f•' J•;BH P.\ 11 Y I;;, I !J 14.
~6" AUSTRALIAN M USEUM M AGAZINE
Vol. VIII, No. 6. DECEMBER, 1943 - FEBRUARY. 1944. P rice- ONE SHILLING.
Cicadas-"Double Drummer " and "Green Monday" .
Register ed at t he Gen er a l P ost Office, Sydney , for t ransmission by Post as a per iod ical. THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM HYDE PARK, SYDNEY
BOARD O F TRUSTEES. PRESIDENT: Jl'. S. ~IANCR, A.l.C.A.
CROWN TRUSTEE: l!'. S. MANCJ.t.:, A.l.C.A.
OFFI CIAL TRUSTEES; illS RO:XOUR THE CIIIE Jl' J UST I CJ~. '1' 111 ~ li ON. 'l'llE PRESIDENT 01!' TilE LliJG LSLATlVJ•: (;01J~C 1J.. 'l'lJE JION. THE COJ,ONl AL s g cR.E'I'Alt Y. TilE liON. TilE ATTOltNBY·Gl~NEJtA L. 'L'JlE liON. THE COLONIAL 'J' Ltll; ASUltiHt. 'J' JU~ ILON. TJiE SECRETAltY lt'OR PUBUC WORKS. THE liON. TilE lli~ISTER 01•' l>UBUC l NSTIUJC'l'IOti. TilE A UDlTOU-GEN I ~ RAL. T JII ~ I' RESIDENT OF THE NEW SOUTH WA Ll~S MEDICAL BOARD. THE SUIWEYOR-GENERAL A~D Cll!EL•' SUJWEYOR. THE CROWN SOLICITOR.
ELECTIVE TRUSTEES: g_ C. AXDU.E\\' ' , ll.A. r"H.AXK B. SPEXCEH. C. GO RDOX ;\fACLEOD, )LA., )!.D., Cu ..U. PROlt'. J!:JUC.: ASIJBY. D. 'c. (London). A "l' (' ._ D - ~ -. G. A. WATEHJJOt: ' E, J>. ·c .. B.E., 1-'.R.E.. .JOHX SPENCE, C.)l.G. · •· .I.e. PROF. ,\. ~- T. G. UURKI'L'T, )LB., B. c. ' lit SAMUEL WALl>Elt, K t. PROL•'. W. J. DAKJX, D.Sc., I!'.J., ., F.Z .., F .JLZ.S. C. A. SUS .M!LCll, .1!, .G.S. JI. 13. MATIIEWS, JL \. 0. G. VlCKEltY, B.E·, A.~I.l.E.
DIRECTOR ; A. B. WALROU, l>.:c. Assistant to !ltc Dircctol' : .r. It. KINGHORN, C.M.Z.:s.
SCIENTI F I C STAFF: \'NlclmiLt• Zoology : lu vcrtchra~c Zoology: /Jirtls, Hrptiles and A111/Jitibirws. l 11sert.~ one! Araclmids . .l. H. Kl.l\GJIOH.l\, C.)l.Z.S. ·\· ~ I USGRAV J ~, F.R.Z.S., ~'. lt. B.l::i. .11 am mals a1UI Skelelous. J,. C'. Mc i\EOWX, F.R.Z.S. K U~ G. TROt: CHlTO~ , F.LL:t.S., C.:\J.Z.S. ,.'\ANCY 13. AJ)A)[S. Fisiii'B. .1/olluscs. G. P. \\'JilTLEY, 1-'.H.Z.:S. T. llUmA T.l~, F.R.Z. ·. .JU\'('}<; ALLA.l\. Gcolot.tr : •1/ ittt rtt/8 t/111/ JltH'kS. ('rustart•a ami other yroups . T. II ODGE-~)UTJI. f. A. :\IC:\'EILL. H. 0. CIIAUI I~ H ', A.:-..T.C. EJ,l Z.\ LJETll C'. POPE, :\l.i::ic. Fossils. Anthropology: IJ. 0. I~ LBTCilEH. Lo'. D. )l CC.\lt'L'il Y, Dip.Anthr. LIBRARIAN: W. A. RAINDOW. DEPARTMENT OF PREPARATION: 1'. RODGE-SMil'LL. G. C. CLUTTON, Prepttmlor. J. KINGSJ,EY. Pre11amtor. HONORARY SCI ENTIFIC STAFI•': Zovlooisu. r.:11tomologists. PltOlt'. T. ILAHV~Y , IOJLN S 'l' O~, :\LA. D.Sc. G. A. WATE lt R OUSE, D.Sc., B.E., F.R.Z.S. ASST. PJWlt'. Tt:. A. UHIGGS, D.Sc. ' T . H . CHJTHlUK H. LEIOll'l'ON KER'l'EVEN, D.Sr .. ~[D . MELDOURNE WAUD, F.R.Z.S., Ji'.Z.S .. .ltrllaeolo!lists. Omit11olonists. Pltm'. J. L. S HELLSH J ~ AU, :\I.U., C'lt.ll. A. F. BAS Wl' UULL, .M.B.E., F.lt.Z.S. OEOHC:R A. 'l'HQ)US. K. A. HINDWOOD, C.l".A.O U F R z s A. J. MAU.SllALL. . ., . . '·'. Philatl'list. Jt'RANK W. lULL. AFUICAX D EVIL MASK .• . , Frontispiece
ABOR1GIXAL ::\f OMEXCLA'L'URE 18~
THFJ ) l AKING oF A HAHK CA~OE-F. D. 1lfcCw ·thy 184 ArsTRALIAN IxsECTs. XX. HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA-THE f'H'ADAs-Eeith C. ]JcKeo·tnz, F.R.Z.S. 188 REnEv;· . . 193
A 'I'RlP TO THE BARR I XOTO~ T oPs-Pearl R. Messrner and .1. J/ u. BLrEBO'I"l'LE Srr1 :\"os: A CuRE • • 199 l )UGREADED FJSHE!';-Gi/bert P . 1Vhitley 200 SOME RrTTERFLY·C'OLLEC'l'ING PnonLEl\IS-A.. :Jfu8.c;ra ,;e 202 TRE KA~GAROO FA:\IILY-RAT KANGAROos, Il-Eitis Tt·oughton, lt'.R.Z.S .. f! ..lf.Z. S . 204 O F;oLOGIC'AL RELIEF )Jom~n. OF THR BLnE ) f ouxTAtxs AND rr1m SYnNgY l>IsTnicrr- T. Hodge-Smith .. 207 SA:\"DFLIEs-Pran k H. T(Jitjl01· ~10 AN AFRicAN DEv iL JI Asr<-F. D. JlfcCw·thy . . 214 (Photography, 1~nless otheTwise stated, is by G. C. Clutto11.) • OUR FRONT COVER. The illustration shows two typical Australian Cicadas; the upper is the large "Double Drummer" ( Thoplta saccata), a species remarkable for the great development of the "drums"-the covers of the sound-producing organs. The lower insect is the common "Gteen Monday" ( Cyclochila austmlasiae), a variable species with many popular names. VOLUME VIII, NU1\iBER 6. DECE:\lBER, 1948-FEBRUARY, 1944. W est Afric a•• De, ·n il'Ja sk. (See page 214. ) Published by the fh Mtralian jJfuseum ------College Street) Sydn ey Editor: A. B. '¥ ALKOM, D.Sc. Annual Sub!;cription, Post Free, 4/ 4 YoL. YIJI, ~o. (). Ih~ C~<::\ I H~<; n. UJ.13-Ji'EBRGA.RY, 1944. Aboriginal Nomenclature ORE than twenty yeat ago the late satisfy the 1wo p1·in<:ipal demands of the '"· 'V. Thorpe, then ethnologist of pnb1ic. Fh·~11y, it gi\'es the m eanings of M the Au tralian Museum, prepared a seven hundred p1n te name~ and pastoral List of New South 1Vales Aborigi1wl Place station!'i in t he State, and secondly, it Ncvmcs a1~d their ilf ea;nings. Frequent make!-\ availa1Jle six hundt·ed euphonious demands from municipal authorities ~eek wot•ds. with ( heii· meanings, suitable for ing names for thoroughfares, ship- and naming hou:-<<-'s. ~b-eet s, 1·e. erves, clubs. ferr'y-owners requil·ing a name, Ol' a serieH hoai s, comme1·<"i<1l ptoductR, <1nd t he like. of them, for tl1eir craft, and the plain In addition, it includes the aboriginal cWzen wanting one fot· his home we1·e the 11anws of p:nt~ of Poti .Jac·k:o;on; the word~ motives for its prepa1·ation. I t was a nRed 1'01· Cnnbena streets and Sydney modest publication of sixteen pages and lhnbcnn fenie~; and word~ such as dingo, sold f01· thr~epenr~. It 1'an tht·ough many boomer nng-, knnajong. and many others editions and I"~pl'ini s, nnd some thou~and~ wh id1 ha re be<>n adopted into our own of it were ~old. The fir~t edition con la ngnc1ge a ~ re1·nac-11l:n names for animals, tained 1lu·e~ hundred place-names, but p1ants. nbot·iginal weapons, and othe1· the e wet e mot·e ihnn doubled jn the l!ater thing~. It i!' not claimed that the mean edition . Thi: JAM fotmed the basis of ings ghen m·e s<" ientitically accurate. Most of the word ~ wet·e recorded by mis man.y othe1· li st~ and circnlars,. and its assistance Wtl.' oc·<"a!'; ionally acl~nowledged. ~iomuie~, offkers of goYer·nment depal't ments such as police, SlUYeyors, and regis :Mr. F. D. )J <{"a dhy. now in charge of nn The Making of a Bark Canoe By F REOERICK D. McCARTHY ilE nbot · igint> ~ of ~ \uxttalia are not ma inland is Yet·y m:uketl indeed. The no1<>d fot· t heit· xkill in bnildin~ h 'l' h <· "rou~· h " of the barlt i s trinamed on• "·iOa a !'Oton e :axe . Photo. Thos. Dick. the canoe, ihe gunwale of which was only HH bes11hcy could while she s wam ashore; six h1<. .:hes above 1he waier. Pish ""a:;:; a t he chilcll·en S£1Yed, s he reh·ieve(l as much staple food of ibe eoaR1al tribes, and of t he gem· as possible. Captain Tench, of stormy "·eathe1· wa!' no cletenent to the the Fh·st Fleet. \Ya~ inqn·essed by the women-folk in theit task of collecting it. After h enting the ends :tr<' folded anti tie£1. Photo. Thos. Diclc FEB. 15. 1944. TIIJ 'l'he C':IIIO(' in UM' . 'l' ht• 4l('<'U JHiflf~ :.re u:o~inJ,: 111 u lt i - tlront:;'NI li,hiu~ '-ll<':tr:o~ . Phot o. Th os. Die !<. Canoes of the type LOBSTER OR C'RAYFISH? (·ommonly taken on the ea tern coa~t of 4\m.;1l·ali<1, gene1·ally the "Xew South Wales A CORREC'l'ION. t·egion. It wns not deRired to impose ON page 169 of t he la st issue it was poli ti<'al 1imit~ to its clis:tributiou south ;tated that "only o<'casionally is .J a sus w Austral ian Insects. XX. Hemiptera-Homoptera - The Cicadas By KEITH C. McKEOWN, F.R.Z.S. [JE H<' <'O IHI cli\'ision. o1· sul>oNlel', of !-;1 udi<' .\ p r imitln~ C ic ncln, a~ ha(• h E>s lung, from the llroo kYIIl t> CJUIIrrit>s. Au s tra lian l.Iuseu m specimen. fo 1·e, to give a genet·a,l ize(l account more 01· le s applic-able 1o any of them. Til e eRgR of t he hn·ge1· dcadas ;ue depoBiie J.' i rst th(' i nS\'t•t :uwh ort•d itst•lf lirmt;-· to t h e Then tht> t h or:\x :u u l t he firs t s e A"ntent o f t h e b :trk, :1nd the n n s tl liC II JllH' :trecl down t h e nhdnnt <' n ,,·e r e ,.;-radn:ally Jnts h ed out. N ' n frt• uf t h e hn<'k. Photo.-A. ~Iusgra' P . Ph oto.-A. ~r u sgra ,.C'. 'J' ht• hc•atl and t•yt•s n t.>x t Ullll l'ared :lud nb;o ,\ ftc• r w hfc• h tht• hts (•t•t t•otutut•nc('cl lnllln ~ t h <' b nl'lt•s H f the "'ings. h :lc•l, n ·u rtls unci ct rc.•n · n u t "t h <' n ·inJ's nnd lc· ~s. Photo.-A. :\Iusgr ave. Photo.- A. 1\IusgTnvt'. FEB. ] 5, 1944. THI~ AUSTRALIA.~ 1\IPSEU)l 1IAGAZI:XE. 191 ~ ------ grouncl life is p1·oblematical, hnt it seem~ thorax leaned further and further backward and downward until only the tip of the to he sonH'where about fo ur o1· five yeat·s abdomen remained within the exuviae, and it an e. Hmate based upon t he rotation of seemed impossible that such a small purchase yeal'l'i or nbnon ual J)I'CVa lente-but H could sustain the weight at such an angle. ;lppcat·~ highly probable that eme1·gence The cicada hung thus for the longest stationary period observed, and the integument continued may be postponed when the weather is pPl'Ceptibly to harden- the head particularly uuscasom1bly cold awl wet. T he umler becoming conspicuously less tumescent. gronn 1'£>l'hap ~ th£> hest simple eompal"ison with .J. n. )lyen,, n1 his hook "Insect the 1ymba]!:; and iheh- m ec hanic ~ is the Ring£>rs"- au a mazi11~ l"tm·ehom;e of n'ctio11 of pnshing the cm·vetl bottom of eicacla info1·mation- hax reconle St><'tion t hrough t h e body of a male Cicada showing how the In tern n l stru cture is s u b o r d inuted to "'ound produ cti o n. Note t h e huge resonator or air chaJuber. After Snodgrass. The mn:::;ic of the cicada is undoubtedly lon cl aA w6ck, aw6alr, rrw6rk, ntte1·ed three a love serenade, and although effie:ient time!'> in succe:o;~ion". "' hile A. W. Scott, organR of hearing have been found in both quoted by Bennett, in desel'ibing the Rexes. it ~eem~ 1n·obable that the female habits of Cystosoma .<:aundersi, the also "hea1·s'" by the ,·Hn·ations set up b1 Bla Review ! ~SECT PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL (Department given. Final sections, xxvi-xxvtu, include of Agriculture, Tasmania). By J. W. "Beneficial Insects, The Biological Control of Evans, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.E.S. (H. H. Weeds", and "Plant Quarantine", while an Pimblett, Govt. Printer, Tasmania.) 1943. index completes the work. 178 pp., 104 text-figures. 10" x 6". Price R eference to the illustrations should not be 2s. 6d. overlooked as these enhance the work and have In this handbook to the insect pests of been specially prepared for it, cbiefl.y by Mr. Tasmania, we have an extremely useful contri R. Kerr. B.Sc., and others by the au thor and bution to the study of economic entomology his wife. prepared by the Chief Biologist of the Depart Tasmanian economic entomology has long ment of Agriculture of that State. been fortunate in the possession of similar Designed primarily for those interested in the handbooks. In 1892 there appeared A Hand control of insects in that island, and those book to the I n sect P ests ot Fann and Orcha1·d: concerned include everyone from the orchardist Their Lite Histo1·y and M ethods ot Prevention. to the householder, it should nevertheless, in Part 1. Department of Agriculture, Tasmania, view of the wide range of the species discussed, Bull. No. 1, written by the Rev. E. H. Thomp have an appeal to a similar public on the Aus son, Entomologist and Pathologist to the tralian mainland. Council of Agriculture,' Hobart, Tasmania, While most of the knowledge embodied in the 1891-96. work has appeared already in the pages of the While Government Entomologist of Tas Tctsmanian Jou1·nal of Ag·ricultu1·e, this informa mania, 1899-1911, the late A. M. Lea published tion is here brought together in a more acces a handbook, Insect and F ungus P ests ot the sible form. Moreover the references to Aus Orchard and F arm, issued by the Council of tralian and overseas entomological periodicals, Agriculture, Tasmania, and which ran into show that the author has endeavoured to make three editions, the final appearing in 1908. This bis work as up to date and authoritative as was the last comprehensive work to appear on I>O·ssible. the control of Tasmania insect pests. The contents are treated under 28 different The present work, therefore, marks another headings, with such necessary introductions to milestone in the progress of economic the subject of entomology as sections ii-vi, entomology in that State. It surpasses its pre "Arthropod Groups, The Life-cycle of Insects. decessors in format, general appearance and Insect Structure, Insect Classification", and matter, and refl.ects the highest credit on both "Other Groups". Under sections vii-ix. "The author and printer. Principles of Insect Control, Insecticides and Fumigants" and "How to Use Insecticides", are Dr. Evans, who is leaving Tasmania to take di.scussed. 'The greater part of the book is up an important post at the Imperial Institute devoted to sections x-xxv, which range from of Entomology in London, in this handbook "Orchard Pests" to "Pests of Live Stock", and leaves behind him something for which he will here the noxious forms are described and be gratefully remembered. figured and suggestions for their eradication A. M US(}RAVE. 194 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM MAGAZIN E . FEB. 15, 1944. A Trip to Barrington Tops By PEARL R. MESSMER and A . MUSGRAVE• X fi Wal'lll .January lllOI'Ding we see 1·n nge Will iams R h ·er, n ear Bnr rita,;ton Houl'!e, Salisbury. and broad swamps filling the lowland In the upper courses of the western between, each with its varied a nd streams, where small gullies are formed, chai·actei·istic colont· of flowet·-strewn occasional patches of sub-Antarctic rain· p a~tut·e-lan Ddtind OH' fnll " lt•ndl'r st{' m of :1 r e ndl Cedar 'J'ree c an h t' set•n fhc whifc trnnks ot' Ulue G ums , to tht' h ' ft uf whit•h is :1 'l'nmnrind 'l'rc.•c.•. Vifis Yines c· lothe 1111111~ uf th(• trees. r-arpia laurijolia ). nn B1a<'khm·nt. whi<·h ali~ht on 1he fel'tile s1amens, c·limh to the tov of t he flower. and l>o1·e tlwir wny into the clLc. wherP 1lwy feecl on 1 Bla ck burn- Tra n ~. H . Soc. S . Austr., xxi, July, I S 9 7, p . :J 7. ~ H a m ilt o n- !'roe. L inn. S oc. ~.S.\.V . , xxii, 1 ( S e pt., I 9 i). 4 - 55 , pi. iii, and Austr. Nat., iv ( 6), April, 1 9 1 9, 75-hl. A. J•Yth o n-like llunn e ut,v ines this tree b y tht- s idt• ot' the truck to the '1 'o1•s. tically ihe w holp of 1he W01'1<1'~ SUJ1ply of T h e lig h t g~ee n le a , ·es of 1he Ginn t Nettle ( Laportea ,:;igas) create un a ttrnctive (ta tterning ; contn ct wit h t his Jlhtnt is extreJnely [Htinf ul. Ginnt :\fet.tles or Stinging Trees thorns nlong the stems and underside of (La po1·tea gi_qas), usually with holes t he mich·ib of each leaflet. eaten in the large pube ·cent leaves, ('haractedstic of the 1·ain-forest are abound throughout the fot·est. The the huge leaftess loops of the giant Lianes flower-clusters which al'e poisonous which attain the thickness of a man's arm t·esemble, at a casual glance, those of and span the space between h·ees and lie gt·n pes. The sting ft•om a leaf or flower along t he ground. The commonest are is so seve1·e that it has been known to (}issus antarctica, t he rough-leaved water dl'i\'e a h01·se mad, while t he effect on vine, whic·h contains pure drinking water man may be felt, 0 11 <·oming into contact in its hollow stems, and O.issus hypo with eold ail' o1· cold w::tter, fo1· six glauca, the Native G1·ape, with its clusters mont hR a ftenvanls lf t he best-known of black edible fruits. They are usually a ntidote, the sap ft·om its own bark, is poot· climbers a nd are carried. up to the not applied immediately. The stinging canopy by ~r)l'a wling in their young stage hait·s are te1·mina ted by a small head over smctll growing trees. '\"Yhen they which b1·ea ks off at a touc·h and, piercing 1·each t he canopy they . pread in leafy the skin , they pour out formic and acetic masses, t hu adding to the dense shade acids which produce t he ilTitation. underneath. Snakes, t hough occasionally encoun On a pile of logs, left by the timber te1·ed, we1·e not vet·y common, but leeches men to be hauled by tracto1· or bullock more than made up fot· t beil· absence, team to t he sawmill, we found a white most of the memben; of t he party suffel· powde1·y dust exuding f1·om the flight iug f1·om t heil· attentions, t he i tching holes or small beetles called Shot-hole f1·om t heh b i te~:; pe1·sistiug f01· some time. B01·e1·s (Platypus omni'Vo1·us Lea) and No ticks were lH·esen t at this time, sheaking the logs with ·white. An allied t hough they a re said to be abundant species, Platy1Jus semigTanos·us Sampson, eal'lier in the season . rrhe ju ngle, though was also taken near Barrington House. very den se in places, is negotiable with These beetle.s are well-known pests of ease, owing to the absence of the Lawye1· timber, and they have been clesc1·ibed and Cane, so common in t he northern scrubs. figured by t he late "\i\T. vV. Fl·oggatt in his Its place here is taken by t he Bush Fm·est i nsects and Timbm· Bm·ers. The La·wyer (Rubus Moorei), wit h reversed beetles are r ema1·kable for their elongate FEB. 15, 1944. THE AUSTRALIAN l\1USEUU )iA-GAZI NE. 199 'rh 4.' Po"·cler Bot·.ing Beetle wreah:l' lul\;oc :nnougst thnber. Its presenc€' is fl:equently iu dicateCl by po,-vde r n t tlte site of dt:"'JlTeclations. cylindrical appearance, the head being Later it was found that this name was slightly wider than t he thorax, the ah eady in use for the genus of beetles, antennae are strongly clubbed, and t he and it was altered to Ornithorhynchus. first tarsal joint of t he legs is very long. On the underside of the same pile of The larvae are legless grubs which live logs were the active Clerid beetles in tunnels. Their generic name Platy11us, ( Oma(Uus prasinus Westwood), a species meaning broad foot, was given to the which is widely distributed and which is genus by Herbst in 1793 in reference to a predator on insects which come to expansions on the legs. It will be recalled l'est on th.e logs. These measm·e about that the scientific name of the Duck Bill half an inch or more in length and Platypus was originally descl'ibed by aTe brownish or gr eenish, with black Shaw and Nodde1· as Platyptts in 1797. markings. BLUEBOTTLE STINGS: A CURE. tions ea used by the stings. As a first-aid measln·e he advocates the rubbing of the THE present swimming season has been stung portion of the body at once with wet marked by numerous visitations of that sand to remove the clinging tentacles of menace to surfers-the well-known Blue the animal and then the application of bottle or Portuguese ~ian - o '-war. These the solntjon, the formula of which is given animals seem to be more numerous in the herewith: surf than they have been for the past few I ngred!ients : picric acid, 2% ; camphor, seasons. Because of this, it is felt that 5ro ; S.V.~f. methylated spirits, 3 oz.; the attention of the public should be water to 4 oz. dra ":n to t~e recipe for alleviating stings, pubhshed 1n the handbook of the Surf At present it is hard to obtain camphor Lif.e Saving Association of Australia. and picr ic acid, but tannic acid and Th1s cure is not used a s much as it should menthol (2% ) may be used as substitutes. be, and we feel it should be in more To make up: Dissolve the picric acid general use since we are assured it is and the camphor separately in portions effective by Mr_ A. West, a prominent of the methylated spirits. Mix the solu fir~t aider with the St. John's Ambulance tions together and allow to stand for Btigade, at Coogee B each, near Svdney. three hours and filter. }lake solution up Mr. West states that he has used the cure to 4 oz. with water. on many occasions and that it has been Treatment : Apply with cotton wool or mo.st effective in all cases, giving quick a b1·ush. rehef from the terrible burning sensa- E.C.P. TilE AUSTRALIAN :.\I USEUA! )lAGAZINE. F EB. 15, 194·!. ~00 ------~--~ Pugheaded Fishes By GI L BERT P. W HITLEY H. II. 0 . LETIIBRID<~E. of ~;u H]>J)('at·s in both nHuine a ncl ft e~ hwater nliHlera, X ew Houth \Yales, has fi~hes. O conti·ibnted many ,·a luable ~pec i Pnghe P u g ltend etl lU u rrny Cod , a b o ut e i g h t inch es l o n J,:", fro1u che ' fu r n uuhhl gee Rh•er, New Sou t h 'Vnl cs. Photo.- Dr. H. 0. L e thbridg e. women in some pads of Africa. The1·e b e l ongin~ t o the carp and salmon families, is no evidence of injury. . . . It is like though erls, catfish. pikes. mullet, t rue a cretin nn P u g henllecl B r o·wn Grot•e r , n bou t t ·w e iYe ;uul a ltnl f iuc;: h cs l o n g, f r om s,·dne,· H n r h o ur. to dig wo1·m~ out of mud, whilst pug al'ticle. Howeve1·, p1·actically nothing headed trout haYe taken artificial flies. seems to have been published on Aus Exp~riments ha,·e indicated that pug tralaRian ca~e.· of thiR kind hithe1·to. hearledness may be transmitted by I n the Daily T elegraph (Sydney). for he1·ediiy to the third and fonl'th genera 7th November. 19~:?. was published a tions; in the R iver Seine, "dolphin-headed photograph of a tt·out ( ~. alnw iridea) pel'chel'i'' ''"> ere caught for a number of ca11ght in the Eume1·alla Uiver, Victoria, years. Pngheaded dogs reproduce t heir which won fhst prize iu a fisl1 yatn com kind, though they are not good breeders. petition. I t was a pugheaclecl example. and probably natural selection would :Jiusenrn ten Some Butterfly-Collecting Problems By A. MUSGRAVE HE interest evinced lJy AUied and ing and setting apparatus (pins, forceps, Ausb·alian servicemen on their sto1·e-boxes, etc.) a1·e now unobtainable T first arthral in such distant and in Aush ·alia. Some Bl'itish firms who unfamiliar sunoundings as ~ew Guinea, deal in nat1nal history supplies still, how the Pacific islands and notth Au stralia, eve1·, acl ve1·tise iu the pages of the scien is perhaps inevitable. He1·e they discover tific jotu·nals. On the other hand, even if :Xature h1 a variety of new guises, ancl this appa1·atus was still obtainable the newcome1· from less ton:id climes locally, it is doubtful if those taking an finds the insect fauna in general, and the active o1· immediate pa1·t in the campaign buttel'flies in pa1·ticula1·, very fascinating. would care to encumbe1· themselves with Daily they flaunt their iridescent or insect-collecting gea1· in addition to their bizarre colours bef01·e his astonished eyes military impedimenta. and later, when oppm·tunity occurs, his Perhaps the best advice t hat we can next step is usually to endeavour to offer to the soldie1·-collector is not to possess some of these showy CI·eatUI·es to attempt to set his specimens in the field, send to sweetheart Ol' wife, Ol' to form a but to "papel"' them in butterfly envelopes collection as a souvenil' of an exile in a in the manne1· descl'ibed in THE Aus t1·opica l country. The larger and mo1·e TRALIA~ )fusEu M )fAGAZINE. These showy species are therefore collected and enYelopes may then be placed in a box, preserved in a more or less haphazard with naphthaline to keep out pests and manner, o"ing primarily to lack of the1·e they may 1·emain until the collector proper equipment and expetience, and returns home and is able, we hope, to then packed in a simila1· care-free fashion. obtain prope1· appliances to set the The Museum, as a result of these mate1·ial collected. activities, is approached by fl·iends, I·ela To the second quest ion, asking for tives and often the servicemen themselves, literature, we a1·e not able to give a satis seeking information usually along the factOl'Y reply, fo1· no such book exists for following channels : the amate1n'. The only gene1·al work (1) How to collect and preserve insects known to the wTiter is the large quarto properly. sized book, Die Gross-Schmette?'l·inge dm· (2) Request for some book or litera Erde, of which Volume ix, Die Fauna ture dealing with the butterflies of Indo-A.ttstralica, as its title suggests, New Guinea or the Pacific islands. includes the New Guinea butterflies. An (3) A list of the prices of valuable English edition, edited by L. B. Prout, insects, particularly butterflies. was produced uncle1· the title of Tlz,e The following replies to these queries 1lfam·olepidoptera of the lVorld, Volume are written with the object of explaining ix, The Indo-AustraUan R hopalocera, con some of the difficulties which will con sisting of two volumes, text and plates. front the would-be collector and not, as it These two volumes are in the Museum may perhaps appear, to discourage him library, and togethe1· weigh about 22 lb., in his collecting enthusiasm. and thus would be somewhat out of place The fi1·st questio111, !'elating to collect in a kitbag. ing and preserving methods, has already Regardino· this work it is interesting been answered in the pages of this to rec01·d h~ere that in the' preface to. the MAGAZINE. Unfortunately, insect-collect- fil·st volume Dr. Seitz states: "The 1dea FEB. 15, 1944. THE AUSTRALI AN MUSEUM MAGAZINE. 203 of a work for the identification of material, i.e., specimens which, at some all known ~Iacrolepidoptera o1·iginated time, have provided the characters for the during an excursion which the editor description of a new species in some made in AustJ·alia in the company of the scientific jou1·nal, are valued only at late '¥illiam Macleay. The suggestion about a guinea fo1· the holotype, and put fonvard by this naturalil' The Kangaroo Family* Rat Kangaroos, 11 By ELLIS TROUGHTON, F.R.Z.S ., C.M.Z.S. SHORT-:'IOSED lUT· lC\.:XGAROOS OR a few clay:;;;, it then fell Yietim to a BETTO~ClS. fe1·ocious dog fl·om an islanrl of the l'"'our species a1·e in clnued in the genus P::~puan region at the moment it was Bettong·ia) the name of which is based on a 011 canion. The more dE-licately sknlled. HJHl wi (leJ'·J·an ging, pen iC'illatu iR much more cloc· il e and is not a bm·1·owe1·. L;u·ge~ 1 of 1he Bettong geuus, t llP finE' T The Desel't o~ Blnff nosefl Rat-I were obtained ot teconled, and the species f1·om its base, but the general colonnion appeared to have become as extinct as is a lovely soft ochreous yellow, while the the Dodo, without a siugle relic in any unde1·parts ate a pale sanely yellow, the Australian museum. general tone teftecting the desert habitat. The first hint of survival came in 1931, Solita1·y in habits, HIHl scarce even in when H. H. Fh1layson, Honorary Curator favoul'able hu::tnd seasons, t hey are rarely of Mammals at the South Australian seen by whites, but several remnants of :Museum, received a skin and skull from aboriginal tribes had individual names a keen correspondent, l\h. L. Reese, f1·om £01· the little kangatoo and recognized its Appamunna in the far north-east of the nnnsual tracks. State. Latel', with his co-operation, Obse1·vation of un other evidence suggested to Finlayson 1904, terrible to relate, dealers in Ade that it fed mostly on plants and was less laide actually did a great trade, selling inclined to eating roots than the rest of them by the dozen at about ninepence a the rat-kangaroos. head for oou1·sing on Sunday afternoons! Of the "common" South Aushalian As " rood Jones said, it is greatly to be hoped that protective measm·es, and brnsh-taile Geological Relief Model of the Blue Mountains and the Sydney District By T . HODGE-SMITH OR a numbe1· of years there has been val between the lines may repl'eseut any F on display in t he mine1·al gallery of diffe1·ence of height, but in the case of the the ~iuseum a relief model of New military maps it is fifty feet. Thns they South ' Vales. It occupies approximately start with a line joining all points fifty sixty-th1·ee square feet of wall space, but, feet above sea-level, followed by a line built on a scale of eight miles to the inch, 1·epresenting all points one hundred feet is much too small to show the host of above sea-level, and so on until the high· interesting details of the area which may est points al'e reached. be called the tourist district of Sydney. The Department of the Army ll as pl·e Two years ago it was decided to build pared contour maps of the whole area a l'elief model on a large1· scale of the covered by the model, except fot two area bounded on the no1·th by an east sections which include J enolan Caves and west line drawn th1·ougll the southern Bur1·agorang. In other words, the model end of Tuggerah Lake; on the east by the consists of fourteen sections, of which the coast; on the south by an east-west line A1·my very kindly supplied maps for drawn a little south of Bowral and taking twelve. in Port Kembla · and on the west by a The two missing sections provided a north-south line' passing just west of vety definite problem which was solved Jenolan Caves. by l\!1·. M. J. Dunphy, Head Teacher in For many yea1·s the Department of the A1·chitecture, Sydney Technical College, Atmy has been prepal'ing contou1· IJ?-aps and Secretary to the National !Jarks and of many districts to the scale of an 1nch Primitive Areas Council. Tie had aheady to the mile. Incidentally, a contour map prepared a map of the area, which is the is one containing lines which join ~oint~ only one in existence with any claims to of equal height above sea-level. The Intel- accuracy and detail. The missing se-ctions 20 TilE Ar~TRALIAX 3IrSEr)I )l AGAZI :NE. 'F'EB. 15, 1944. wrt·r plotted on hi~ map a ncl thrn snitnhly weighted. \\·hen chy, t he gla~F; c~nl Ont' of fourteen sectiouH uf cb e ~eo l og iNt I r elief IUO(}C ), In watc·hing- the g 1·owth of thi!'; model c·atehmen t cn·eas feeding the \Yanagamba came t he conviction that nothing could be Dam HIHl the dnms at present . upplying quite ~o in ~ hncth·e as a 1·elief model of a Sydney with wate1·. clistdci. A t a glanec can be seen the 1'"01· tom·i~t.- it wi11 ptovide a fa~cinat rhowned r ive1· valleys that form B1·oken ing bil·d~ eye ,·iew of the placeR they have Bay' POJ·t .J a <: kson and POI·t narking. dsitecl, whi1e fen· J·e~ident. it will gh·e a P e1·h nps m o t ~t t·iking of all i · the fact ho!-;t of new idea:-; about the place t hey that t he Blue l\I ountains a1·e not thought they knew so much about. mountains at a ll , but just a deeply dis The construction of this 1·elief model sected plateau . The snapping of t l1e rocks 1·eprese nt ~ a hemendou~ amount of work, to fo1·m t he fault at Knn·a jong Heights a nd conlcl He\'er h ~we been attempted but is dea1·ly sh own, while the etn·ious fo1· 1he help of a Inunber of volunia1·y \Van ·ngambn Rive1· t hrows a challenge to wot·ken;. They c-onsisted of unive1·sity an~· young geologist, capable of 1·onghing gnHlnn tex and' undergraduates. busineRs it, to sol ve the myst er y. men, pnblie sernm ts. and, last but by no X o less en 1·ious, t hough not myste1·ions;, mem1 s least, manied women. Indeed, t he i the way in which t he :Xepean Rh-er, most : n c·<·e~. ful cutters were the manied leaving i he plain, flows into the women. mou ntains an By F RANK H . TAYLOR, School of Public Health and T ropical M edicin e, U n iversity of Sydney HE term "sauclfly'', in Au. tl-alia, is a blanket name fo1· the membet·s of T tht·ee families of flies : Cerato pogoniclae, Psychodidae, and Simulidae; the lat1 el' a1·e also known as black-flies in the United States of America. The breed ing habits are somewhat dive1·se. 'rhe membe1·H of the family Ceratopogonidae lay their eggs in a ingle 1·ow on vegetation overhanging swamps, A. Last sta~e l n n ·n of in decaying ,-cgetation neat· moist sit ua Cu ll co i de~e. ag., a n al gills; ab., a b dom e n ; tions, in tl·ee holes, or in manure heaps: h ., h ead; t h ., t h orax. so that the larvae may be aquatic, semi B. E nd o f a b domen enl arged to ~how t h e aquati c or terrestrial. n(lparent absence of anal gilll'l. The lan·ae of Cu-Ucoides are elongate, After Patton with a smooth body. The head is well and Evans. de\'eloped, and the jaws are fol' chew ing. There are t weh'e body segments. The larnl, with the aid of a number of claw-like spines and a few bristles, is ca pable or climbing up the stems of aquatic plant!';. There is, at its extremity, a group of anal gills which are used for 1·espiratory purposes. The pupa is usually bl'Ow nish in colour to be t heit· favoul'i1e spots. Loose woven and is not unlike a tiny butterfly garmeut~, such as soeks and stockings, chrysalis; it is i ua c: ti ve except fo1· the are no pl'otection against their bites. It squil·ming moYement of t he abdomen. It is not nnmmal for them to ct·awl up one's has a pair of comparatively long breath coat ~le eves ot· t1-ouse1·s to bite. ing tubes. The last abdominal segment It will he seen from the illustra ends in a pair of stout, fleshy processes tion.· that the fly is very small ; the which a1·e n ed to anchor the pupa. antennae, ot· feelers, are thread-like in Oulicoides pupae may float at the sur the female, but bushy in the male; the face of the water, o1· may be anchored to palpi, se u~o t·y organs, m·e long (they are vegetation. The pupae of those which no1 ~een in tlieir no1·mal recun·ed posi breed on land are to be found in cracks tion). The mouth pa1·ts of the female are and crevices neal' their breeding places. sjmihu· to tho!-ie of the female mosquito; These flies al'e to be found all over the that is, they possess a pail· of mandibles world, common especially in damp places fo1· biting, and a pair of maxillae for and about decaying Yegetation. They cutting. The maxillae ha,"e "ery much may occur in small numbe1·s or in co<:n~e t· teeth on one edge at the apex than swarms. of countless t housands,' attack- have 1he mu ndibles. The back is slightly ing man and animals indi~c ri ru i nately , a1·ched, lmt not humped as in the 1·esulting in intense suffel'ing and, in the Simulidae, ana the legs are relati\·ely case of animals. causing them to long. The wings a l'e spotted and hairy in stampede. They will bite any pal't of the Culicoides, due to pigmentation of the body, though the wl'ists and ankles appea1· membrane. FEB.--- Hi. 1944_:_ THE AUSTRALIAS MUSEUM MAGAZ_I_N_E_. ______21_1 'fhe memb<'J'R Of the f'leratopogonidae ·e n >1·v small an 0 ('uli<'clidl'"- mol<•lotus (Sku"-e). A m olot " icious blood,n<'k<•r :uad i rritatin~ p es1 in e:tstern '"ulotralia. ~. B. Adams, del. .\n ~·~am J •Ie of the family Ce~ato 1•o gou idae (biti n ~;" mid~~·lo. ••uukJClo). hlaek eyes. long hah-y leg~. bahy, pointed, eJ·Ptt wiugf'\ an(] long. compal'ath·ely It is probnlJle t h a~ the genu Sty~o lwh·y body rPIHlcl' it a conspicuous :wdl~ . \u ~haha. conops wj]l be fonn Aft Id bs Left: Lnst s t age hu·n• o f Sintulium. ab., u hclo m e n : I an., a ntenna; b .g., blo o d g ill; f d .bs., f e e cl i n J!: ' I brus h: b ., h ead ; l .e.• ' I lnrval eye; s k ., s u cker foot; tb., thorax; t h. 'h b. I p sp., thoracic p seuclop o d . I After P atton and Evan s. I I I ltig b t : Sidt> , . i e w of I pupa of Simulium. hr.t ., I l>re n t bin,:: tub e; c o C'., I 'I eo coon; h ., h entl of JHtpn : I tb., t hol'nx. ' After P alton and Evan~. ' FEB. 15, 1944. THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUU :\1AGA ZT~E. 213 cal in sha pe, smooth, b1·oadening out to our largest ~pecies. The world O''er they the f An African Devil Mask* By FR EDERICK D. McCARTHY ECEXTLY the 'rn1stees of t he Aus C?:u.;t in " 'c8t Africa, nnd it is possible that tralian )Ju14eum acquii·ed an African t hPJ'C is sonw rPhlt ion ship between the two Rderil mask. 'rhis mask is of a type forms of al't. This mask is thi1·teen and a usecl in t ii C? initiation ('CrPmonies of girls half in<'lwH high . nncl nine inches in in \Ve~t Aft·ie MALArna, NF.w GlliN~J.~ A"ND Us.-In this rr h is ill