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Effects of Monensin on Volatile Fatty Acid Kinetics in Steers Louis Armentano Iowa State University

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Effects of Monensin on Volatile Fatty Acid Kinetics in Steers Louis Armentano Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1982 Effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics in steers Louis Armentano Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Armentano, Louis, "Effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics in steers " (1982). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7023. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7023 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. UniversiV Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8221171 Aimentano, Louis EFFECTS OF MONENSIN ON VOLATILE FATTY ACID KINETICS IN STEERS loy/a State University PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms Internâtionsi 3%N.zeebRoaa.AnnAibor,MI48106 Effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics in steers by Louis Armentano A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Animal Science Major: Nutritional Physiology Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1982 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT vii INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2 Introduction to In Vivo Kinetics 2 Microbial Metabolism in the Rumen 9 Measurement of Ruminai VFA Production 12 In vitro technique for rumen VFA production 12 Isotope dilution techniques for rumen VFA production 13 Trans-portal measurement to determine rumen VFA production 24 VFA Metabolism by Ruminant Tissues Measured In Vivo 25 Isotope dilution studies 25 Trans-organ balance studies 29 Mode of Action of Monensin 33 Effects of monensin on animal performance 33 History and chemistry of monensin 34 Effects of monensin on rumen fermentation and microbial population 35 Effects of monensin on rumen turnover and feed intake 41 Effects of monensin on digestibility 43 Effects of monensin on protein metabolism in the rumen 44 Summary of monensin effects 52 MATERIALS AND METHODS 54 Trial 1 54 Animal management and experimental design 54 Experimental protocol 58 Chemical analyses , 62 Analysis of data 65 Trial 2 70 Animals and experimental design 70 Experimental protocol 71 iii Page Chemical analyses 72 Analysis of data 78 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 80 Trial 1 82 Trial 2 84 Combined Results of Trial 1 and Trial 2 96 General Discussion 107 Usefulness of multi-compartmental models 107 Modeling rumen VFA kinetics 109 Effects of monensin 115 SUMMARY 118 APPENDIX A: TABLES 119 APPENDIX B: INDIVIDUAL MODEL SOLUTIONS 126 APPENDIX C: SPECIFIC ACTIVITY PLOTS FOR 8327B 133 REFERENCES CITED 139 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 153 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Transfer quotients for ruminai acetate, butyrate and propionate 15 Table 2. Individual VFA production rates and digestible energy intake in sheep 18 Table 3. Effect of monensin on volatile fatty acid production in vitro 36 Table 4. Effect of monensin on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations 37 Table 5. Effect of monensin on rumen propionate production and propionate and acetate pool size in vivo 38 Table 6. Effect of monensin on growth parameters for steers before and after protein withdrawal 46 Table 7. Effects of protein percentage and monensin supplementation on rate of gain of steers and on the metabolizable energy content of the diet 47 Table 8. Effect of monensin on rumen ammonia concentration in vivo 50 Table 9. Experimental design for trial 1 56 14 Table 10. Purity of C labeled volatile fatty acids used in trial 1 and trial 2 69 Table 11. Timed events used for HPLC analysis of rumen fluid in trial 2 76 Table 12. Effects of monensin on VFA molar percen­ tages measured by gas-liquid and high pressure liquid chromatography 97 Table 13. Effects of monensin on water intake and rumen liquid turnover 106 V Page Table A-1. Doses used and data obtained from specific activity curves in trial 1 120 Table A-2. Pool size, irreversible loss, total entry rate and transfer quotients for rumen fatty acids in Trial 1 121 Table A-3. Dose, area and transfer rate matrices for steer 8325 in period A (- monensin) 122 Table A-4. Dose, area and transfer rate matrices for steer 8325 in period B (+ monensin) 123 Table A-5. Dose, area and transfer rate matrices for steer 8327 in period B (- monensin) 124 Table A-6. Dose, area and transfer rate matrices for steer 8327 in period A (+ monensin) 125 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Hypothetical three compartment system 6 Figure 2. Solution of the five compartment model from trial 2 86 Figure 3. Solution of the simplified model for rumen VFA kinetics 99 Figure 4. Regression of rumen propionate production on rumen acetate production 102 Figure B-1. Solution to the five compartment model for steer 8325 127 Figure B-2. Solution to the five compartmenc model for steer 8327 129 Figure B-3. Solution to the rumen VFA production model for steer 181 131 Figure B-4. Solution to the rumen VFA production model for steer 182 132 Figure C-1. Specific activity curves for experiment 8327 ARB 134 Figure C-2. Specific activity curves for experiment 8327 BRB 135 Figure C-3. Specific activity curves for experiment 8327 PRB 136 Figure C-4. Specific activity curves for experiment 8327 GBB 137 Figure C-5. Specific activity curves for experiment 8327 CBB 138 vii ABSTRACT Two trials were conducted to investigate various aspects of the production and metabolism of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Two Holstein steers, each serving as its own control, were used in each trial. The four steers weighed between 223 and 307 kg. Each steer was fed 4.6 kg/day of 70% chopped alfalfa/30% cracked corn, with or without 150 mg monensin, at 2-hour intervals. In 14 14 14 trial 1, [U- C] acetate, [U- C] butyrate and [1- C] propionate were used to measure plasma acetate irreversible loss (XL), rumen propionate XL, and the production and interconversion rates of 14 rumen acetate and butyrate. In trial 2, uniformly C labeled acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose and bicarbonate were used to solve a five compartment model. This model included rumen acetate, propionate, and butyrate; and plasma acetate and blood bicarbonate. The five compartment model from trial 2 showed no monensin effects and was therefore analyzed without regard to treatment. Flow to compartment x from compartment y is designated F^. The five compartments are designated as follows: a = acetate, p = propionate, b = butyrate, g = glucose, c = bicarbonate, and o = viii outside of the model. The transfer rates were (mol C/day): 2-5' V-'- V-'- V-'- V'-'- fp." 7-2. V' foa-5-2. f.o-18.5. F^^-O V^' ^ac--2; ^bg'O. fba= 2.0, and F^^-O; F^^-92.5. F^^.62.8, F^g=10.9, F^^-A.!. F^^.13.0, and F^^=5.6. The results of both trials were combined to measure the effect of monensin on production of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Three of the four steers responded by increasing pro­ pionate production at the expense of acetate production. For these three steers, propionate production increased from 7.5 to 10.8 mol C/day and acetate production decreased from 19.2 to 15 mol C/day (p<.05). Monensin had no significant effects on butyrate production, interconversion of acetate and butyrate or the total hexose fermented. Using data from all four steers, the following regression was calculated: Propionate production = 26.3 - .98 * Acetate production (r = -.935, p<.001).
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