed on October 8, 1990. After our initial elation at getting two of the workstations installed and working,

Chemist's CrystalBaWLavagnino & Parker 31 USE OF THECHEMIST'S THE FUTURE CRYSTAL BALL We plan to continue to add functionality Prior to the installation of the Chemist's to the ClAinisti CrystalBall workstations Crystal Ball workstations and software, with additional funding for expansion of chemists at Yale were not linked to the online services and for purchasing addition- campus AppleTalk networkThese al specialized communications software. workstations now give chemists instant We have also begun to develop a access to all electronic servicesavailable on configurable, or personal, versim, of the campus, including electronicmail; file interface in order to overcome some of the sharing the Current Contents database; the problems with different versions on the lab, campus information servicewhich lists, office, and library computers. During this among other things, theweather and the process, we have had toconsider whether course catalog; and theonline catalog of or not we want to have are-configurable the Yale University libraries. They can, version. A tension exists between the through electronic mail, make book individual needs of specialists and the easy recommendations for the library collec- maintenance of the software. We have also tion; request a book or article through asked ourselves if it is possible or even interlibrary loan; ask for a photocopy of desirable to have a single, integrated articles held at Yale; or make a reference product for many functions and applica- request. Information management tions if those functions and applications these applications include Microsoft Word, change among individuals. Keeping Claris FikMaker, and Pro-Cite In issues in mind, we have abandoned a addition, they now have access to online prototype of a tout*re-configurable database searching through STN Interna- version we had been working on to pursue tional, a scientific and technical informa- a ',aria*, re-configurableversion, which tion network, and to the chemical we feel will meet theindividual needs of structure drawing programsChenz3D and specialists as well as address most of the ChemDraw. maintenance problems.I

Merri Beth Lavagnino was ksistant to the Head ofLibrary Systems at Yale University. She is now Head of the Systems Department forlibraries and Media

Swims at the University of Veimont, Barrington, VT05405. Mari Beth can be readied on the Internet at mlavagni@uvommurizedu,by phone at 802/6564 369 or by fax at 802/656-4038.

Kimberly Parker is Chemistry librarian at Yale University.She can be

contacted at the Kine Science library, Yale University, 219Prospect Street, P.O. Box

6666, New Haven, CT 06511, or 2031432-3439 (voice),203/432-3441 (fax), or the Internet at [email protected].

32 tlidetothedMarks BEST COPY AVAILABLE he San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) is one of four high

performance computing centers funded six years ago by the National

Science Foundation to provide supercomputing capabilities to the

academic community. The current computing centerpiece is a Cray Y- Macintosh ina Supercomputer Library

Mary Layman MP, but the Center also boasts powerful parallel processing machines

from Intel and Ncube. DEC, Amdahl, Sun and other computer

companies are represented in the Center's collection of machines.

Nevertheless, Macintoshes are used by almost everyone in the Center,

including the Library, for a great deal of day-to-day work

46 The SDSC Library staff spend a large All correspondence is prepared on portion of everyday using various Macin- Microsoft Word Dialog searches are tosh applications. In the past two years the performed on the Mac, edited through Library's Mac allocation has grown from a McSink, and printed or mailed electroni- Macintosh Plus to a Mac SE with large cally. The University of California San screen along with a Mac lid. The Mac SE Diego's Roger catalog, as well as UC's is located at the Reference desk for the Melvyl system are accessed with the use of exclusive use of Library staff. It is attached Telnet. Searches in these online catalogs to a Radius Inge screen monitor, an are captured and printed or forwarded accelerator board is also installed in the electronically. Additionally, through the computer. The Macintosh rIci, with 16 regional network CERFnet (headquar- MB of RAM, runs multiple applications tered at SDSC), the Library uses Internet at the same time, including the Library to electronically examine other library catalog and specialized scientific packages. collections, FTPing" information as It is heavily used by both staff and -'sitors. needed.

Fig. 1: File Maker Pro is used to generate routing slips, ported and attached to journals distributed in the Center.

The Library's lifeline, in many senses, is FikMaker Pro has helped the SDSC the Macintosh. Word processing, elec- Library create a number of useful and tronic mail, online searching, Internet even exciting files for patrons and staff. access, and catalog production are all The Library had, at one point in time, its Mac-based. The SDSC electronic mail catalog in a database on a DEC VAX. system, the main communications outlet This catalog was not available to the staff for the staff, allows the Library to send at large and was difficult to use. When the notices and newsletters and receives decision was made to move the Library service requests. A recent addition to the catalog to the Macintosh platform, we Library's Mac software collection is decided to use FileMaker Pro. Screens Eudora, a user-friendly electronic mail were designed for the catalog, with package, negating the need to deal with separate layouts for journals, the creation VMS on the VAX. Eudora has made of bibliographies and journal routing slips transferring messages and files a lot easier. (Fig. 1). Other modules were designed for

47 34 tiatothed libraries * FileEditSelect Finest Scripts Mediu/ Fig. 2: The Library catalog was IDIMMUM Catalog StalltrALIfosomootiottoa a originally isolated in a DEC VAX in Cern 04 Cat Sle 5115 anal I Ieau the Center. FileMaker Pro was used can loansnialta7 IWadiesIiDSC ttrani Tip Soak to create a new catalog in about a Maar day, accessible over the Center's Mb !The Ite 4440/40r fr. *bete network of Macintoshes. 2542 MM. Illiaimrat Feral: momISan Div. CA 1 Cater Pillebse1 W woskr4 Ora.* Jovirwriell, ins. talefits: Copies Urowie1 Seim

ragnemPAWS

"441111111111

too E5

orders, patron names and circulation In addition to using FileMaker Pro for the records. These components were devel- Library catalog, two special collections oped in a process that took, with the have also been cataloged with this assistance of a FikMaker Pro expert, about application. SDSC is home to a state-of- a day. The original VAX database was the-art computer visualization laboratory. transferred to FikMaker Pro; after some Images produced through computer editing, the catalog was ready (Fig. 2). In graphics and simulation are available to addition to being available on the Macin- requesters in slide form. The catalog for tosh in the Library, thanks to the Center's this collection is called ImageBank. Each local area network, the catalog is accessible entry includes a description of the graphic by anyone at SDSC with a copy of (designer and software base) along with an FikMaker Pro on his/her office Macin- electronic mail address (Fig. 3). With this tosh. The catalog runs continuously address, the Library can dial into a (hidden in the Window menu) on the particular computer from the Macintosh Mac Ilci. and order a reproduction of a given slide.

ale tat Saw Fermat Strata liantlow Fig. 3: The Center, through its COrtvialkin MINNIMMIMMINIMMENIMMI31 Iwo.* $ 11 zeoratiocomormormsca * computer visualization lab, creates CAW., Illomboril CAI 1 ' Rabin Islet state-of-the-art computer graphics and 011oseed 1.4.!10/1/11/1 k 1001164/41 IM OD,' simulation. TheReMakerPro catalog 11414 11....ds. Appied IlevorINI1.1WW M01.1 called IrnageBonk makes this collection 431 1 of unique graphics available to users, 11...44. at !Mawr ip, UM IS) 'WA ,---i allowing the Library to easily process Mr.. limber 1 Polni. am. 11011C Staff 1

and track requests for images on slides. Patna Ilmalany 1, 111 I 1414.4.111114.1411141

4E w ,..,,,,,,,, , mommisemnimilr Aniumi Mat intoek Lu a Supercomputer lAbrary/Loyman 35 The ImageBankfcconnecting modules in plan to make it available to staff and File Maker Pro allow the Library to print a patrons. With Macintoshes and CD- receipt for a requester and keep track of ROM drives in the Center, we have the number of slides requested. begun a project to identify compact disc products which might be of use to SDSC Another collection organized on the staff. Macintosh with FikMaker Pro is Photo- Bank. It is a database to access the archival The Library of the San Diego Supercom- collectioa of photographs and slides puter Center is truly Macintosh-based. covering the history of the Supercomputer The computers have permitted a small, Center, from the first ground breaking part-time staff to provide a full range of ceremony to the last Halloween parry. services and information access in an Again, screens and layouts are designed to efficient and easy manner.t describe the collection and locate a particular item. Mary Layman has been a ibtarian for 13 yardlie SDSC Library is happy to provide anyone has %Mad it special, pubic and acadenic armies, and with the templates to the catalog, Image- has been using tiadmosha for no and a half yeas. She Bank or PhotoBank. amend/ bolds two balk= positions librarian at die San Diego *computer Lenin', and Associate librarian is Two more uses for the Mac are planned charge of corporate programs at the Lowy of the for the near future. The Library plans to University of Calfornia at San Diego. Weis wi reach May initiate an electronic newsletter in 1992. at dm San Diego Supemompuar Center, General Atomics, Also, we have acquired the Grolier P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-9184. Phone: 619/ Electronic Encyclopedia CD-ROM and 534 -5171. Internet [email protected].

36 flaintoshed tibrariti 49 The Library is 1 NotaPlace

THE PROBLEM

What did the Irish wear back then?" "What did the houses

look like?" "When was gale day?" "What did they have to

eat besides potatoes?" "Wasfarming the only work?" "How much was

the rent?" "What did the immigrant ships look like?" "What did they

take with them?" Twenty-five eighth graders were two weeks into their

unit on the famine immigrants from Ireland; the Hopkinton High

School Library was feeling the strain.

SOME BACKGROUND

The questions come from a program in which our heroes encounter a problem, called Immigrant It is a nine week multi- disciplinary unit that combines history have a brilliant idea, write a grant proposal and sociology with computer applications, mathematics, writing, research, and what entitled Building the Virtual Library, are can only be called high theatre. Each Immigrant student adopts the persona of funded, and begin work an Irish immigrant in the 1840s and, using the word processor, writes a diary which tells that immigrant's story the misery of famine-stricken Ireland, the Shelley lochhead 8 Lawrence Bickford hardships of the journey to America, and

50 the difficulties of starting over in "no- Enter technology. Using a scanner, Irish-need-apply" Boston. wouldn't it be possible to visit those locations, collect copyright-free docu- The simulation is realistic and exciting ments from the period electronically, thanks to the high degree of authenticity bring the computer files back to school, achieved through computer technology, and make them available to students? research, and experiential learning. (Fig. 1) We envisioned a day when Immigrant is infused with historic detail, students could sit at computers, writing including actual ships' passenger lists and their diaries, and see on their screens a databases of jobs, housing, transportation, map of Boston circa 1840, or pages food prices, and clothing prices. Details of from a real immigrant diary, or the the historical picture also emerge from floor plan of a typical flat, or the cross- classroom discussions and from experi- section of a sailing ship anything, in ences orchestrated by the teachers. other words, that would enhance their Foremost among those experiences is an sense of history (Fig. 2). This access to overnight re-creation of the 1840 sailing information would provide the student, voyage to America, complete with whether working in the computer lab costumes and stage flats, crowded quar- or in a classroom or in the library itself, ters, weevils in the biscuits, and many of with a "virtual library" of historical the sights and sounds of an ocean crossing information at his or her fingertips. in steerage. THE PROPOSAL Now in its fifth year in the curriculum, Immigrant is, by its very nature, a re- The Apple Computer Library of source-based unit of instruction; the Tomorrow program funds innovative uses authenticity of the simulation is entirely of technology in libraries. Using a scanner dependent on the quality and amount of to collect documents for a virtual library historical resources. Thus far, there is still seemed innovative to us, so we decided to much that we cannot provide to our write a proposal. Thus began months of students. Actual immigrant diaries, lunches in the computer lab as we pored pictures of the people and places of the over drafts, tossed around ideas, refined times, issues of the Boston Pilot (a newspa- the plan and squabbled over syntax. We per for and about Irish immigrants), started in November, worked nearly every boarding house rules, maps, articles in the day, finished up in March, and waited. Irish press detailing the "clearances," and The good news arrived in June, and the other such material are all important in virtual library was under way. terms of making Immigrant come more to life for our students. Technology supports the project in three areas in collecting the materials, in THE BRILLIANT IDEA enhancing the electronic files, and in making those files available to one and all. How could a small school library offer At the center of the grant proposal are two such depth of information on so narrow a mobile data-capture workstations, each topic? Online searching of commercial consisting of a Macintosh Portable and a databases, and numerous interlibrary loan scanner. We requested two types of requests still left us lacking. The informa- scanners: a flat-bed, which looks much tion we wanted was in far-off universities, like a photocopy machine; and a hand- specialized collections, small museums, held, which resembles a lint brush. and other sites generally inhospitable to an Between them, they can handle most text eighth grade clientele.

38 51 tiadotoshed &arks Fig. I : The development of a HyperCard front end is an important part of Building the Virtual Library. Stack construction is barely underway, although this is likely to be the opening card of the Immigrant stack

and graphic materials with no risk of This we do through an AppleShare damage to the original. network connecting the library, several classrooms, and the computer lab. Many of the document files need work Because the files can be read (and only before they are suitable for use. Scanners, read, not modified) by several users at like photocopiers, take pictures. But a once, an entire classful of students can picture of text is not nearly as useful as view the same document simultaneously. word processed text, which allows for Suddenly, we have the capability to take searching and copying. Optical character information from remote locations recognition (oat) software performs the inaccessible to eighth-graders and put it necessary conversion by studying the on almost any computer screen in the picture, identifying the letters one by one, building. and dumping the result into a word processor. Graphic images also need THEWORK enhancement but not, we hasten to add, at the expense of historical accuracy. Don't think for a minute that we are Our intent is to electronically clean up the doing all of this work ourselves! When dust spots, wrinkles, and torn corners, and school opened in September, we recruited then optimize the image for on-screen a research team. Five students, ranging rather than paper presentation. from ninth grade to twelfth, responded Beth, Bill, Kelli, Kristen, and Stephanie. Perhaps most important of all is making They have spent the first half of the school the computer files accessible to students. year mastering scanning, image enhance-

Fig. 2: An early engraving captured with * FileEdit Window Search Format FontStyle an Apple Scanner using HyperScan software Despite an unremarkable appearance on paper, its screen presentation is quite impressive. Source information follows the illustration, but is notvisible in this illustration.

The Library is Nota Plaee/Lochhead & Bickford 39 52 ment, and oat software; and at this Staring into the screen, she reads the writing they are champing at the bit, actual words from 150 years ago: ready for the first off-site scanning trek. As part of their independent study, they have .Being aware that I should have to also spoken before our local teachers' witness scenes offrighful hunger, I provided association, and have created electronic myself with as much bread as five men could portfolios of their work to date. From the can and on reaching the spot I was portfolios, we have gathered the first surprised to find the wre"cired hamlet elements of our virtual library an apparently deserted I entered some of the excerpt from the diary of Gerald Keegan hovels to ascertain the cause, and the scenes an engraving of a famine funeral at which presented themselves were such as no Slcibbereen, and articles on clothing, a tongue or pen can convey the slightest idea of. typical cotter's expenses, and the work- In the first, six famished and ghastly house diet. These documents and pictures skeletons, to all appearances dead were

Fig. 3: The text of this early "letter tor+ # FiteEdit Window Search Format foot Style the editor" describes the horror in 1=17714717111-13(11.11 Slobbereerf during the famine. It was scanned using Caere's Typist, and The Cummins Letter saved as a Microsoft Works document As published in the Leaden Times en December 24, 1046

Hg Lord Duke; wrote Hr. Cummins, 'Without apology or preface, I presume o far to trespass on your Grace as to state to you, and by the use of your llustrious name, to present to the British public the following statement f whet I have myself seen within the lest three days. Having for many ears been intimately connected with the western portion of the County of ark, and possessing some smell property there, I thought it right ersonally to Investigate the truth of several lamentable accounts which ad reached me, of the appalling state of misery to which that pert of the ountry was reduced. I accordingly went on the 15th Instant to Skibbereen, red to give the Instance of one townlend which I visited, is an example of he state of the entire coast district, I shall state simply what I there

are already having an effect on our huddled in a corner on some filthy straw, Immigrant students. their sole covering what seemed a raged horsecloth, their wretched legs hanging A VIGNETTE about, naked above the knees. I approached with horror, and fiund by a low moaning Hunched over a keyboard, Julie Davis they were alive they were in fever, four describes her life as a baker's wife in children, a woman and what had once been famine-stricken Ireland, 1847. The a man. It is impossible to go throughthe keystrokes come quickly at first, but slow detail Suffice it to say, that in a few minutes to a crawl as she struggles to describe ex I was surrounded by at least 200 such awful conditions. Finally, her fingers at a phantoms, such fiighOd spectres as no words standstill, she asks her teacher, "Mr. can describe " Bickford, how bad was it really?" Rather than answer or give her a book on the Her imagination rekindled, Julie types: subject, Julie is directed to a folder called Immigrant Library. "Read the file called 'William and I woke up quite early and Christmas Eve, 1846. It's an eyewitness went down to the bakery to bake4loaf of account, published in the London Times." bread to take with us on the long trip. We (Fig. 3) baked the bread with the last bit of flour that we had which we had been saving ever .since we made the decision that we would be

53 40 tlacintothed Wades leaving. As the bread started to rise, it gave Among the throng of people I saw a child off a wonderful smell People out on the hanging onto her mother, now a skeleton for streets were gathering at the window at the lack of food The little girl started crying. smell of fresh bread which had not been in Suddenly William turned me from the the air fir about a week now. dreadful scene and embraced me. I started It was dawn and the sun was coming up crying. Couldn't England see what was right behind our bakery. The air was cool going on here? Couldn't they see what was and brisk. Booked at the people with the happening? I know why Mani turned me first morning light on the faces and I was away from the awful scene, to protect me. aghast. The people outside on the street were But it was too late I already had the horrid starving and clawing at the window and scene engraved in my mind I will never door. Their faces were downcast and their fiTet that as long as I live. "iexcerpt from cheeks were hollow. Their eyes seemed to be an immigrant diary by Julie Davis,Grade set back in their head and when I looked 8, Hopkinton Middle School)* into them, it was like I could see their whole lives before me. I could see all the problems that they had gone through.

Lawrence Bickford, pictured on the left in a Shelley Lodshead, shown on the right in her standard-issue network administratoes outfit, is the preferred teaching attire, has been the librarian at computer coordinator br Hopkinton High School A co- Hopkinton High School since 1915. Past-President of developer of the Immigrant unit, he also teaches math the New Hampshire Educational Media Association and and science. He bought his int Macintosh in 1984, vintage trouble-maker on the ibrary scene, she resides and has been out of control ever since. Lawrence can in Contoocook, NH, where the also gardens, plays the be reached at Hopkinton High School Park Avenue, banjo, and keeps ars. She era be reached at Cont000aolc, NH 03229. Phone: 603/7464167 x248. Hopkinton High School library, Pak Avenue,

Applelinic NHJICKFORD Contoocook, NH 03229. Phone: 603/7464167 x230. AppielinIc Al0T32. Welt lochh

Adoowledgement: We thank tars Hogblom, a student at Hopkinton High School, for his help. Without his clever artistry, those Vikings wouldn't look lie us at al!

The Library is Not a Piaee/Lochhead & Bickford 41 . . .4 . . e .. . Investments inanElectronic Library . vie0 0at Southwest Missouri State University . sno V . . C'd ibraries are facing an ever increasing demand for . . . information services during this period of decreasing fiscal . . 04? resources. Additionally, rapidly emerging electronic information . 1 .to,. . . : formats require collaterally expensive new hardware. The .emR . a a libraries at Southwest Missouri State University (SMSU) are a

Y a .R o responding to these challenges in a unique manner which offers .G . . ;I* savings, state-of-the-art hardware and even revenue generation a a au we not only use but sell the Apple Macintosh! In this unique i 0 role since July 1989, the SMSU libraries are the designated *IO4 i 0 John N. Meador, Jr. :i ao;NI 5(5 Apple authorized campus reseller of introduction to computing for wary Macintosh computers and peripherals as students. On the other hand, faculty and well as Claris software. This contract "power mane frequently drop :n to keep permits us to purchase Apple products at abreast of the latest developments such as significant discount direct from Apple. QuiciTime. Additionally, MEC p' ovides We resell them to qualified students, to the SMSU community laser prints and faculty, and staff at sales prices averaging scans for a nominal fee. 40% below Apple's suested retail price. Apple pays for most advertising on Hardware alone, however, does not make campus; a local Apple authorized higher a library truly "Macintoshed." Creative education dealer provides technical applications, developed and adapted by support, software training and warranty librarians solving professional problems, repair service for our customers. This is a truly highlight the oft advertised Apple win-win situation for all parties Apple, advantage. Utilizing HyperCard that the Libraries, the local dealer, and of silly putty of the software world user- course the campus community. friendly interfaces and interactive learning exercises are being developed in libraries Profits from Macintosh sales provide the across the country. Librarians at SMSU Libraries with funds to purchase hardware first learned of it from colleagues at Texas and software for staff and patrons. A A&M University, where a HyperCard Macintosh is on every librarian's desk. front-end to NOTIS, entitled MacN0- CD-ROM products such as ERIC, 775, was invented. It reformats NOTIS PsycLIT, and CINAHL are in Reference screen displays into a graphic interface along with electronic tools such as the allowing links between bibliographic Grolier and Random House Encyclopedi- records and a Library's floor plan. as. A public access Macintosh lab provides Fortunately, our Apple sales representative free ImageWriter printing. Two "teach- managed to include SMSU among a small ing" Macs on carts are available with number NOTIS sites to receive training multimedia peripherals and projection on MacNOTIS in 1989. We subsequently devices for use in library classrooms. adapted our own version of MacNOTLS Desktop publishing is possible in the for demonstration purposes but, for a Library Media Department. The Music variety of reasons, have yet to distribute it Library's collection includes multimedia for campus-wide use. programs such as Voyager's Beethoven Symphony no. 9 A "circulating" Macin- This experience with MacN077S served tosh Portable, with modem, allows as the catalyst for SMSU librarians to Library staff to compute at home. embark upon a series of software development projects. Frustrated by poor The self-supporting sales area, called the interfaces to commercial electronic media, Macintosh Education Center (MEC), is a we turned to HyperCard as a medium for remodeled typing room on the Library's improving upon and customizing these main level, staffed 20 hours a week by a interfaces. Also, SMSU's increasing MBA-seeking graduate student. The latest enrollment and commensurate rise in the Apple hardware is on display such as student/librarian ratio served as an the PowerBooks, a Macintosh Quadra impetus to develop means by which we 900, an Apple 21" Color Display, an could "work smarter" rather than merely Apple OneScanner and a LaserWriter Ilg. harder on tasks such as bibliographic The MEC serves as a non-threatening instruction.

ProfItini/Meador, Jr. 56 43 LIBRARY TOUR segments on LC subject headings, the formats and arrangements of call num- Like many other libraries with Macintosh- bers, subject search strategies, InfoTrac es, the SMSU libraries developed a keyboarding and citations, journal HyperCard-basal orientation tour with locations with accompanying practice "dickable" floor plans to locate specific exercises. For example, imagine a student services or tools. Descriptive sound bytes working through the section on call make the tour unique. Utilizing Macro- numbers. A practice session shows a book media's MacRecorder to digitize sound, cart full of books and a library shelf In the the voices of Library staff were recorded, exercise, the student electronically shelves describing services offered in their units each book by clicking on them one at a (Fig. 1). Student response to this tour, time in the proper order (Fig. 2). Each located on every public access Mac in the book then moves from the cart to its Libraries, has been so positive that proper place on the shelf. Errors invoke a traditional "walk through" tours have dialogue box suggesting to try another been reduced significantly. Furthermore, book. Other exercises, such as one

Fig. I: With Macromedia's Mac Recorder, patrons not only understand the geography of the SMSU Libraries in the tour stack but hear Library staff describe their areas. !tiro Floor Second Floor First Floor

Click on a location to hoar more about it.

lbratitt

voice recognition of the staff by students identifying the components of a biblio- breaks down some interpersonal barriers graphic citation, provide the correct normally found at service points and answer whenever an error ismade. Also, provides recognition from our patrons of before ending an exercise, a student can the staff. Future enhancement of this tour actually print the results and take this will undoubtedly incorporate QuickTime report to the instructor. film dips and potentially make the staff (computer) screen stars! THE BIBLIOGRAPHER'S WORKSTATION

LIBRARY SCIENCE 201 We needed to bring together and catego- rize disparate sources of collection develop- Our major bibliographic instruction ment information. This would allow us to endeavor is a 2 MB HyperCard stack facilitate materials selection, collection called Library Science (US) 101. It was analysis and budget allocation. We resolved scripted by Dr. Liang Lin during the to create a HyperCard environmentwhich 1989-90 academic year for use in a one would serve as a user-friendly and transpar- credit hour "Introduction to the Library" ent "front-end" for this information. course. This interactive program contains Named the Bibliographer's War station, the 57 44 tiadatehal Units Fig. 2:In Library Science 1 CI 1, students shelve books elect. onically TM books on the cart seed to be put back to the shelf. Please by diddng on them one at a time in reshelve the books according to their proper call number order. An their call numbers. CE) error invokes a dialog box suggesting that the student try another book

program also uses Microsoft Wordand local desiderata files. There are even item- Claris FileMaker Pm to store local files on a specific reviews from the CD-ROM Books hard drive; telecommunications software in Print with Book Reviews Plus. In links the application to the campus Financial Data, there are reports on the mainframe as well as to the Internet. historical and currentstatusof some forty- five departmental subject funds with There are four elemental steps in library national price indices for comparison. collections development identification, Commercial Data establishes networked evaluation, selection and acquisition (Fig. links to both Books in Print with Book 3). These steps utilize data sets distributed Reviews Plus as well as vendor databases among four groups Bibliographic Data, on the Internet. Critical 6. Contextual Data, Financial Data and Commercial Data. Information The SMSU Libraries are indeed fortunate in the Bibliographer's Workstation is to profit both technologically and fiscally arrayed in "hot" text, utilizing a variety of from the Macintosh. This technology is resources. Bibliographic Data includes empowering our librarians and generating linkage to the Library's OPAC, ancillary an extraordinary level of creativity and collections, and a means to access remote professional development. The income databases. Critical and Contextual Data from Macintosh sales, in turn, funds their contains background information for new project ideas. Collectively, 14 collection decisions such as accredita- presentations at professional conferences tion agency standards, campus planning and six published papers are directly policies, library collections guidelines, and attributed to in-house development

Fig. 3:The Bibliographer's Workstation provides access to collections development information under a single software "umbrella" based in HyperCard, utilizing a wide variety of rc Data Resources forThis Stage local and remote resources WiliESKU Malta Critical awlCoatashiapaia Limy lanceted Catalog (ATLAS) Collection Destlopenert Guidelines Lbrary Ancillaries (Serials LW) SMSU Cams Planning Policies National andhternshoral Mary HWWass AcawNlalion Agency Standee* Center for Research Libman Ltary Stamkutle Stalictical Data on Wad Holdirva EthilltiLLDIA Wore! WNW DWa Hislorical Data faun AlMortils Budget Stab/kcal Data on Circulation Book Price kxlices arfiroa(BV. with Review) Urals Prim Indices Desiderata LANs Agency Daft on WWII Costs (HEIN) ...... _.. , ._._...... Tge - Dearlimms cJ

Profitini/M e ado r, Jr. 45 58 activity on the Macintosh. Furthermore, library services. Becoming a "Macintoshed our students, faculty, and staff are the Library was truly a wise investment in major beneficiaries of this applied research the future for Southwest Missouri State because its focus is the enhancement of Univetsity.t

John M. Meador, Jr. is Deal of Linty Services as web as Professor and Head of the Department of Mary Science at Southwest Missouri State Wonky (214 Prior to joining NU it 1984, be held thrinistraive Fbrry paid= at die Unimrsities of Utah and HOMO* He can be reached at the Depmtmmt of limy Science, Southwest Missouri State University, Springleld,180 65804. Phone: 411/8364525. Bisset jilli924FOSMSVMA. Well* U1273.

,.....: Ir, ag,

5,9 46 Maciatoshal &art 1 OVERVIEW

growing demand exists for libraries to provide access to and deliver

information in electronic form via ever growing and sophisticated

telecommunications networks. The North Carolina State University (NCSU)

Di *lazed Document Transmission Usino HyperCard

Eric Lease Morgan 8 Tracy M. Corso

libraries in cooperation with the NCSU Computing Center and the National

Agricultural Library (NAL) are collaborating on a research and demonstration

project to discover and explore issues involved in a NSFnet/Internet-based

document delivery system for library materials. As the lead institution, NCSU

60 has developed a sophisticated HyperCard of manual intervention. The project application as part of a research initiative management team recognized early on the entitled the NCSU Digitized Document need for a front -end driver that would Transmission Project (NCSU DDTP). link and/or integrate the four software The NCSU DDTP is a two-stage initiative packages (Fig. 1). It is this need that investigating the technical and administra- mandated the development of the tive issues involved in the transmission of project's HyperCard application. library materials between remote libraries in stage one and across campus telecommuni- PLATFORM cations networks for direct delivery to the researcher in stage two. Using networked, unmodified Macin- toshes, together with scanners and laser BACKGROUND printers located in the participating libraries' interlibrary loan departments, The NCSU DDTP was begun in 1989 as the libraries digitize, transmit and receive a pilot study with funding from the U.S. in digitized form ('including all text and Department of Agriculture and expanded illustrations) library materials requested by in 1990 with funds from a U.S. Depart- researchers. Digitized documents can be

Fig. I: NCSU DDTP Workstation Nay Digitized Document Transmission Project Workstation Hardware and Software Configuration.

Hardware Software Macintosh computer/40 MB HD System 6.0.5 or greater

8 MB RAM Stufflt Deluxe Ethernet connection to the Internet HyperCard 2.0v2

Abaton scanner MacTCP 1.0.1

PostScript printer Abaton scanning software Telnet for the Macintosh 2.4.4

ment of Education Title II-D research delivered directly to a researcher's com- and demonstration grant, an Apple puter by way of campus networks,placed Library of Tomorrow (ALOT) equipment on diskette, or printed. Printed copiesof grant and resource support from partici- transmitted materials confirm the marked pating institutions. The project was superiority of this delivery process over originally conceived as a research and telefacsimile for reproducing graphical demonstration project. and photographic information important to scientific publications, such as line The first year of the project was devoted graphs and mathematical formulae. to purchasing and installing equipment, testing network connections among the The Macintosh platform was selected as fourteen participating institutions and the project's platform of choice because of developing operational procedures. four compelling technical advantages. Initially, participants used four software First, software packages designed for the packages (scanning, compressing, trans- Macintosh are interchangeable. Secondly, mitting, and printing software) individu- the Macintosh is consistent and ally which required an unacceptable level easy-to-use. Third, the system software

48 Waded &aria 61 assumes network access to printers and the database. Included in the Directory files. Finally, the platform is open. The file is information concerning each project uses the Abaton scanning software participating institution's computing to digitize print materials, compression environment (e.g., most importantly, the software Suer Deluxe to compress the Internet Protocol address of the file server digitized documents and MacTCP and receiving documents as in Fig. 3). Telnet for the Macintosh to transfer the files to remote file servers.The project To begin the digitization process, the team recognized early on that the process operator launches the applicationand of navigating between separate software clicks the Scan button. The stack queries packages demanded far too much manual the operator for the interlibrary loan intervention to be useful in a high-volume request number. The OCLCinterlibrary interlibrary loan environment. A loan subsystem generates a unique user-friendly interface integrating and identifier for each borrowing request. This streamlining the individual software number is used as the folder name into packages was essential. Together, Eric L. which the requested document will be Morgan (Systems Librarian, NCSU scanned. After the OCLC ILL number is Libraries) and Larry Robinson (Program- entered as the folder name, the stack ming Consultant, NCSU Computing queries the operator to identify the Center) designed a HyperCard 2.0 stack borrowing institution's name from the that incorporates a number of XCMDs, Directory listing. This numbering-naming compiled pieces of code installed into the process is repeated until there are no more resource fork of a HyperCard stack.Below lending requests to be processed. Once is a step-by-step explanation of the the folders have been created and named, HyperCard stack's buttons and how the the Abaton Scanner desk accessory is application functions. automatically launched. The operator proceeds to scan the documents and saves DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION'S the scanned images into the correspond- Burretis ing folders.

The opening screen introduces a The requested documents may be batch HyperCard application that has reduced processed or processed individually; the the lending process of scanning, only limiting factor is the amount of compressing, and transmitting from 20 to available hard disk space. A single scanned 30 steps, to three to five steps (Fig. 2). image is generally a megabyte in size; a nine page digitized journal article requires From this card, both the lending and nine megabytes of memory. Given the borrowing components of the digitized immense size of the digitized files, it is document delivery process are carried out necessary that the files becompressed simply by clicking buttons. both to save space and to allow for timely transmission via telecommunications The About button plays an animated networks. sequence illustrating the processof digitizing, transmitting and receiving The Stuff button automatically compress- library materials. The Help button es (archives) the previouslyscanned navigates the operator to a help stack documents with a Suet DeluxeXCMD. complete with hyper-annotations and This step is performed automatically illustrations. The Directory button because the application records in the enables the operator to register new borrower's "To-do List" the folder names institutions within the Directory file of to be archived (Fig. 3). Oncethe folders

49 Diiitirad Document Transmission/Morgan & Casorso 62 Fig. 2: In the application's opening sa-e Tho SchaPlan the Primary Card introduces an application that has reduced the lending process of scanning, compressing and transmitting from 20 or 30 steps to 3 to 5 steps LE l!M

NCSU Digitized Document Transmission Project wwn hint System Interface 1.0

Starlod y 11* Irterfart en 1 /1 OM at 1 :10 PH.

no connoctin

are archived, the "To-do List" is updated, facilitated with XCMDs from the thus indicating the archives are ready for MacTCP Toolkit. transmission to the borrowing library's file server via the Internet. After the digitized The application transmits the archived documents have been archived, the digitized documents through the standard uncompressed document is automatically TELNET/FTP capabilities of the TCP/IP deleted to conserve hard disk space. Only protocol suite. Depending on the borrow- the archived copy of the digitized docu- ing library's local configuration, the ment then exists. application transmits the archived documents to an awaiting Macintosh or The Send button automatically transmits an intermediate file server. For a Macin- the archived documents. It was by far the tosh to function as a file server and to most complicated button to develop. The receive the digitized documents directly, it application is designed to transmit the must be turned on and running Telnet in digitized documents via the Internet to the background with FTP enabled. either an intermediate computer on the Similarly, any intermediate file server borrowing institution's campus network, must be turned on to receive documents or directly to a project workstation located via 1.(1.P. Once the digitized document in the borrowing library's interlibrary loan has been transmitted to the borrowing department. The transmission process is library, the electronic copy resident on the

Fig. 3: A sample directory entry provides /11110111=111=111111111111111111 The ScenPlan information about each participating institutions computing environment Directory 44) C> induding their Internet Protocol address find Card lire Cord Card Nod Card

Li0 This Is my card Eli vs.remote server heists sent archives 1:10elate received archives

To-do Net ( Edit To-do list)

50 liarintothedUnies E3 lending library's workstation is automati- The application is very flexible. The cally deleted. application is not limited to a single input mechanism (i.e., the scanner). Any The Retrieve button retrieves the incoming machine-readable file/folder may be archived digitized documents from the imported into the application. The GET borrowing library's intermediate file server. command allows for library materials The application automatically logs on to obtained from CD-ROMs, electronic text the intermediate file server and provides a or image databases, digital video and other list of all the digitized documents. At this multimedia materials to be imported into point, the operator has the option of the application, processed and transmitted. selecting any or all of the files to be downloaded. The downloaded archives are DELIVERING THE DIGITIZED LIBRARY automatically marked for decompressing. MATERIALS DIRECTLY TO THE After an archive has been retrieved from theRESEARCHER intermediate file server, the copy resident on the file server is automatically deleted. If Stage one of the NCSU DDTP involves the file has been transmitted directly to the the transmission of digitized library Macintosh workstation from the lending materials between the fourteen participat- library, the application marks the incoming ing libraries. Stage two is investigating the files for decompressing. technical and management issues related to the direct delivery of the digitized The Unstuff button reverses the archiving materialsCOthe researcher via campus process using Stuffit De/uxe XCMD. The telecommunications networks. application knows which documents to unarchive automatically because the folder The project team has developed a docu- names have been recorded in the "To-do ment server model entitled the Electronic List" by the Retrieve button. Document Delivery Service (EDDS) that allows researchers on a campus network to The Print button prints all the unarchived retrieve their requested library materials files and deletes them. Because the electronically. Using the EDDS, research- documents were originally scanned and ers submit their document requests vi,c she saved as TIFF images, a custom campus electronic mail system to the TIFF-printing XCMD was developed libraries' interlibrary loan department. that allows the digitized documents to be Requests are filled, through the DDTP printed directly from the folder. Without sites, by obtaining a scanned electronic this TIFF-printing XCMD, it would be version of the article or an original necessary to use a paint program to print electronic document. Filled requests are the file. The digitized documents are received and stored on the borrowing deleted after a print copy is produced. library's intermediate computer, which automatically notifies the researcher that The heart of the application is the the digitized document is available and "To-Do List". The "To-Do List" is a field provides retrieval instructions for electron- in each borrower's card in the Directory ic pickup by the researcher. The service is that tracks the status of the documents as not limited solely to the delivery of they are being processed. The format of journal articles; any type of library the "ToDo List" line is [command],[filel information that can be captured in folder]. The commands are GET, digital form or that already exists in digital STUFF, SIND, UNSTUFF and form can be delivered over the Internet PRINT. Valid files or folders are file or and across campus networks to the folder names that need to be processed. researcher.

Dititized Document Transmission/Morgan & COSMO 51 4 The EDDS serves multiple platforms, ARIEL system. All systems use digitiza- including Macintosh, DOS and UNIX. tion technology and the Internet as the Researchers using the Macintosh platform primary means of delivery. are provided with a HyperCardapplica- tion called Document Assistant. This The CICnet and RLG systems can be HyperCard application is an abridged understood as point-to-point, platform version of the system application which independent, print-over-the-Internet streamlines for the researcher the process systems. They rely on transmitting to of unarchiving and printing the requested identical platforms and have a single input library materials (Fig. 4). It is not neces- device a scanner and a single output sary for the researcher to have Document device a printer both directly Assistant to use the EDDS. It merely attached to the workstation. The NCSU functions as a user-friendly interface that DDT P's system design differs in three key the researcher has the option of using to areas from the approach taken by CICnet unarchive and print the TIFF images, and RLG. First, the DDTP uses an off-

Fig. 4:Document Assistant (thePrimary Document AssistantIiiiii.11111623 Card is shown here) streamlines for the researcher the process of unarchiving and printing the requested library materials

thus eliminating the need for importing the-shelf workstation configuration with the digitized document into a paint no customization of hardware. Second, by program before to obtaining a print copy. adhering to widely supported data format and transmission standards, the NCSU OTHER IMAGE TRANSMISSION system is designed to be used in a net- INITIATIVES worked, heterogeneous computing environment. The Macintosh platform In addition to the NCSU DDTP, two used by DDTP is readily integrated, and other image transmission initiatives are unlike the CICnet and RLG systems, experimenting with production-oriented allows materials to be transmitted via systems using proprietary hardware and campus networks directly to the research- software designs the Committee on er. Third, the DDTP provides an "im- Institutional Cooperation Networks's port" function which allows the system to (CICnet) fax over the Internet system and fill document delivery requests for the Research Libraries Group's (RLG) materials regardless of their input source

52 6' Waded Libraries or original format. Print materials can be capacity to fully utilize the system's batch converted into a digitized form using a processing capability. In the future, the scanner, or materials already in machine- HyperCard application will support two or readable form electronic documents, three types of scanners and one or two digital sound and video or multimedia additional types of printers. It is anticipat- materials can be imported into the ed that with the improved functionality, system and transmitted. Conversely, the NCSU system software will serve as the DDTP system can output to any network foundation for the electronic delivery of device, including printers, slide projectors, library materials within the land-grant color printers or any other network- academic community, if not within the accessible device. library community at latge.t

CONCLUSION The project team is made up of Susan K. Nutter, Director ofNCSU Libraries and Principal Investigator; John E. Ulmschneidcr, Assistant Director for Library Though the goals of the DDTP remain Systems; Tracy M. Casorso, Project Manager; Lisa T. R&D in nature, the project team has Abbott, Assistant Project Manager; Eric L Morgan, extended its investigation to include Technical Consultant; and Marti A. Minor, Production Coordinator. The twelve land-grant institutions panic- hardware and software options for ipating with NCSU and NAL in stage one of the project achieving production level functionality. are: Clemson University, University of Delaware, Iowa At this time, the project team is working State University, University of Maryland at College Park, Michigan State University, University of Minne- in three areas to upgrade system capability sota, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State to integrate the scanning software University, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania within the HyperCard application, to State University, Utah State University, Virginia Poly- technic Institute and State University and Washington evaluate hardware upgrades to increase State University. printing systems, and, to increase memory

Eric Lease Morgan, chief architect of the LIBRARY: KSU DOD' HyperCard 'Waite, is a systems --'""I"81TER^ER librarian at KAI libraries.

Tracy M. Casorso is project manager of the

NtSU Diitiled Document Transmission Project.

They can be reached at IKSIJ Libraries, library Systems, Campus Box 7111, Raleigh, K 27695- 7111. Phone: 919/515-2843. Fax: 919/515-3628. Internet [email protected]; Tracy Czorso NOCE&

Project team members from left to right: Lisa T. Abbott Eric L Morgan, Marti A Minor, Tracy M. Casorso. Absent John E. Ulrnschneider, Susan K Nutter.

E6 Dipized Document Transmission/Morgan & Casorso 53

REST COPY AVAILABLE I. INTRODUCTION

yperCard allows Macintosh users to design

applications for themselves and their clients,

providing a means for ideas to be conceived,

developed, and tested in a relatively short time. The

resulting stacks employ text, graphics, sound,

animation, and hypertextual features. Designing and Evaluating ARCHIMEDES A HyperCard Reference Aid at the Universityof Michigan

Jim Ottaviani and James.E. Alloway

67 HyperCard's utility in libraries is obvious. 11. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY Librarians with modest programming expertise can develop custom applications. Reference is one of the most visible It was in this vein that ARCHIMEDES services we provide at ETL. Finite VMSconceived in 1989 by the staff at the resources translate into finite staffing and University of Michigan's (U-M) Engi- hours though, so providing interpersonal neering Transportation Library (ETL). service from 8 a.m. to 2 a.m. (our hours Funding for the project came from the during fall and winter semesters) is University of Michigan Library System, impossible. The complexity of the and development began in January of University Library system, and Eli in 1990. The design, programming, and particular, led us to consider alternatives. implementation of the stacks were done Among the requirements for an alterna- completely by the ETL reference staff; tive help system were that it provide: which includes both professionals and students.

Fig. I: ARCHIMEDES' main menu E/T1. S stem provides paths to information on the University of Michigan Library system as well as specific details on the Engineering Transportation Library.

multiple sites/many access points; The ARCHIMEDES system has been an interactive system that users running since March 22, 1991. It consists could use to search for information of two Macintosh Plus computers linked of their choosing, in the order they by a PhoneNet network to a Macintosh chose; SE/30. There are currently seven a visually interesting system; and HyperCard stacks that comprise a system we can modify in-house as ARCHIMEDES: ETL System, ETL our needs change. Locations, Mirlyn, Special Collections, Other Libraries, Reference Help, and These and other considerations produced Services. ARCHIMEDES covers both a set of guidelines and a direction for what general features of the U-M Library eventually became ARCHIMEDES. system and detailed information tailored to ETL users (Fig. 1). It is designed to The selection of topics for inclusion in provide quick reference help to library ARCHIMEDES was based on an analysis users when reference librarians are not of the types of questions by the types of available. questions and needs our users have. Not intended as a substitute for a reference librarian, ARCHIMEDES instead is a

Desitnhit ARCHIMEDES/Ottaviani & Alloway 55 68 reference aid capable of answering simple, and fed. When typefaces, special effects, factual questions and providing inform- and especially navigation buttons are used tion about library services. Solutions to consistently, the user is not constantly common problems (e.g., how to find a struggling to learn about a new stack and missing book, how to best search for can concentrate on content. Guidelines conference proceedings) were also aso free stack designers from too many included when possible. Developing choices. HyperCard's free-form environ- ARCHIMEDES gave us the opportunity ment can swallow a creator whole, to re-examine our approaches to problem r-oving the focus away from providing solving. We learned a great deal and information in a dear and interesting way. revised a few cumbersome ptocedures. We grouped related topics in spar= stacks to As part of the guidelines, we produced a allow convenient updating. This modular Creator's Stack. It provides examples of approach allowed us to revise the Mirb,n good, and bad, .'esigns that can be copied stack to reflect the changes in search directly into new stacks (at least the good screens resulting from the implementation ones). New stacks can be built quickly of NOTIS 5.0. using this stack template.

Most of the development team had little A network environment was selected for or no programming experience at the two main reasons. First, it enabled us to beginning of the project. Those who create an inexpensive, but easily expand- wished to avoid scripting were able to able, automated reference aid. Using make significant contributions without Macintosh Plus computers without hard delving into HyperTallt. Most quickly disks allowed us to place two inexpensive learned some scripting, however, and were workstations on the floor instead of a able to add advanced features to stacks. single dedicated and expensive machine. Workshops available at the U-M, through Designing the system also introduced us its Information Technology Division, to the basics of networking. Because we were able to bring those interested in did everything from installing the software more advanced techniques quickly up to to running the wire, many of us are now speed. familiar enough with the network to act as system operators. Design of a human-computer interface, especially in the hands of a mixed group of THE DATA ANALYSIS programmers and non-programmers charged with diverse tasks, is not likely to When users activate the opening screen, a be successful without guidelines. Apple's file opens to capture the sequence of stacks HyperCard Stack Design Guidelines and cards that they visit, recording the time addresses general issues involved in a of day and time spent in each stack There hypertext environment.' Because we expect is no attempt to identify the user, and the the program to be modified for, and recording of the session transcript is operate in, many other libraries at U-M, we completely unobtrusive. The data is drafted a set of guidelines specifically for analyzed automatically. The program, ARCHIMEDES. They covered cards, written in Hyperard2.0, adds the current buttons, fields, and sounds, and also session information (cards seen, total time provided references and sample scripts. spent in the session) to a running total. This data is accumulated for each The guidelines served two purposes. ARCHIMEDES station separately and When stacks are designed according to cumulatively. Breakdowns by time of day specifications, they have a consistent look (used to determine if the session occurred

56 Iladatoilti *aria CJ during a period when a reference librarian the initial session transcripts and uses. The was available), month, and school term are definitions strike a balance between all easily produced (Fig. 2). differentiating between sessions where real information is provided by We make a distinction between "in- ARCHIMEDES and ease and speed of depth" and "scanning" uses because we analyzing the data from the large number realize that there are large variations in the of uses. use of any library. Using a photocopier or asking for the location of a bathroom are This data analysis can run in the back- quite different from conducting a multi- ground on sufficiently powerful Macin- ple database search on Mirlyn (U-M's toshes (SE/30 or any of the II class), online catalog) or asking a librarian to find freeing the machine for other uses when a data on a topic. Early observations on the large number of sessions are being use of ARCHIMEDES showed us that analyzed. We wrote parts of this article there are varying levels of use for it as well.

Fig. 2:ARCHIMEDES unobtrusively ouie.thre.ect91

gathers statistics by noting the sequence of om Sitk: E/TL lcatlee- stacks and cards used by patrons, as well as October31, 1991 ms-low of toirlos M. stook "dates-tamping" their activity. It also records the time spent in each stick rower mallow 1pf sr& yisies4por stook it 1.767422

most oords rbitol re stook too session mambos

**sop taro to stook 0.051526

1111:1,1 1:1

For convenience these levels were split while the data was being analyzed on the into two categories. A scanning use is same Macintosh. defined as a session where the user. IV. USE STATISTICS did not get beyond the opening animation, or The data in Table 1 are cumulative from only saw the menu cards of three or the first day of ARCHIMEDES operation fewer stacks. This type of use, while through October 31, 1991 (seven full it presumably gives some informa- months plus the initial week): The most tion about ARCHIMEDES, is frequently visited stacks are described in almost certainly not answering a more detail below. "reference" question. One can make the analogy that "scanning" The ETL Locations stack gives locations of ARCHIMEDES is similar to briefly Libraries on the U-M main campus. It also looking at a book's table of contents. has a floor map of ETL, which is linked to

Any other use is considered in-depth. *Much more detail is collected than is presented: Breakdowns by term/month, stack/card, and individual ARCHIMEDES station are also computed. Such These definitions are obviously arbitrary. detail is usually not of interest to any but the stack We chose them after observing some of designers, though, and will not be presented here.

Desitatint ARCHIMEDES/Ottaviani & Alloway 57 70 many other stacks. The most frequently Missing Book (170 visits) describes vi:iited cards in Eli Locations are: how to find a book missing from the shelf. It is a self-contained card Floor map (800 visits) is a floor (i.e. it is linked only to broader map of ETL. If this card is entered mini cards). from a card in another stack (e.g., Conferences (160 visits) addresses Patents from Reference Help ) the one of the most difficult tasks in the area of interest is automatically ETL tracking down conference highlighted. proceedings. It gives Mirlyn search Campus map (650 visits) is a map hints and is linked to Floor map of the U-M central campus. When (see below). a user clicks on a library name, its Standards (110 visits) illustrates the location on the map flashes and its process of finding and viewing a hours of operation and phone standard or specification. number are given.

Number of sessions from 3/2219110/31/91:3090

in-depth uses:2070 scanning uses: 1020

Sessions dosing reference hours (since 4/19/91):2100 During non-reference hours:990 Average number of cards visited per session: 9.0 cards Average time spent at ARCHIMEDES: 2.7 min.

The most frequently visited stacks are: Ell Locations1810 times Reference Help1610 times Special Collections540 times Mirlyn 470 times

Table I . Data from the first 7+ months (3/22/91 10/31/91) of ARCHIMEDES use

North map (270 visits) is similar to Special Collections describes some of the Campus map, but for U-M's North more popular, and more difficult to Campus. access, subsets of ETL's generalcollection. The most frequently visited cards in Reference Help is designed to answer some Special Collections are of the most common reference questions. It consists of cards that embody some of Patents (150 visits) explains the the knowledge of an engineering reference resources available for patent librarian. The most frequently visited searching in ETL. Simple instruc- cards in Reference Help are: tion is also given, along with a referral to a reference librarian.

71 58 niciotoihed [kirks Tedmical Reports (90 visits) gives the data analysis statistics many other general tips on searching for interesting and useful subjective measures technical reports in the online of service are not considered. Comparing catalog. Like Patents, it also refers interactions between live users and the user to a reference librarian. librarians can give some idea of hove Company Information (80 visits) ARCHIMEDES is being used, though. provides information on where to Time spent on reference and types of find and how to use the company questions asked give a feel as to whether and industry directories collected by ARCHIMEDES is fulfilling its mission as ETL. This information is useful to a reference aid. both researchers and job searchers. TIME SPENT Mirlyn is a brief tutorial on using the Mirlyn system and files. It consists of cards The tiara on time spent by librarians on that mimic Mirlyn screens and include answering reference questions is sparse. additional notes on what the various parts Collecting such data is both time consum- of the screen mean. The most frequently ing and potentially very intrusive. Only a visited cards in Mirlyn are: few studies have been done in academic libraries which give a rough idea of how Books (160 visits) describes the long a reference encounter between user basic steps one takes to search for a and librarian lasts. Whitlatch observed book. It leads to other cards that that 30.7% of academic reference ques- depict Mirlyn screens and offer tions were answered in less than two searching hints. minutes, and 86% within five minutes? Periodicals (110 visits) is similar to Jestes and Laird found that the average Books. academic reference interview lasted 2.0 Title searching (110 visits) de- minutes.3 scribes how to search for items by title (in any of the files). Like So, time spent with ARCHIMEDES is Books, this card leads to other, comparable to time spent with real more detailed cards, which show librarians. Extremely long sessions where simulated title searches. users visit more than 100 cards andspend Keyword searching (80 visits) is up to an hour have been recorded aswell. similar to Title searching. Given the volume of questions the reference desk handles (an average of four All whole numbers are rounded to the per hour during all reference hours) we nearest 10, and fractions to one decimal could never provide this level of attention place. Changes made to ARCHIMEDES personally. So far, ARCHIMEDES has and the analysis program in the first been used 14.3 times/day. This number months of operation resulted in session may not be indicative of a yearly average, transcripts that the program could not since the system has been periodically tally accurately. These sessions are only a unavailable (for maintenance and trouble- small percentage (approximately 50 out of shooting) in the early months. Also, the the first 3,090, or 2%) and are not statistics are predominantly from the included in the statistics reported here. spring and summer terms, when library use is typically low. Regardless, giventhe V. DISCUSSION time users are spending and the types of questions they're "asking" (see below) this We will only discuss measurements of live is a significant amount of use. reference that are easy to compare with

arimmommirl 72 Desiinint ARCHJMECES /Ottoviani & Alloway 59 TYPE OF QUESTIONS sources and special reference knowledge to answer a question it is tallied as "research" The time librarians spend with a user is of or "research/instructional." A "referral" course not the only indication of the directs a user to another library. service provided. The amount and kind of information provided is also crucial to Our reference desk staff record the type of satisfaction. If an automated system is no question they were asked after each designed to address the types of questions encounter at the desk is completed. The typically encountered by real reference data are very consistent: the historical data librarians it can never provide a good match the data from the period in which supplement to their service. So we made a ARCHIMEDES has operated. Table 2 comparison between the types of ques- presents the E1 L reference desk data for tions we are asked at the reference desk the past six months. and the types of questions asked of ARCHIMEDES. The information we record about a ARCHIMEDES session is merely statistical and cannot differentiate between

Directional: 13% of questions asked (800)

Quick +aulck/instructional: 74% of questions asked (4770)

Research + ResearchlhIStrUCDOnal: 13% of questions asked (810)

Table 2. Numbers of reference question at Ell. 4/91 1 0/91

Again, the literature is relatively sparse on "quick" and "research" (not without question types in academic libraries. St. spending an unreasonable amount of Clair and Aluri found that 44% of programming and processing time, that reference questions are directional, 18% is). We have chosen, then, to define only instructional, 32% reference, and 6% two session categories for extended reference.4 Jestes and Laird ARCHIMEDES: "reference" or "direc- found that 19% are directional.' We have tional." When broken down this way collected this kind of data at ETL for a 66% (3450 sub-sessions) of the uses are number of years, however. It provides us reference, while 34% (1810) are direc- with the best basis of comparison between tional. We refer to sub-sessions, defined as "live" reference and ARCHIMEDES use. visits to separate topic stacks, since a user can, and often does, see many types of The data we collect at ETL is broken information in a given session. down into six categories for four types of requestors (U-M/non-U-M affiliation, in- Our data demonstrate that on a coarse house/telephone). Answers to "direction- scale, similar types of questions are asked al" questions send users to a physical of ARCHIMEDES as are asked of location. "Quick" and "quick/instruction- reference librarians. The rank order al" questions require less than five minutes between floor map, campus map, and to answer and use two or fewer reference north campus card visits is similar to what sources. When we spend more than five we experience at the reference desk. This minutes and use two or more reference heavy use indicates that a button level

00 73 &climbed links I analysis of the data would be useful in respects use of the ARCHIMEDES determining where our efforts should be system has been as desired. In particular: directed on these cards. Users spend on average over two Reference Help is the second most popular minutes on each session, visiting stack on ARCHIMEDES. This too is in almost nine cards, and consult accord with our experiences at the desk. ARCHIMEDES approximately 14 Use of this su. :IC may be considered times a day. ARCHIMEDES is equivalent to our quick or quicic/instruc- being used the way we intended it. tional categories. Questions on finding a The time users spend with missing book, searching for conference ARCHIMEDES is comparable to proceedings, and performing patent the time they spend with a reference searches are frequently asked. That they librarian, and users are being exposed are also asked of ARCHIMEDES is an to a number of ETL services. indication that people are consulting it for There have been roughly twice as similar reasons as they consult a reference many in-depth uses as scanning librarian. Similarly, the frequent use of the uses. Users are more than just Special Colkctions stack is not surprising to curious about ARCHIMEDES our staff. Because it provides some they are learning from it. instruction for the use of the "gray" So far there has been no significant literature so important in engineering, it is difference in the amount of use naturally of interest to our users. during reference and non-reference hours. We expect that as library The fourth most frequently visited stack, users become more familiar with Mirlyn, may represent a special case. ARCHIMEDES, the number of Because Mirlyn terminals are often in uses when the reference desk is not demand, users may.approach staffed will exceed the number ARCHIMEDES in hopes of using it to during reference hours. search the online catalog. Our observations of such users shows that they quickly The stacks users visit and the cards they realize they are not using a Mirlyn consult within those stacks indicate that terminal. We have no way of knowing a ARCHIMEDES is fielding questions users intention, and accidental use may typical of those we hear at the reference account for a significant amount of desk. ARCHIMEDES also aids our Mirlyn stack use. But the high use of even reference librarians, who consult it fur relatively "deep" cards (those cards that other libraries' hours, locations, and require a number of mouse clicks to phone numbers, for example. Because of reach) indicates that, if nothing else, a the large number of uses of the Mirlyn large amount of exploration is occurring stack, our current efforts are focused on in the Mirlyn stack. updating this and related stacks to reflect the recent NOTIS enhancements. VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ARCHIMEDES is not a static system: we are continuously updating it to include The data we are continuing to collect and the latest information about the U-M the results of the analysis of those data are library system as a whole and Eli in encouraging. Although our expectation of particular. Updating its contents to reflect significantly higher use during non- changes in the online catalog have already reference hours was not met, in all other been mentioned. We plan other enhancements as well:

Desiinini ARCHIMEDES/0 ttaviani &Alloway 61 74 Converting the stacks to HyperCard When money is tight, having good ideas 2.0 is expected to improve system is only a third of the battleimplementing speed. them and demonstrating that they work At the card level, an analysis ofwhat complete the picture. We have unique buttons are clicked can be used to opportunities for design in a networked learn more about the information HyperCard environment. Better still, we viewed on each card. have the ability to evaluate what we've At the session level, the data analysis done, demonstrating its usefulness and can be expanded to determine the determining where new development most frequently explored paths efforts should take place.11 through the stacks. This can be used in conjunction with stack/system level information (below) to make References frequently requested information 1. Apple Computer, Inc., HyperCard Stack Design easier to get to. Guidelines. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing At the stack/system level, correlating Company, 1989. the "depth" of a card in a stack and 2. Wh klatch, J.B. The Role of theAcademic Reference the likelihood of a user visiting that Librarian." In: New Directions in Information card is of interest to those who Management, No. 22, M. Buckland (ed.), New York worry about users getting lost in Greenwood Press, 1990. "hyper(media) space." Preliminary 3. Jests, E.C. and Laird, W.D., "A Time Study of data appear to show that there is General Reference Work in a University Library." negative correlationthe deeper the Research in Librarianship, v.2 (Jan. 1968): 9-16. card, the less often a visit has 4. St. Clair, J. and Aluri, R, "Staffing the Reference occurred. A detailed analysis is Desk Professionals or Non-professionals?" Journal of needed to support any new design Academic Librarianship, v.3 Ouly, 1977): 149-153. guidelines.

Jim Ottaviani is a library Associate at the James Alloway is Undergraduate Science librarian Engineering Importation library at the University of and head of Mame at the Engineering libraries at die Michigan. He received a B.S. in Nudear Engineering from University of Withigan. He received a B.A. in History from the University of Ilinois,trbanghampaign, an MS. in die University of Kansas, Lawrence, and an KIS. from Nuclear Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. He is also a Arbor, and is completing an KO. at the University of past member of the Residenry Program at the University Michigan, Ann Arbor. of Michigan.

Copies of the ARCHIMEDES stela and related materials can be obtained from the U-M Engineering/fransportuion Rory. Communications to the authors may be addressed to Jim Ottaviani, Engineering/Transportation library, 312 Undergraduate Ural, University of Michigan, km Arbor, MI 48109-1185; 313/164-1494. Internet : et_ref@ ub.ccsmickedu

62 75 acintosh computers are now an integral part of research at

the Ohio State University. Students are flocking to nine

Macintosh Hsi computers in the University Libraries to use the

new electronic tool called The Gateway toInformation. This

innovative computer project guides expert researchers as well as

library and computer novices to relevant library resources in both

print and electronic formats, all from a single workstation. The Gatewayto Information:

Using Macintosh, HyperCard, and MitemView to Simplify Information-Seeking at The Ohio State University

Fred Roecker

76 THE NEED FOR COMPUTERIZED undergraduates and library novices in GUIDANCE mind, must

Five years ago, Virginia Tiefel, Director of display an outline of a search the Ohio State University's Office of strategy to guide novices through Library User Education, recognized the their first steps in research; urgent need by Ohio State students and direct patrons to appropriate other patrons of the University Libraries materials, and provide dues to to acquire effective information-seeking evaluate these tools for their own skills. Library patrons were simply needs; paralyzed by the amount of information provide a simple interface to the contained in Ohio State's 26 libraries. Library's online catalog, as well as Unfortunately, budget restrictions and other electronic databases; and limited personnel made it impossible for require no immediate assistance in the Libraries to provide more workshops, the form of manuals, staff or more staff supervision at CD-ROM workshops. terminals or longer reference hours. At that time, a half a decade ago, over 20,000 Susan Logan, Coordinator ofAutomated Ohio State students a year were given Library Systems, outlined how technology some form of bibliographic instruction. could be adapted for this project, incorpo- But Virginia Tiefel recognized that these rating networked CD-ROMs into the one-hour sessions were not adequate in system. The Director of the University developing skills in students to locate Libraries, William Studer, provided relevant information. tremendous encouragement and staff time for the project. Funds were provided by A BUCK ROGERS SOLUTION grants from the U.S. Department of Education (FIPSE and Title IID) and In 1986, Tiefel realized that a bold move, The William Randolph Hearst Founda- using futuristic technology, might address tion for equipment and a programmer. these growing demands. Computers could These funds allowed the Libraries to hire provide instruction at the exact point of Senior Programmer/Analyst John Salter, need in a library, simplify access to and to purchase eight Macintosh IIcx electronic databases, and even encourage computers and ImageWriters. Apple was critical thinking. But the use of computers also very supportive with suggestions and posed a new problem. While some a donation of two Macintosh Hex students were familiar with computers, computers for programming. The project many more were not even modestly was named The Gateway to Information. computer literate. A workstation designed for bibliographic instruction would have INTERFACES to be childishly simple, not to intimidate patrons on their first try. Yet it would also The purpose of The Gateway was user need to be sophisticated to address a independence; at any time or at any variety of research needs of a diverse location, a patron could find assistance to academic community. specific research problems on demand. The Gateway needed a simple, easy-to-use GOALS interface. Yet this interface required great flexibility to move with the needs of the Tiefel felt that the ideal system for patron. HyperCard was the answer. It was bibliographic instruction, designed with easy to program and modify. For patrons, they could pursue information directly to

64 Maddock! lbrarid specific sources, or browse at their leisure what screen a patron would go to when through a range of search strategies. activated. The instructional screen was discarded. A Gateway design rule was However, preliminary tests with under- created additional information screens graduate students at Ohio State proved will not be required by patrons to under- that they had a low level of understanding stand any function. When scrolling boxes of HyperCard icons. In the earliest were incorporated into the narrative Gateway prototype, HyperCard arrows boxes once considered by designers as too and icons were used on screens for page difficult for novices the only help given turning, returning to menus, and other to patrons appeared below the scroll actions. The concept of clicking on a arrow, as "Click on arrow for more." The button with a word direction "See simple instruction assisted patrons List" or "Print" wasclear to students,

Fig. I : The Search Strategy Apo11o:130mo f Tochno1 Dots Coversoo-10/153 thou 12/26/91 Map is the opening menu to SoUrch Tom DOrnotitor 211104 Wrist Seerch The Gateway. end crime 106 Writs out DOliCt 109 Entries Our

Prom deleb ks for Iniaspelll roe. Prow tele to move nehmen terms

Pau tlnraMd imatterostRadocialsRlas_-_ 1 of 2 Intim

Chula, Den; 0'1401, Grego* Olean( hookers plan mange' for police ohm:town on computer atm Nov Selottist v126 p24 April 21 10

She To Notebook SUBJECTS COVERED: Computer crimes tettekek

Evaluate Sources

but icons stopped them cold. Under immediately at their point of need, and observation, these test students were noted they quickly mastered the new skill. to helplessly scan the screen for some text- based box to click, completely overlookingSEARCH STRATEGIES arrows and icon buttons. Even an introductory screen of instructions, The primary function of The Gateway was explaining buttons and their functions, to help undergraduate and novice library was skimmed or ignored during tests. users locate information by using an Those students familiar with the Macin- organized search strategy. This philosophy tosh were insulted by the condescending moving from broad, general resources help screen, containing "obvious" to specific data had been taught in information, delaying their searching. traditional bibliographic instruction classes and workshops for 14 years at Based on these studies, most icons as Ohio State. A search strategy diagram buttons were eliminated, replaced with reflecting this concept eventually became "word buttons" that spelled out exactly the first menu screen (Fig. 1).

Gateway to Information/Roecker 78 65 Reference librarians in the Undergraduate products available via The Gateway. and Main Libraries provided information Fortuitously, MitemView became avail- on topics most often researched by able, achieving quite a notoriety in the patrons, based on their experiences in library community with MaeNOTIS, the serving The Gateway's potential audience. LYperCtIrd/MitemView interface for the As a consequence, patrons using The NOTIS online catalog at Texas A&M Gateway originally were guided to over 90 University. John Salter contacted the encyclopedias, 70 periodical indices and M1TEM Corporation, and the Ohio 90 biographical, statistical or review State Libraries became a beta site to sources. Each source was featured on a further test MitemView as a part of The card in The Gateway, with call number, Gateway. location and abstract to assist patrons in making decisions over the utility of each With MitemView, a student programmer item. The number of sources continues to could "grab" a field from a DOS CD- increase in The Gateway. ROM and place it in a template. Buttons for "Print," "Search" and "Select" were CONNECTIVITY programmed to replace confusing DOS function key commands. Onscreen Providing access to electronic databases, display commands were unnecessary and such as Ohio State's online catalog (LCS) removed, further simplifying the interface or DOS-based CD-ROMs, proved to be in The Gateway. With the template in more difficult. The first working proto- hand, it could easily be adapted in a few type of The Gateway consisted of two hours to other databases from the same computers a Macintosh IIcx to test the vendor. With additional programming, HyperCard component, with a DOS the same template could work for all terminal next to the Mac to provide LCS electronic indices SilverPlatter, and CD-ROM access. When MacTCP & UMI as well as LCS. Patrons were was incorporated into The Gateway in never lost among screens and search 1989, searching became possible from one commands. Accessing and searching on computing platform. electronic databases required no more skill than eliciting on a button or typing in a Virginia Tiefel imagined that these now subject! accessible resources should require only modest effort on the part of patrons, with PROTOTYPE TESTING AND difficult commands buried behind the EVALUATION scenes. Ideally, a user need only type in their subject or a keyword; the program In January 1990, two prototype Macin- would do the rest of the work- Pursuing tosh IIcx computers were placed in the this concept, Li Fen, a graduate student, Main Library for public testing a few programmed a HyperCard interface to the hours a day. A Gateway developer coerced Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia with over patrons to operate the system, observing 200 hours ofwork. With this front end, their searches and problems, noting their test users attacked Grolier's from a comments, and asking them to fill out an friendly screen display, without moving to evaluation form. Two additional comput- another workstation, moving disks, or ers were added to the Main Library in understanding specific CD-ROM search June, 1990 and left unattended to test commands (Fig. 2). reliability and to see if the students could work with the program unassisted. Four This sort of effort was too timo:consum- computers were placed in the Undergrad- ing to make a large number of CD-ROM uate Library in January, 1991 and, later in

66 MadaroshedLibrariesS the year, an additional computer was cite references and print the results, all added to the Main Library. The Universi- from one Writing Lab workstation. ty recently purchased 50 Macintosh Ilsi computers to replace the worn LCS Telex The Gateway could easily be adapted to terminals and provide greater access to other libraries. Although conceived and The Gateway. developed in an academic environment, it is equally relevant to situations in school A notebook function was added to The and public libraries. Currently, negotia- Gateway to allow users to save the results tions are underway with a major company of their searches for printing. This to license the product and distribute to electronic notebook can store about 25 libraries nationwide. pages of citations in a scrollable box for

Fig. 2: Grolier's Electronic

Encyclopedia is accessible with Soerch Term. COMOOttr a unique HyperCard interface Press 461vie key for reerspellieje Press tab to awe between term. in The Gateway. tee Skielliete Compton effect Colston, Arthur Holly SWOT.16,16teek Gamlen- Burnett, Ivy Comptroller of the Currency, Office of the Web,* compulsive behovlor computer &Auto lanes, computer crime semester graphics Next ammeter industry Subjects computer lowers

computer crime

Computer crime is gsn.rolty Wined ft ony crime accomplished through spacialkrewedpsofcomputertech rolcoy. Incrust ny %Memos V WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 1h6OVII centputars se more bust mesas auto/note end inforrnstion becomes on I mportard wet. Computers Sr. objects of crime Hotel:wok when they or their contents are Maregre, se when terrorists etteck computer centers with endwise, or reselim, or Wan a "cernpirter wire' --a pogrom copoble of elteris g or origin computer memory - -b introduced bites computer *Wein. le: solOocts ef M me, computers bolus% Sources represent the slectroMc enviremnent to width (nude ore proponwael end executed; en exomple to (be transfer of roomy balsam In account* he perpetrators' acceunts for withdrowel. Conveners Sr. instruments 6f crime when Lee! Ss plan or control ouch criminal ids et complex embectleamato

eventual printing. It saves paper and forces CONCLUSIONS the patrons to mark specific citations rather than blindly downloading every By creating The Gateway to Information, citation in a search. the Offices of Library User Education and Library Automation have developed a GATEWAY'S FUTURE computer program that delivers quality and consistent information-seeking skills It is the intent of the Uni' ersity Libraries to a broad, general studentpopulation. A to make The Gateway available remotely Gateway Macintosh serves as a simple tool to users. Students should be able to access for accessing a variety of materials in the it from dorms or computer labs, faculty Libraries of the University. Finally, The from their offices. In addition, the English Gateway encourages critical thinking on Department is interested in loading The the part of patrons to evaluate materials Gateway on Macintoshes in their Writing for their specific needs. Labs. Students could prepare a research paper on a Gateway terminal,check The Gateway has grown o 'er the past four electronic sources, read full text articles, years, and has been accepted byboth novice and expert users as a vital library Noll Gateway to Informatien/Roed(er 80 67 tool. It delivers on its promise daily as a Fred Roedoer was a tennis professional, school teacher "one-stop-shopping" computer for basic and mumprenexialconsultantbelie joining the Wearies d research, bringing together a variety of Ohio State Unimak. Currently, in addisMn 10 Isis tasks as User electronic and paper resources under a Educitioe blwarian, he is in charge of eraluaion and design single umbrella. The Gateway has demon- coordination of The Gott*" to infommeon Project. Hail wil strated that it is possible to change the way reach fled at 316 Main Way, The Ohio State University, students approach research, to make them Columbus, OH 43210-136. His phone number at the more independent. Barriers to information University is 6141292 -6151. Electronic mai can be&ected have been lowered and libraries in a sense him atNECKER@ 011S111VSk are less mysterious. The Gateway is opening doors to resources, leading even novice users to new and exciting research paths.*

68 tiacintothed Win 81 School Libraries and Smart School Development

Charles Stallard

n 1990, the Hampton (VA) CitySchools embarked

on an ambitious plan todevelop a model, technology-

intensive high school. The purpose of this "Smart School"

was to allow the District tohave first-hand experience with

emerging technologies. We wanted to explore their

potential, and their problems first hand to inform our

restructuring efforts. Our philosophy was based on the

premise that we live an Information Age. Information technologies should be an Two years have passed, and two criteria integral part of an education, rather than a have been added to the Smart School. peripheral support to traditional educa- Pint on this new list is adaptability. tional routines. This shift away from the Instead of the procrrctean notion that the "audio-visual" attitude represents a major child must fit the curriculum and the move in our use of technology. In our school, we want to use technology to Smart School, the information infrastruc- adapt the school to the student. To ture is as basic as lighting and water. accomplish this idea, we are examining wigs to make demographic and achieve- Very early in our planning process, we ment information about students more decided to shift away from computer- readily available to teachers and adminis- aided instruction (CAl) or the routines of trators. To this end, we are in the process drill and practice. Instead, we wanted of installing Apple's Data Access Lan- technology to be used in school as it is guage (DAL) on our IBM 9370 main- used in business and industry. As a flame. High-speed modems and gateways consequence, our plan focused on the will allow users to simply point and dick creation of an information infrastructure. the mainframe from their desks, retrieving The Library became the nerve center of data as required. the School. Placing the heart of the Smart School in the Library redefined the roles Finally, a Smart School should be more of library staff, the operation of the productive than its traditional counter- Library and even the basic definition of part. Simply, productivity means more the school library. learning at less cost.

INTRODUCING THE SMART SCHOOL THE LIBRARY IN TEE SMART SCHOOL

What exactly is a Smart School? Our Hovidid the Library become the nerve concept changes as we gather experience center of the Smart School? In our and receive feedback from visitors. division, secondary libraries are staffed Initially, we identified two criteria for a with two professional librarians and two Smart School. Networking became our technical assistants. As we started to first requirement. We chose the Macin- examine networking, and tried to identify tosh as our computing platform for the local expertise, we naturally gravitated to Smart School , by virtue of its built-in Library staff. Librarians were most networking capabilities. familiar with new technologies and most willing to undertake the challenge. After Secondly, the School needed to connect all, librarians are professional information to the rest of the world. We accomplished managers. Also, they were the onlystaff this by creating an Electronic Classroom, members who were not required to give supported by a steerable satellite dish, classes of students their full attention speaker phone, fax and network modems. during the school day. Distance learning, teleconferencing, electronic mail and access to remote During Phase II of the project, three Mac databases were all features in the Smart SE/30s were installed as file servers in the School. Our goal was to give users quick school Library office. Locarfalk and and easy access to remote data and AppleTalk were replaced with a faster electronic mail from their desks. Net- network, using Ethernet on l0baseT. working and connectivity were quite This increased our potential data transfer complementary in the Smart School. speed to 10 Mb/sec instead of Apple- Talk's 230 Kb/sec. We retained the use of

70 Waded Wades S Apple Share, however. We added larger ROM, the Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, storage devices-and network modems as Macintosh Classics devoted to networked well as CD-ROM drives to the servers. CD-ROMs such as the USA Factbook or We made the assumption that more World Factbook and Macintosh Classics information would be available in some dedicated to the Alexandria online catalog. electronic form, digital information that In the Library office, we have installed a could be accessible from any workstation teacher resource lab with scanners and on the network via the file servers.We laser printers. Placing this lab in the office discovered that there is a shortage of means that the librarian can provide meaningful Macintosh CD-ROMs; too immediate support and assistance to users. much tends to be trivial or cannot be accessed remotely. As a consequence, we Two Macintosh writing labs, a Mac math are buying fewer CD-ROM drives and lab and a Mac lab for general use comple- more large capacity hard drives.With ment the network of classroom and these drives, we are building our own administrative computers. We envision collection of scanned images and historical adding additional servers in coming and science-related data. We are preparing months to ease the downloading of to start a collection of compressedvideo administrative and student data from the images and segments using QuickTime. District's mainframe on a daily basis. Each For these locally developed files, we use new database added to the network IivperCar4 Microsoft Excel and Works, increases the managerial load for the and Claris FikMaker Pro. Library staff Managing access privileges to files, folders and volumes andkeeping a For library automation, we chose a tight schedule of data backup significantly program from COMpanion called increases their workload. Fortunately, Akxandria. This multiuser product allows some of the former inventoryduties us to deliver the Library catalog to anyone associated with the Library are expedited on the network. We assume that as more with Alexandria's report generation information becomes available in some feature. sort of digital format, the Librarywill disappear into the network topology. We LESSONS also assume that this digital information will be more useful in that it can be Experiences from our pilot program at manipulated in more ways than currently Bethel High School are now being used as possible. Students and teachers will be a basis for our developmentof Smart able to log into the network, from home- Schools at three other high schools, five bound equipment or hardware borrowed middle schools, and two elementary from the Library. schools. Our five-year plan ambitiously assumes that all 33 schools inthe District At our current level of demand even the will be converted by 1996. two professional librarians cannot keep up with the demand for support and network Training continues to be a major task. maintenance. We have assigned one Librarians have become key trainers in the teacher to help and will probably have to fundamentals ofworking in a Smart reassign other staff as their skills develop, School. The Library staff have also and as we learn how to better use our become responsible for database design information infrastructure. and the development of other electronic resources. One librarian iscollaborating If you visited our Library, you would find, with social studies teachers on using in its public areas, Ncwsbank on CD- HyperGtr c4 Point-of-View and Quick Time

Ss Lee1 Libraries/Stallard 71 84 to develop networkable resources for school libraries will be able to specialize in teaching local history. Time sorts of particular areas. For example, one high projects mean that librarians in the school features a program on robotics; its District will be increasingly responsible for Library could focus on that particular large collections of HyperGaz4 digital topic in its collection. NeverthAess, most sound and QuiniTime. Managing the use of library resources will remain local, total network both new users and new but there is the potential to reduce resources and fee-based services such as duplication and build a stronger and more DIALOG add significant roles for broadly based collection. For the first librarians in the District. time, we are thinking in terms of collections development across the entire FUTUME District rather in each individual school. Alexandria will provide a more exact During the coming year, we will be profile of the use of collections across the expanding the local area network into a District, enhancing our decisions over wide-area network, by connecting Smart acquisitions. Additionally, the technolo- Schools together via modem. Interlibrary gies in our Smart Schools are providing us circulation of both print and digital with the freedom to rethink the tradition- resources will be enhanced as students and al school cycle. We are considering a teachers will have ace to online catalogs seven-period school day and flexible staff of other schools. By sharing resources, hours as part of this procas.ii

Charles Stallard is Director of Library, Merin and Tecbaologi for Kampala (VA) City Sdaod. Previously, be was Associate Professor of Computer Education for 10 an at Old Dominiou University in Norfolk (VA). Re has authored several books on computer educatiza acrd has published in a number of jowls*. He lean* Waded the Center for Smart Sdiool Development, an organization deicated to bdp schools and dstricts design sad implement Smart School tedmologies. He an be reached at die Center for Smart School Development, 60S Botetourt Gardens, Norfolk, VA 23507. ApplelinIc K2290.

72 MatosixdUlarits n the sluruner of 1991, asmall

group of departmentheads from the

University of Virginia Library convened

HyperCardto identify the basic needsfor a library- VIRGO wide staff training program for the Training Library's NOTIS-based online catalog,

thristie Stephenson VIRGO. At the same time, as a self-

taugit HyperCard user, I was seeking an

opportunity to improve my skills,

especially in HyperTalk programming.

8 6 The University's Curry School of Educa- Logging on and off VIRGO. don has a nationally- recognized program Searching the online catalog in the in Instructional Technology. After "public" mode. discussing my personal goals with Glen Bull, a professor in the IT program, I We also agreed to design the program in a decided to enroll in Computer modular fashion so that additional topics Courseware Tools, a graduate level course could be developed in the future and in which students develop HyperCard incorporated in the basic stack design. programs for "real-world" clients. Mr. Bull agreed to let me develop an instruc- The primary audience for the training tional program for the Library as my class program would be new libraryemployees. project. I discussed the possibilities with Our goal was to relieve the Assistant the Library administration, and they Systems Librarian of considerable repeti- decided that the Library's identified need tive training responsibility and to ensure for introductory VIRGO *raining could that new staffwould develop uniform be met by developing a HyperCard based mastery of a defined set of basic compe- program. tencies. With these understandings, we set about the task of stack development. PROCESS DEFININGTHE PROJECT As development continued, Chris and I As both a student and a library employee, met regularly with the TrainingCommit- I acted as the principal liaison between tee to get their feedback on the stack our "clients" (the Training Committeeof design. In the course of those meetings, the Library) and the stack developers we decided to add an introductory me and my partner, Chris Lehmbeck, a module, "What is VIRGO?," to provide graduate student in Instructional Tech- the overall background for the more nology. From the outset, it was clear that specific modules already planned. we had to put strict limits on the scopeof the work to define a project that wouldTHE PROGRAM both meet the initial needs defined by the Training Committee and be limited so After a brief introduction to the goals of that we could accomplish the stack the program and the basic stack naviga- development in two and a half months tion techniques, the main menu card is (the length of the course). introduced. A user can access any of the four training modules from buttons on In early meetings with the Committee, we the main menu and, after completing a relied heavily on the stack building module, return to the main menu to process outlined in HyperCardStack select another module, or exit the Design Guidelines to refine the goals of the program (Fig. 1). project.' As a group we outlined the Library's expectations, defined the user Each of the modules has a distinctive group for the ...rining program,and background, employing graphic elements discussed in detail the content of the to underscore the computer theme.All program. We then ranked the list of backgrounds share the same basic naviga- topics to be covered and settled on three tion bar running across the bottom of the major components to be included in the card, which inducks forward and back initial project: arrow buttons, a help buttonand the menu button (Fig. 2). VIRGO hardware and its configuration. We included a hypertext function to provide additional information about

1111111111M 74 Fladatothed Maid 87 Fig. I:HyperCard VIRGO Training Main Menu

technical terms used in the program. Contents: Journals). This module is brief Throughout the stack, certain words are and simple to navigate, to accustom the italicized and in bold face type. These user to HyperCard It briefly describesthe words are covered by transparent buttons contents and basic search techniques for which take the ter to glossary entries for each database. those words. The glossary cards indude a return button which takes the user back to VIRGO Hardware and the LAN the card they just came from. This feature is controlled by a simple push card/pop In this module the user is introduced to card pair of scripts. the VIRGO hardware and communications environment. It explains the types of Each module ends with a brief set of devices used to connect to VIRGO review questions. If the user answers a (dumb terminals and microcomputers) question wrong, a buzzer sounds and and the basic links in the communications they're asked to try again. If they answer network from the terminal through the correctly, they receive applause and are LAN to the mainframe. A variety of asked to proceed. At the conclusion of the graphics and simple animation techniques questions, they are prompted to return to are used to simplify and enliventhe the main menu to select another module complex information presented. or exit the program. Logging On and Off VIRGO THE MODULES This module presents instructions on how What Is VIRGO? to log on and off the system fromboth microcomputers and dumb terminals. We The first module, What Is VIRGO?, replicated the actual process using the introduces the user to the online catalog autotype command. Each screenthat a VCAT (the OPAC) and the three user encounters in logging on and off is other databases currently available shown in sequence; the required com- WILS (Wilson indexes), CART (Current mands and the system's response are Contents: Articles) and CCON (Current

Fig. 2: The navigation bar is a consistent element throughout the stack

HyperCard VIRGO Traissint /Stephenson 75 88 Fig. 3: What is VIRG0? Sample screen showing graphic representa- tions of the fourdatabases. Each of the VIRGO database diffea in its 000taus.

nick on VCAT to find out mon about it.

IMF fILS: nogMit IMO VCAT WLS CART CCON

typed onto the cards by the controlling scripts. One of the benefits of developing this program for the Computer Courseware Searching VCAT Tools class was the production of documentation for the stack as part of the The program's final module demonstrates course requirements. Documentation is the fundamental conventions for search- frequently either not produced at all or ing the online catalog author, title, written only as an afterthought. We were subject and keyword. It also introduces required to produce both a user's manual the basic principles of Book= searching. and technical documentation, submitting The user is instructed to type specific drafts throughout the semester as the commands and then is shown the actual project developed. screen retrieved by the search. Pop up fields appear after a few seconds to explain The final documentation induded a Users specific features of the retrieval. This Guide consisting of instructions for getting section of the training program is quite started, a navigation guide, and a reference powerful and could easily be adapted for guide to the primary buttons. The techni- use in bibliographic instruction in cal documentation was a tc.ur de farce, over addition to staff training (Fig. 4). 125 pages long. We printed the stack, four cards to a page in a single column. Nat to DOCUMENTATION each card were the scripts for the card and any card-specific buttons, which we extracted from the stack using a utility

Fig. 4: Searching VCAT Sample *CAT SCOW MAW. A-CLITING HOMY NO. IS OF 19 OITIM6 RUC screen illustrating the use of pop up 111111.1MIPIC 110X150 Mom, Ham 1579-19m. fiekls to explain specific points about TG nOolonbi of VorotoLfray, 1525-199D; story of a Jar:menial isolstion.Farroord by Wow Plobwor. CbarbottrrAs.UsbrersIty M ViryInto the searchresults. Wary, 1934. 229 LIM, fsestm.24 all. This is a record for anindividual book. Mims" : p.211-213. It shows which locatioos hold copies timotrit Notts mpirrosoAlry Woo to Dirlsisot. and the all numbers. Martel by lho Mbar. IMAM KAMM altriey st*Cotgri nth'," orOWTOOt Lb WV. Press rata to see more copies. UPC AVM: MA WMC COI Ploserrolts (Aos-sirsMotity) C AU. IMPOIOR: 571111.1.114 CA 11114 PM MOM= Cart AT UM SR AMMItt UDC MNIA, soma ante TTPS NM MC MUM. TYPE 1 Mt MC(. 1111005 OUCC. 1YR r TD MIIIM 1154094,11101 NIP, Mb 511M01O VCAT. TYPI 0111104111. MOO IIITMoob

76 80 Nadatothed libraries BEST COPY AVAILABLE program called Script Report v. 1.2 (by Eric program widely during its initial develop- Alderman). We simply (tediously!) ment. That process is currently underway formatted the scripts to print in the and will undoubtedly result in changes to appropriate position. We also included a the content of the stack. list of all objects on each card. Although the production of documentationwasadmit- In addition to meeting the need for a tedly burdensome, its existence has already basic VIRGO staff training program, the proved invaluable as a central place to note project had several additional benefits. A changes to the text and scripts which have number of library administrators have been made since we began using the stack now been exposed to the power and for actual training. versatility of HyperCard as a training tool. In addition, we have developed a relation- PROJECT EVALUATION ship with the School of Education which should make it possible to draw on Although producing a program of the graduate students in the Instructional scope of our HyperCard VIRGO Training Technology program as stack developers Program in a single semester was an for future projects.t ambitious undertaking, working within the structure of the course provided Notes several benefits. In addition to producing 1. Apple Computer, Inc., HyperCard Stack Design the required documentation, we had to Guidelines. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing place our stack in a folder on the file Company, 1989. server for weekly review by the class. This requirement meant that we had to Christie Stephenson is the Assistant Fine Arts continue to show progress throughout the librarian at the University of rilginia library. In addition to semester no last minute development! her other ntsponsibilities, she is the did proselytizer for We received valuable feedback from Macintosh in a PC-dominated library. Her CUITtlIt ambition is clients and class as we progressed. In produce, direct and star in a Quicklime movie in the addition, we had a class electronic coming year. Sbe can be ontacted at the Fiske 10mba fine conference where we could post scripting Arts Limy, Bayif Drift, University of Virginia, amilottesville, questions and get help from both the Virginia 22903 or by phone at 804/924 -6601. She can also be professor and our classmates anytime we reached electronicaly at 11S2E@VIAGDPAIMIET (Bittiet) or were stuck. Unfortunately, because of the [email protected] (Internet). time constraints presented by the course structure, we were not able to test the

HyperCard VIRGO Tralnint /Stephenson 77 90 The CORE Project: Formatting Chemistry Information for Screen Display in HyperCard

Stuart Weibel, Mark Bendig 8 Will Ray

INTRODUCTION

ORE (Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment) is an

electronic library project intended to address problems of

database structure and user interface design in anacademic,

distributed computing environment. The goal is to deliver

primary information resources to the scholar'sdesktop using

electronic republishing techniques. The CORE Project is a collaborative effort among five institutions The database some 200+ years of Cornell is the host institution; Bellcore ACS journals and CAS indexing is provides hardware and processing among the most difficult oftextual expertise for data conversion as well as databases to represent accurately, filled user interface development; OCLC is with special characters, formulae and building a user interface as well as complex tables. If the problems of designing and building the database; and delivering this kind of information can the American Chemical Society (ACS) be solved, then almost any document and Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) are collection can be processed. providing some 200+ journal-years of data and associated indexing (all ACS journals SGML AND DESCRIPTIVE MARKUP since 1980). Electronic typesetting languages have OCLC's role in the CORE Project is to evolved to serve the page description implement a database structure and build requirements of paper printing. These a database that will support the function- languages consist of codes describing the ality of experimental interfaces from both layout and typefaces of a document. Bellcore and OCLC's own interface Although they satisfy the basic criterion of design team. The database design process, being machine-readable, they are not a collaborative effort among all CORE tailored for content access and display. participants, is embodied in Standard Conversion of these files to more useful Generalized Markup Language (SGML) formats comprises a major portion of the which is subsequently used to drive the effort invested in the CORE Project. The database-building process. farsightedness of the American Chemical Society in keeping backfiles of their OCLC's SCEPTER user interface is an typography files to 1980 makes it possible Apple Macintosh-based interface that to convert these 20 journals toelectronic incorporates ideas and lessons learned format, in effect republishing them in a from previous phases of the CORE nevi way. Project as well as design activities associated with OCLC's Primary Journals Online The target format for this process is development effort. The interface will be SGML, where data is simply enclosed used to explore design issues concerning between a start tag and an end tag that the functionality necessary to support delimit the string and describe the collection and document browsing, search functional role of the item in the docu- and retrieval methods and desirable ment. For example, in SGMLthe title of displays in scientific databases dealing this article would look like with subject area.: such as chemistry. The CORE Project : Formatting SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CORE Chemistry Information for Screen Display in HyperCard The challenges of bringing the world's information into electronically accessible This descriptive tagging has two major form divides into three parts capturing benefits. First, a database can be built that information from existing paper or takes advantage of the inherent structure microfilm images; publishing information of documents as well as their content. in electronic form from the start; and This enhancement will improve retrieval converting machine-readable typography precision, especially as databases grow in files to electronically accessible files. The size. CORE Project falls into the final category.

The CORE Pavjeet/Weibe4 Bendig & Roy 79 The second benefit of this sort of markup best single solution to this particular is treated at length in this paper, namely problem. Though it has its own problems the use of markup as a mechanism to and drawbacks, it has achieved consider- specify display characteristics. SGML can able currency in academic cirdes. At the be used to specify an arbitrarily large same time, we are reluctant to abandon character set as well as typographic the flexibility and rapid prototyping attributes. Explicitly, a tag set indicates, available with a medium like HyperCard for example, bold-face type: This flexibility means that a number of alternatives can be explored in a short BOLD time. In one case, our HyperCaddevelop- er actually modified the program to reflect It can also be done implicitly by imbed- a user's suggestions during the course of a ding formatting rules in a display proces- formal presentation. sor. For example, a formatter mayknow that titles are to be centered and set in a THE FORMATTING PROBLEM typeface two points larger than body text, and separated by one inch of white space Few examples of text formatting are more from the next element. The advantage of difficult than chemistry data. The text is this approach is that the display is characterized by a plethora of special completely independent of display symbols and display nuance that are often technology. critical to the interpretation of the data. The requirement of "on-the-fly" process- In CORE, this method Is particularly ing adds another twist to the problem, advantageous, given that a single database requiring a solution that is both elegant in must support at least three distinct its results and efficient in its application. graphical user interfaces with different design philosophies and operational The formatter must: requirements, all on Ethernet with a variety of workstations. The cost for this Recognize explicit display attribute flexibility is the need to write and main- tags (bold face or other typeface tain a formatter that translates the markup changes, for example), change text to a particular display style for each attributes appropriately and delete output device. the tags. Recognize tags that are purely PROTOTYPING IN HYPERCARD functional descriptors and which have on consequences for display. OCLC's interface is known as SCEPTER These tags can simply be removed. (SCientific Electronic Publishing and Recognize tags that have implicit TExt Retrieval). The model adopted for formatting side effects, affect these development of SCEPTER is to proto- changes and remove the tags from type the system in HyperCard 2.0v2 and the text stream. use that version of the program as a "living specification" to drive other Marked-up text retrieved from the interface development efforts. database is imported into a HyperCard field. Being a Macintosh TextEdit record, Since CORE is being implemented in a it provides all of the normal TextEdit heterogeneous software and hardware facilities of the Macintosh Toolbox for environment, one of our goals has been to modifying the appearance of the text achieve a high degree of portability across (Table 1). platforms. The X-Windows system is the

SO tif Waded Unties Fig.1: SGML Formatter Processing Sequence. < sen>Here isone BOLD vord. Level 1 recursion Level2 recursion (a) A Text Edit field before Pass 1 Processing

< s e n> H e r ei so n eBOLDvord.

(b) Bold attribute configuration following Pass 1 Processing.

character by character sequential copying

< sen>lierei s[OinkBOLDvord. *OH *Si (c) Pass 2 Processing: SGML tags are skipped, all other characters are copied within the field in sequence.

H ereisone v o r d . L D < / b > word.< /seri> ;11 SelStart SelEnc TEDeiete (d) Final Pass 2 Processing: After all non-tag characters are copied, the remainder of the field is selected and deleted.

H ereisone13001D yard. (e) Final configuration of the TextEdit field.

The most straightforward approach would tag set. The processing time islinearly be to step through the text looking for proportional to the length of the tag list. SGML tags and use those tags to tri?:er the appropriate text attribute change. One solution would be to make the Subsequently the tags themselves would processing recursive with an algorithm be deleted. stepping through the text looking for SGML tags. When it encounters a start There are two problems with this ap- tag, it drops down one levelof recursion proach. First, SGML. is hierarchical; tags and begins looking for another tag from are often nested. A linear strategy requires that point in the data. When it finds an a separate pass through the text for every end tag, it pops up one level of recursion. Whenever a recursion returns, i; presumes

The CORE Prejert/Weibe4 Bendig & Roy 81 q4 that the end tag just found matches the characters are simply copied sequentially start tag for which the recursion was to the appropriate place in the TextEdit called, and the appropriate style change is field. SGML tags, rather than being executed for the marked text. deleted, are simply replaced (copied over).

A second problem affects performance. The alignment of characters and their Every TEDelete call results in a memory attributes are handled automatically if move of all data in the TextEdit record TextEdit commands are used in a beyond the moved tag. It also causes a TextEdit field. Because we do not use pass through the Tryrrslit style runs, these commands by virtue of their checking for runs which must be moved, inefficiency, we must maintain the removed or concatenated. Tht accumulat- alignment ourselves. To accomplish this, ed delays for richly marked data slow the formatter keeps track of the length of the SGML rags that will ultimately be

Fig. T. A screen bitrnap r * FileList Document

illustrates a typical result of Fosse 115 ler laolregul 14 !Moot lofty of Early-Trawl lion-este; Nigeria Gael Sees Arlan the formatting process. 20 Iheitheele and Structure of Illekly Oranelead FelipeChris K. 21 Structure end Sonellry In the Vrelyeeetrleel lip Hurl Jiro -Cherry Teel 22 X-rly Crystal lographic end tlariable-Temperehrs HIMicheal F. 0110setin 23 flosetlen Chemistry of IntrIncic Polyel Iowa eM th Firepond M. Vrt is 24 Ketone hoectlultu of true-Illsetricuclahereachionee Ourtona

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down the roormarcing to an unacceptable removed. Attributes in the text field are speed. set such that their position will correspond to the final location of the displayed Tags can be removed using standard characters, not the location of the charac- TectEdit commands. However, if ters in the tagged data. deletions are done for each individual tag, a large number of memory block moves Examine the accompanying figures to are required. Each deletion requires that better understand formatting. In Figure ail data downstream from the deletion la, a sample text field is illustrated. The point must be moved. This inefficiency bold attribute is shown in Figure lb, set can be averted by copying data within the during the first pass. Note that the TextEdit field, character by character, attribute is misaligned with the intended without recourse to the TextEdit com- text at this point. Only after tag removal mands. Each character is inspected. If it is will the attribute and the characters be part of an SGML tag, then the tag is aligned properly. After the first processing skipped (not deleted). All non-tag pass, the style attributes for the; characters

82 thdatoshed litrarits Table I: A Summary of TcxtEdit Calls, commonly used to modify text fields. For further details see Apple Computer, Inc Inside Macintosh Reading, MA Addison-Wesley,1985-90.

SelStart and SelEnd No fields of the TextEdit Record, denoting the beginning and end of the selected region. A TextEdit may have only one selected region at a time, upon which all editing functions take place (Cut, Copy, Paste, style changes, etc. )

TEDelete (hTE: TEHandle) Delete the currently selected region (denoted by the region between SelStart and SelEnd) of the TextEdit belonging to the TEHandle hTE.

TESetStyle (mode : integer; Set the style of the currrently selected region of the newstyle: TextStyle;TextEdit belonging to hTE to TextStyle newstyle. The mode redraw: BOOLEAN; variableindicates which elements of the style to change hTE; TEHandle) (font, size, typeface (bold, underlined, etc. ) , color) , and whether the changes are additive, or replace the original style. The redraw variable simply tells TextEdit whether it should update the displayed text on the screen after this call.

are in their final field location they are screen bitmap in Figure 2 illustrates a "waiting" for the appropriate characters to typical result of the formatting process. be copied into position. The process of sequential copying of characters from one CONCLUSIONS part of the field to another is shown in Figure lc. Only source text characters are The CORE Project is a model for copied; any character that is part of a bringing existing publications from the SGML tag is skipped. When the last traditional world of paper publishing into source text character has been copied the realm of electronic publishing, forward into the text field, the remaining retrieval and delivery. This effort involves characters are selected and deleted with two large and interwoven tasks conventional TextEdit commands (Fig. translation of existing typography files to a 1d). The length of this string is equal to database format suitable for end user the sum of all of the tags skipped in the applications, and the development of user copying process. In Figure 1 e, the interfaces that provide functionality, configuration of the field at the conclu- enhancing access to these documents. sion of all of the processing is shown. Display formatting of complex data is one of the challenges that must be addressed The complexity of "on-the-fly" display of in this process. The techniques described richly structured text is a problem that will here represit one approach to solving increase in importance as more full-text these problems in the HyperCard environ- databases become available. This algorithm ment on the Macintosh.i provides a model for display of SGML markup that preserves the flexibility of Acknowledgements HyperCard while surmounting the We are grateful to Apple Computer, Digital Equipment inefficiencies that compromise perfor- Corporation, Sony Corporation of America, Springer- mance in an interpreted environment. A Verlag, Sun Microsystems, Inc. andThinking Machines Corporation for their contributions and support of the CORE Project.

The COREProjesi/Weibel, Bendig & Ray 83 96 Mark Bendig (left) is Senior Systems Analyst and SCEPTER Lead Designer in the CORE Project. He can be contacted at Wait at iwNbersdLockaig.

IYS Will Ray (center) is Researdt AssiMat is die Macintosh Impiemmtation Team, whkh is pan of OCK's CORE Project His Menet address is vra@ rschodcorg.

Stuart Weibel (right) is Senior Research Scientist and CORE Project Manager OCR's Office of Meant COMAIWC/60411 vnl reach him at OM, Inc 6565 front Road, Dubin, OH 43017. Phone: 614/764 6081. Internet stu@ rsdtodc.org

84 ,97 liadatothed Unfits The following is a listing of the vendors of hardware and software products mentioned in these pages:

Abaton Technology AISoft, Inc. 48431 Milmont Drive P.O. Box 927 Fremont, CA 94538 Spring, TX 77383 415/683-2226 800/257-6381 Scanner 713/353-4090 DirkExpress II Abbott System 62 Mountain Ro.1 Apple Computer, Inc. Pleasantville, NY 10570 20525 Mariani Drive 800552-9157 Cupertino, CA 95014 914/747-4201 800/776-2333 CanOpener 408/992-1010 Apple He Activision Apple IIGS 3885 Boharron Drive AppleShare Menlo Park, CA 94025 AppleTalk 415/329-0500 Data Access Language (DAL) Cosmic Osmo ImageWriter InterNet Router Adobe Systems, Inc. LaserWriter IIg 1585 Charleston Road LaserWriter LINT P.O. Box 7900 Local Talk Mountain View, CA 94039 Macintosh Classic 800/833-6687 Macintosh LC 415/961-4400 Macintosh Plus Illustrator Macintosh Portable Photoshop Macintosh PowerBooks Macintosh Quadra Aladdin. Systems, Inc. Quadra 900 Deer Park Center, Suite 23A-171 Macintosh SE Aptos, CA 95003 Macintosh SE/30 408/685-9175 Macintosh II Stuffit Deluxe Macintosh IIci Macintosh Ike Aldus Corp. Macintosh IIfx 411 First Avenue S, Suite 200 Macintosh Ilsi Seattle, WA 98104 MacTCP 800/333-2538 Monitor, 21" Color Display 206/622-5500 OneScanner PageMaker QuickTime Scanner Bowker Electronic Publishing Claris Corp. R.R. Bowker Co. 5201 Patrick Henry Drive 245 West 17th Street Boy 58168 New York, NY 10011 Santa Clara, CA 95052-8168 800/323-3288 800/544-8554 212/337-6989 408/727-8227 Books in Print Plus FikMaker Pro HyperCard Britannica Software Inc. MacDraw II, Pro 345 Fourth Street MacWrite II San Francisco, CA 94107 415/597-5555 COMpanion Compton's Multi Media Encyclopedia 3755 Evelyn Drive Salt Lake City, UT 84124 Broderbund Software, Inc. 800/347-6439 17 Paul Drive 801/278-6439 San Rafael, CA 94903 Alexandria 800/521-6263 415/492-3500 Connectix Corp. TypeStyler 125 Constitution Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025 Caere Corp. 800/950-5880 100 Cooper Court 415/571-5100 Los Gatos, CA 95030 Virtual 800/535-7226 408/395-7000 Cumulative Index to Nursing & OmniPage Allied Health literature (CINAHL) Typist 1509 Wilson Terrace P.O. Box 871 Cambridge Scientific Computing Glendale, CA 91209-0871 875 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 41 818/409-8005 Cambridge, MA 02139 CINAHL 617/491-6862 Chem Draw Dantz Development Corp. Chem3D 1400 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 1 Berkeley, CA 94709 CE Software, Inc. 510/849-0293 P.O. Box 65580 Retrospect West Des Moines, IA 50265 515/224-1995 Digital Equipment Corp. Calendar Maker 146 Main Street Disktop Maynard, MA 01754 QuicKrys 508/493-8780 VAX Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) VMS P.O. Box 3012 Columbus, OH 43210 Discis Knowledge Research Inc. 614/447-3600 45 Sheppard Avenue East, Suite 410 STN International Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2N 5W9 416/250-6537 Discis Books

86 9.9 ERIC Clearinghouse on Information La Cie Ltd. Resources 19552 S.W. 90th Ct. 030 Huntington Hall Tulatin, OR 97062 School of Education 800/999-0143 Syracuse University 503/691-0771 Syracuse, NY 13244-2340 Color scanner ERIC Lifetree Software Farallon Computing 33 New Montgomery Street, Suite 2000 Powell Street, Suite 600 1260 Emeryville, CA 94608 San Francisco, CA 94105 510/596-9000 800/543-3873 Media Tracks 415/541-7864 Phone Net Correct Grammar Star Controller model 300 Macromedia, Inc. Faxon Co. 600 Townsend Street, Suite 310W 15 Southwest Park San Francisco, CA 94103 Westwood, MA 02090 415/442-0200 617/329-3350 Director LINX MacRecorder SC-10 Manhattan Graphics Fifth Generation Systems, Inc. 250 East Hartsdale Avenue 10049 North Reiger Road Hartsdale, NY 10530 Baton Rouge, LA 70809 800/572-6533 504/291-7221 914/769-2800 800/666-2904 Ready,Set,Go! Suitcase 11, 2.0 Super LaserSpool Microsoft Corp. One Microsoft Way Grolier Electronic Publishing Redmond, WA 98052 Sherman Turnpike 800/426-9400 Danbury, CT 06816 206/882-8080 800/356-5590 Bookshelf 203/797-3365 DOS Electronic Encyclopedia Excel Office IBM Word Old Orchard Road Works Armonk, NY 10504 800/426-2468 MITEM Corp. 914/765-1900 2105 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 190 Model 9370 San Jose, CA 95125 PC 408/559-8801 ToolBook MitemView

Institute for Scientific Information 3501 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 216/386-0100 Current Contents

1 () 0 Vendor Index 87 National Technical Information Salient Software Service 124 University Avenue, Suite 300 5285 Port Royal Road Palo Alto, CA 94301 Springfield, VA 22161 415/321-5375 703/487-4650 DiskDoubler Grateful Med Softshell International, Ltd. OCLC, Inc. 2754 Compass Drive, Suite 375 6565 Frantz Road Grand Junction, CO 87506 Dublin, OH 43017-0702 303/242-7502 800/848-5878 ChemConnection (614) 764 6000 Inter Library Loan Subsystem Software Toolworks Primary Journals Online 60 Leveroni Court SCientific Electronic Publishing and Novato, CA 94949 TExt Retrieval (SCEPTER) 415/883-3000 World Atlas On Technology, Inc. 155 Second Street Symantec Corp. Cambridge, MA 02141 10201 Torre Avenue 617/876-0900 Cupertino, CA 95014 On Location 800/441-7234 408/253-9600 Personal Bibliographic Software, Inc. Lightspeed (THINK) Pascal P.O. Box 4250 Norton Utilities for Macintosh Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Symantec Anti-Virus fir Macintosh (SAM) 313/996-1580 Symantec Utilities for Macintosh (SUM II) Pro-Cite Voyager Co. Quark, Inc. 1351 Pacific Coast Highway 300 South Jackson Street, Suite 100 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Denver, CO 80209 800/446-2001 800/356-9363 Beethoven's 9th Symphony CD Companion 303/934-2211 QuarkXPress Wayzata Technology, Inc. P.O. Box 87 Radius, Inc. 16221 Main Avenue SE 1710 Fortune Drive Prior Lake, MN 55372 San Jose, CA 95131 800/735-7321 800/227-2795 612/447-7321 408/434-1010 Generous Efforts of Many (GEM) Large Screen Monitor

Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) 1200 Villa Street Mountain View, CA 94041-1100 415/962-9951 ARIEL

101 88 a Macintosh IIci 34, 85 Abaton Technology Macintosh IT.c:c 64, 66, 85 Scanner 48, 49, 85 Macintosh Ilfx 21, 22, 85 Abbott, Lisa T. 53 Macintosh Hsi 63, 67, 85 Abbott Systems MacTCP48 -50, 66, 85 Can Opener 22, 85 Monitor, 21" Color Display 43, 85 academic libraries i- 4,10 -18, 28-32, OneScanner 43, 85 42-61, 73-77 QuickTim.e 43, 44, 71-72, 77, 85 accreditation reviews 12, 45 Scanner 39, 85 Activision Apple Library of Tomorrow (ALOT) Cosmic Osmo 26, 85 19, 22, 23, 29, 38, 48 Adobe Systems, Inc. Apple Library Template Exchange 4 Illustrator 22, 85 Apple Library Users Group ii, 4 Photoshop 22, 85 Newsletter 27 Aladdin Systems, Inc. ARCHIMEDES viii, 54-62 Stuff It Deluxe 48, 49, 51, 85 archives 20, 36 Alderman, Eric ARIEL 52 Script Rtport77 Association of Research Libraries 2 Aldus Corp. audio digitization 20-23 PageMaker 26, 85 Alexandria 71-72, 86 Alloway, James E viii, 54-62 ALOT 19, 22, 23, 29, 38, 48 ALSoft, Inc. Bach, Johann Sebastian DiskEspreu 1122, 85 Cantatas 25 Aluri, R. 59 Bates, Henry 19, 20, 22 Amdahl 33 Bayne, Pauline S. v., 1-4 American Chemical Society ix, 79 Beavers, Karen 16 amphenol cable 8 Beethoven's 9th Symphony CD Apple Computer, Inc. 1, 19, 23, 83, 85 Companion 26, 43, 88 Apple He 7, 26, 27, 85 Bellcore ix, 79 Apple IIGS 7, 26, 27, 85 Bendig, Mark ix, 78-84 AppleShare 39, 71, 85 Bernstein, Leonard AppleTalk v, 7, 9, 32, 70, 85 West Side Story 25 Data Access Language (DAL) 70, 85 Bernston, Ron v, 5-9 HyperScan 39, 85 Bethel High School 71 ImageWriter 43, 64, 85 Bibliographer's Workstation 44-45 InterNet Router 7, 85 bibliographic instruction, 1-4, 15-18, LaserWriter IIg 43, 85 43,44, 63-68, 76 LaserWriter IINT 22, 85 Bickford, Lawrence vii, 37-41 LocalTalk 70, 85 Bloom, Steve 96 Macintosh Classic 71, 85 Boo::mobiles 20-23 Macintosh LC 26, 27, 85 Books in Print Plus 45, 86 Macintosh Plus 11, 34, 55-56, 85 Boolean searching 76 Macintosh Portable vii, 38, 43, 85 Boomerang 22 Macintosh PowerBooks 43, 85 Boston Pilot 38 Macintosh Quadra 7, 85, 97 Bowker Electronic Publishing Quadra 900 43, 85 Books in Print Plus 45, 86 Macintosh SE 34, 85 Britannica Software Inc. Macintosh SE130 11, 55-57, 70, 85 Compton 's Multi:Media Encyclopedia Macintosh II 57, 85 26, 86 ink, Broderbund Software, Inc. Network (CICnet) 52 Type Sokr 22, 86 COMpanion Brooks, Jane 12 Alexandria 71-72, 86 Building the Virtual Library 37-41 Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia 26, 85 Bull, Glen 74 computer-assisted instruction v, 15-17, 37- 41, 63-72 computer-based training, 1-4, 73-77 C computer laboratories 2, 6, 8, 26, 27, 38-39, 43, 67, 71 Caere Corp. computer networks 5-9, 56, 70-72 OmniPage 22, 86 computer security 6, 31 Typist 40, 86 computer wiring 5 Gdendar Maker 22, 86 computers in libraries x-xii, 1-84 CAI See computer aided-instruction Connectix Corp. California Indian Library Collection Project Virtual 22, 86 20 Copeland, Aaron California State Library 20, 23 Appalachian Spring 25 Cambridge Scientific Computing Conrad Sulzer Regional Library 97 ChemDraw 32, 86 core lists 12 Chem3D 32, 86 CORE Project ix, 78-84 CanOpener 22 Cornell University ix, 79 Casorso, Tracy M. vii, 47-53 Correct Grammar 22, 87 CBT See computer-based training Cosmic Osmo 26, 85 CD-ROM vi-xi, 7, 11, 14, 20-27, 36, 43, Cray Y-MP 33 45, 51, 64, 66, 71 cross-platform development 17 CE Software, Inc. Cmuroads 26 Calendar Maker 22, 86 Cumulative Index to Nursing cb. Allied Health DiskTop 22, 86 Literature (CINAHL) 43, 86 QuidCeys 22, 86 Current Contents 31-32, 75, 87 CERFnet 34 ChemC,onnection 31, 88 ChemDraw 32, 86 d Chem3D 32, 86 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) ix, 79 DAL 70 STN International 32, 86 Darn Development Corp. Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment Retrospect 22, 86 (CORE) 78-84 DAT 22, 24 Chemist's Crystal Ball vi, 28-32 Data Access Language (DAL) 70 Chicago (IL) Public Library databases 34-36, 38, 78-83 Conrad Sulzer Regio,..11Libilry 97 Davis, Julie 40-41 CICnet 52 Davis, Lee 20 CINAHL 43, 86 DDTP vii, 47-53 Claris Corp. 43 DEC 9, 33 FikMaker Pro vii, 22, 32, 34-36, 45, 71, desktop publishing 11-12, 43 86 Dialog 72 HyperCard ii, v - ix, 1-4, 16-17, 21-22, Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) 9, 33, 83 25, 29-32, 39, 43-45, 47-62, 63-68, 71- VAX 34-35, 86 84, 86 VMS 34, 86 HyperTalk 30, 73 Digitized Document Transmission Project MacDraw 22, 86 (DDTP) vii, 47-53 MacWrite 22, 86 Director 22, 87 Clemson University 53 Discis Knowledge Research, Inc. collections development 12, 44-45, 72 Discis Books 26, 86 COM catalogs 10-11 DiskDoub1er 22, 88 Committee on Institutional Cooperation DiskExpress II 22, 85

103 90 DiskTop 22, 86 Grolier Electronic Publishing Document Assistant 52 Electronic Encyclopedia 26, 36, 43, 66-67, document delivery 28-32, 47-53 71, 87 documentation 76-77 Don, Abbe 20 DOS 7, 9, 24, 25, 66 h Hies-Mabry, Celia vi, 15-18 e Halloween 36 Electronic Document Delivery Service Hampton (VA) Public Schools viii, 69-72 (EDDS) 51-52 Heiser, Jane 20, 21 electronic mail 31-32, 34-35 Hendricks, James Marshall iv electronic newsletters 36 Hightops 26 electronic publishing 79-83 Hoffinan, Susan 16 electronic typesetting 79-83 Hogblom, Lars 41 Ellington, Duke Hopkinton High School (Contoocook, Black, Brown and Beige Suite 25 NH) 41 ERIC Clearinghouse on Information library vii, 37-41 Resources Hunt, Pat vi, 19-23 ERIC 43, 87 HyperCard See Claris Corp. Ertel, Monica ii hypermedia space 61 Ethernet 5, 7, 9, 48, 70, 80 HyperScan 39, 85 Eudora 34 HyperSpe1122 HyperTalk 30, 73, 56, 73 f 1 Farallon Computing MediaTracks 22, 87 IBM PhoneNet v, 7, 9, 55, 87 Model 9370 70, 87 StarController model 300 7, 87 PC 26, 87 Faxon Co. 13, 87 ToolBook 17, 87 LINX 11, 87 ilLUMINAte See Project ilLUMINAte SC -1011, 87 Illustrator 22, 85 Fen, Li 66 Image 22 Fifth Generation Systems, Inc. ImageBank 35-36 Suitcase II 22, 87 frmagrant vii, 37-41 Super LaserSpool 22, 87 Institute for Scientific Information file servers v, 5-8, 49-51, 71 Current Contents 31-32, 75, 87 file transfer protocol (FTP) 4, 34, 50 Intel 33 FileGuard22 interlibrary loan 29, 32, 38, 47-53, 72 FileMaker Pro See Claris Corp. Internet 34, 45, 47, 48, 50-52 Foster, Constance L. v, 10-14 InterNet Router 7, 85 FTP 4, 34, 50 Iowa State University 53

J Gang', Susan 16 Jestes, E. C. 59, 60 Gateway to Information viii, 63-68 John, Nancy ii GEM26, 88 Johnson, Keith vi, 24-27 General Atomics 36 Generous Effirts ofMany (GEM) CD-ROM 26, 88 Grateful Med31

INIEMIN101111 Index In4 91 IIcx 64, 66, 85 Ilsi 63, 67, 85 Ilfic 21,22, 85 Kane, Kay 16, 18 Macinwshed Libraries 20, 27, 96, 97 Kautz, Barb,,16, 18 MacDraw See Claris Corp. Keally, Jill 2 MacJANET7 Keegan, Gerald 40 MacN077S 43, 66 Kennedy, Gail 3 MacRecorder 44, 87 Kerr, Loralee 16, 18 Macromedia, Inc. Koenig-Loring, Mary 16-18 Director 22, 87 MacRecorder 44, 87 Mac TCP48-50, 66, 85 1 Mac User 27 Macworld 27 La. Cie Ltd. MacWrite See Claris Corp. Color scanner 22, 87 McSink 34 Laird, W. D. 59, 60 Manhattan Graphics LaserWriter IINT 22, 85 Ready,Set,Goill, 87 Lavagnino, Meni Beth vi, 28-32 Meador, John M., Jr. vii, 42-46 Layman, Mazy vii, 33-36 MediaTracks 22 LCS 66-67 Melville, Herman Telex terminals 67 Moby Dick xi Lehmbeck, Chris 74 Mendocino County (CA) Library vi, library automation, x -xii, 1-84 19-23 Library of Congress 2-3, 11,44 Michigan Stare University 53 library statistics 12, 56-61 Microsoft Corp. library toasters x-xi Bookshelf26, 87 library training v, 1-4, 71, 74-77 DOS 7, 9, 24, 25, 66, 87 library workstations v, x-xii, 50 .E:ece171, 87 Lifetree Software Office 22, 87 Comet Grammar 22, 87 Word 32, 34, 45, 87 Ligbtspeed Pascal 22, 88 Worksll, 40, 71, 87 Lin, Liang 44 MIDEBANK vi, 24-27 LINX 11, 87 Minnesota Department of Education vi, 25 LocalTalk 70, 85 Minnesota State Test Item Bank vi, Lochhead, Shelley vii, 37-41 24-27 Logan, Susan 64 Minor, Marti A. 53 London Tin:0.40-41 MITEM Corp. LUMINA 15-16 Mitemliew viii, 63-68, 87 Mirlyn 56-59, 61 Moby Dick xi m Model Essential Learner Outcomes 25 Morgan, Eric Lease vii, 47-53 Macintosh See also Apple Computer, Inc. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Classic 71, 85 Symphony no. 41 25 LC 26, 27, 85 MS-DOS 7, 9, 24, 25, 66 Plus 11,34, 55-56, 85 mulitmedia 20-23 Portable vii, 38, 43, 85 PowerBooks 43, 85 Quadra 7, 85, 97 Quadra 90043, 85 n SE 34, 85 National Agricultural Library (NAL) 47, 53 SE/30 11, 55, 57, 70, 85 National Science Foundation (NSF) 33 II 57, 85 National Technical Information Service IIci 34, 85 (NTIS) 105 92 Grateful MetI31 Native Americans 19-23 Ncube 33 PageMaker 26, 85 networking 5-9, 56, 70-72 Parker, Kimberly vi, 28-32 New Hampshire Educational Media patch panels v, 5, 8-9 Association 41 Pennsylvania State University 53 New Horizons in Library Training 1-4 periodicals 10-14 New Prague (MN) Middle School costs 14 Media Center 24-27 Personal Bibliographic Software, Inc. Newsbank 71 Pro -Cite 32, 88 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical PhoneNet v, 7, 9, 55, 87 University 53 PhotoBank 36 North Carolina State University Photoshop 22, 85 Computing Center 47 Point-of-View 71 Digitized Document Transmission PostScript 48, 97 Project (DDTP) vii, 47-53 Primary Journals Online 79, 88 Norton Utilities.* Macintosh 88 Pro-Cite 32 NOTIS viii, 43, 56, 73-77 Project ilLUMINAte vi, 15-18 NSFnet 47 PsycLIT 43 Nut= Collegiate (Saskatoon, public libraries 19-23 Saskatchewan, Canada) punchdown blocks 5, 8-9 Library v, 5-9 Nutter, Susan 53

0 Quark, Inc. OBE 26 QuarkXPress 22, 88 OCLC, Inc. ix, 22, 78-84, 88 QuicKeys 22, 86 InterLibrary Loan Subsystem 49, 88 QuickTime 43, 44, 71-72, 77, 85 Primary Journals Online 79, 88 SCientific Electronic Pubishing and TExt Retrieval (SCEPTER) 79-80, 88 r OCR 39-40 Ohio State University 53 Rader, Joe C. v, 1-4 Department of English 67 Radius, Inc. Libraries viii, 63-68 Large Screen Monitor 34, 88 LCS 66-67 Random House Encyclopedia 43 Telex terminals 67 Ray, Will ix, 78-84 Main Library 66-67 Ready,Set,Goi 11, 87 Office of Library Automation 67 reference x-xii, 10-14, 53-61 Office of Library User Education 64, 67 Retrospect 22, 86 Undergraduate Library 66 Research Libraries Group (RLG) OmniDraft 22, 86 ARIEL 52, 88 OmniPage 22, 86 RJ11 connectors 5, 7-8 On Technology Robinson, Larry 49 On Location 22, 86 Roecker, Fred viii, 63-68 online catalogs xi, 2, 15, 28, 32, 34, 56-59, routing slips 34 61, 64, 66, 72-77 online searching 34, 38 OPACs 10 S optical character recognition (oat) 39-40 Ottaviani, Jim viii, 54-62 St. Clair, J. 59 Outcome Based Education (oBE) 26 Salient Software DiskDoubler 22, 88 Salter, John 64, 66

Index 1n6 93 SAM22, 88 supercomputers vii, 33-36 San Diego (CA) Supercomputer Center Symantec Corp. Library vii, 33-36 Lightspeed Pascal 22, 88 Image Bank 35-36 Symantec Anti-Vinu for the Macintosh Photo Bank 36 (SAM) 22, 88 SC-1011 Symantec Utilities fir the Macintosh 11 scanning 20-23, 38-40, 48-53, 71 (SUM 11)22, 88 SCEPTER. 79-80, 88 scholar's workstation 29-32 school libraries 5-9, 24-27, 37-41, 69-72 t Schult, Julia 16, 18 SCientific Electronic Pubishing and TExt Taxonomy of Educational Objectives 25 Retrieval (SCEPTER) 79-80, 88 Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich Script Report 77 Nutcracker Suite 25 security 6, 31 TCP/IP 50 serials 10-14 technical documentation 76-77 costs 14 Tegler, Patricia ii SGML 79-83 telecommunications 29-32, 47-53, 75 shelving 44 telephone closets 5 Singing Light vi, 19-23 Telex terminals 67 Skibbereen 40 tennis 68 Smart Schools viii, 69-72 Texas A&M University Softsheil International, Ltd. Libraries ChanConnection 31, 38 MacNOT1S 43, 66 software routers v, 7 TextEdit 80, 82-83 software security 31 Thinking Machines Corp. 83 Software Toolworks Tiefel, Virginia 64, 66 World Atlas 26, 88 TIFF 51, 52 Sony Corp. of America 83 Time Table of History 26 sound digitization 20-23 toasters x-xi Southwest Missouri State University ToolBook 17, 87 Department of Library Science 46 Toolbox 80 Libraries vii, 42-46 training See also Library training v, 1-4, 71, Macintosh Education Center 43 74-77 special collections 35, 58-59, 61 TypeSgyler 22 86 special libraries, 33-36 Typist 40, 86 Springer-Verlag 83 Stallard, Charles viii, 69-72 Standard Generalized Markup Languag LPL (SGML) 79-83 Ulmschneider, John E. 53 Stanley, Shirley, 16-18 U.S. Department of Agriculture 48 star controllers v, 7-9, 87 U.S. Department of Education 1, 48, 64 statistics 12, 56-61 U.S. Department of Energy xii Stephenson, Christie viii, 73-77 University of Alaska 22 STN International 32, 86 University of California, Berkeley Stravinsky, Igor libraries Petrushka 25 Melvyl 34 Rite ofSpring 25 Lowie Museum of Anthropology 20 Studer, William 64 University of California, San Diego Stuffit Delsoce 48, 49, 51, 85 libraries Suitcase 1122, 87 Roger 34 Sulzer Regional Library 97 University of Delware 53 SUM 1122, 88 University of Kentucky Sun Microsystems, Inc. 33, 83 Libraries v, 3 Super LaserSpoo122, 87 University of Maryland at College Park 53

107 94 University of Michigan Engineering Transportation Library viii, w 53-61 WAN 9 Information Technology Division 56 Washington State University 53 Libraries Waterloo MacjANET7 Mirlyn 56-59, 61 Wayzata Technology, Inc. University of Minnesota 53 GEM26, 88 College of Liberal Arts weevils 38 Composition Program 16 Weibel, Stuart, ix, 78-84 Department of Rhetoric 17 Weil, Simone xii Wilson Library vi, 15-18 Western Kentucky University LUMINA 15,16 Center for Teaching and Learning 14 University of Tennessee Educational Resources Center 11 Libraries v, 1-4 Faculty Media Center 11,14 University of Vermont Helm-Gravens Library v, 10-14 Systems Department for Libraries and Kentucky Library 11 Media Services 32 Science Library 11 University of Virginia White Wolf 21 Curry School of Education 74, 77 Whitlatch, J. B. 59 Fiske Kimball Fine Arts Library 77 wide area networks (WAN) 9 Libraries William Randolph Hearst Foundation 64 VIRGO viii, 73-77 WICU Libreries Sul jest Guide to Current UNIX 52 Periodicals 1C-14 Utah State University 53 word processing 34, 37, 40-41 workstations v, x-xii, 29-32, 50, 52 World Factbook 71 V writing laboratories 67, 71 Vaccaro, Bill ii, 97 Vaccaro Family Archives 97 Valauskas, Edward J. ii, v, x-xii, 96 VAX 34-35, 86 x VCR Companion 27 X-Windows 80 Vikings 41 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 53 VIRGO viii, 73-77 y--.z Virnia122, 86 Yale University 22 virtual libraries xi-xii, 37-41 Chemistry Library vi, 28-32 VMS 34-35, 86 Department of Computing and Voyager Co. Information Systems 29 Beethoven's 9th Symphony CD Kline Science Library 32 Companion 26, 43, 88 Library Systems 32 Voodoo Child (Slight Return) iv Medical School 29-31

ins Index 95 EDWARD J. VALAUSKAS,shown above lurking electronically on AppleLink and entertaining the troops during the failed various forums of the Internet. You can coup attempt in Moscow in August 1991 reach Ed at the following address: (he's the guy without the uniform on the r:ght), is founder and co-editor of Superconducting Super Collider laboratory Macintoshed Libraries. He's responsible for Physics Research Divison the major editing and indexing chores and 2550 BeckleymeAe Avenue, MS2010 has never been known to turn down a good Dallas, IX 15231.3991 manuscript. Although he has recently Phone: 214/108-6236 transplanted himself to the Lone Star State, Applelinic G0094 there have been reports of Ed sightings in Internet valauskas Qssal.ssr..gov the Chicagoland area (primarily by his Bitnet VALAUSKAS@ssai wife). You can almost always find him BEPnet SSCVX1::VALAUSVAS

96 MidatebcdUbnd ks 1OD e

BILLVACCARO,shown above as a mere Chicago Public Library's Conrad Sulzer youth with a tiger (cat) nearly by the tail, is Regional Library branch. Fan mail addressed the other half of Macintoshed Libraries to Bill can be sent to: dynamic editing duo. Bill's editing chores include the design of these pages in the Conrad Sillier Regional Library print version you're looking at right now. 4455 Korth Lincoln Avenue You'll also see his hand (as well as the sweat Chicago, 11 60625 of his brow) in the electronic edition of thi- Phone: 3121744-7616 publication which is available as as colorful Fax: 312/744-2899 HyperCard 2.1 stack. A PostScript junkie ALUG Online on The WELL: bvaccaro in his spare time, he swears he recently got Shaer. bvacaro @welsla.us a fortune cookie saying there was aQuadra Apple ink: VACCAR02 in his future. In another life, he is Assistant CompuServe: 76266,147 Head of the Serials Department at the Internet vaccaro.b© applelinkapple.com

About tie Editors 1 1 0 97 TooLeox

HARDWARE Macintosh Portable, 5 Mb RAM, 40 Mb HD; Macintosh floc, 8 Mb RAM, 80Mb HD, Apple Portrait Display and Portrait Display card; Macintosh LC, 4 Mb RAM, 40 Mb HD, Apple 12" Color Monitor, Ehrnan 45 Removable Hard Drive; Apple Portable 2400 Modem (Portable); Apple OneScanner, Apple 80HDSC Internal Hard Drives (1Icxand Portable); Jasmine Direct Drive 80 Mb Hard Disk (Portable); AppleCD SC Drive (Portable and Ilcx).

SOFTWARE System 7.0.1 (operating system); Claris MacWrite 111.1 and Microsoft Word 5.0 (word processing); AppleLink, Software Ventures Microphone 11 4.0, and Freesoft Corp. White Knight 11.14 (telecommunications); Flashlt v. 2.1 and 2.2b I control device (screen capti ire - shareware); Aldus PageMaker 4.2 (page layout); Fifth Generation Suitcase 2.0 and Adobe Type Manager 2.0.3 (font management); Claris MacDraw 11 1.1 and Aldus SuperPaint 3.0 (bitmap and PICT graphic editing and touchup); Light Source Inc. Ofoto (grayscale TIFF scans of photographs); Adobe Photoshop 2.0.1 (cover art and touch-up of TIFF scans of photographs).

TYPE Body text Adobe Garamond (Adobe) Gill Sans Bold Italic (Monotype) Adobe Garamond italic (Adobe) Gill Sans Condensed (Monotype) Adobe Garamond Semibold (Adobe) Gill Sans Bold Condensed (Monotype) Copperplate Gothic 33bc (Adobe) Lucian BT (Bitstream) Gill Sans (Monotype) Lucian BT Bold (Bitstream) Gill Sans Italic (Monotype) Trade Gothic Condensed Eighteen (Adobe) Gill Sans Bold (Monotype) Trade Gothic Bold Condensed Twenty (Adobe)

Display Text Faces Arcadia (Adobe) Gill Sans Condensed (Monotype) Copperplate Gothic 33bc (Adobe) Gill Sans Bold Condensed (Monotype) Industria Solid (Adobe) Gill Sans Italic (Monotype) Lithos (Adobe) Oz Handicraft (Bitstream) Lucian BT Bold (Bitstream) RansomNote (freeware) Snell Roundhand (Adobe)

MISCELLANEOUS The image ofJohn M. Meador, Jr. is a grayscale TI FF file supplied by the author. All other scanned images were produced on an Apple OneScanner using Ofoto 1.1 software.

OUTPUT Camera-ready proofs were produced on an Apple LaserWriter Hg laser printer with 5 Mb RAMand printed on Hammerhill Bond Laser Print white long grain S24/60 8'h x 11 paper. Reproduction was done using traditional photomechanical methods.

111