DOCSLIB.ORG

Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace BALLOTS, BABIES, AND BANNERS OF PEACE INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE Winner of the 2013 National Jewish Book Award, Women’s Studies Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace explores the social and political activism of American Jewish women from approximately 1890 to the beginnings of World War II. Written in an engaging style, the book demon- strates that no history of the birth control, suffrage, or peace movements in the United States is complete without analyzing the im- pact of Jewish women’s presence. The volume is based on years of extensive primary source research in more than a dozen archives and among hundreds of primary sources, many of which have previously never been seen. Volu- minous personal papers and institutional re- cords paint a vivid picture of a world in which both middle-class and working-class American Jewish women were consistently and pub- licly engaged in all the major issues of their day and worked closely with their non-Jewish counterparts on behalf of activist causes. This extraordinarily well researched volume makes a unique contribution to the study of modern women’s history, modern Jewish his- tory, and the history of American social move- ments. 301 PAGES PAPER • 978-1-4798-5059-4 WWW . NYUPRESS . ORG NYU PRESS U.S History, Women’s Studies, and Jewish Studies: Teaching Guide For students of U.S. History, Women’s Studies, and Jewish Studies, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace provides a fresh look at women’s critical social and political activism during the first half of the twentieth century. Through an engaging and accessible narrative focused on Jewish women’s participation in the suffrage, birth control, and peace movements, readers will gain a deeper un- derstanding of the interplay of gender, religious, ethnic, and national identities. They will see how important a role Jewish women activists played in shaping not only the American Jewish community during a tumultuous period of immigration and consolidation but also in first-wave feminism. The narrative also conveys the ways in which anti-Semitism both at home and abroad shaped Jewish wom- en’s activist experiences. The deeply researched book paints a vivid picture of a world in which both middle-class and working-class American Jewish women were consistently and publicly engaged in all of the major issues of their day and worked closely with their non-Jewish counterparts on behalf of activist causes. CONTENTS • Chapter Summaries with Discussion Questions • Questions for Reflection • Supplementary Assignments 2 NYU PRESS INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION pages 1-17 Opening with a biographical vignette about a Jewish women heavily involved in activities both inside the Jewish community and outside it, the introduction notes the great reform energy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth cen- turies. American Jewish women, whether native-born or immigrant, found that involvement in activist movements provided a path toward acculturation. Al- though they were secular movements, the suffrage, birth control, and peace movements formed a cluster of feminist activity that appealed greatly to large numbers of American Jewish women. A broadly conceived focus on mater- nalism as a rationale for women’s activism allowed Jewish women to join these movements despite shadows of anti-Semitism, since motherhood was a value shared by American women across all kinds of class, ethnic, racial, religious, and national boundaries. American Jewish women activists have been absent from the literature on both first-wave American feminism and American Jewish history. Exploring their participation in the suffrage, birth control, and peace movements restores them to their rightful place and deepens our understanding of the com- plex process by which women fought for full citizenship in the United States. The introduction serves as a foundation for the themes of the book, which include: • The relationship of feminist causes such as suffrage, birth control, and peace to each other • The ongoing feminist activism during the decades following the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment • The greater diversity within the women’s movement than has typically been acknowledged • The relationship between the development of the American Jewish community and the larger women’s movement • The ability of the women’s movement to alter relations of power and to connect the personal and the political • The tensions American Jews, liked all ethnic groups, faced in balancing the benefits of acculturation with the preservation of their heritage • The importance of thinking broadly about Jewish identity and identification in the lives of historical actors • The persistence of anti-Semitism in even the most progressive social movements • The simultaneous emergence of both Jews and women as political actors and citizens during the first half of the twentieth century The introduction also places the book in the context of scholarship in the history of feminism, American Jewish history, American ethnic history, religious studies, and women’s and gender studies. Almost none of the extensive archival material at the core of the book has ever been examined by scholars before. BALLOTS, BABIES, AND BANNERS OF PEACE 3 “We Jewish Women Should be Especially Interested in Our New Citizenship”: American Jewish Women and the Suffrage Movement (pages 18-67) SUMMARY This chapter begins with a brief history of the suffrage movement in the United States and then explores multiple facets of American Jewish women’s involve- ment as individuals and members of both non-sectarian suffrage groups and Jewish women’s groups committed to enfranchisement. Jewish women played significant roles in a variety of suffrage campaigns from approximately 1890 through 1920. Though there was some ambivalence toward suffrage, exacer- CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 bated by various expressions of anti-Semitism in the movement, in general the American Jewish community supported women’s right to vote. This support was evident in everything from voting patterns to rabbis’ sermons to favorable cover- age of the issue by the American Jewish press. Middle-class and working-class Jewish women found in suffrage a cause that could help bridge the gap between them, though important political differences persisted. In the aftermath of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, American Jewish women demanded more of a voice in their communal institutions such as synagogues and looked forward to continuing to exert their influence on the world around them. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION ➥ What were the multiple ways in which Jewish women participated in the suffrage movement? ➥ In what ways did the American Jewish community support women’s right to vote? ➥ How did anti-Semitism affect Jewish women’s attitudes toward suffrage? What does this reveal about the social and religious limits of the past? Are there any present-day comparable situations? ➥ How did the diversity among Jewish women affect their experiences in the suffrage movement? ➥ What impact did women’s enfranchisement have on the American Jewish community? ILLUSTRATIONS • Maud Nathan (Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives) • Annie Nathan Meyer (Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives) • Gretrude Weil at a suffrage demonstration (North Carolina Office of Archives and History) 4 NYU PRESS INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE CHAPTER 2 “I Started to Get Smart, Not to Have So Many Children”: The American Jewish Community and the Early Years of the Birth Control Movement (pages 68-102) SUMMARY The desire to control the timing and spacing of childbirth is an ancient one, but the birth control movement per se took off during the early twentieth century as new technologies like diaphragms moved that control into women’s hands and became part of a highly politicized debate. This chapter investigates the early history of the birth control movement and the critical role Jewish women played in it, especially as “early adopters” and as activists fighting against the criminal- ization of many aspects of birth control and the classification of contraception as obscenity. The radical roots of the birth control movement in the United States meant that a substantial number of politically progressive Jewish women learned about contraception and adopted it early on as a means of personal autonomy and upward mobility. As contraception became somewhat more accessible to larger numbers of Jewish women, the American Jewish community conducted an extensive debate over birth control, eventually resolving in its favor, though pockets of resistance remained and found expression in cultural productions. Jewish women accustomed to politicizing domestic matters such as kosher meat consumption found that Judaism, which traditionally both celebrated and reg- ulated (married) sexuality, proved fertile ground for birth control adoption and activism within the American Jewish community. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION ➥ What connections were there between the suffrage and birth control movements? ➥ How did the radical roots of the birth control movement affect its reception within the American Jewish community? ➥ What impact did the birth control movement have on American Jewish culture and vice versa? ➥ In what ways did Jewish women participate in the early birth control movement? ➥ How and why did so many Jewish women gravitate toward the birth control movement when traditional Jewish culture emphasized the importance of motherhood? ILLUSTRATIONS • Rose Heiman Halpern and her six children greet Margaret Sanger
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mrs. Stokes Sentenced to 10-Year Term: Socialist Wife of Millionaire
    NY Call: Rose Pastor Stokes Sentenced to 10 Year Term [June 3, 1918] 1 Mrs. Stokes Sentenced to 10-Year Term: Socialist Wife of Millionaire Ordered Imprisoned Under Sedition Act: New Trial is Denied; She is Free on Bail: Husband Says Jury Misunderstood Motives — Severe, Thinks Hurd Published in The New York Call, v. 11, no. 132 (June 4, 1918), pp. 1-2. Rose Pastor Stokes’ Statement. “If I have offended in expressing a criticism which intimates that the government is leaning to “The communication which I sent to the one class or another, it is because I have taken the Kansas City Star announced that I was not sup- provision of the Constitution concerning liberty porting the war aims of the government. I assumed of expression literally — a language plain and among the numerous aims which had been pre- simple, and made a part of the constitution by sented by different groups of people that it was an amendment thereto by those who recognized my privilege to approve or criticize any of the war its importance during periods not alone of peace, aims brought forward. but also of stress. “I have at all times recognized the cause of “I am not conscious of committing any our entrance into the war, and I have at no time crime, your Honor, unless an ardent desire to opposed the war. And although my home has been serve the ends of social and economic justice, ac- searched in my absence, and although witnesses claimed as of the highest social value in times of from various meetings I addressed have testified peace, becomes an anti-social thing and a crime for the government, no evidence has been pro- in time of war.
    [Show full text]
  • Debs Held Guilty on Three Counts, Will File Appeal: Veteran Socialist
    Engdahl: Debs Held Guilty on 3 Counts [Sept. 13, 1918] 1 Debs Held Guilty on Three Counts, Will File Appeal: Veteran Socialist Received Verdict Which May Mean 20 Years in Prison with Same Congenial Smile that has Endeared Him to Millions. Declares He has No Fault to Find with Decision. Sentence May be Passed Saturday [Sept. 14]. by J. Louis Engdahl Published in The Milwaukee Leader, v.7, no. 237, Home Edition (Sept. 13, 1918), pp. 1-2. (CLEVELAND) — Eugene Victor Debs, Hundreds who thronged corridors hurried veteran spokesman of Socialism in America for a into the courtroom, the lawyers were summoned, score of years, was declared guilty by a jury here and with judge and court attendants in their places Thursday night [Sept. 12, 1918] of having uttered the last scene in the Debs trial was enacted. As the words in a speech at Canton June 16 that the gov- newsboys in the streets yelled the last extras about ernment considered prejudicial to the interests of the American advance in France, the jurors took the United States in the war. their places to render their verdict. Rose Pastor Debs received the verdict, which may mean Stokes, herself facing a 10 year sentence in prison, 20 years in prison, with the same congenial smile took a seat beside Debs and grasped his hand. The that has endeared him to millions. He declared: “I judge in a droll voice was again warning the high am satisfied. I have no fault to find, no fault with strung audience against a demonstration. the court of the jury.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    166 Left History 8.1 to those interested in advertising history is a chapter comparing advertising in small town and large city newspapers to explore the changing relationship between suppliers of consumer goods and their rural customers. Blanke analyzes over four thousand ads from selected newspapers to map the types of businesses which used newspapers to advertise as well as the possible consumers they hoped to reach. More broadly, Blanke's work touches on a number of larger themes in American culture and demolishes old stereotypes about farmers as insular, back- ward-looking and reactionary. Midwestern farmers had a strong belief in com- munity, but they were canny capitalists, not romantic yeomen farmers. Blanke demonstrates that in many ways Midwestern farmers grappled with the problems of "modem" consumerism years, if not decades, earlier than scholars of either urban shoppers or Populists have indicated. His work complicates the model of cultural diffusion in which ideas move swiftly from city to countryside, and right- ly suggests that attention must be paid to regional variations in American con- sumer behaviour. Sarah Elvins University of Manitoba I Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, eds., The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1940 (New York, 1983), xi. Kathleen Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion During World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999). In director William Wellman's classic western, The Ox-Bow Incident (1942), a posse, enraged over the reported murder of a local rancher, seizes and hangs three cowboys without benefit of a trial. Satisfied with their "justice," the returning posse encounters the local sheriff, who brusquely informs them that the rancher remains alive, if seriously wounded, and that he has captured the persons respon- sible for the shooting.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anti-Obscenity and Birth Control Movements, 1870-1930
    LESSON PLANS GENDER EQUALITY DEBATING VICE: The Anti-Obscenity and Birth Control Movements, 1870-1930 Image Caption (Detail) [ Link ] OVERVIEW COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS Students will investigate primary sources to learn about activists on both sides of the debate over obscenity and reproductive rights in New York City CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.3.1: Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of in order to understand both its history and its contemporary relevance. a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers. STUDENT GOALS CCSS ELA-LITERACY.RW.6.3: Write Students will examine the 1873 Comstock Law in order to understand narratives to develop real or imagined the restrictions that were placed on materials that censors deemed experiences or events using effective obscene, including materials related to contraception and family technique, relevant descriptive details, and planning. well-structured event sequences. Students will learn about the movement for reproductive rights in CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.6: Determine early twentieth century New York City through primary sources an author’s point of view or purpose in a text relating to the Brownsville Clinic operated by Margaret Sanger and the in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, National Birth Control League. analyzing how style and content contribute to the power, persuasiveness or beauty of Students will read a speech by the anarchist intellectual Emma the text. Goldman promoting birth control. They will evaluate her arguments about reproductive rights and consider how moral reformers such as Anthony Comstock might have responded to them. Students will trace the historical course of legislation pertaining to access to family planning in order to place contemporary debates over contraception, abortion, and birth control in historical perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology (1901 - 1919)
    EMMA GOLDMAN: A GUIDE TO HER LIFE AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES Candace Falk, Editor and Director Stephen Cole, Associate Editor Sally Thomas, Assistant Editor CHRONOLOGY (1901 - 1919) 1901 January-March Goldman supports herself by working as a nurse in New York City; helps to arrange a U.S. tour for Peter Kropotkin in March and April. Goldman reestablishes friendship with her former lover Edward Brady. April-July Goldman lecture tour begins with a free-speech battle in Philadelphia when she is prevented from speaking before the Shirt Makers Union. Goldman and the organizations that sponsor her talks, including the Single Tax Society, defy police orders; Goldman speaks in public on at least two occasions. On April 14 she speaks at an event sponsored by the Social Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre. Despite the Social Science Club's opposition to Goldman's anarchist views, it passes a resolution protesting the violation of her right to free speech. Speaks in Lynn, Mass., Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago, and Spring Valley, Ill., on such topics as "Anarchism and Trade Unionism," "The Causes of Vice," and "Cooperation a Factor in the Industrial Struggle." July 15-August 15 Goldman spends a month with her sister Helena, in Rochester, N.Y., traveling briefly to Niagara Falls and to Buffalo, N.Y., to visit the Pan-American Exposition. Early September Goldman visits Alexander Berkman at the penitentiary in Allegheny, Pa., the first time she has seen him in nine years. 1 September 6 President William McKinley shot by self-proclaimed anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., at the Pan-American Exposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Middlesex University Research Repository an Open Access Repository Of
    Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk McIlroy, John and Campbell, Alan (2019) Towards a prosopography of the American communist elite: the foundation years, 1919–1923. American Communist History . ISSN 1474-3892 [Article] (Published online first) (doi:10.1080/14743892.2019.1664840) Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/28259/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • "May Day 1919: a Challenge and a Greeting," by Rose Pastor Stokes
    Stokes: May Day 1919. 1 May Day 1919: A Challenge and a Greeting. by Rose Pastor Stokes Published in International Labor Day — 1919: Program for Your May 1st Meeting. (Chicago, IL: Department of Organization and Propaganda, Socialist Party of United States, 1919), pp. 4-6. Copy in Tim Davenport collection. Introduction appears in the printed original. Before her marriage to J.G. Phelps Stokes, Rose May Day — the day of Labor’s International Pastor Stokes was a sweatshop slave, working away — and never before a May Day so thrillingly her life in the cigarmaking trade in Cleveland, Ohio. significant! Where once we hoped, today we real- For remarks made in a speech while lecturing in ize; where once we yearned, today we fulfill; where Missouri, she was indicted and eventually sentenced once we only thought, today we think and act! by Judge Van Valkenburg to ten years imprisonment Not all of us, everywhere, true; but for millions in the penitentiary at Jefferson City, Missouri. She upon millions of us, the world’s workers, the day was also convinced under the so-called “spy act,” un- of liberation has dawned. der which no spy was ever tried. For us, here, how sweet-scented is this Day with the air of approaching freedom! From far lands in the old world is borne to us the new odor of the flowers of our long-awaited Springtime — the Springtime of Humanity. And for the gift of this fragrance, from blossoms nurtured in the blood of Europe’s revolutionary proletariat, we send them, in return, the electric current of our unshakable will — to be faithful and loyal to the true International.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-War Speech
    E. V. Debs The Canton, Ohio Speech, Anti-War Speech Delivered: June 16, 1918 First Published: 1918 Source: The Call Online Version: E.V. Debs Internet Archive, 2001 Transcribed/HTML Markup: John Metz for the Illinois Socialist Party Debs Archive & David Walters for the Marxists Internet Archive Debs Archive June 16, 1918 Comrades, friends and fellow-workers, for this very cordial greeting, this very hearty reception, I thank you all with the fullest appreciation of your interest in and your devotion to the cause for which I am to speak to you this afternoon. To speak for labor; to plead the cause of the men and women and children who toil; to serve the working class, has always been to me a high privilege; a duty of love. I have just returned from a visit over yonder, where three of our most loyal comrades are paying the penalty for their devotion to the cause of the working class. They have come to realize, as many of us have, that it is extremely dangerous to exercise the constitutional right of free speech in a country fighting to make democracy safe in the world. I realize that, in speaking to you this afternoon, there are certain limitations placed upon the right of free speech. I must be exceedingly careful, prudent, as to what I say, and even more careful and prudent as to how I say it. I may not be able to say all I think; but I am not going to say anything that I do not think. I would rather a thousand times be a free soul in jail than to be a sycophant and coward in the streets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Melting Plot: Interethnic Romance in Jewish American Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century
    The Melting Plot: Interethnic Romance in Jewish American Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century Jessica Kirzane Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Jessica Kirzane All rights reserved 2 ABSTRACT The Melting Plot: Interethnic Romance in Jewish American Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century Jessica Kirzane This dissertation argues that interethnic romance narratives reflect and express central religious, political, racial, and gendered identities and agendas of Jewish American literature and culture in the early twentieth century. Chapter One shows that fin-de-siècle Reform Jewish women authors employed interethnic romance narratives to express a belief in America as exceptional as a place of religious and gender egalitarianism. Chapter Two turns to journalist and fiction writer Abraham Cahan, who wrote interethnic romance narratives to weigh the balance between idealism and pragmatism, socialist universalist values and the principles of Jewish nationalism in determining the character of Jewishness in America. Chapter Three demonstrates that Jewish American women’s popular fictions of interethnic romance in the 1920s employed interethnic romance plots to show women’s independence and mobility in light of early feminism and to express the limitations of feminist discourse when it ran counter to their ethnic identities. Chapter Four describes how narratives of interethnic romance written by Yiddish writers I. I. Shvarts, Joseph Opatoshu, Isaac Raboy, and David Ignatov employ tropes of interethnic romance together with geographical border crossings into non-immigrant or non- Jewish spaces, co-locating physical dislocation and disorientation and intimate interpersonal desire and unease.
    [Show full text]
  • "Poverty and Brains Made a Socialist of Rose Pastor Stokes," by Pippa
    Pippa: Poverty and Brains Made a Socialist of Rose Pastor Stokes [May 26, 1918] 1 Poverty and Brains Made a Socialist of Rose Pastor Stokes by Pippa Published in The New York Call, v. 11, no. 125 (May 26, 1918), pg. 6. A long time ago, the charity organization reads like a page from a novel, with incidents ran some appeals in the New York Times asking here and there as gentle reminders that this novel for small sums of money to save some families at any rate would not be on the library tables of a from destruction — temporarily. Among the ap- certain class of people. peals was one that told of a young girl of 14 or Whitechapel district corresponds to that thereabouts, high spirited and intelligent. Said the section in New York City where 5 Italian families appeal: “If a certain sum of money does not come settle together in two rooms, with a few board- in to help her, she will develop her energies into ers thrown in for good measure. Here the “little anarchistic channels” — or some such truism to dreamer,” as Rose Pastor was known, gathered that effect. to herself friends and one day made herself an So you see the charity organization in a enemy. This was the little woman in the candy general way knows what goes to make Socialists. store, where Rose when stocks were high would Just poverty and intelligence. invest in ha’penny candy. As she entered one day, At present there is a “frenzied fanatic to So- a beggar came in to ask for a penny.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugene Debs.Pdf
    THE TRIAL OF EUGENE DEBS BY MAi EASTMAN With Deb& Address to tire Court on Receiving Sentence No. 3 The Liberator Publishing Co. 34 Union Sauare - New York City ii ’ .. The Trial of Eugene Debs . By Max Eastman T a Russian Socialist convention held in Stockholm in A 1907 it was estimated that the delegates-140 of them-had spent, collectively, one hundred and thirty-eight years, three months and fifteen days in prison. They had been in exile one hundred and forty-eight years, six months and fifteen days. The length of time the convention as a whole had been active in Socialist propaganda was 942 years. “ It follows,” says Trotsky in a preface to one of his books, “ that the time spent in prison and exile is about one- third of the time a Social-Democrat is active.” Reading that preface on my way west to attend the trial of Eugene Debs, I was struck by Trotsky’s unconscious assertion that the time spent in prison is part of the time that a Socialist is “ active.” It is often the time that his influence is most active. And though the government may succeed in acceler- ating the immediate war program by imprisoning Debs, they will also accelerate the effect of his life-long service to the social revolution. Whatever else he may be, Debs is the spiritual chief and hero of American Socialism, and I find myself in a very real perplexity in trying to report his trial ‘on a charge of obstructing the war program. I believe that the postal au- thorities will recognize the necessity I am under, as a So- cialist editor, of giving this news to the readers of the 3 LIBERATOR.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defense of Debs: the Lawyers and the Espionage Act Case
    In Defense of Debs: The Lawyers and the Espionage Act Case David L. Sterling” The 1918 indictment, trial, and conviction of Eugene Victor Debs for violation of the Espionage Act of June 15, 1917, is a set piece in American history texts. Although many historians and biographers have written about the trial, none have analyzed the tactics used by Debs’s lawyers. Most, in fact, have argued that Debs “offered no defense” except his First Amendment rights; that he “refused to permit his lawyers to conduct a defense”; that his attor- neys found themselves with “almost nothing to do”; or that, “fol- lowing the example of political prisoners the world over, Debs demanded that his lawyers not contest the charges.”’ These and * David L. Sterling is associate professor of history, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Professor Sterling would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Taft Fund of the University of Cincinnati in securing copies of archival ma- terial and would like to thank Sally Moffitt of the Cincinnati University Library and Professor Roger Daniels of the History Department for their inestimable assist- ance in the preparation of this article. Quotations, in order, are from David Allen Shannon, “Anti-War Thought and Activity of Eugene Victor Debs, 1914-1921” (M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of Wisconsin, 19461, 40; Herbert M. Morais and William Cahn, Gene Debs: The Story of a Fighting American (New York, 1948), 99, 103; Ray Ginger, The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs (New Brunswick, N.J., 19491, 362; Nick Salvatore, Eugene V.Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana, Ill., 19821, 294.
    [Show full text]