International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Inabaknon Proverbs: Retrieval and Translation into English

Maria Alfe Gordo-Banawis, Dall

Associate Professor V, Languages and Communication Department, College of Arts and Communication University of Eastern , Catarman, Northern

Abstract: This ethnolinguistic study retrieved and translated into English the proverbs of the people of Capul, . Specifically, it categorized the Inabaknon proverbs according to nature, range of subject matter, form and style; find out its structure; noted the extra-linguistic features; determined the figurative language used; find out how the culture or worldview of the people are reflected; and knew the techniques employed in the translation. One hundred sixty (160) proverbs were collected and analyzed. It was categorized for their general attitudes towards life and laws that govern life, ethical, system of values, general truths and observations about life, humorous, and miscellaneous. It revealed that proverbs were prose statements in couplets with neither rhyme nor measure both in the original text and the English translation. Conditional construction, analogy, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, contrast, comparison, and parallelism were the figurative language used. The functions were restraining, regulating, advising and tempering. The extra-linguistic features were hand gestures and facial expressions to state the degree of seriousness as to the proverb’s wisdom and spirit. The dominant worldview reflected is the Capuleño’s religiosity. Free and word for word translation, functional and descriptive equivalent, and paraphrasing were utilized.

Keywords: Proverbs, retrieval, translation, extra-linguistic, traditional bearer

1. Introduction Moreover, it is sometimes said that the proverb is going out of fashion or that, it has generated into a cliché. But the The genius, wit, and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverb had nonetheless retained its popularity as a homely proverbs. commentary on life, as reminders that the wisdom of one‟s -Francis Bacon ancestors may still be useful today. Proverbs continue as the early collectors never tired of stating them – to provide the Learning the language of other people includes a knowledge source to relish the meat of ordinary speech (Simpson, of the culture of these people. Proverbs are a good source of 1982). language study for they reflect both the culture and the language. In view of this, the preservation of the folk‟s oral and vernacular literature in some remote areas requires attention. The island of Samar is one of the rich hunting grounds for It attested to the fact that Northern Samar is a fertile ground indigenous art and literature. In the skill in proverb making, for oral and vernacular literature. the people of and Samar have been productive. Collecting these proverbs, however, began almost as a Inabaknon sounds queer and unique, is entirely different historical accident. from Samarnon. Stressing the urgency of putting Inabaknon in the mainstream of Filipino literature, this research A famous line has it that “brevity is the soul of wit”. Brevity collected Inabaknon proverbs which are translated to the with wisdom is found at its best in proverbial sayings. The English language for non-native speakers of most primitive of men coin sayings founded on common NinorteSamarnon. The collected proverbs will help present a experiences and observations. There sapiential concept of the people of Capul, Northern Samar, their life, pronouncements when taken together embody the wisdom appreciation, expressions, observations, and ways of and philosophy of a people. valuing. It is hoped that this bilingual collection of Inabaknon maxims and proverbs will interest the readers in Proverbs had been in use by Filipinos long before the general but be of special value to students and translators of coming of the Spaniards to the Philippine shores and have the main languages. managed to survive to this day through constant use handed down from generation to generation. For the above reasons, the researcher aimed to retrieve and translate the proverbs that are popular among Capuleño‟s, Proverbs are said to be an effective means of transmitting their lives as human beings, as Samareños, as Filipinos, and folk wisdom to succeeding generations since, they are as citizens of the world having something in common with marked by the use of wit and brevity (Eugenio, 1995). those from other cultures. However, the preservation of such oral literature has not yet been given much emphasis in Northern Samar since few of 2. Objectives of the Study the present studies conducted focused on riddles, folksongs, legends, folktales and other vernacular literature. The researcher aimed to retrieve and translate into English the proverbs of the people of Capul, Northern Samar.

Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2112 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Specifically, it is intended to: (1) collect Inabaknon proverbs used. That is the proverbs must be recited, it has no and translate them into the English language; (2) categorized authorship, its medium of transmission is by word of mouth, the proverbs according to the nature and range of subject and variants must exist. matter and form and style; (3) find out the structure of the proverbs; (4) take note the extra-linguistic features Effort was exerted to insure that the words from the proverbs accompanying the Inabaknon proverbs; (5) look into the were recorded as exactly as they were given by the figurative language used in the proverbs; (6) note and informants and all the extra-linguistic features were noted analyze the situation when these proverbs are used; (7) find down during the interview. In translating the texts, this out how is the culture or worldview of the people reflected research tried to render meaning as faithfully as possible so in the proverbs; and (8) know the techniques employed in as to be understood by the readers. The classification of the translation of Inabaknon proverbs into English. proverbs by Damiana Eugenio was used to categorized the Inabaknon proverbs. In translating the proverbs, the closes 3. Methodology possible translation was considered. However, in some cases where there was no English equivalents to some words, the This ethnolinguistic study was conducted in the municipality meaning was given consideration that the form of structure of Capul, Northern Samar. or word arrangement. The original terms were also retained to maintain the greater part of the meaning. For the readers‟ Capul is an island town located at the northwest portion of convenience, the original and English translations came after the province of Northern Samar. It has been said that this the Inabaknon proverbs. was the first town established and evangelized by the Spaniards. Historically, the galleons from have 4. Findings docked at San Luis, Capul before they set said on to , Mexico. The name Capul was said to derive from The Collected and Translated Inabaknon Proverbs the city of Acapulco. It has been said also that Moro vintas A.General Attitudes towards Life and Laws that Govern Life would pass and make a short stay in the island before going 1. Patience and Perseverance to and in Luzon province likewise when going to I mag-antossikasakitan Mindanao. Some of these Muslim traders married native Mahalap i kabubuwasun-na. Capuleños. It is believed that these Muslim traders had S/He who sacrifices inhabited the islands and imbibed its culture which was at Will have a better tomorrow. the same time influencing the island‟s language. The 2. Cautiousness language spoken is Inabaknon, but Tagalog and English can Gana’ sagdonngamara’at. also be understood by the majority. There is no advice that leads to evil. 3. Gratitude Thirty-seven (37) informants were chosen as the sources of I a’angaga’iagtitilisitinikangan-na the data and who met the criteria for this study. The criteria Ga’ikapada ‘iraysi parade ‘irayon-na. specified that the primary source or informants be S/He who does not look back at his/her past cannot Nortehanons: sixty years old and above; known to be go where s/he desires. tradition bearers; those who had never gone beyond grade 4. Resentment three to minimize the influence of the printed page and to Ako i magtapa, ako i magsugna’ authenticate their proverbs; and those who rarely left the Katahak la ‘in magkakan. place except for occasional visits to other towns or cities. I pounded, I cooked, when finished, other reaped Also tradition bearers who are professionals were included the glory. Or as data source to strengthen the folkloricity of the proverbs. I was the one who cooked it, another ate it. 5. Death This research examined a people‟s words and actions in Kamatayonhamok narrative or descriptive ways more closely representing the I gana’ kalibrihan-na. situation as experienced by the participants. It made use of From death alone the ethnolinguistic and participant observation methods Is there no escape. complemented by informal conversational interview and the interview guide approach. A personal interview schedule B. Ethical Proverbs Recommending Certain was used with an interview guide to elicit the background Virtues and Condemning Certain Vices information of the primary sources of data. A tape recorder 1. Cautiousness to record the proverbs and a camera for taking pictures of I makusoglakang-na the informants were used in this investigation. While the Malalom i ontug-na. interview was going on, the researcher observed the The heavier the step accompanying extra-linguistic features of the informants and The greater the fall. recorded them in her journal. The researcher gathered 160 2. Loyalty proverbs from the 37 informants from the twelve (12) Kon i alla-moduwa barangays of Capul, Northern Samar. Pabalikon I adda. If you have two spouses The actual field work was conducted from October 2004 to Return the other. December 2004. For authentication of proverbs, E. Arsenio 3. Promptness Manuel‟s test for folkloricity as contained in his guide was I magkallattulos Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2113 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Mahayagrasya i saala’-na. Mahaya i dipirensya-na. The early rises, Between yesterday and today, Receives bountiful graces. There is a great difference. 4. Industry I a’amadurutosipanginabuhi 3. On the Attitude of Human Beings Niya’ kahalapan-nasidamuriallaw. Konniya’ mahalapbinuhatan-moga’i S/He who is helpful Lugodkina’intumanI mara’atlugodiyapirmi i Reaps something in return. nagparatigamanan. 5. Thrift People do not look on the good deeds Dakawagtitibusondimu’an of a person Kay aniya’ orasngaagkinahanglankaw. Rather tey look into their defects. Don‟t consume everything 4. Obedience Time will come that you need some. Tipada’iray pa kamhamok, 6. Consideration for others Tibalikna kami’. Dakawagpallingmara’at You are still going there, Basi’ gana’ mabido’ sika’aw. We are already returning. Don‟t say bad words 5. Judgment So that people will not be mad at you. Myintraskawaghusgasiditangnga’ 7. Humility Husgahindahulo i kalugaringon-mo. Konbinalitokkawbatobulusongapas Before you judge others, Ngaga’ikawakapapaddisiigkasia’amo. Judge yourself first. If some throws you a stone, throwback cotton 6. Sensitiveness So that you will not hurt him/her. Malamma’ ngani’ a’a 8. Patience Makudatngani’ kayo. Tadungon i paglalangngan-mo, dakaw If it is soft then it‟s human. Paratitili If it is hard then it‟s wood. Kay angabatkawawiraynakawdina. 7. Talkativeness Look straght, don‟t look back Gana’ mahimotrabaho You will find you‟re already there. Konsigehamoktabil. 9. Respect Nothing is accomplished Konmahalappagtratar-mosila’ina’a, By talking always. Mahalap may lat i pagtratarsika’aw. 8. Love of Pleasure and Relaxation If you treat others well, I a’angamapinaturihon, makaliamatay. You will be treated well too. S/He who sleeps always dies early. 10. Charity 9. Modesty I a’adapatata’oaghigugma’ Ga’ipadugok i paraysimanok. Si mgaanggana’ pina’agisipagbuwan limos. Palay never comes near the chicken. A person should love those people 10. Contentment Who do not have by being generous. I a’angabagtokkuntentona. Each one who gets full is weaned. C. Proverbs Expressing a System of Values 11. Wooing 1. Honesty Sikreto pa hamok Kon ay i sa’ad-mo Baliskadna i lamisa. Iya I tinumanon. It is still a secret; What you promised But the table has already been turned You should fulfill. upside down. 2. Good Reputation 12. Fame and Power Konaniya’ humbo I gahum-nasia’aapara’ Aniya’ may api. Pero i-gahum-nasiDiyosga’Iapara’. If there is smoke The power of man fades There is fire. But the power of God does not. D. Proverbs Expressing General Truths and 13. Ability Observations About Life I kulur-nasia’akinakulawansigawas; Pero i abilidadsikalidad. 1. Adaptability The color of man is on the outside; Dakawagdadahulokay i dahuloiya i nagtestingan But the ability lies in the quality. Dakawmay 14. Courage latagpadamurikawka’awmakabawasikadaa’an. I a’aakonakasamaran Neither be the first for you will be tested; Agdugang i kusug-na. Nor be the last for you will bear the old. A person when wounded 2. On the Attitude of the Young and Present All the more s/he becomes brave. Generation 15. Repentance I siraypati’ ina’anto Abungolakosikapapamati’ ina’anto. Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2114 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Mahalap i kabubuwasun-na. The Extra-Linguistic Features Accompanying the I‟ve been deaf but I listen now. Proverbs 16. Perseverance The extra-linguistic features that accompany in the I orasiglalangngan Inabaknon proverbs were hand gestures which impress the I trabahoag’antahak. functions coupled with the facial expressions usually Time flies; wearing some degree of seriousness as to the wisdom and The job awaits. spirit of the proverb. 17. Inheritance Kon ay i tatay-mo, kaydadi’-na may The Figurative Languages Used Kaw, iyakawliwat. The figurative languages used in the Inabaknon proverbs Like father, like son. were conditional construction, analogy, simile, metaphor, E. Humorous Proverbs hyperbole, contrast, comparison, and parallelism. 1. On Emotions Sa ‘ilub-mo i paddipero i katul-naga’i. The Situation When the Proverbs are Used You can stand the pain but not the itch. The Abaknon‟s main reason for using proverbs is to render 2. On Jokes advice, sermon, and warning to others speciallytop the Gana’ ngani’ pataraw’an young ones or it appeared that their function includes that of Gana’ may makapatatawa. restraining, regulating, advising, and tempering. These No jokes, where used when applicable and necessary. No laughter. F. Miscellaneous Proverbs The Culture or Worldview of the People Reflected in the I gi’ossipagkadadi’ abawasi Proverbs Kamaktong. The dominant culture or worldview of the people reflected Childhood disposition is carried to maturity. in the collection and translation of Inabaknon proverbs is the Gana’ sapagga’-mosigana’. Capuleños religiosity. You can‟t squeeze somethingout of nothing. The Techniques employed in the Translation of the The Categories of the Proverbs Inabaknon Proverbs into English The techniques employed in the translation of the Inabaknon The Nature and Range of Subject Matter, Form, and Style Proverbs took the form of free translation, functional One hundred-sixty (160) Inabaknon proverbs were collected equivalent, descriptive equivalent, word for word and categorized using Damiana Eugenio‟s classification. translation, and paraphrasing. The Inabaknon proverbs were categorized as to range and nature of subject matter into; general attitudes towards life 5. Conclusions and Implications and laws that govern life, which is 41 proverbs were retrieved and translated on patience and perseverance, After thorough analysis and evaluation of the data gathered cautiousness, gratitude, resentment, and death. On the in this study, the following conclusions and implications are ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and given. condemning certain vices, 45 proverbs were retrieved on 1) Proverbs are still commonly heard and recited by the cautiousness, loyalty, promptness, industry, thrift, people of Capul as observed by the researcher. From the consideration for others, humility, patience, respect and proverbs gathered, the researcher experienced that the charity. With regard to proverbs expressing a system of Inabaknon proverbs are next to human nature if only to values, 9 proverbs spoke of honesty and good reputation. On deduce from them the fundamental human traits. They proverbs about life, 49 proverbs focused on adaptability, on are indispensable in the sense that they functioin to the attitude of young and present generation, on the attitude restrain and regulate, advise, and temper people. They of human beings, obedience, judgment, sensitiveness, are the bearers of the values of the people which have talkativeness, love of pleasure and relaxation, modesty, survived despite influx of foreign influence. Such contentment, wooing, fame and power, ability, courage, proverbs are people‟s precious possession, the best repentance, perseverance, and inheritance. Six (6) humorous legacy from folk bearers who handed them down to the proverbs centered on emotions and jokes. And 10 informants. miscellaneous proverbs that spoke on nature and confidence. 2) The collected proverbs were categorized according to to All these Inabaknon proverbs are in prose statement. the range and nature of subject matter like general attitudes towards life and laws that govern life (patience The Structure of the Proverbs and perseverance, cautiousness, gratitude, resentment and Most of the retrieved and translated Inabaknon proverbs death); ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues were prose statements in couplets with but there is no and condemning certain vices (cautiousness, loyalty, discernible rhyme scheme or uniformity in syllable promptness, industry, thrift, consideration for others, composition both in the original text and the English humility, patience, respect, and charity); proverbs translation. expressing a system of values (honesty and good reputation);proverbs expressing general truths and And there is a number of proverbs in quatrain and three-line observations about life (adaptability on the attitude of the stanza with no discernible rhyme scheme or syllable young and present generation, on the attitude of human composition. beings, obedience, judgment, , sensitiveness, Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2115 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 talkativeness, love of pleasure and relaxation, modesty, beautiful proverbs embodying their sentiments handed contentment, wooing, fame and power, ability, courage, down by word of mouth. Thus, it will sensitize the repentance, , perseverance, and inheritance); humorous readers to an indigenous oral literature. proverbs (emotions and jokes); and miscellaneous proverbs (nature and confidence). 6. Recommendations 3) The iunabaknon proverbs were structured as prose statements. Most of the proverbs were in couplets. From the results of the study, the researcher makes the However, neither rhyme nor measure was prominently following recommendations. discernible. The number of syllable composition was not 1) The folklore be included in the high school curriculum as consistent even when these were translated into English. well as in the elementary as teaching materials so that What was observed was that in the English translations, from that star the student will recognize the importance there were lesser number of syllables in each translation of folklore and earlier they can begin retrieving and compared with those written in the original. collecting those that have not been collected so far. 4) Extra linguistic features accompanied the proverbs. Hand 2) Other proverbs should be gathered in various places, and head gestures impressed the functions emphasized by towns, and barangays in Northern Samar as a way of the facial expression usually wearing some degree of preserving the people‟s wisdom before they totally seriousness as top the wisdom and spirit of the proverb. vanish. 5) As oral literature, figurative language brought home the 3) Future thesis writers are encouraged to retrieve, collect, message of the proverbs. They included among others, and translate NinorteSamarnon literature and study them conditional construction, analogy, smile, metaphor, for their literary merits. In so doing, the actual interview hyperbole, contrast, comparison, and parallelism. The of the informants should be videotaped so that the extra- proverbs provided a more striking effect on the person linguistic features of the informants could be recorded. for whom the expression was intended and made him/her 4) For them to appreciated, these proverbs may be recited accept the truth behind these utterances. Metaphor first in class, before discussing the values, worldview or abounded in the proverbs although there were several culture contained therein and the figurative language variations in the utterances. Some sayings do not have used. In this manner the students will develop an rhymes. appreciation of the NinorteSamarnon culture, besides 6) From the analysis and readings of the proverbs, their enjoying the Inabaknon proverbs. functions that can be deduced include that of restraining, 5) The Inabaknon proverbs should be included in the regulating, advising, and tempering. These proverbs were literature classes so that the languages and culture should used whenever applicable or necessary. The proverbs not be regarded as strange by students who do come from have been learned from their parents, grandparents, Capul. relatives, friends, even from their children, and other 6) The use of proverbs is highly effective in conveying people whom they associate with within the community one‟s thought because of their imaginative treatment of including the people they respect aside from their the language. A literary appreciation of them would be a parents, elders, or priests. These expressions or sayings good research. were acquired in the home, from their friends or 7) The proverbs need conclusion in DepEd values education neighbors and from their socializing. These proverbs are program to enhance human development and strengthen used in casual or ordinary conversations, arguments the moral fiber of the people through familiar situations arising among parents/elders and children, among embedded in them, besides sensitizing the readers to siblings, and among neighbors and friends. indigenous oral literature. 7) The proverbs are reflections of the values caught from 8) it also recommended that another research be conducted parents and elders, from hard work, careful deep thought comparing proverbs from different places focusing on the in any undertaking, good reputation, keeping ones word, difference in cultural materials or nuances or retrieving adaptability, prescribing, proper behavior, and proverbs in Northern Samar. recognizing the will and power of god. They teach the virtues of patience, promptness, perseverance, industry, 7. Acknowledgement loyalty between husband and wife, honesty, charity, thrift, humility, respect, obedience, courage and The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to contentment. One dominant worldview of the people her master‟s thesis adviser, Dr. Lydia P. E. De L Rosa, reflected in this collection of proverbs is the Capuleño‟s DALL and the Abaknons, the people of Capul, Northern religiosity.The wisdom and spirit of the proverbs reflect Samar who served as informants. Likewise, to her very the people‟s attitudes toward life and those which govern supportive husband, Reyson, for being her inspiration and life, general truth and observation of and in life, their acted as research arm. To her nephew, Ariel Kary C. Gordo, work ethic, the people‟s values system, and the lighter as her ever-ready encoder.And most of all to God, for his side of life which is humor. constant guidance in all her intellectual endeavors. 8) Translated into English using the free translation techniques, they have been rendered understandable to readers who are non-native users of the language. References 9) These proverbs are manifestation of their day-to-day activities, feelings and attitudes, and depicting their [1] Arewa, E. O. and Dundes, A. 1964. “Proverbs and the confrontation with the facts of life. This proves that Ethnography of Speaking Folklore”.Vol.66, No.6. Capul like any other place has a rich repertoire of Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2116 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 [2] Ashanner. B. 1990. “Folklare and National Function of Proverbs in J. R. R. Tolkien‟s Hobbit”. Development”.Waray Proverbs: A research Forum. Vol. Proverbium . New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book XIII, No. 2. : Divine World University Company, Inc. Publication. [23] West, J. B. and Khan, J. V. 1998. Research in [3] Balanon, V.G. 1994. “A Worldview of Education.Eighth Edition. Singapore: Prentice Hall, Inc. Community as Reflected in Their Folk [24] Winick, S. D. 1998. “The Proverb Process: Speech”.Unpublished Master‟s Thesis, University Intertexuality and Proverbial Innovation in Popular Eastern Philippines. Culture”. Unpublished Dissertation, University of [4] Banagbanag, R. A. 2004. “Lexical Differences Among Pennsylvania three Generations of Inabaknon Speakers”. Unpublished Master‟s Thesis University of Eastern Philippines. [5] Best, J. and Khan, J. V. 1998. Research in Education. Eight Edition. Singapore: Prentice Hall, Inc. [6] Brunvand, J. H. 2004.”The Early Bird Is Worth Two in the Bush „: Captain Jack Aubrey‟s Fractured Proverbs in Contemporary life. Utah, USA: Utah State University Press. [7] De La Rosa, L. 1978. “Community Values Reflected in the Folktales of Barrio Salvacion, , Northern Samar”. Unpublished Master‟s Thesis, Centro Escolar University, Manila [8] 1993. “20th Century Ninorte-SamarnonSiday: A collection and Translation”. Unpublished DALL Dissertation, De La Salle University. [9] Dominguez, E. B.2010. The function of proverbs in Discourse. Berlin, Germany: De GruyterMoouton. [10] Ember, C. and Ember, M. 1999. “Folklore”.Anthropology. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Inc. [11] Eugenio, D. 1992. Philippine Folk Literature: The Proverbs. Vol. 4 Quezon City: The University of Eastern Philippines folklorist, Inc. [12] Haas, H. A. 2011. “The Wisdom of Wizards, Muggles and Squibs: Proverbs Use in the World of Harry Potter”. Journal of American Folklore. [13] Luangco, G. 1982. Waray Literature: An Anthology of Leyte-Samar Writings. Tacloban: Divine Word University Press. [14] Manuel, A. E.1975. “Methods of Folklore Investigation” Guide to the study of Philippine Folklore. [15] McKenna, K. 2009. “Proverbs and the Folk Tale in the Russian Cinema: The Case of Sergei Einsentein‟s Film Classic AleksandrNevsky”. The Proverial „Pied Piper” A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Meider. New York, USA: Peter Lang. [16] Meider, W. and Dundes, A. 1994. “The Wisdom of Many”.Essays on the Proverbs. New York, USA: Garland Publishing House, Inc. [17] Owens, R. E. 1996. Language Development: An Introduction. New York, USA: Simon and Schoster Company. [18] Palmer, G. B. 1996. Towards A Theory of Cultural Linguistics. Texas, USA: University of Texas Press. [19] Panopio, I., et al. 2001. General Sociology Focus on the Philippines .Fourth Edition. Quezon City: National Book Store, Inc. [20] Ridout, R. and Writing, C. 1969. English Proverbs Explained. Second Edition. London, UK: Pan Book, Ltd. [21] Simpson, J. 1982. “The Concise Oxford Library of Words and Phrases II. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. [22] Trokhimenko, O. 2003. “If You Sit on the Doorstep Long Enough, You Will Think of Something‟. The Volume 6 Issue 10, October 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20177625 DOI: 10.21275/ART20177625 2117