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Technical Protocol for Using Soluble Carbohydrates to Enhance Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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Technical Protocol for Using Soluble Carbohydrates to Enhance Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Technical Protocol for Using Soluble Carbohydrates to Enhance Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Prepared under Contract #F41624-99-C-8032 3207 Sydney Brooks 901 North Stuart Street, Suite 303 Brooks AFB, Texas 78235-5344 Arlington, Virginia 22203 December 19, 2002 Final X X X X X X X X Final: Technical Protocol for Using Soluble Carbohydrates to Enhance Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Prepared for: Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) 3207 Sydney Brooks Brooks AFB, Texas 78235-5344 POC: Mr. Jerry Hansen and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) 901 North Stuart Street, Suite 303 Arlington, Virginia 22203 POC: Dr. Andrea Leeson Prepared by: ARCADIS G&M, Inc. 4915 Prospectus Dr., Suite F Durham, North Carolina 27713 Suthan S. Suthersan, Ph.D., P.E. Christopher C. Lutes Peter L. Palmer, P.E., P.G. Frank Lenzo, P.E. Fredrick C. Payne, Ph.D. David S. Liles Jeffrey Burdick December 19, 2002 Under Contract #F41624-99-C-8032 ii X X X X X X X X TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures (including figures from appendices)...................................................................................vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................viii List of Tables – Appendix A......................................................................................................................viii List of Tables – Appendix B......................................................................................................................viii List of Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................ix Preface ........................................................................................................................................................xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1 1.1 General ERD Operating Principle.............................................................................................1 1.2 Applications, Advantages and Limitations................................................................................4 1.2.1 Applications .................................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Advantages of the Technology.....................................................................................4 1.2.3 Limitations of the Technology .....................................................................................5 1.3 Microbiology of CAH Degradation...........................................................................................6 1.3.1 Specific Bacterial Types Capable of CAH Bioremediation .........................................7 1.3.1.1 Methanogens ...................................................................................................8 1.3.1.2 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria...............................................................................8 1.3.1.3 Dehalorespiring Bacteria.................................................................................9 1.3.2 Fermentation.................................................................................................................9 1.3.3 Distribution of CAH Degrading Bacteria...................................................................11 1.3.4 The Role of Hydrogen and Competition for Molecular Hydrogen ............................11 1.4 Overview of ERD Technology Evaluation and Implementation Approach............................12 2.0 SITE SCREENING ..............................................................................................................................14 2.1 General Site Selection Criterion and Information Needs ........................................................14 2.2 Interpretation of Historical Trends in Contaminant Concentration and Electron Acceptor Processes .................................................................................................................................16 3.0 BIOGEOCHEMICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION, AND ERD SYSTEM MONITORING ........18 3.1 Sampling and Analysis Methodologies and Their Applications .............................................18 3.2 Groundwater Sampling and Analysis......................................................................................20 3.2.1 Dissolved Gas Analysis and Management .................................................................21 3.2.2 Dissolved Hydrogen Measurement ............................................................................21 3.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen Field Measurement ......................................................................22 3.3 Saturated Soil Sampling ..........................................................................................................22 3.4 Microbial Assessments............................................................................................................27 3.5 Process and Performance Monitoring .....................................................................................30 3.5.1 Process Monitoring ....................................................................................................30 3.5.2 Performance Monitoring ............................................................................................31 4.0 System Design......................................................................................................................................32 4.1 Design Considerations.............................................................................................................32 4.1.1 Hydrogeology.............................................................................................................32 4.1.1.1 Hydraulic Conductivity.................................................................................33 4.1.1.2 Groundwater Flow Characteristics................................................................33 4.1.1.3 Saturated Thickness and Depth to Water ......................................................35 iii X X X X X X X X 4.1.1.4 Geochemistry ................................................................................................36 4.1.2 Groundwater Chemistry .............................................................................................37 4.1.2.1 pH..................................................................................................................38 4.1.2.2 Role of Sulfur in Enhanced Bioremediation of CAHs ..................................38 4.1.2.3 Salinity ..........................................................................................................39 4.2 ERD Layout Options...............................................................................................................40 4.2.1 Injection Well/Point Placement..................................................................................42 4.2.2 Monitoring Well Placement .......................................................................................46 4.3 Reagents ..................................................................................................................................46 4.3.1 Desorption Effects......................................................................................................48 4.3.2 Suitability of Differing Electron Donors for Differing Conditions............................51 4.4 Delivery System Design..........................................................................................................53 4.5 Reagent Injection Strategy and Feed Mechanisms..................................................................57 4.6 Gas Generation........................................................................................................................61 5.0 PILOT TESTING.................................................................................................................................62 5.1 Pilot Test Wells – Number and Location ................................................................................62 5.2 Site Preparation, Equipment, and Materials............................................................................63 5.3 Reagent Injection.....................................................................................................................64 5.4 Duration of Pilot Study............................................................................................................65 5.5 Field Pilot Test Process and Performance Monitoring............................................................66 5.6 Pilot Test Result Interpretation................................................................................................66 5.7 Scale Up Issues........................................................................................................................67 6.0 FULL SCALE SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ......................................................69 6.1 General ....................................................................................................................................69 6.2 System Modifications to Control pH Reduction .....................................................................69 6.3 System Modifications To Deal With
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