Or- IMALL FISHF1G BOAT DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION

SWEDISli FUNDS-IN-TRUST

Drt on the

SECOND :AO/S% _ASH CENTRE or- IMALL FISHF1G BOAT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

PAL _T 2

F OD AGRICULTI!.:°L3:M[17:1-10NOF THE LIMI. NATIONS b.., me, 1972 r vv.

SWEDISH FURDS-IN T. (33) -

RgPORT an the scum not'f,,f Ejl. TV) Oj

Si1,01511'110 Baef LY(Ti.)

FOR JI:,1A.LJ

WO414, PAPERS DV,

tat 22..27

FAO.UoDuri; on the Seminar for Fishù i'ficoroc,;11.-titi...gorricm...ataz..,-J...... :-...am4.....mvr a2.11. disovirdion at the Second TAO Suledfiih Tciuc Coñocal EL-10-1. 10:2.ell: Boat_paagn and Conotruction, hold a,.. Uatoob..).¡ -ai',,Ip 2d-2( Vehrua-j, 15/-Vi, oponeored by the Swedioh Internatioira Davolopzent Luaoviiwilcz'J? i9721, PAO/StIE/TF 34

This docmment :Le the Report on thu'r%i413. :nte 0.1.0(NEJLLier...) yresented .113Sminar Pishe-sser, Offit47,1 otiO% LQ16.si;UntubbHv ik-s.anda 22 2/1c.1.14,;1971 Ucc,nv)ca:iLm lAids SO', C1. Centve("it=::41T,A)PiLhin3 17C0;,- ,c 6 March 1911, swAsoi-eO.

rilhe 42_\2

inst t ";. v "I.Nrbbo 1) 3i o7°0 E.k7 Liioirj,?:'It FAO c?....,m1:CyAtly,.=ry i-iooOf p...ta.tiv.714-.):...n'aegiVIDY-t

The objective waa to -Go&i,th14. z_ A, idvizi,ry on a ..'egic;n:A1),z:7:du, dItAAAE.is :...0W.Q1x:,Li 'Fa.1,1 dsvc:topman NJohEoltion zkat Lake/ Victoria Iriftin gore recorded. ThA pres,:,nt edited ri;i:.,Lxi sixteen p@rro Session I Economic aid sociz Session II Session III Session IV Session V Session VI ft AO0

The Swedish InternailionalDeVel3i t Authority (SID )irriethe organization of thie Training (ene nnd tho Seminrr for Fisheries Offionr7 possible throrsh its finanoialcontribution to theFAO/SIDA Cooperative Progrrt.

The Governmeni;.of U6;,nda wholeheartedly supported the Training Centrv ad made available excollent ;ncilities xt the Fisheries Training Centre in Entebbe, including the bor.rvr-,r.il belonging to the Fieheries Departw*nt.

Thanles are duo to th.: ir,vuons who in a private or official capaoity contributed with papers0, Sti.filihdr. The views expressed and techniques explained may beo.L' p.,.ri,icuirly for the Lake Victoria region, but also for other parto of the world wird) similar problems.

In the saLe wrrrr 't,he.toinileatli, offered in the oral and written dis', A A o are highly valunhi ix. of interest to all persons dealing with fisheries developerult.

Special thanks are dru to the Chis. Fisheries Officer inUaanda, S. Semakula1111Q mos'i, otod as Director orho Training Centre Lntf!the Seminar. Thanks should also r,ed to it'. A BiribonwohE" Principal ortde Fisheries Trainint. Enob'oe, who provided te raff and the 9rcipa,nts with essist,,zrtoo, COri.T.F3

Session I Economic and social faotors in boat development Paper I/1 S.N. Semakula:Evolution of fishi: ;43 in the Lake Victeria. ruglou Paper 1/2 J. Stoneman:Social end eco ...mix problems in relation ta fishing boa% Paper 1/3 J. Es4*tr6m: iia2.ion of riching boat investments Paper' I/D Discussion Session II Materials for boat construction Payzr II/1 A.Pj. HOLICAJE5fnetnYJa:, of bt.4builfling Jsi Konycz Papor 11/2 O. Oulbrandsen .;:olaci;toL, of (oustra,:t;,io42 mr,teriel for small fiahins be,7,As PaPer 11/3R.!, PlumPtro:Timtovo for boc,,bbuilcUnc 17,1 BAAI Africa Paper 11/4 Dojo 74-ms:S3ma ak,tect oa '6110 oav,i'D,y of ferrc.. firKeintd vessels built in "detJ Zoaland Paper II/D DiS01/20.10D Session IIIEngines for small flailing craft Paper III/1 StonOP:=MgBa6,31'iWOJ ulAN in '. he TILU, Paper 111/2 Ilo/nosu Ilatbood Ztle 7,,Lews Papar 111/3 Soi,ovEdon of 0114,,ii1(,s fo.p fiabln:7 Paper III/DDi123E31011. Session rv Boatyards and

Papv IV/1 D.T4 ;,L Pepar IV/2 nou ' ;oa:"o PA ' D.11, De=h:SAmLaii:ied coall L.cat umstruction r IV/D Dloon3o5on Session V Financing boa.,_ Pcper V/1 J.A. Orutchfield; th 1' OMOV Paper VD Di0012JIAGA Session VI Future devolo-2 Paper VI/1 QOSomOluls.:Igzot c,atu 198f) Paper VI/2 P.11./1, j6VO1cSJO!04 ?roblems Z,;s4horios in East African lakes Paper IV/D Discussion Appendix I Participants in :,ho seminar f Uganda9 22-27 TNbruary 1971

1/1

SEMINAR FOR FISHERIES OFFICERS FAO/SINEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN AND CONSTRUOTION Eatebbet, U a22-27 February 1971

Session I ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN BOAT DEVELOPMENT Paper I/I

c rhi nof fin by SERUIDLA

Cu..4.enteg

ITMODUCTION. .... o o o o ... o ..e . 1

FRIO:HIVE FAITS AND LOG BOATS,:. 0 0 0 . 0 .. 1

DUGOUT CANOES. .0 ii, e 0 0 tP S 0 0 O 9 .. 1

SESSE CANOES .... 0 0 e. ew 0. 0 . e Q 0 , 1

MADALEGA CANOES.. e 40 ra Z 0 V q0. ,9 0 ,,, 0 2

32-FT TRAULERS .. el O . O O O O O O 3

REFERENCES . c , o . co co. o o. o . o c o

.:3D AGiaouLTURE ORGANIZA2ION OF VIE UNITED RP2It:Y.k)2,j.:' ,1972

1 I/i

INTRODUCTION The need for water-.borne transport among people who live on the shore areas and islands of major lakes haz been recognized for a very long times and various craft have been developed to carny people and their farm produce from ene area to another and also to assist the fishermen to set their fish traps andbaskets.

PRIMITIVE RAFTS AND LOG BOATS Perhaps the mostprimitive type of boat that has existed in the Lake Victoria region was the papyrus raft on Which people could sit astride and paddle with their hands or flat pieces of wood.The type of craft depended on the type of flora in the area whdoh the inhabitantscould finds the most importantconsideration being that the materials used should be capable of floating.Flat rafte were made of bundles of papyrus tied together with fibre.The log 'boats' were often fohnd to be made from the AMbatch trees oommonly found in the lake shore areas, the wood of which was light intexture and, consequently, very buoyant.The only disadvantage of using the AMbatch wood was that it was found to absorb a great dealof water, and dry logs were essential for long journeys.

DUOOUT CANOES From this very primitive type of boat, the next development took the form of a dugout canoes and apparently thie arose through the need for more space and oarrying capacitye The dugout canoe consisted of a heavy trunk of wood with a long, naorow hollow gouged out from the centre to enable the paddlers toit in the boattogether with their belonging-as none of Which would get wet. In selecting a log for a dugout canco, care was taken to choose a straight well rounded tree,The stability of these canoes has always left mueh to be desired2 and they have:been responsible for e, large nuMber of deaths in the water through overturning. The various canoes bnilt within the Lake Victoria region have tended to vary in shape, materials and size from one tribe to another; it is an interesting fact that 'many oanoee of the Baganda tribe reaohed sizes of up to 75ft in length in the pastalthough such sizes are nowhere to be seen on Lake Victoria today.Those on Lake Kyoga, howevers were often so small as to be sufficient to aocommodate only one man and his goods, and many canoes on Lake Kyoga today are,stillvery small,

The most obvious disadvantage of the dugout canoe is the wastage oftimber, In the process of its construction, large volumes of wood have to bechiselleiout from the trunk in the making of the hollows mostof whichcannot be put to any good use,Today, when the use of timber iu restrioted and when there is greater demand for it to be put te other uses such as buildings and furnitures this method of construction becomes both undesirable and uneconomic.

SESSE CANDES

Various types of dugout canoes have beenoonstructed in the Lake Victoria regions and from these has emerged e canoe Which was developed in the Sesse Islands which has become well known as the Sesse canoe.In its original forms the Sesse canoe Iria8 a were modifioation of the old traditional-dugouts intended to improve on stability and to save on the wastage of timber.This mae done by eutting away the parallel sides of the dugout canoes reducing it to the keel only.Two planks were then built on either side of the keels one on top of the other? and theee were joined in between by a round piece of wood and eventually semn t-thee with otrong fibres of the Raphia Palmv passed through holes which were dri I the eides of the boat with hot metal spikes, egainv the Sesae canoe varied in size from area to areal and the ehape is slightly ae'ni,in each part of the Lake Victoria region.For example2 a boat built in the Sesee Le is slightly different from the boate that have been oceetructed in the Nyanza Gulf N-:he 4.eleps of Kee(aymhich are againdifferentfrom thoee that havebeen made by the _eeeeemee from the eestern region of Lake Victoria.

The Sesee cano e hae undergoneVari0110types of modifioation. What is probably unique oïxt it and what has eaae,0 mueh speomlaUon is the long false prow which is found to jeot beyond the lelf:vot of the boat, Some people have considered this false brow heof no value ohileethixes have it to be purely ornamental. However another eeleeof thought ie thei th e'eeel ie of assistance in increasing the seaworthiness of the in that it breal:e the leeeee be,;:eee they hit the actual body of the boat. It wou:left eeee that eeecnrale7 ae this 'eype of peee is found only on boatsthre ye e,te enee';e ehee WLIA:togxo een3ide:.ed e be higher than onanyother el'et ..edeeee, Th wee; le etill to be observed in the present day inmaw- Vtol,orieeheteith eure;,eeveme-SGe in eono.5ruetion it is not considered oo

reeeleitieael 7Y-.::¡,11'::G'd.at both ends aild2 originals might oanoes now have thwarts which ïyor may not iides of the boat, These act se:.,,ats for pas..3.agir,d, and aleo give more Ids. With 1; o uìClOc'rcAlOton? :'''t.,'Gesuldt.,s were wade to pz'o-Du..1 ihrii0t J., 1Jltt tjrs wera C3 cai, a well in theSt bid.; this 0.10. not prove to be particularly suocaosfuI, :(vyla more pvr,,,Attl .:taohmcnt ou;..=boar0 motor by cuttin,s ofj: ". 514. \ r 1;;,. arig01.1,, f:41. 14. LOB ba:Ci..(4:04,-- t.ti tcpc IlerT 7fc. by rik50..rsoy: na1lt.10 te oance$ tts .7. suitable type of boat for f)h 1,-s and ha8 t,771, of ,-;-.r;."% -.D;:)11,Ailatiou of the fishex,y rtoviett.-.7 of Lak',:- feawing of paoïl mv.iuw j of Lake Viotoria tc 'the mainland.The usual of the is about 28 ft,,

,e; wLee ,eei,leeeden. vl ,zieeee Lo the Kabaloga came which eae et ehe eereal,,eaiicj t 1,naAndl,Vthe boatbuildere thers.This boae

- . o:V apwezimetely *tome,:.t'or the firet eeee :,et,e.eeee,1 eoieet.eucion or ore2teith cepeer rivetsv a prober +MG,Is on ehe inJide of 1,he joints of each pledse while the eeetecelLee ees leedifiee. to Inc:Lode 1:elel end a hog.

Theee..:seeee ;; v.;¡Q.9.1loc,-- i 10.143iimatR*1 los" e;,:31r.i r1?4; oeneeezi The boat peelved to be euevessful hrfishing ohointaeeepertai,toze of goode Leeeoee ealeee.eoweverv mahogany timber proved no-t.co be tire best tepet epee', tbie eeoon0e the canoes have been constructea Meaule altheeeh hae meant an increase in'the cost of /leeti(leThe,eee mac ,1122,t;,ee keee,ie eemeetet diffioelt for fishermen to obtain eeeeo: p!?(JY..c1:-;:t r'tc the eubelJv eehe.eu, whieh ocheme has enabled more than 40 boate of .;,his tee-, te t1.11-.).;,rt voeion alone in one year Although these boats are now very popular among fishermen, the traditional dugout canoe is still much in evidenceand contributes a great deal of the catch landed in all fishing areas of Uganda. In fact, on the Albert Nile, thisisperhaps the only type of fishing boat other than the primitive rafts. Kabalega canoes are the largest fishing vessels in Uganda which Ugandaafishermen now operate.

32-FT TRAWLERS

Recent developments include a 32-ft boat that will be adaptable for trawling. Althou5.1 not in general use by fiehermen at the moment, it is hoped that with changing methods of fishing and the need for the exploitation pf the distant waters of major fishing grounds in East Africa, this type of boat, powered by a 70 hp inboard engine with a hydraulic winoh, may form an important feature of the fishing fleet in East Africa in the future.

Gooding, B.T.,Development of Design and Construction of Fishing Boats in Uganda. Uganda 1969 Fisheries Department Occasional Papers, 1969. No. 2: 22-24

Worthington, S. and E.B., Inland Waters of Africa. Macmillan 1933

1/2

SEMINAR FOR FISHERIES OFFICERS FAO/SWEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Entebbe/ U 22-27 February 1971

Session I ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN BOAT DEVELOPMENT

Paper 1/2

Social ri 3conomic problems inrelation to fishing boat development by J. STONEMAN

Contents:

INTRODUCTION . 000009000 O 9 0

PRESENT POSITION . . 0 990 000000000 NEXT STEPS IN FISH iLx BOAT DETEDDEUQV . 2 REQUIRENENTS AND SOCIO-ECOMMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW CRAFT . 2

SUMMARY . oe o90000000 0 Q 4 REFERDETCBIG 50 e 00 90909 4

FOOD AND AGRIOULTUEE ORGANIZATION OF TI E UNITED Y!!j2IO1S9 Rome, 1972

1/2

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No 78. 1/3

IINAR FOR FISHERIES OFFICERS FAO/ 131ISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT LCSIG7 CONSTRUCTION Entebbe, U da22-27 February 1971

Session I ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN BOAT DE1TELOPMENT Paper 1/3

Evaluation of fshh'g boat investments

by J. ENGSTRÖM

Contents: INTRODUCTION

ACCOUNTING RATE OF RETURN0 . 600000000 PRESENT VALUE X0000000M

COMPARISON BE N ARR pvi060000000000 e e 5

CASH FLOW ESTIMATES POR FISHING BOATS . e o e e e e e e e . 7 OPTIMUM FISHING BOAT ce ce o o e o e e o cecee7 ACCOUNTING FOR RISK L UNGERTAU 00000o 000 e e e 8

EVALUATION FROM THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC POINT OF V . 9

REFERENCES . 11 e e e e e. e e e e o e e o ...... 00

IGTJLTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS, Romo, 1972

1/3

ODUCT ION

The growing need to economize on capital and skilled manpower resources ha n led to more careful consideration of the economic aspects of fishing vessel construction and during the leet few years severa], contributions have beca e in this field. Most of the methods developed refer to larga fishing vesnels and imply the uso of systems analyess techniques and computers.This paper will, uhile adhering to the generally accepted criteria, try to recognize the essential need for toolo suitable for small craft development,

purpose and limite on

The purpose of t1C per is to presentLieddiscuss two methods, one a shortcut and the other more elabors- which may be used 7or evaluating investments in fishing boato, It is assumed that ths evalaations will be med.() from the point of view of a commercial Prnterpvise end no costs and benefits not directly associated nith ite operation aill be considered.

Tht_aalasm An ineectment may be conceived as a coueLiAmenorresouvoes msde iu the hope o? realizing benefits that are es_pected to occue over a reaeonably long futeee period ef time (Bierman, 1967). In this reenact en investment in a fishing beet does not differ from other investuemts.

Of the specifie problems facing mvtor in a fishi raft the following are likely to be of particular interest.

Why inveet at all? b What type of boat? o What size of boa:? 1iad What ancillary equipment to boat?

(3) Evaluation cr

In order to deciOn whether an inveotmeet Hilould be undertsenOPwhethero-de particular investment shold be p,?eferred to another, one necds to have como kind oftor), or measure for evaluation0 la tbe literature on investment theo.y, one finas several -oels for decisionmaking on inveatments. The choice ofthetool"i;9Use will depend on ,Jhet investor's mein concern in the investmentis InL;F:30Swheee the main objective is to recover the inveeted capital in the shoitest poesible time, the eoaceLled po,ybaek peripd is used as a tool for decizAon. In other cases thL, object ito eet the maximum retu2 on owned invested capital. For this paper it is assumed that capital availablo fo the financing or investments is limited and that the aim is, Oicrefore, to mayimizthc return on the total capital invested -regardless of whether it be ownod or borrowed capital. Two different measures which may be considerr.d Izo :,3atisfy this goal will be described. and discussed belou.

ACCOUNTING RA1E OF RElle:

The first measure is the accounting ratu of return (here calledkee)which is the percent ratio ofL'apaiannual neLproat to investmentCriCA, This ir a meUied that employs the nor 1 accounting and budgeting teobniques to maerrnre the profits em-pected to result from a nen inuestment.

In order to orolain the ARIZ method lettt3(;onoiderthe followinci practical case (Table 1) rega%ding.L1/investment in a boat the.i ie oreected to lent for four yeaxs. 1/3

Table 1 Calculation oi account rata of re-ham in Shillings ------

Tulle ost 10 100 Cash enues Cash outlays 5 SO. 2 500 1 500 _

evera afurval profit Sh, 1500 d the investut cost is Sh. 10 GOO ae'eov)Iting oZ ectnfal Zolt, bcra-"61 to 15'4, tIfl tu ftd tr LLiyjthoat ultycolty amd -faadily i ood by peoph' aoed ì,i;CulakitEJVdata,Itlo \ACIPly used by banhithìL. peoplE; and bivailloomeD, 17k0!ip of vieu9 hou6vo? ¡AL&caZfQ,-41,4from at is,ast tx5.73 important dioadvaa8ao n ideration. 2.It :rotH of the

With : objectlon t)]." LAveotwent _t for example, 15% Jt10.1. Isatf.Juitr ootGastblg ba coni,,IdcYfad oul)eriol.' to aa*ther inveatmont that yi,Blda yoaro,,Lhu 'ocoonfl oNeotion is 1)a?'cloularly ou.ious Whom a comparloon to 1,,.3(11 pojeC613 ",;ha vof31;_: 000hflow natt,y11A project for vakoìi the oF tha pm;itp! gt ,nd ol tlic- paviod tiay n:oFisly be .:111-flo.(- to rl tte p-foit,4, OR oFjenc,tu 11.61 t.oTt-L-A,i; th,J. ¡r i tal,:e the tiù aotou 3.nto :ha Likap CO0r4-.Xf UN. rate with tht,.) eoEtof fintiig the For er_z_251,ple, th?,ti;ho owa,s,e net po2Lt of a D.170jeCi; is 15% noc,-1:1:6c1 do(*: woah that on,, cau borrov all the &g_,,pial ooveeiUuit ut ,2t, 15% o,,16jno'oreak even.

Po aum . one mL,y iLoaquiokauíi , Pii.to.124-.; Y3k;6ho,' at is profttble or not (which ahowers %11,, LJe,;tion) bli;; 20-f ranUng prceposes it is a setioractovy on2y ihii 4ho dulA,:,, and th- ethiflow oi° the varions possible choices

diothov iu.itoe! ,lich Idll 'Yo discussed is the soculled present valLte (h(z, callad PVI) which'1,s the ratio ,y1 present vallvtof future ceish flow ço iosstmont coo.t.This tool is merr, cmoplicted than :Ale MIR and it m2y therefore be us,Ji)L1 to oaplai!eiekly components, m-Jme of which }tamo alrea,r);y been mcntioned.

and costs of tit one needs to know I/3

how longit uill 1t.In the case offishing boats one may arrive at a fairly good idea of the estimated life by looki at fisherieo of similar character.However, one should aloo pay attention to the specific conditione facing the particular beatinveatment. Por instance, inadequate opporteeities for maintenance repair are likely to reduce the service life. If one expects that the boot in queotion will be replaced before jt has become unserviceable, this should also be taken into consideration.The sales valno received at the end of the estimated service life is usually called residaal value.

(2) Invest t cash flow

The outl end the revenues that are reeaourable in monetary unite and that arc sociated with a particular investment may well be illustrated in a so-called cash flow dieeesm. Let ea eeneider the previous case of boat Aege:e.

Table 2

Cash flow di

Shil °

low

Outflow

Year o 1 2 3 4

The negative coi T 0 rewouexto tho ineetri coat(7'ti fioh?1,g Each positive column :le e.f 'Aannual net each flewd the d7::fceencobetween the yearly cash revenues and the yearly cash ouUcys. It ohoul6 be noted i-hat "ennuel ne; caeh flow" is larger than "not profit" ohoue in 'I'aldo I, The diZferolvis madk, pp by depreciation"9 which although being a coot ka the booldzeepina,ROYVTIO atOOEneei; ro)52a5on an actual c outlay.

(3) Pren con

As hp,s already been indiceted, accordi to the Ale a time has no money value, i.e., one shilling obtained in year i ie ecylml to one ohillii?g in yoor According to the NI method which le based en the cenceet of the ereeeat ealuov one shilling some time in the future is worth loos then one shilling today, Tile beelic reeaon underlying the preoent value concept io thet money has en eaeningeapacity.The earning capacity varice according to how the meney le used0 flonoy msy be deponi;eJd with banks, loaned, ved to buy eherem, etc, in most cases the owner of the Feeney oxpects to moeivo a rrArvn.(ecf:in thefvfymof intereot oe dividendo) yr,ryinu Tlith tho time thrP,t he 6o0o ii.ot .iO)COfl o.fnowqmy, I/3 4 tie

A o iate In order to calculate the present value of moneyto be received inthe future, it is ?:eoessary to determine the "appropriate rate of interest" (here calledARI). This is not e. fLzed common rate but is rather a subjective rate that will vary with the circum- ut%licee under which an investment is planned0 I.emay saythat if the inveetor borrows t of the money for :;_nvesting in for examole a boat, then the ARY should not be lower the jaaterest ho has to psyon the loan. If the investor is planning to use his own eaoital, the ARI shouht not be lower than what his money could earn in alternative uses ("opportunity coste") with about the same risk involved.

Discountino cash flows

The Procedure 01.0:'6 is ato;:d to calculate the preeent value of future amounts of ,00c. is oa,iled discounting. Let uoassuaethet wewage:to discount sh. 100 thatbe e.omut to reeeive in to years from noa,Let us also assume that ARI is 10%.To solve thc,, problem cf oonvecting futnra velues to present values it is convenient to start oat nith nolationshin betoon nresent and future values as is done in Tabla 3.

Table 3 Re at.flonshio_betoosn preLant end future va ma ebillings3------

1,21' 100 x 0.826 100

It can be seen (a) that in two of sh. 1 olli grow to sh. 1.21 which, if' addi_tion to tuo yecnnsintrest on the or inc)udes interest en tha interes. ,000aulated e.fter the °dPf,ljf, Thr,s, sh,121 receivable in two yearstime will have oro2ont value of oh, )/1,/,.,LjiequL,32 sh.0,83 (c), Tho valve of !CO .000lvable in Leqa, (O.It shout!) be Ninted out. that the discoruttna sorooso_one onlx tal!.:n-' into acoount tha time t.;,lun of money.It Joss aot taks in'Go &oeoaat onaty trend8 1D money values. n) of onsootiatidg 'Ziatnye valooL presented in Table 3 is rather tedious and is :..n.one rot widey amed,In oraotice the prteent Talus factof (0.826 in the exampl) o n fcni0d in alw,mni; tabJel that have been prepared fcp. various combinations off and time pie(1.80In Anaex ithe present valae factors for interest rates up to 30% for perioros co to 15 yeate shonn,It can be seen that at 10% iaterest the pL..,,!-¡ent value of sh 1 obtained in ten ye,aai "normal" service period for a fishing 'oJt) iu only oh. 0,39,Tnis jhoo,,,3 how SmooTtant it is that the fishing. beat or any other investment a eirarzn.ti.ng efficantly in the early years. (6) tion 17n can now return to the data in Table 1 aud aee how the present value index met, may bt applied,Tbe caloulations Lea che'rn in the following Tab3e A. 1/3

Table 4

Calpalationo ofvw(Juoir'6 in Thillin;z:

rfest-1,,sti; Boa A Cash l'iotif 12:n0 if 023.12,? Year 0 - 1000O (investment cost) Year 1 4 000 0.94 3 760 Year 2 4 000 0.89 3 560 Year 3 4 000 0.84 3 360 Year 4 4 000 0.79 Total Year 1 o 4 Present va - 216 0-0-6'

In Table 4 -thAl. COOL, LC:SY°7 valuo of ivo.1,-,y in Year; 0 the 1*,nbj Bik0n2 pret.ent T.,16.6) -1;3L %ilk 1i the ttheire it° Ir.:,the' proLtn n S/ the par ticular ntttii6

6% interest,'..n1 fairt9 tlio C-^ .."..":00.0: i.T,k22t uitreetis profitable at "1l&h01.- .ozatptttn oviti.o: fotioil that at about 222');) r Inte:e0t; °th w rts-3froh, thc PV:.:06A2i; value LL-t-232(c.ak3 ,0311e,.

'' ,11.,ast We Iretve neon. th, bc)14t ° : it- 3,, - meut is ppofi tabie Tla° ;21,1777" ' `,ii2:'ob;J j, o tiler methods (incattlit,?, .;30 fn-n22wi.h, i2.2,20.0 0.3. ;hct 2rianediat'aly uu. 1loP KO.T f7;± more than 0110 O'k0j2:0i; a Ditt ea.tra 111. qi`4J °judos elio t,13 be ch,-Palu.u.

In 'bJ 5 rti( 2:6 .20 n

VvJ ana .81-(E?3i1 J ciütJ0'fiho- Q.' .*2 Otk:6 yz:aa- 4 therc, caRc., e jp,et1 voZ,1a' Prom ye;:r 5 to sear '10 tb: r'ffici.Go.tv w'Lli,.7-) the boat 13 supposed to bch. O Cw0,. I/3

Table 5

Com arison between and WI

present value index Accounting Pr sent value factor rate of neturn flew at66:2interest Present value Net Profit

50 000 (investment coet) 12 000 0.94 11 2 80002/ 2 12 000 0.89 10 680 8 000 3 12 000 0.84 10 080 8 000 4 7000 0.79 5 530 3 000 r 5 12 000 0.75 9 000 8 000 06 10 000 0.71 7 100 6 000

, 7 8 000 0.67 5 360 4 000 8 6 000 0.63 37 2 000 4 000 0.59 2 360

10 12 000 0.56 6 720 _GOO (10 000 i-euidual value (.5060",41,10 To.;,a1Year 1 Year 10 70 890 45 000 IlAferage annual net profit 4 500 70 ,cin Preoont -value index , ï42,

CO iountnc; rae of returnt,1.50 ood

enne,1 rate of returnee 16%)

Cash flow 12 000 le ss annual depreciation. 4 000

Vom Tablo 4 and 5 it can h seen that both boat A and boat B are profitable ;0ee.eiee,.nts if.nlocost of E;.:Ti.i,a1 js65, Uhri it oomeo to ranking the two boato the rato of ne4uill (nad alne the internal rate of retnrn) indicates that boat A

! 7¡7)) le e more l'avorruble inventment than boat B (9%). The present value indexe howevere boat D io Jomewhat wro profitable than boat A (1.42 inst 1.38). This eij:ereace ine:20Linga mentionede because duration and the pattern of the future cash flows are taken into account under the PVI method. As the basic sumptions of the present value index peeloobtedlyrc more realiatic than those of the accounting rate of r,turne boat B should be preferred to boat A. Since the investment coot for boat Blefivn times greater than tkiat for boat A9 an investment in boat Bshould be compared with five boato of type Al/.The net Present value (present value of future flows lese investment cost) for boat B is eh. 20 890 and for ftve boato of - is ah, 19 200 0 x 3 840).

Wad.

. saming that we oen'6 to maxielle tAa ..7.',4a)741 from a given amount of capital (in this ce at least oh, 50 000the cost of tha most expensive alternative) 1/3

FLOW ESTTIMTES FOR FISHIM139Y1

So far, the examples that have been used have been based upon given cash flows, In practice, one of the most difficult parts in investment analysis is in calculatin,g the cash flows themselves° Some of the factors that influence the determination of cash flows for fishing boats will be described belt*.

Investment cost

In the oe of fishing boats the concept of investment cost is fairly clear. Practically all outlays of investment type are made before the start of the operations The total amount of the investment outlays will depend upon a number of technical factcych of which the size (in gross tones cubic metreso some other measme) and engine power likely to be the most important ones, Other determinantsE00deck equipment wuch.E,S and fish finding inJtrumsnts such as echosolln6o:,1, The gear coste meT ften be 3.z(ceed. as a function of boat sise or eiwiln power°

nnr1 revenues

Annual rvvenues'1cm a fishing operation will deo3nd ul?on the0014:0Nii;i0cZ and catch rolume2 and ey_vessol price of e;Ichr,_:peeies° Fishing d'itfersíron mes'6 oThor industrial activities in the Genoa that output i. ry vupfe,Oliste°An invsi'cor fishing boats will often have to rely on rough eAimates regordtnL., future abv,:id,6oc The degree of competition :Lem ohev ooats ma7 be ht.rd to fcoreseo° YeirorthelsJ, in fisheries thu outpt,t will, depend to a fairly le.:e u:tou i the °;:ype anS (77 bx,1;; (ard the gear) facture ahich mg.:y be infltlenced by 'cIle investor. In 'xiE,tim sbecf.), an0 roralCiEl*t0,gboatsfe rl ood catch/I-mat rlatiohehis uoy be detE,ruinee. bisufavailable catch statistics, ForAOWfisheries or new ,.;,aï.? howevcr9 a pat of uncertajnty will rewein°

( 3 ) out'

Annual opraing- outleTs e generall4 mYre ea;nlyZOykit.0:1 261u-lq Ciaw shareu9 whichETOusually tl'a biggest siYagl :)peratial.., ofny, mo,7/ often 1.). projected as a certain p'arcenta2on the etimAe6 rJalen re-Yeaues, Coelu. off-1,?,$).:s may be expressed asa function of crew juirdo Otao. rou 1C.,.! dGPendentuPon engine Pcor and time spent fishing (inclangsming). Accorqing to empirical studies9 insurance costs and re*oil' coste tend te ,rary with he orm4t21 The latter costs tend to increuse with theE.1:1 of the fishi-'1g c4y.LN(Gleen, 1965 Proskie7 1963) !is has already been l_n6ionted2 aanual depr!.scitionand interest on coo capital do not repr-:;sent outlays for the Jn.vestr0Adshovad thereor7,. not be 10.cladd the aanral ce-:h flow estimaes,

OPTIMUM FLik:iTï: LOAT

In the following it will be shomn hol- changes in one of the technical varibles.7.1* a fishing boat may affect the cash flow projections, it %ill also be indicated how the described evaluation methods may be used to fin6. the outimrm combination of uJtri.ous technical variables9 i.e to )Tind the answers to questions2Hto (d) mentl.7.nr)d Introduction.

Is't us assume that we want to know what engine power 'ts11102i1ecraomical Av' a certain sise of trawler in. Laku Victoria° Lot11.6c,loo aoshme hc a trawler (A which is about 12 m long and which has a 90 hp engi1e:9 cos-'ls oh.i40 000 und ha l so annual cash flow of sh 25 000,Timo estimated each flow is based upon a catch xeAo r) 200 ken trawling. 1/3

For -;;u0 oti e.vezi,iJol;.-..: ofhe setiic 1e-p.1-i,h0 one 0) with a 180 hb engine and ((i) -bin a 45 lco onlgi-nc, the oat0.11 :if.'e:ee,r; have been estimated at 280 kg and In h_IIII(1:21. 2 the 0ey_311 fIor 1)reakdow1i of each Treotzel is shown. C11 tilat 0_,Pe3A; fvom f ihyavon-o.es share and -toe COGi;IS hich afs +72, 11 éj1,the ca,'D v-o1ume9 flr-itial boacos-1m and fuel costs are the main differin.6.- -.- thc thvee profit'biiityit oe-n.bcseei that -ehe same: (1.-.L...... Lre .11,9 second. B aid thivrl C) for the three different liTiyestment 1.71.'.;cd. - t a Ti J hye,-, bota hozbeen plott ed in E 1.,)ints in0....tGaiicisThat ndev the given aasumbeiows - the or:1°6e of al.-ozind. 120 hp-1-, o ,1-boq.3 L;i2le of boete was the B cutiefor . 1g au 1J: Thia iuiiiptioii-,..)robably :6:046 -very f 0,3:12 v.,eel b--iii tìsa WC,:rerf'.i.u:,b le s .L009al;.611 ,it", 0-0;JI11.'511.114L12.11 Vie i; eiia,Changes irver,.11. 3.11 °Vaal' var.lable,Q _V3for - .foeL F;i'-:.1r.0:2 a- d. ti,z,0 of' clk.rck ecrifirJmon.t. Iio-..,:der posI,Abiliejea 9ebe lase oi'coviiput ea-7i a ft iliac.;01)c31--n.adwi¿h coluputc.i ;',^65 1)6c)

()12 e_ar!. I:.)U

' L.7 5:0 . 13.)G rsh ly ici rJ-cit." Li:boa t; ttt iarLLi!y tb. i:;;;;;;,,,..:7, i L Ti ire,7,_ / ?..72 J, ' vciCiy '2

t: ;;13:3 , ;3;',33 iii E331-aityt:3titit. 3 ;iT Lk_ 3334: 1.0.t.t"; 33 3.A3..32a33 ../LoS Of rt4. ,r2 ...:1;cfh TilL1 3

12!. .,1; L.:1 t. ' e i'Jtts'(hic id/( 1)

o ;,./A.t3,:tt ' 343.3'3!11[z-r? :I 'Cy" 01 131.

. LtiLc '61.10 C'It';,"te °. eqc.L.L. i10-0 j ;; o coa, ú ci capi i-,a1 .1fit.1 c-i` -Che oa6h flow, a 2.0. thc ca-,-12i-e;.). is 6%,oic -)0111d 1ïo a fait y t i2L/0',1-,-J,;

s a good c3iizgl1Tiei-ojitcio-i-L -i t5 eha r.-,c2;JeG Of oa:Li] L)L11'00-0f2-/Tt ii. Tdy 'HI 10

_ J loo_1(3. bu em( datr-Jcy Oil

;4, ,i;,,,,;;!¡-, LOflt-biiC aro toorLLy IlypotheCi.cal

4.. Li-, clap )AL,. tttA3.`1"1,i3, _ r.LL./.1 t. I/3

to IRR as a measure for determining the desirability of fishing boatinvestments. One practical disadvantage of the IRR method is the rather edious trial and error procedure needed to arrive at the exact rate. As a practical rule-of-thumb measure - for investments with fairly even cash flow patterns - the DELR rate can be estimated to be about 50% higher than the ARR rate (seo Tables 4 and5).

(2)Break-evenanal sis

Another way of finding out how much room an investment may have to counter unexpected events is by application of the so-called break-even analysis. Instead of trying to quantify in money terms the risk embodied in, for example, the fish revenue factor, the potential investor may ask the question: What is the minimum catch needed, other factoeo

unchanged, for a given fishing boat to break even?Or if the price of fish is con d. the factor most in doubt, the investor may ask what is the minimum price needed, with the given catch ratee cost of capital, crew share, ate., not to incur a loos? After haviag calculated the various minimum values the investor will general/y be in a pooitioa0 judge whether the "safety margin" (the difference bet en the assumed realistic catoh and the minimum catch) is large enough to make the investment worthwhile,

In the case of the boatspreoented in Annex 2it can be seen that the safety meeaina with respect to the catch rates are not very laree. For boatCawhich shows a ea:a:stew PVI, there is of course no margin at all. For boat Ay itio found, that the margin is Only 10 kg/h (200 kg va, 190 kg) and for boat it is even leso. The margin may be foIcsei trial and error calculationa. It inaT 4so be found directlY via the dalonlation of required reduction in annual cashfioz2Jwhich will move ]TI to 1.0.

In virgin fieheries where catch statistics are not avaiiable? the breal:-ì.tch,lique may be used to get a "reference frame" for the decisionOR what fiehing boate nould employed initially. Provided that reasonable estimates of inveetment coet, opeeetiiee ooets and price of fish can be madei a calculation of the minimum catchesneededto break oven (or to arrive at a oertain rate of return) fora =Tiber of hypothetical fishing boats ny give some useful indication as to the most economioul type and sise of Veseel,With ouoh calculations and with comparieons with similar fisheries from other regions, itohould at least be possible to point out thosetypes and sises of boats that are most unlikely to be good investments.

EVALUATION FROM TEE NATIONAL ECONOMIC POINT OF VIET The previous discuesionhas been concerned with evaluation methods applicable %o commercial entrepreneure. In view ofthe fact that inmany countries a largo poxtlou of the investments in fisheries are made by the public, it has been conwideredappropriate to inolude in this paper ateo a brief discussion on the evaluation ofpublic inveents. Since a government must seek to avoid mis-allocation of thescarce capital reeoureee jt has to haveappropriate tools for investment analysis.One tool ahich is widely. rud among government bodies, is the so-called benefit/cost ratio reeent value of cash inflows which is rysimilar to the u,aridez present of cash outflows 4value resent value of net caah flows described previously. ------,In general, one may say that a pub- k(,ini. .i,.eastment,l tuve cost lic avaluation needsto oover more aspects than a commercial evaluation of theeame type of project.Furthermore, for certainbenefiWcost items, the two methods of evaluation may employ different measures.

o For boat A:1-1-2e eh, 6 000 7.40 10 1/3

(I) "'Direct" effects

In a public evaluation of an investmenty the best way is to start out with the so- called direct benefits and costs which are easy to quantify. For fishing boat invest- tti:klythese benefits and costs would orobubly coincide to a large extent with those of a eeltrate entrepreneur. For such iteme as costs o? boat, gear and fuel which may be sibject Leiation, te public oosts ate, however, likely to be lees than commercial cost 1 . "Jh6 ,)ricing of labourweealso pose some problems in a public evaluation. economists a8u,:, that for areasaithwide unemploymen'6 the true costs ("opportunity costs") of labour to the economy as a whole are smaller than the actual wages paid in the market (Bryce, 1960).

a eommercial inveetmen't calculation it is often implied that the pUblic will provide eeivices ("infrateuctura") free of chart, or at low charges. In the fishing sector eervieee may include harcbceirs ana varioue related Shore facilities (such as wh s, ice H,ratn aaa auction 1all) If nublie tundu are to be invested in fishing boats and-if these eecpcire edditienal investments in shore facilities, the latter costs also heere to be ia the benefit ' 2ne15,siso

( 2 )

uften come oi the must stglificant efi'ects vesulting from a project, especially eethe long run, are difficult to measure te money terme. For this reason, apublie ,alvaion which ooly includes divect measurable benefits and cost isneta complete eeele.etion, Some of the "indirect" ellects of en investment in fisheries may include .'011coing,

Net foreign e:echange e»,:eot Thio item will be the difference between the ::Live effect"whtr)his the aramait (A." foretgn currency freed by import substi-6ution 01'Ahereased se-pos'to end the "negative effeotP which is the quentity of foreign aechange Ledir installing, operating and maintaining the project.

it) The seimulating eleet on inecetmeotu Thic effec",7 may include an investment's tc gencretil savigs (vie prefitE:) which may be 'sed for new investments of a -LImilar type, ItfflusalFJo inollAde the ability to induce invashiants In related fialds, i. boats may stimulate investments in repair yards, processing z,tc

of measuring the emplo,rment effect is to calculate ±he "emeleem ooef:ioient" ch is obi.atd by dividi.u3the number of ne.rsons to be in the project by the ,!.atterls caojal requirements (UN,1958)0 For countrie6 L;! LKabundauce o; 11'eue it is gonerall rgved that projects employing many men per capi',;a1 shouldIhZ higher. priority thanprojects with few men par mit of capit,13, e,e0eeing to this criecriou a devatopirT country may be better off with many small Cishing catu amoluyng many eieltermen %han with a few lar highly mechanized fishing vesselss, eht,uld, however, be mentioned that in fisheries technological requirements often i:as balance between 1Jboar and cpitalo For example, for certain ypes of fishing one must use certain types or3i390of equipment to be able to fish at sil.

iv) Other social factor uhich may na/e to be taken into account are the impact on nutrAien,Ohhealth andOhokillrOí-RICAiOho

Iti2appareut that public ifiv-estmsent evaluation in general gives more room for ,eebitrary udgement than commeroiel evalu4:Aon. It is believed, however, that systematic oC sound Invastment or'toria such as ttie benefit/cost the area for unbjeetive analysis andwill se 've ao a re:Jzonable eira' apProximation in making wise ))11b]todecjoions

'Ado 6110m th°, local ovr,vney accordng to the i oLoíd creiJ;Llion to o rcurreacieo. I/3

REFERENCES

Bierman, H. and S. Smidt, The Capital Budgeting Decision. The Macmillan Company, 1966 New York

Bryce, M., IndustrialDevelopment.MoGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1960

Chaplin, P.D. and K.H. Haywood; Operational Research Applied to Stern Freezer 1968 Trawler Design. The Institute of Marine Engineers, London

PAO, Report of the Meeting on Business Decisions in the Fishery Industries.Edited 1965 by R. Hamlisch and A.A. Karr. FAO Fisheries Reports No.22, Vol.19 Rome

FAO, International Conference onInvestment inFisheries* Edited by R. Hamlisch, 1969 FAO Fisheries Reportallo.83, Vo102, Rome

Goss, R.O., Economic Criteriafor Optimal Ship Design.QuarterlyTransaction 1965 the Royal Institute of NavalArchitects; London

Green, R.E. and G.C. Broadhead, Cost and EarniA, of Tropical Tuna Vessels based 1965 in California, FIR Reprint 31. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Washington

Proskie, J., Cost and Earnings of Selected Fishery Enterprises - Atlantic Provinces. 1968 Department of Fisheries, Ottawa

Savage, C.I. and J. Small, Introduction to al Econonties. Hutchinson 1967 University Library, London.

UN, Manual on Eoonomic Development Projects. DE PublicationN0058.I .5,New York 1958 I/3 -12-

Annex 1 Present value of 1shilling rec.ivable at the end of each oeriod

Percent

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NMI12 5 30 1 0,99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.920.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 2 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.840.83 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.69 0.64 0.59 3 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.770.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.46 4 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.710.68 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.48 0.41 0.35 5 0..95 0091 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.650.62 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.27 6 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.67 0.63 0.600.56 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.34 0.26 0.21 7 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.58 0.550.51 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.28 0.21 0.16 8 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.500.47 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.23 0.17 0.12 9 0.91 0.84 0.77 0.70 0.65 0.59 0.54 0.50 0.460.42 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.19 0.13 0.09 10 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.68 0.61 0.56 0.51 0.46 0.420.39 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.16 0.11 0.07 11 0.90 0,80 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.43 0.390.35 0.32 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.14 0.09 0.06 12 0.89 0.79 0.70 0.63 0.56 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.360.32 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.11 0.07 13 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.60 0.53 0.47 0.42 0.37 0.330.29 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.09 0.06 14 0.87 0.76 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.44 0039 0.34 0.300.26 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.08 15 0.86 0.74 0.64 0.56 0.48 0. 2 0.36 0.32 0.280.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.07 13 1/3

I neex 2

Trawler fishe in Lake Victoria a h. othetical c e In 1 000 shill*

Boat A

Length 12m 12m 12m Engine power 90hp 180hp 45 hp Service life 10 years 10 years 10 years Investment cost 140 170 120

Annual cash flow

Revenues 180 252 90

A 220 days x8 hours x 200 kg/hour . 352tons x5751/= 200 It x 24 kg/hour . 493 . 280 x 100 kg/hour . 176 ft = 100 less 10% market coats

2.12-ps.

Crewshare 30of revenue 54 76 27 Fuel 4.32 sh all 35 70 . 18 Ice 5i°.of catch x 140 eh/ton 25 35 13 Repair vessel 8% on cost 11 13 10 Repair ar 200% on cost 8 12. 5 Insurance 5% on cost 7 9 - 6 Administration, etc. 15 1.71 15230 1521 25 22 -4 Present value factor (total forall ten years at 6% interest) 7040 7.40 7.40 Present value of emlual cesh flows 185 163 - 30 Present value index 1.3 0.96 Accounting rate of rei,urn 7%q 3% 13: Internal rate of return 12% 5% -

1/ 50% Ha lochromis at 250 eh/ton 50% Other at 900eh/ton

140 1.30

4 de,eciationl 140 1/3 14

Annex 3 continued Lake Victoria Case

A. PROFITABILITY F DIFFERENT SIZES OF ENGINES

Present volue index . "Opti SIZ -

+I.

IljifiC; 160 (51-1p)

B.P?OFI TEIl( 4 `,./",I r

Boat B

Break-en

Catch rote (kg/hour) I/D

S'afINAR FOR IISHMIES OFFICERS FAO/SIENSH TRAINING LIMO, ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Entebbe, 17,..», 22-27 February 1971

S ession I ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FAMORS IN BOAT DEVELOP Paper I/D

Discussion

Contents:

1. THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL FISHING CRAFT. 0

P. IMPACT OF TRAWLER DETELOPM1MT OF LUCE VICTORIA0000...... e. AN INTERMEDIATE STEP BETWEEa TRADITIONAL CRAFT AND TRAWLERS 0 5

EXPERIMCE FROM MEER DOUNTRIDS 0, 7

ECONOMIC ANALYSTS AND PILOT PROJECTS , 0 , S

4 AG GI ORGi ON OF TIlE UNITED NATIONSt Romev 1972

1. THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL FIS IE S.A. SEMAKULA: The survey carried out tw tojd that in Victoria on 2 400 camel isd in i.LQLICYViC,":;,,I.'kJ difficult to 4::aw eotTLy hou vy of ;:hQFJ(1 17,7.A.10 outboard uotolo 1)ecv,uee r.lomo *no boai;e jcjn oboic ILht 1ivoBrycl. onginka poor ntenance of the outboard motors anectartd far umber of ionises betag out, of aotioil dealeria OhOW6th 7(131" ìe Le.t throo than 2 000 of these tr_stoa't-Jvlret it :Lc spite 1.0-pocuiral,-., t F4 hou raw atilva )rcipic,0Qtacyci.zu flf 1_07,Y1:!--ZYtit 0210 ca r :PookozA tilat in LIG-a-L.-1.2x.I. 4114.-a;17.1.1_2:-.061:-..( 2 000 VWC) operatiir,s tiith otktboord (;:(7k1ition a largo szzoust (:.t.,0,4.1 L1etzl.',: tiricd maint eria-two Zra established at t/.. :Leh 1;_ tai.12,3 012 th(Jr<7:: aro appronuailoly 2 000 ...'111.:±p's those ore dt,t3cart oaDocs cM0V73 20

(D.-t asorspv sa,rapic.-typo appr.-o:1/4:!..me1,3r N;vu.t.et tp/...es Qay tu(( kych

On Y,91:CJ AlbOal; L. .7 .;a_1'.1a-lfytits:5.167. 1)0,Zotv 1S2E

3"..E.rove4

(31.1.goritb('th(-)ir 1,abcr.-iott; 14v.,11.-i,tomkm's. a(7 'IL at Ye)COCA OL4 CA) " :,I4

frimfts eizt ks':opc; 1."'4 z).1, ici 13"..1.'C it(Qqt1:776 riWs 7.,177. efit3!,00;

In Ugandi: tatz.O. 5 000-6 000 fìhi. large xrate._, tivoittt.:(,.thoes

ODERO: trpe. rti.5e)i12.1fim t,;(1),,,) 4.17,,t3b-t.LJ , invery is oro:,:,0i,c',,), 10 tho shore; j that oophitit (-r»z...(:.t; N, no-s;.deti. 'LK(cLedvzot4; (loa.toe E: j')11rya,i; 74;:t r¿ 'J. :o: (cla volus-,;.:(csrt's;to ohc.a.e3.(.:( nc..m; typon

Oh the X. sitloU.Lz1(,:c- 6 000 fishiug cri-s:Stu ..fr.:0.0.it. i 6.0O'').; 60 been potnred. °1st boaai. Not I.fc..o'ov of ":11,:vi. tmuld b.o 6.73 :110d,; :ooit 11,.E.;30 N. ODERO: 1.1., La ke D'aiv.Ishav Ashe en e earning more money than in the continu ) Lke Victoria region and the possibility here for motoAzation should be cwd.

I22Lake Rudelfy fishing is in the early stages but at presI,Te tLere are very few motorised fishing craft operating ther.

Oa 2,1Dsea coast there are approximately 50 bib° fishing craft. ted that for the hole country theare aup2r2i- fishing ot/ around 200 of them mechPuised. °.22s proent -"klylla of fishing craft is only used fill' dsy the gilln,t ficliorjv fast ersft have become popular ;cy&021)Xl,; 2:1...:3-LO-a?.0/1to get oa4 to tho fishins grourA,:42 i,7,(3b.Hight 'be tAtnateRAVGHiles at.w9 sal bei2k to tho in a Shori; time.Undoubtedlyv in the future sill hl:,! noc.;i1 for vessels that can stay out fishil f0V

P0BJ. J LÛ1: r,okTly ',:+40"01UtIlaCiale:i,G the eficiency of the dugout The fillgozi; u/d the Sessetfpe canoe have dsvelopc S:ishing 7essels for insbcwe use in this cer Lov, , a reDler refincA constrnGtion, thsu thc, sides at the chines tiloh j? stability.

.f.:4.,;,11t Tboaroau's paçio ti.12'.A clEragelcs. c. C.,. L. :21U-jv tO5E. ctalciency orlr.Hot H. jav4y o? (4aonwic Aepen:lso te grcztor o,n lessen eaten on pco-ple.

ai&uin fuoople the movingOL epla J,ody ro1x:3ting T:lholcommunities so iAJA i9D6 t:rzhniatte: comehow take thes,) facteru 11,i;o

St-Ausman mal:es is thn9 IL.1.7c3 g3C,! q('JaZ ef folkloreo w,)3..o not have maay fe.st6 7h.o mocioloLy Of AZricall fishermenuThe7e is alsoP. OZ 1.:27.20G tho econouics ofthe various fishin vi-scdu utilized.Ryan though the fishing equAnsilt U.1/4 31G 1).1j oljrninD this doo7J not imply theA from au econ,Jalio

[ 0:1 vie:wg this is an ineficient operation, ,-;42:'6 in vio u a the increasein 130)P1aidua ths income levels there uill be an inoreased no0 ovor4? a peTiod of tia p might not be covered by tie tzhich ageln uill lcad to a rise in tt.n fieh. 3 CIDID I/D

J.A. CRUT rir I Ile might be covintz, atcy Eore ra:9021,y than T7G re-.2,11a) (oorrtinued) o e1opioa ae -"t;hc objcet ot GOIT;I0,k1(7.1j. (.3.C:ii0101:3EX7,if;; 4R11 pro1,,.&e of 002st rolled fishing- cifort which Tli.11 iLif-faVG rather t decrease the effioicav c tS[2,0

A sgc:loun point TAIi62.b2,0 beer yztuca is the effect ol the operation of the traditional °Inshorefi'.::lhery due tohe introduction of bi,ugur trawlers on Late Victoria.The iv:wet/onis2 how can we provide cm iuoreased eunply of yrceir. feci. with minical dietion to the people Chose Avelihocd clop the traditional fichw7y? The EestimoovtaFY6 problen is the marketing of the fish frrp these trawlera Which shorAd be done in such a 172,,y that it creates niniaLl iaerf c.renee the existing F2a: Gi; of the ezzll bot fishat,Jon,It ic wky opinion that this w,...)bleD can be solc,-j1,

The iii9401' diffic,nity .:;hc., íat4,31-; thopot:i.,,-..:31,Acy; j.11.1 raquire 1a1izamifl m2rIckitirrz, O1iT O irg,7,00i.nc!K4; vp l.,bib tLE!,1_7,`J k, in cooperation 1.;itb. pdo iralv.:73ty

I thilak tliWf(d 7:t7i3GE:: marketing of Ep1eolirJEi.!19 e7112 7k.T.A0 WW1/o jLjelo 5ilop2.-blea C!!!!.0.4.)",: ;; 0:2Lefi rijî i. Victeria.

co3Intzg CP07'!á),"' r!-.,";173i;72.7'.j.:7"7 1.2i1:3!_,Ob

frF10,1'Ur7.'5'' 002:747,7;:c: 7';'!! ;:oo dc,7n.):1,51;) c,1e. Q."."") f!.."2 .7! 7,1 Ther.+5.7-1,b1c)...7,3,,

1.2.O1°(:-' Est-1Si" Ii(11 7;.,f47;u_n7:1110 ;;;1..7;

q):;." ;.r ;., t 0 Fie tbei; if ti.ÈG ";10 7;0; e ia4 eiraoeet1 i"G ti11 Sti:ç c be a 1111F:6;11C.L7;;E1

S. N. SEMAKULA: J. fiokir.-av &sc.; no-o eirof4 the ,zale ùf fis e? E.fleXICStOoï dkv LO;7:e.L.).r.,,,vo f;t, t ^ 01,31 in't;o a tre,TA mu tyce O.i'io'n.s:,.e,Ìwn.toopcd.yatc,thc '13:724-1(SCri.°:2 LleaL boats

N. ODERO: If tac ot tiLe3etic tc Jenf... on the fit fAiie 122,FIXT:;:t '1;6 in te 1:14e, lifG of'Clio o;-",,1.1,6; ly :Ile) be ';'"AG3:$.710Ls!'s t1lao , thttl-toTe io bunr,ft co-Eko ZiEdhs..-77'2.1,71 ;- .;he I/D

P.B.N. JA ON: T wl will probably not be done by the traditional fishermen.I oan oso a possiblo probleacrising when the t'aml fishery guts started.The gillasto of the traditional fiahormen are noi-malky t ve ry us/1 marked.The might be a small stick OP oomothing at the end of tho netwhich is 7.#,At visible from emy distancey ama traulerov 4r,ea though they try to avoid these gillnets9 mi6ht aGoidemtally run into theae MG shallower groaldo ara rich in Tilaoia so there iv a ttation for the trauler te go on the 034G GITOLUNS waiok ere nou fiohed by the traditional fishermen.Mat do wo do?We um33t harvest thy YOS0112000 of this lake with bho new trauleandp at the same tipowa must cause az little harm L3 ossible to the imohore fishermaa.One way is to prohibit trawling in x±..allou uaterv and this might be the best way,On the other hand9 human meture being cfhat it ie, there is a te.tation for' tilo -trawl skipper oPorativg say in the Irioilij..ty of the Sasso Islanlo to fish in the six:Mower V,7e0D%13vhcnhe kaluo that thez,,is little risk of being oauGhte%do is the problem vio are faoed uithahow en uo got the avTimam amoumt of fish out of this la'oe and gob protoivs to the population without sorioasly upeetting i2 any way tilo traditionsl fishermen?

J.A. CRBTOuilELD: NoboOy ebeo te ivtrduce e highly efficient fishing mothoti tbat will wrea. te grocfolo of the ktrizAl fishermen en seriously depress tho -ovio o of fiDh on the marh.et It le ver easy to slip from this into a fisleqy i)Jliey that 1;2iw. tO WLr2ificiSC the number of people theean be sutvorted on the fisheryp or3vngerivg in tho long eva the total cotributien the fishery e:tv mate to ths country's Ithink it ivczy coy to tf.me. e legititets oornara about the trZ.itiomal fiohor.7,,on amd turn it into a prohibition of ,2,:oy economic praweos,

04o) YaLiont ,7- problcals oi otTonowie develoiA3ev"4 en te the Acheroif ener o7le. win get e, dr,ilin of dfizi; is new nilil lal'eor in the loeal ?f,,Oacy nitoijaff.; profitable 0000Ky, To a lerfo oltent the health ama welfare of tao loaal TiohriAy iR geared to tilo economic doveloyimast of the

I would rlEa to e:Ar_ E72, P,Deil. Jaokoov tilo queotion whieh ic intiPtely tied u:Ith tho Y.)rob2nm of the tditional fishermev vereno the now inavo-tvial fisherjwhft has been the result ef the investigation Qn2iGa out IV the 'Lake Vlotorta Idisherieo Rossamh Projeot in thio field?

P.B.N. JA 0 a Ournvestigatea,) show that tha?o oxe v'zzj lan soures of fish in L21:0 Vlateri,2, which ano not sufficiently enploited. nowever, a 1PV,..) at;:oltFit of thisinffej4loOromas.The Eamlooltrokop., neatly eaught by i'6r3ul in Oeptho ofevonma 20 meThe most valuable fiol! caught by the inshore fishermenintho Tilapia vh1C1 is 4,arel-c e3rzlitinvistedeepoz thui 6-7 eiArnrEith of 20 Kov the trawl octoheo other0.19Ci.03 of fiah like Ba7rus -anA Clark, Our orosevt p3an is to propooe a minimnm flohing depth of70 m for tilo traulero Lni. they will then mainly sp,teh Haploohreio aLa ant interfcre with tilo TUa,nia fy of the I/D

P.B JA OWN0 2 1oce,1Eiv...11-1.c2.,2(41.0.. 7.-e;ire;eEr": r (cont inued.) isJaatLy..e.:4....Ant.s o± of c-1.73.3rvet13 Cs) Viet ori,iao 552_,Gri 4i.;Li.',_1:31, C."Ses from 1Yell 122,,a1.-Ay br; " At the prao el-Atj.j RIGS/ Z05? 1:71,k7(,)fAC31.:. h !-0'tt..J. eavo 172,13 2., ITO k.1,v(s11'1

Flind :!:*;-47 sJt GhOPC) be ift;1....kilzal. by tqAel diffos.elst Ct;' .1reAt.41.-.2 -ziaciEky 11,.^2:71, (. o CP.* ,;:*!,(.,;i*.+0,,,,

13:??CIL,-n';'2 aec . P... "uJ,,j. hetjegot° e, r

A . P G. HO tLa.t..1.1L JL. j..,e +,4 iii J,, '0.1Ve . 3 130;

DC ' L

..'".:%.s.r..eh {

D. 3 ;'' 2.1 ' '

b 7;6 .

; ;I) '

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: .f, , ' -

k,2,5-1ki; L ' ^J j+ ' 'NI UL' ii.r r"..N1 b '* :21.1. 2, , 'J.'

AUr.aq:.glaiJIrAft-T1 firf.rf_°.' DTI;

J.E. ' I. theire", e

(2) 31312 *'

r. . L, I/D

A.S. OBURU: -thcooc.,.2.; L'totav.7.3c.2,f, orto 0E27.11 1:YCY.:';;;QC, i 12 .:1,26, i2.72 o,L,L1 arzl. J. olf6 r7'.72 f; ©ca,qty,,t '7CI:4 EVOCA.10'..10 22:;2_"1,AO r.ro1tEz op,(yr_iul-L2,s1.31;30 ditfLj bozi; go,1? iilltzodu,Tic-1) ocloY,LD-.21,c a.,-±tpa4,iiii 7,31.7.1\7(j260 LY.±017 'tiLt) tv,....lx-,,)+-,..c.1310,L(i; L-3 boLk Y'k7pc,..;c3gC,".2`L' t't::'.(6 CI jEl. 2.11, OCiC, rouariblo otAd.al OC,Y19 0,411(-.62'/ GEt

J.A. ride Li!0"11,4) 6:13E:hj 1iC;GY.9 1 rti'igt1041' 1:1,Gt./C4,,antC,LI ,7,a.3.,51.

e c2,..,] ti,q0 t`37fot. ..)P,'Ori.'0 Lit LiGt uiLiI1 L L.:VAL,2Liao

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it; t. t.1,1012L: Cti; et. t't,t CV; 1'6f:Ly /1c; °6(1b,

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; aisr:

t32, % ;,;%," o ,713.,1". ';,;1!LC% 0GULB 'Its> o There is a big stepup in i oi aSoos,7) costing, csho 400-500 cim(1. possibly cruipped. uith eutbkocr6t. costing sho 3 0009 to au 1! card-powea-ed boatocyL',17-ot&I 25 with a 7-8 hpinc OGSillAg azouv/A sho 12 0000I /3.0112.1 evident that the lattc.,:p boat c,:mnot fish ii 0.6 the Sesse canoe, It will 0 'd'..ET,I-F.)yiobo possibIo to ,3t)v6.7 the ¡MC eased cost of the ULU 1)0e.i.; f.1.1^,5'202aliPS the eatches by ixiUiig a E.T,e.,:dc:p c42fEthic?,ear oz. more efficient goavo 1.0110 il"4"61-3C11."Dtzi,CMoi nou bc.:A`; .".zrocn East Africa must be linked I.-Atli the :Introd.ufition. better fishing ffaSS'ehco lnve boon uh.c.i:v of fieldboat Ilas beon uhich 1.7-n expemive.:4 than the loeA type oí boa c,ano invorltigating typc, I-cat halt to OITIGI"to oztch ev3q01 ''t3 oov:G.

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: There is v, 6,1)1 iq! Stet12.3 of the ia Jc± ua11; ezample 147tIze Alb3yri; 2v. ;a° 5,0'C. r.J.C' klfil.).f)i'k +_s 1110.012 tn "j)- Tc%Q,cr people havc; baall eblo 1.11.';h.. product iOn 17111032it114', (V -.40 0 ir of this Locree.:de i M.2,74120iA011. 3,K/7.-t, boo/a fisb.sx-alsn defipitely ttl.)

N. FUJINAMI: rf:Ue 120.1t,r;1-,T Vacmclas,Tein hsn a 0,71ni;el:3 -Dig%11!Yr.' nuniber 000uarcct A'60 ZioqjAg countriz,e,

trA;J. JeI yE by tlle ;c9.1,-11,,hsr os'y t thz-,1;st &ay-4 /),,, Lrz`c,-;;Ite-..-sit -t2;;;' efficiear4. :P&L' -Ams nke :2, yrith a 000ial Pui.o5y t-GO12.3641 ;12 U2 162, ; pitoteotLic-zalaf2, thsa.:A4 ottolc. bovAj hu b,J311 icrz4:100.6n thew tt,,ro °MG 011!; of hII 100 patvol

roolT.ttoly, thc. Eich,zyir,,,,i1 '1;21 the high-i,c::) :1: AID Thc. ocorinv

fik. in,1:05.2.13. icv 70 7.z.L. ; D--- foro5 brtry..,:e bovt'j aPS9vorAP.Act.3, T1611,-; 1/D

N. FUJINI: oeopotition uith dee-,3-....,-,,,fishmmi,The (overment encouraged (oentin ) the expanmion aZ thc deep-sea fishery by ziv:kng a svbsidy to OWLQi'0 of boot..3 over a oevtain fia30 built a000rding to Goverment regulationsgm the deep-sea fishing fleets are facing trenble becaUsu of imsreesiLg labour costs and restricted Eweas of fishing9 .ile the coastal fishing fleet iu still operating profitabA;y,,

D.G.L. RIGBY: Im Ccylen a uhani,Jul fishery aas deve1oped2 parilel to the trac[&tLoLoa.flove fishoryv over the last 10 years,The mehanilied boa ts have 1,z4ft the 31,ourds that aro fished by the traditional bo.ats and are Aching fnrther ofishero9 so the sPall-seale wan is still ßLvtJ whi1e9 at the same tinov the owners of the weellaniscd 14)=60 L1Wbecowing mere mosperons*

J,A. ORWORFIELD: 3:2!LaCSGTI.C., !2;.,/'0 W aemlepalen in a floh:vry, Je, y 1:1pon:4ow,d. vrudnutlon by DigerJan vessel!,; aLi eaA-tly 44.ui,ted fx-ozen fS.shv Ertith hes aOhG froze somothibs WY 300 i;ox1:1 i963te 40 COO tes la a o.atter of 4-5 ycl4\,The flub is !,soved diruely ?rou thu cold stores in tim,: ipLAbr rcuotTias np csounc yar'riGerateA utereu ?or ais- triLttlon oa tle wzrket,At the s thlo dele ob thpri.oeeich froe the lusher,, fiuhcry continued to .'';ue at a very f-:stsfaeto2y %,ate.I thjnk tha* munh thc,. seidej thL hau 3n Tx ko ueva ue utrons; that they' cenle abuorb the flub Loth faeo the inullore fishe4en .if'f0i.! the len-dlltn6ceer trawlev:J0

EGO -0 ARM

GULBRANDSEN: hece dy tu iviTmen, ol:111±.befcle:sci. for O ? /0 1_1:30;x:,; 007rArthUiiit,ic6Le 0-1; EDvA0D1/0 analyses at: in the paper by Mr, ,11A becow, Lwcivi,zu:t in the :''tftla.r,,, TZee 0.(XM,a1 beautliThl flatt3- ßh3t1íGiLity af.:1 i0 bt,,t not 1.,a11.1,m--4!e:aeyr Qouaor. Lix briu !,be prar,:itobalty vrriouJ nativcs lb boc.:; ufueu c:aa bQ

7c's,7 i:J;31TALJ ?)c,134,3 on the availability of ,TuPhV-N-.) te to sosauthin:.; about t%e oe3t of tbe boatthb %'(,t'hyA.WS G2/_0.09 0:5-pQJZ0Z isnd what Is fdost ir4ortan, the VbÇj catc.bc)sXa pleoeu 1.tere one is Zw.A. TAth new development availalo and it then Imperativ-u lo 01.? %Tot opoIatleils b4oN,-3 a large-scale expa4- olo "loot lo onTisag:A.Often seweral differaat ftri!! boa:,s will have to be built out GVQ0 order, to obtain the vequiyed data,I boli.eve ;,hat Outtlie the t1,1 L4in i;(..010 iniohiboa* develop- LaeL u134 be p'Aot p.s;ojc,ots and QUOMOÚJX awAysis. I/D

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: I think you all run into probl, ith budgetisg. in computi- tion with otherverAmon agencios and the private oecior,Tho fact that you might Sinit difficult to forecast the (--(i'Tootor fish development should not prevent you from some/hell to justify, by economic camlysiell e bettor rate of votua-a ro,uf., or minus social consideration than unohcv goverhaiont 4.1gouc.y',The process is diffioult p..nd complex.)bttt is rjxrply somothiv7 that has to be done you Tznt to obl,ain Llegitl2ato 0-10.n on restricted :,,ea budget,

P. PROUDE: In oonnexion with the posal or pilot projects to obtain more specific data, it is to rn4lise t1a'6 government agency is not very well ada't,tk:d to these kindsi of projects,A pilot projoct mrA )J-1111u. .; clopely commercial opexzbion ,a2a a OWOr;.IM21)1::,(31ak,y ij,t11 working houre, and ifi:x0 i:;e15,(13 ):;ad pilot project av !Jr:Irate uould (Le.Cor. miA6 need very speciA. type 05-: cii;vg2 cpcoIa W If hot, tho romilto you 6t)t a development tn3t all 'Jofc4,, Flavet. bc don'

JOE, ENGSTROM Economic awlysla iJ 1Kit v natives befort4 4.-aLisas A.,'t or c: pyoje.,(6 it will be neoeussgy to py,ovitb ..:-;oritrol, of the t ,

the fact that yon kj7:$ A:J -°.+CD ti) Li" JC. the operations '24,,,rft?LL

the achievement irt tC, u. 1 ç11t CAS '1, make correotiov4: Y0.7, !?:(..1 of having a continuous follmiupof azo

CRUTCRIMTD: The American 1,1110 a largo number of 2.,;'s 1-F1 e data vaieli is w.3eY..!;,,j to aV".)11, iu possible to e:aTC,I0p 5"13c;i1 47,6L1.: you a fairly d-.):.-mt ohoclz on hot,: 'n indicate in which dirootion ym are

bElliEAR POR FISHORIM 0.0.1YAMItc. ,NED- TRAMJNu GaNTas Lai siuLL VIUIEU aganda22-27 Pciol-aaly

iero,...6.don II/1 II 'f4.;),IIS FOP,.1..jWY ("i0TRUCTION

9 ;p. oy

I f"

117/ 2

As fax- 1)er.I. as 1912-18v th. 3Oj)1( Y1LO tiid i 1ie rtho u. Le V1.2ao: :1'oc_osTation 1::or thL, rishing in.d.u.si;:ci's-,,J of 'Coday',.. et:Lia:taL qlz Sasso canloos wara usedv withoti-C aid oe otivice: oi ;lao cittsiclo Flatting 0.0,-).,3, prob--ably this lack of contaci, the,tbuiikh ooneli.o11 11110 aligeated Co little villag(,)(.)n.LE.,14's,.,, Victoriau!-.1(7,L t'o..11 Er'6,) to other smallc*

The L-aki, Vi(1,ot'LL2, fishell,1 'Cook .11.;0 this ixtriss-i ohsog,, is viso,.-?stie.. 3,,,

Olte,ei ili.k k ìexera.s tyl)c...,of boL,-C, .r.'' 001.LLci.be irat 1ii,111,OL%_411 oho4,1o..t..11.0 64:1...fe ectri.-be113 C" 01.1 EL,i;C.) -i;(,)he light 1,1 1° t Lit.' ,Y6(1):)1"4",..,

y .t.7.E V jLi-aerit4 jkC`a, -110, , :41 .)1'.:r3T")"11..iF; i)111611

Ty3. Ugauk IItexatvea, teciataarte-L,suartod. th1liìILLIU.L1L eto.ri ;ate a a.1 L. great LIUiuoleta.;,..aang taioelee,z 't,,,eear al..;;

k),es.;; ; k,itieejeti .

ora,,--hse13. 1. r,',.!1'2

-3

bcaLo c Ub,ÌC elche Ua_4.a.2._k.C ' L14 C UU.I. eat ! jk),

itroh, theet, oadoee cempaigr, 1:22222_,

o aa t 1 a :22 22222-.222 y, et et va211,7,?ki itatal ::y a:Lg.-a:ea t , eL,L, Iejea:A.on O U L2k,l r

i) Too aan n his own.

,,eCg tk2fJjP)te_;;; J _ j I ; , 4,1 ' )

[Yeif .1 , ' st"..q, Uf; 4,

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S. tO "1..1

ob.1.1 a . - J O.! 1. 7

Beach boatbuildingpreparing to bend bo, de

, 'A

Beach boatbuilding 3

It was not long before the Sesse canoe was the acceptedboa all fishermen; '6heia' use slowly spread down into the Kenya waters of Lake Victoria and a variation of the Serice canoe also came into being in Tanzania.

Later Uganda, once again with timber resources at their diepoual, began properiy organized boatbuilding training courses, firstly at Kichwauba Technical Sehool, neer Fort Portal, and eventually at Entebbe, herethe studeilts were trained to build end improve on the old design of Sesse canoe, and eventually these trainees left to begin their own boatbuilding businesses.

The presentday Sesee canoe is of a very simple des' , withc*odseakeeping qualities, easy to repair and cheap to buy0 it requires e small outboard engine to drive it at high speeds and can carry a load which more than meets the requirements ok the ordinary fisherman.

The average length of the Sesee is 8 m (26 ft) with a msatof 1.4 m (4 ft 8 but draws only 12 cm(5inches) ofwater, merying four fishermen and 25 cm (10 inoheo) loaded. This canoe will also sail vith the wind and ean bu polod vary easily.

The author, who has been involved in the advaheementerbootbailding both io Otsantia and Kenya, recently introducedthe Sesee to a local beatbuildiwg firm in lienga, and 'Lhoy have since producedsixteen fibreglass versions of Che eanoe. The firstseven ahich eame off the line were bought bythe KenyaFisheries Dapast-thienl-'6 to demonstrate to fishermen on Lake Victoria, Lake Rudolph, Lake Naivasha, Lake Barjugo and ut the coast itwao found necessaryto make a few modifications to the seats, and special woodenrtbrool,o oore fitted to protect the keel, The price, at proseht1:0759compares favourably-with present price ofwooden versions, and is, in CaA, lo. oome.

The average weight of the fibreglass canoe is only250kg 600 lb) making it j to transport, and this also enablesthe fil-theiAan to etep doui on hiu outboaed poi -,:,. He can obtain aspeed of overone knot 'oer horuo potter, and can fit othy;,hinz ay,') a 20 hp engine.

A tendaycoursehas been arr d in order to teauh too Eisheriec: soouto toOLIciV out running repairs to fibreglass craft. The brilder poihtr.d out tha t lt was a si_mpl matter to carry out repairs on such canoes; simllar repsir joba on wooden canoes ooal0 require the attention of a fully trained carpenter boatbuilder.

One very impor-'Jant additional advantage of tho Zdbreglass oea5L0that ouiltin buoyancy sections under each seat have been incorporated-1L.kthe design, making thooout vircually unsinkable.

Thisfibreglassversion of the Sesse canoe is, in the author's opinion, the day answerforthe middleclass fisherman.

When the future ofboatbuilding is tobe considered, of factors must beplt in order of importance:

i) Are there ala o be ade imb

What will be the cost of transporting si timber?

What will be the future cost of other item d for

What will be the labour costs?

v) What is likely to be the ave cost of repairs d maintence of a oden be 7n, 1," Y

1111 1. um

Beach boatbuilding arranging rope springs

M11

Fibreglass canoe in rriould With fibreglass boats, hoveaer, 1ov i irtuell's repairs are cheap end simple to ca,rry out, , T110 1.1117"I.L-JEJ.f0,0 obtained,andLAJmarkets1mp11 yiil beephis obe.apc,,r

Pbe invol.wa in fibl,keglasE buatbulltliD.,4 traJ. ttv, however, i3ould overcol.r.., if the ,2overhro. ;AL; b,. ma,de readily available to any localboa-'61)oildea oho oic1ic,,1 1.01J2;tl struction.

At present in 1 iya t't."1/4) oducts haveivd.very accep-iables, Th.,3e,tith,oJ2 has tss-LcAl nla6.1boc aC -them more than satisfact ory.

Rn LarLiLLY-t..sain 'the LA,L,V16:co: in btJ -1.:3103 olyiod Thi hoy boat L'oujd6tLAm!NJLn oct31"ureaimeht' ui41,L

j.,fie-ir'6V-1. ,

y Lb, . '60 loGL.1..i.'"3 L..!, r+., ' +f, L L°1 Ljoi'?.7'C to 50"'C.,

1t3 :fjj discah a. jii ywood ohd,;J

": -4;c 1k ni. íLn.",conl=c;c1:11.C' t '6=1.Xat ad on f»L,2 00iTh ,. "0.11i10:11 in bui16.LLT buaun

< u

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Th LLlI.LIlIOiiO L. LGLi ikroy

L ovt;L,,,L in AG id ..Y! k-'1.J J:!(1P LL ,111 ",o

,as a-,3ss:itv ez;oz,i,k3 of .si[-,i.c..c.t.],bO &L0 Cro ,1:40 ' .

Er-Gb,,q,od bc2:0-..--e Ik.A°10.i. ft L a " LU local soswl:i,c-P birabev 0,O c;411.e.,,l'u0cLKelLja haL- `63

hatolYalynol',6r1m2.1.1 Aft 1 oG'60 ! cohsidGd:sAio,h,

ar popular ;.:11-1,o'lr, has been IL `,2 ,,t)

0, 0L0 Fcl.LyJ2,a1' iILLi2LLLLiLILOGL 621 1,..!:11.°7 .(J.ItTi %.;;,._t t".1,7iQ

121' t,J!!":., `beyond t ) .1°J- 1 3.2 .!L. Li In(20 r 1;h a in(3 I LLAilLrit') st:ZoieL and tel.,60 5ohio :!,-0 ,2 m61,1hot.'1,3 0.)11e;ihi L.' I ll

Fibreglass canoes under construction

Preparing fibreglass canoe for transporting Flannin.of Bo

The Kenya Fisheries Department appreciate vary muol.U1 ir:lp and adTice FAO on boatbuilding and all the effort involved in the of locol boatbuzi10 This is a great step forward.

We have been approached on a number o 030E!;liOtINOy o')erseas x.rts, 2hocr. oAnn, and given information on many other different boatsThis advioe hasLlwaysbek.0 fully received ang the plano have been extaziveLy stodjeddbut ahen it carne to1.)uttiho Plans into praotjoe, the costs have been high, and in most LeJLiisthe plana too ocui:hce for local boatbuildro to adapt. The a-att.:aDPOOOSL:i u.:iatroduoi.rj nau craft '6o't6G.J fishermen takes time and tact, as theyaill aot accePt Lboo asleso thoy can bc coned that it suits theil- requirements in:if.e,ryooy and O05e:tuc.6au', Givs up uslt designs.

Tt ie r y, politically and

014elisl's po6sThle to particIpateihthe flohing .111_ Luall 20essential to2ephomez goiaag. and ohaldeelcJ ohildraajo6 6cAdoa. YT/ere uiU be the "bel" hron wiioconhotflrfo:.-dy or dooLhot eeposii to doc!;, These waseo uLnotbe pas.sod otAe):j ue uimprovo 10:,;1,.JL. oqd

The necessity of developing, aateuchad waters L.; and 'boas work will of noceseity, differ rrow thoL,, ued jth,Jn beaL4 or village Ezporienced men willbe regal:cc:A, oQ deetly os a LoAf,Tireac:b Ii:ther clooe Lyia even a colls aiff6ult

The boat uhich has raoly doan,:=3,1 -11;Go E7ioation epe/Afilents (a111-1) c,oì. bo t:or :nd ooiiJ 1,16 resaoíhruni C,0111zl ltr.23 a L'ot,, Lf tooc.f.:0- 'Go 9 could possible bo :Ahpv,..d by --r group.

The aotlloy TTent cousidat/1 1Y1,a Lot-1 Vio-tori%, '111,30 a5:.0 or ,71,,u71.q It was intarestfaL. 'to ace tha- they used ceLcar os the j1iio inspeottng o craft whsoh wau aFid t6 bs ye, un:.4 ,7:1y o_Jsd i6.110%..o TJy-u

A larL, lz,iwav 11.5 m (33 ft)i.o1::4rltao 4 m -Jas lyoll;,Y.Hh camphor wood, The keel of the 1.iiitungi" (Lh L : )o os,1 were

It was etrewaly intereotisg to oaich th inihich th i 1hi h:L, - carried00'i,, Special stakes (ne6Gi:bh tiote6to correct anc;le is reached. TlieL;sc:A701/inosand o uuh hoso locat13, clan should not be underestimated

Another important auosoi;io h6/OW U Z.; oT cost oC tu e biL Chous onlyLC' lc i. o8 2:*) long uith 24 r4 (8 ft) bPalop ,100T,L.1; LL-3vuu In sonclu0io t iu folt that, u'hih :o ¿L:ar of croft to oope uith mere oopailiu;:,,cLI and aolTanci.) íoLLo, n n.-oclu: to ,Toters furtho.e afluld, us rihorla oobiìLUu ;',712.a anide, ath000 Erceiore Uhan -_,aticifyirP r4odura prownt, A Victoria "Maziwa" (small dhow)1 built of cedar

" "a. a ya aaa` Y aa a ..a.a`Va,M

Mwanza canoe , ¿1111

A " "1 1 "

111:r

A large "Maziwa" (dhow). Dunga landing

A typidal "Mutungi" used on Lake Victoria br

=. .,L2H

Fibreglass Sesse canoe Lake Rudolph

" S"44.C,AT 00 4 e, ,,W) 444 , 44°'

SY,F. N4,14/444-'''

1 1

Fibreglass Sesse (left), with 6 hp engine. (second left) 20 ft Sesse canoe Lake Baring° ratif...12,-;:fLat

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A400.0 0000 0000 aoseoee,01 ...GO 006600 2 oeaeoease 3

o o 4 0.6 0,90 5 eoev eeeoestie weet,9

The following "case history" will illosi,rat,i the problems involved in the eleciion of construction material for small fishing vessels.

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- L. -,2,1".1oua\aou 13;r2=.x.IÙ corattz=jy; (=ociii=a1...;b2yeleinr,c1.2mg orA (2)

t3;11.10,1. Ltd t 4:11: t ejt," 4,) " t.'.'»(tt'stEtV)tc) Lc: v1._=1 bYr.__D ka=b,orkai; of ._1;;;,==-1,22=1=;,,..q...; tk-= ttl be_ ,7joytoideL,,,a =zapchc==-2=c.;;;D,_, °=.1'==.1? r_?2,-..1 LF tc,,-;;;r3-`6-11.) s

7J-4==.1:18 cx=i2cki=5;,;. ,..1;t1t,:',11 act .61.4,J1Ju =y2,'.1.1=s;.`"..1 ='==.2..;31 1.-.'"=!,L="AtJJ 35° irce tr=1'b= 2C,..,3k=k5,50 kri_=0,11====.1.b.".9kr..;1.2,Pk;=b,k. ibbi_ab= 0.1:,,a"20== ...';;;;c2b;:=1227=,_,:b. btibr=',Lby.,=,;;Li, tha hh;b1=2 t'st_Iftftia

= ' :L '2 -430 tt, i'itict;c11.0.76:71,

tttViliC,' tt, tC,c't cr,"C'tt, tct by..?ultY,,,C,"""c;

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ultalpis .5b.-b.:Y.6lb-I'LL ,==a;,,,==ak..=;-2 '0'2116 _=:',!=r; k;;yka=r:,,

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6 ctt,t =.= , "_ : 7:=717?2',="?. .t7==4.1,=- , ILi Va0 CFI,L-t,'N.t.a,Laytl-,..6x1,2 a boacc Lc-. 7",tt, N",+, A 6,C:c tt,e7tCY,1`,ti attLC102C tat:5", to 1,-if,7 "út!... jt, Lttlr'2.2. t)12..11i,ii L.cL e " 9 261Lai 120o r.)JLL. ltd t,L.71-1 =K=7;,-1

11.;,===;-=.,b-a?brb;,.;': ; rat tLi ar1',..ri; 6 "CC,C3relt2 Ty": 13'6 ttytt'" 5.2-0t..,t,. CLi't!",11,t,,II 8,5 LaL cL I=,;;;;;:3 j.,21,2? L3sriCt.,--tft. c,Cti°";:tt, 9 anCt, L li Ic t 111'6 y t4Itti,C1 Cogi,.Table;1.'6113 Loa of the 12.6 m `i'heo,,:101,1`lat ìis aot.rial iL10 LItrgua.1.:-,,,, The figavoo £'o 1ocL, 1Jagticee ircalcarc neceoo,zidly an out imate

Pli C,-.)fit31:1Ei' IVE.L.4 fil:222.)V0 the:PO 1212 12.,Zre1ative:1,y oL.:212, 1v)..-;ho oost 1:,00do boo;'6oei1eho1,../IP boat tho °I'LiEJis based &../..tth:.1a''21:Ci;usgi:icil that raz.oJilood" :j:111(i)iw1ì L erieo L1 1J dio O2.A 1,21E330-,, of hullo a2,..2.L outr3",' 69.01.:21

I '7,-0,1,:aaaiyULJ LLí..C[J ti.12OtLite.1.?1-)Ca',tLc., The oelot/clod o±"ìP ce.kiecia peoolt?oi:fi:;.; iflo-1.6.."'Los.7,

ILLtt7.,s oj: thc,' io th..) bu.1":2;fl1 rfeototypeo tint 1-.22No to be i:`.2.1efil (A.1:6Líea .13 1:4 Lratr.

io th.611:oftv(,:s. uot 4.;3ii:Kii3 LYS' t39 Ci,v"1,3L1 r.117.q.0 aieio1'i cAeo ogs 7,122,of.,179..? :13A.7.1s

it 0 fltb;;!,oc2,130L302,04.:NiSCz1Y:(1.-;;Ln teasta,LOB.,, ribc- 321221 436,iari7i,LIcii.;1.4..1,1 eig.1 bo 60-22o us,EL:2,2a,..;2 eorAsi:Lla 1io I-Ado or.p0L-lezoe 7Loaof tho enLGenlYIE.:Jgg,;13OZ 00UPS09 s=ari;51'2¡?z/ ct arc) vot-looln Ls.) .".!;',I.fo :::rs Li ;r1,1

"1:2-tif"i2 C212 "c,1eu ""t",r2. ;XX I:DKr*. NO

aecLL-,.1.12. by clout 71'Cpy, ;) o riot nvo,.', :1130,4,-'.4:1.a,'..11,:i,j;"");L,',4120'7 4,3a e1 be eP.7,oro ig.t.1-11 L a'Jiu iu azji i be,Jo.E,Lot foe o 2Ad...J,3e7j1aìtlITItt IMO booLi., :11

"11:17.2 LA be- r2-0.i.o.!: of ts.tanite6. 0231000v oca a TILe i AItypeo o-12c,2t,) qy allSri.,1(sto2..'201.1DVI.r!O re1.1.2M-21.Cla,1'ciritoctr) re icji of thodomonat4,:,':.ffs;,.;os 61:1;111.2ifitkr..5i; :L. ,2`.,2,Li. '1A110 too'LLe/.1(.1nou aaìocc-A-...oEfto1..'ATo2. o I;ft..0 t,,tto L300.12aL4 t ), C 1,2:.2; uc.f),..:0E,ID 11.7111. '6 21

In a ouo.-o;35.,-.51;11;12.1o,ì1c o2., t",`Si.lp:14,3T.N.' ±\.a cb L11ai1 o 114.A,o.on-L.; , 57:CY fICILOV:2,' OCC41-3,17:-:'142`.6Qt".9,q1 k of btvbaLe r ,:raolt. tY' tiOO C1-.51 oopoL-71i1::1 2'ev ;:tx,,031:y tin -04.):02.7ik,,,t :LT&

oc.z.o c.Ea..136.":2 f. 11.:7 L eny:, th.3 OcLO JíiiC. ti0:1A).anoL1,1 1.coL, o deoi,51,

.1 " zaztooec T1),-21a.T.1',2;"6::ur

;,:.010./20,717 0S,;:00,11? .11,1102,0)02"s:30:;;,:LPL;. ; 2(.. !).37` 1100.1 "04133F0,i3U Li tioifì1;111;30;.'0.C;;T.S,;; 1:.1122. 110216`f01`6,

:,0; :.,,1:00 bol,,t cjitkAdd 11r.t6 L. 10)00,ktait0.1"61;40.;,,"0,;;;;,"02.'0)°,111439 in our -56-!ac, 'co_t_,°6-,,,,,ticAt-.;(:,- i'l.urt2fo,LLL lj.0.17:9,..rd,i,("01 Ji0i0h 11,,,r3 bc,L6.;.;D It_11 1.21.1,ritt111

I L 101714.2; ì11°112. /....,Y0.00-3'71111 fiLD 00011101-;LL 1,c3 -1,ho bo-V6c)1,,i ..-1.,;1:2,t,, the v;ok'.):,a Lp1iL

lj L 1126'121,, :42

;10i .J :C0003 00 CJ,00,;...'1.20,2 :n 7L(LIC (I) (ii) ti LW go "61"rYO're'00i0.000:1 (1.'0r 1`;;;Itl'i;:1,6611,'"lb.00,10.."0

72,-;`,:c2

0,0;_62-71

, LA21;'¡0.;00161.".06 kCL j.0

1511.. 21( 11..,eii»,:vi-a°7-fl CkJ lu',.5.:111-.11.1 C'6,0

( 2) f!,..06, ".°C2,,-X/ ,

'0969 ,..04.1C.ey ; ';*r

C1 a../2!3. )10e1.21_. L!..... '1g 9o0 V010 :IA1iu utL s`..7)3)

,J um iJi00:;2.1 12,6',. '7) L.,

196(10 o A

r_ , CALCULATION OF WEIGHT PER Table 1 m2 (Iroko) Construction Frame Steel380 Frames spaced 1150 ,60 z 40 r 9.5mm 72 layers8o rod6 mm layers me-s77 28 F.,,T2vAfic 0.75 nleatper FT,4- cf skin U:e,7,a71. of 1- - Ea- 2 0-,0vat= r:LV. 45 kg Tab' 14.6 üf(41

tie datc: 12.,6 rat u 4,003 D w-1,, 35 IL O'abi01th1jc 94 &i 1Lt (Fi. 2 .3 90 ur° 31ifi2

YAP

. itaolz (31

(at$,,)

c.1).-i-1..11,-94; .1!) ,4",f5 3 800 700 800 :6 Et (41 ft) TR&

Chilt16 e (Sk6) Cortatmot

11 950 1131..

, Sh 1 Sh1 650 t r"(im

t L Li1 2) 't.:,.)4413

144.11.1 .

- tLLL L

H-t (61)2,1'4'0' PFf

,S410,'

, 04.4 7

WEIGHT 12.6 ni41 ki-

,lata: 143 44;403 D 14,85 kiablo '12,11mLib,J.° o ifl. 2 't

1-f ej ti4j:k«

43 3 900

1- I/bight L, 50% 2 00.2 50% 2

:;00

80-0

700 "1:24")

.800

1 8

Tab co 26 m (41 ft )

cal Chino Construct ion

_ 11,4i 1Y2'7

' h) tc.ki

,stk21,1, k

3 6

Lih 2'(kl h)

15 1 Ua,

' 8(A 45(cb 10 Oti 5 5 150 4047'_

tl 15 165

.0, :Lot,,,,b-L,(A-2.o t 1 Cubic number L.(201 L)411

Rubbing

Ouisid shell planking

Midship section --t-

(xirrcL,dondiriq 1/7i't3 ,7obbet lino

Keel

DETA I L !A:4D orid rercoc;oFfie:Iii

Fig. I-DefirfA: 10

, , I

III ._ IlIlII _ , Area ofhull IIIIII ,--,r- 'otop ofbulwark 120

''\ 'c-cli dbos 100 1 III

....,.., - III 60 IIIII E,zcludirig(A,u,,,k1,--- ., , _ andha:._ ---.

, .,. \ ' ,Open boats, -..,

O -- r- 20 49 IOC 120 140 (1,..Csd - Fig. 2 hull and 100

20 40 60 80 100 Cubic BOG

Fig. 3- Weigh'( squorc; hrtC(Gsr(.1? hull (3-id (Ecludin(3 c,tringorG okd

--i 20 40 60 80 100 /20 i-,--) 160 ;1k c L'.°',23

CLCUIC fiLlrfikr( Lea K 00(.1 r.)Vv..J) 1 (, i':,

Fig. 3- Wicjhf r quarE of hull and (Excludinq stringrs odd 1,06c]l

11/3

1t AR FI "lES OFFIOP PAO/SWED 11,. ON FISHING BOAT :77:EN CO Enabbe, Uganda22-27 Feb-ot.:-.wy

Seesion II POR BOAT CONSTRUCTION Pav,r 11/3

Timbers for boat buildin by RJ0,

Contents:

INTRODUCTION 3 o 0,0 594500094090009909 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF MOD AE A BOAT BUILD i MATERIAL TS UMW ;RICA PROPERTIES REQUIRED OP A GOOD BOAT BUILDINC T' ,'

EIPERIENCE Ig UGANDA USING DIFFERENT TIMBEfcj 0 , , !.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION4 uotteC9040 . .9 0 0 .j

CONCLUSIONS 490440304919049. V 0033 .,,,, REFERENCES G00000Gemaa 4009090909

1,D LUD ACRI ITATIOL o.. 1972

I1/3

INTRODUCTION Timber ha e been widely used in the building o$ boato for fishing in EasAfrica for many hundred's of years, firstly in the form of hollowed out logs or "dugouts" and secondly as planked boate or Seese-type canoes. It has held a pre-eminent position in the past owing to the absence of alternative competitive material, but the position is now ohing with the availability of fibrQ- glass, concrete and metal for boat building.The purpose of this paper ia to L:',1NRIRIVi"_;(3 the past experience in using wood as boat building material and to suggest better methods of use in the future based on this experience and on modern technical developments in the preservation and stabilization of wood.

ADVANTAGE AND DTIWANTAGES_OF WOOD AB A BOAT 7_ ItT:E9m Different Leeds vary in their properties and X71.11 nl .7t17 this subject but all wood has a number of common properties some of which c)?eaadtrantne z_10 sum' of which are a disadvantage when it is used as a boat buildin_ riterial,They can listea as followng Advantages, LIEhtne Volume for volume wood is light and, if used correctly, it can make boato th etrong, but light and easy to handle, Oheameen sud Availabilit Timber in r:Avely cheap and aaafJ.fmi't611J('ik i!_irica and by .'on and use of choaper tiMO it should be possibIto oosts in zi.

VOX

Timber in ew2Uy and shaped te ecIui toda tha-1.1 11. known and commonly- used la the couptricoo; :10 compi reif.:.6. small boatbuilder can use it with thmin.ustaiìtoc?1 Ease of Bondiand_4lasi

Wood i. buc into ioolv7ticr. uuir iaz.t,,:nd returns'6 o ohape provitied tht.: 2flipact does not f'.1.a'..ttu-,-d Resistance to Abrasion Provided the correct wood is usedt boato made nf looet an oLcnd up to rl of abrasion and will withstand rew.isted haulinL: Cvw an4 rooky IN,Dt:Iy-,n1. In this respect it is probably superior to fibreglass. Ease of JointinLand

Wood is easil7 Kailcd Juel :11-;wed together and d 'oats can be easa , It io, ,T1 to adapt or alter, a wooden boa;r add internal fittt thwarts tb:411 it iu in the case of boats made of other II/3

gee of wood, a boat buildingtonal follows: Clianses in Humidit

u. lls when -It;".° C-Itii4 wet and abr'r when it gets dry.That is a serio since boj:, ii.ore than most thin3g are subjected to alternate 'uol;tire,g and os iu moveLatit ct'.1n.9 houover, 9 be reduced very gree.tly by correct cou otjoj uf iirnberc lox/ movement and the use of modern methoet.:: iibi I deal AAh "61iese in more detail later0

11LL.,'" tLy.,111.y- duvable,)iliable to inieci; mid faigris atteok. The 111_ Ok ufb,sts iEl rOt tliii.:;1Ls causerl by Zung-usoThe ww k.6 ,L:jOl.) ïhithbuato e ojeoted in 1.52,SEt Africa ru almost ideal for Lhis InOt !LIU i.,11&' do in tomf,orate climates,Even naturally durable Ja:it only 4-5 yt.-a-tcd boa-t and 3-4 years iitz..; ilermal fishing OEL11000 e' 1.+2::0,22-;-,A. using moderii presorvati\ies 'ite.611e,jr iiÍ. inI will deal Ilith th:4:s s'Iri-thor later.

LVdbi)ing ai oLo is not uozni,It a inwhioh, Litt.loct i& theiL iii ethe5.-s0 Jir3crAoa otdJ. )aaluals. al overr,.er.,:es this tu sumE way koo e

)f its lth too:" dried befor '6\ c,, roui heid iio -61aorefor3 ateartotor.:::,li rItio,t itJtl.chcaF3e th.0 rizaf.-)S 1-2 li f ¡lot y:rbiacya[11-iilab1e in EF.1Ti'; ASViCE,t, but 'cliere are 0, ...shez,;

Tt iEt u (.1100Ù'4,-) 3-4)01., boat bliiiJiing tiAbe:.- from -tables of -u1 iìub'iLL)-4,.,7,),.3Li.t.1;1,; uf' di Eastfien,...-ioodoThe following 1...mm I! tiwbersrz

(/ ;.-roeu acistm.e e,ont Iltrasity J41clus, uoy'l: - Cow9vesaion 1Lvtbiosb (Uplit2'6°.eUitZi`ial C84. 3 11/3

Thecc, properties sre lictod ûCOLLDVAL3. TiEfuOL 1) ' Timbers" (2) ubioh are the msin vo2o5:,caoe LooLn um tLc utibj(_et,

In a boat it is a oombiion of th41i rt needs to be: sîrii stren6th Good reoiutanoo to solittiac Good bending qualities (elaotoity Good nailing and ocr-eula,s, *ov,eflol-ticco L1M-J m)v,Iment (or slou r3buerption nd los it rot too much 1)ardness - Ability to.2hoorbnrom!rwtivou

Resiotanoo to olAitting uu u., hIL'h -:;a?',Yirin :Au.) grecterpplitting 2000 irernr.;o6 .';11,-JJ. in OLDO Of , tixiberiththolt:sh itLrouiu/.4.1; for buildj2z s b(wtoSiollarly tiuberL Lyula:ivùj 111L, 0007);.,,h to "aoommodEto" Itoeli' to 1,,JU ohj.oh hat;j 'ewer mow:LlonL 1_6.th 0,1-2, 3,0 127H0,..c.4;HG -1';; L ijt'.c,-; ;A)utly ;Imber 22,1.:).1). _ Tan,2; ita p 0:ViCloYi00 ,1)...r :1.1741 ,LLi L r.2 propery-clach makes uaitoble ;:o, Lidch iCi12.:;-1cv oort ;Ind e=ily CIid ki't; (1._L Uj,J1 tjO" impemaableo the mo,lee,.at Ol. lengh time i;coars- eir'6

Tt iris;Iì:çcfc,pjp neuoc,,,r:v ot.:T'L,rur:; to build - of a timber

The '..ov2rzoAly 1cìvtooLu L.i u iiL !..:5"j %2_11,-dy and Pon,-7To duyability ulth orobab:14

al t,31.G t.1,3 P.:5'"Ad 5!15Z5,ìtc ,55 tn ty-oatmo, ulth uuod hu c,3 an& te, un oww

OBSO Of a».). EaL11.06c.A2j .611L,;.; _ , on ,Vea 2/Y) 11,oh

Au 2 reLrule of boo.t dhieh apposE.ed to haw ositable um,;)0,!, permeable to weaunrva.Ave i-xeu.tmeut J' Mululu (ampohyllum parpulphri2.0 u_nr21-L' tiri7:;,AGYq0,1 Inrititue built & bout uut lOYOi;nr, uhe4,°°i0 bosid foot (oh. 630/ par E1)o.j.: 12 'ID& .:;,%7.30L; ijAIO t,t,_.ut veu c /30 p,busvd 126f- r127)1,2a1.. , (oh. 756/per m3) for ;he.i,u1,2 :10 25%0 TIE, orov,ed %e brA c,;,L!,1 Q'7A1.;.1t."21. zuporior totic-, move oxwaoive uuodo c;n!,g,--)cccJI!t ;:!.mbe, 1,Y1,_)1:ì 22(Lan

The pr servative treatint w dona with Cr?.- V? 5 r51uù5?C...,i5:1Vsiv5,55 5

pg(,,,1"...15).55,70;',517CC) '55:155;35 +1, '55:4'52 ..,5'-'JC! 555, - '5:4. li)55.5" h ,1,11E; oo oirdcd tiu very oonoitlerubly cokOh peu,o troai;ed with it xlA cx14pooed to conditions a0 1!OLJ 11keL. be anocautored in a boat in EaJt Ifrioa have lnotod over oJaro and Lain:z otroo,,.ri?he tiEbor Load in thio boat !Jag testud for and9 althoyyn it could have boon bettor oinco nyiaboy of uutroacid otreakJ when troat,LL'ont ohould have boon ooLaplete throhotrt9 it io probably adevuto :;i-i)o the boet '&L loagor life than the 5,yooz. malclaum noraally obtainable uith drawable o:Af.l. Really good trectEeht ohould reoultina boat with a lifo of 15 yeayo oy Eoro -2A. It uould probably brouh un eventually ZFOG cachenics1 diointevation rather than

a3 not e, j ooNLAent to ouyW0thOdS of conctruotion '-;.i3)u the oroeht but l'row the F%W_ITIIevi f 1-_:.)vuwne and ohyinkagu oe io advantoe o ,4ained froia Ewing naf.Jcou widtho of idobor laarkhyz iìu L Li.o íuLSVO%-' latulty frou g-Tuen ìD 12/9 112.°,ount,4nt ia :Cr! eonditionrg obtaining in a boa t it can be asuamed that ,3hvinLaze 31A,1,lin,; 0/2 up Lo !alga bu enconneuYed netuoon the vettost and dideut oonditioznJ Lo thpost Le edbjoo'oud,In tLa-iL,oh uiek, bof dhiL-J nould amminto 11L hav: a Eln_Lzu o'k L./Ay 1/8 il-oho iu Lui1 1Jot neL:o iJ eL:LL4-on °do by tl/u natural olaot1on4 tih.:bolzlnd,Lhc i. colAuv-Loion of the joLato.I.it cannot be tal,,D..o. u» .LLjz.J, runel'o!..Lrdi narl'oeov ao boardL'; the leoa okeinLav 1),; to 6.: st iiL L thE jointo can be iado oo that thoy aro LriL'i00 aanIL Lli. 2uiLOuì i1ili uo Llao ;'he bueeevoin addielonl + Iniie u that they Lli-a LlOo cens-A0ui'abil chue,pul' par boE-vd t) obtain LA'e.eïr b0raan al.fry± te rad diffiou1-6 to obtl-fln

L)rjLr I LìL 2Ci,n;J,..-0,ftloe a L.Loc4, tiALLJas vaoqo/J uith u.ocopozchso Alo about :;¡);:; eo thu G6i_A ;:;7cuti/,en;, 1,ien "L',,LiLlith 0, The io duoüivse of ehe L/A tno O ciLo tbuahcjd and 1es..6 the uoei,, -21,1 71:6L,Lir.u. ouci cn,Y1 thu uuod, Uuaenu: ano ,ot in I cati.iies eZZe,:.,',A7ionou in %-uking uu-176nu_,,%in.L; ::- Peviod c.2 EItO te bu :ini:,ey'eotia,l' to 1,11,1LA a tial JUL c.).L' thLi

ttt,; .!t L L IOUjyo us ju Loiu1 ao,i: not -/1:4 oll yw2.4i;io.ievi,3-.1,11y tile boot fatwr1;.:.J'60 1110Jv p.roforably reneAJ.d YziTidc, tho bfjLK!,1 tondo to hold Eoiotve whioh enclouro yoto -:-o5aL1y butter Lureat tho in:Ade of tii6 liOLt uith an oi.1-bornu oolution ef 1.:ntahlorenhenoI love:rj etng 'q-21hell 531,co chii1 1Jood pa'ouul,Ju aL)plioa unkLo Çjj o_ALLThs both wo:;,or lo12-lienoy and pre'ooryatigprotoetioll cad I.,:no- "6JL-'6G0 ahel 'f,Ldn'Lju1aoe ge, 11/3

,1pcxcoa!2±,iclaL,tìibIL!Ad:27 1L.IL; ad has' no t utiliseav to the ful13 '!;L,-(%0:142!, x7' tr Give it a iacaly ion; lifcoVor taic cioo0. IAr!y pvrLictlar.It lo trua illatv. von tod. ef:1,131E1f3,3io ih but I think :121 Ce.»4Y,ukici _L 110 tO 15 yeavs or loinar ma my GE,Cri,i0R AE-1" to EI.Jc: arij 101',111med in 71.1;111: aoing tiTabol in b,,Lt

Bryoev Tatkv COIL thsLinda

11/4

77,7, 77, ''-ÎT ----

De07,

.AENT%.

01 o0000o0oo.000.00 G SO 2 00000 000000000 ,,,0003 o00o0o0o0.00000,00,0004

00 S SS S S S S S G 6, S S G e SS S IV 5

1972

-1 - 11/4

(RION

The foo 17=1-11_ rope_7»tocnt io 2C-MS-W;C, by lat to ooPvey 707 f!7,ealanQ roaint-ced ficbj..ag vencolo of 35 ft ooictooca length W070Etv3h aec vense:J, in bvilt ty2002, s=op and orbnoently Lncpot.Aca onnually. The Dopootmunt first 'poo=n iin7a=1, vvL;:'nT,72e--rEort 1-ernn 1962.7W1 ti?( of tT7a fichin7v.)noe1n ia f:oo-oe-,tomavtat that ;LE.0(-, ET./.7=co bcon bnilt Av thin mcainm in Zoo Zealcalabe 1,1).000 c k° 0,10:7t reopelo cv

By the end of 1968 a cemidoobble incooaoe Vat) 1211EZ)aC)Z CQI:L-7.09, Graft befi:nz oubmitted 002 appeovo,l1730 apparent.in 620a0U te T07f0s7; o o.17, 7CWC!TO 11:,.7. i?ardstiolz fo2, the conotauotiea tf those beatnv;11c, DD17.2EC, d.00:11 to ramo -oequirensnts.The DQEor QOfootnInte in that a 020, raetico Pap thrr otonotion of feo:,e-o=vt beato 77ad clooe0y 7]boon ro; OyLle-Y,P1 Pc,,-;;Aste:? of Shinpinci/. TeLing thio 30 a boo hoPopp7,tEsni:, atte.70?te'l to co,7. srf tho cl?,:le of F,Taotiao flx the ligh"6 of =Tonic:into 37171 01DC0-7i7iTiX0 at the 'SCE--7C;V of boato coniur; vndep ono ,Indiet'len and to be maPe dofinitivo about the aotual C.,37000i3i0lanThese yoffniocuonto havo .Lot boea finalisc4 at the time of triting duo ppim7ok4 tohoyroblo71 of pocolyg tuo clntentiulo iM611.2009 namolyg the otocwa,sth qPiOYi012ith':;,SVACdOM of aleeato steel ooieroomont aloe tho merit° of di:Uerent v1,-.ntoring teeb::doueu.".topo hs.ve bson ton to olapAqtLeso tua p.oints or/A ilrAiG3MOUE are tint the voquivemortc chen21 be `'inalioca ohoPtl,

BOATBUIIY_ -CATI z 1;1.* STRUCTI Haw of the feoro-oment boato built in Vou ZeolanO, CFO UC4140-07;te:5:2 the oen tomporary °aver auriag the owing period. Van io paTtionleoly tpue of the loege nurAbor built in the north of the Rorth Island thore year-round oluio enadAtiono ono suitaMo. The Dopartment'o requirements request that the boa t be const2:noted at a nit° compatible with aood liabulldipractico and calls feo suitable poetoetion dur.ing tho oupin7; period. All the boato surveyed to date have booa bnilt wmigt osinslry) no-sailed l'ouspored hull method".To obts,in the hall form9 non is =le of pipo ;T317,00 often suboeqnently removed or fabrioatna uob foameo which are plasterec3 ond EOZ"E 0::001101at Grounds for br217,- heads.Wooden foams subsequently removed have aleo beet oLvloyoa0fo approach has boon madeor a surveyed vessel te be built inside (bun on 3 uneden mould yhAeh hao boon toiocl oith several pleasure ypohto in Feu Zealand.1%3 Donartment hos 00E0 reconvationc at thia staae os to the effooto of the dpyirg=ont of tho hull ur:lor those eonaitiono.

*b.loyilco Eersiota F..73,ipi-r2-D.,so Tech3 1101; e :3 EYJa,2-:4, 1,,fr..T3E.,;3,;:y.7,,vo T'oq-zaloo. moat o ,72 the00732f7"62,-11(;6CIATIt";,f Yo,LiAr.) oz1:71,(1',119c 7?-i;:;,72Tone,13(7,="6t2 2 ,..?u,nrY,,--,7/- 1967 H/4

EC.74.70

r)O Ft/2,1A

.`5r

"ke: C

EC!: .72 7,7 it1.1 F6?7

.7,1"L'7 'gat)20$7, LCol",:of tho o2 0Ç3 7.73't';cvo c . aD

f tlfgav

'9:3 72.4A

, .2.of 11/4 tilting drum co oreto miner but largar contractor° claim ol'uTsrtagoo Oar the rovolt. Faddlo d3i20volvims pan and paddle ainiZOT0The laspeztmert hag found as evidence that boat hullo built intho tilting drum BiE0R 1735P0 in any t:714" ¡MOOR:1QT tO theca built acing the logo GC=20E1 trp :00 nizoro Application of the b n in al ye: (i) hao boon competed from both °idea of tho roinfor,ameut at the CO29 1327L7) ocaothod incido outside.Thal prectieo io York approved by tho PoFart- nent as it loads to voidn titicno reidtray through the °hell thieLneos in a non-scEpacted rogicn.Plato iamp a cycos-costion through the 0000 cocLt of a boat planteTza to manner. (2)T mpthed gmourod by the Department lo for tho carter to be compag;3c1 ;?,ROD tho idegbe forced right nrough the wire reoh al omeothea off uith ra01.107.1 floatw-coido '2o plactor a 36-Ct beat in onoday mith thio method eallo for a team of ED h p to man mrk. insido tho boat at tbe game time cad COTO inneeded tsec t7st the reli?crcement and peoh Jo not dioplaced.Adwknto staging is îc1 an it io uncemman to 000 a aiotc:tod hullo duoto mcn malting ox tho cebh evocd uith zet CMr:;OR PR 070M keztopnal oracho no hullo

( 3)A withod employed by a r of hiilr1oeo in row Zoaland ulqAch t30 b00"P CValy 0 11.od by the Per rtm xrt 1 rlfn ohesing ang defoot to dato io to plrotor the outoido of tho hall firotg folleued by a om?ing prled bofero firiohing tho inoide of tho YitIb0The a t tar lo fereci '.:,*eug72 tho meoh from the outoldo until it is alcoot through the nook and it io a good idea to havo an eboarer inoldo mho vateheo fop tho peopible 00OU1TO&CO of voido cal ro lo then ablo to otioI7 a uipo throuel the soft ploctr oo that the plcotorar eutoido can rossoFsot tho mortar at'that point.Tho oAtor mortar io then curad for a period *f 10 to Mday° and coatod mith arom13 of secant and ratong the kagido of the hull boing plastorcl uhilot tho grant lo otill votoPlastorimc of tho laoido 10 6.023 ORCEI tho Lon/ ulAfardoPlato 2 ohoWo a oectithrooda a toot panel nlastorca by thic methc-,9 and uood to ootabligh tho b 1 botwoon tho tuo layoro uhich i=ce0 quito catic- fteteryo It is normal practice t* planter the hull 0200t sehooquently tho dootg cloan interface mith richslot or bonding agent being employed,Fgme bonding agent° aro unotablo in rater and ebviouoly should .Aot be used.Similarlyg on a largo boat it lo quit° perrio- foible to plantor the 4x.11 in goal. no At thio%er co*t:NIBv to obt to c ion of cw--;ca,0 it ¡D co tell to malmno of vibraterSoPlato 3 rO the 00013 i rat a comming of a fcTro-oement do hbouoo uhioh 7::- replaced bg a toca doolzheuso to redo tcpnightoThio oheuo oloarly a ladt 00 06Dr,0t10-O at the thidkor Emetic:a. Tbs I ; ?aliment c3/10 for ads °lump toot oA tho m7rtar during proparation of the tholi.p meat t oncood 2 .!?#.1'Oo Moog standard comvrosoion toot° arc calica f in tile minimum oxunittroh of the ata r roquipel at 28 dngs° anrog being net less thsn 5 4144 lb per o o inch - a fit oe enieappears tbo oepfortably obtained Idth the E341ko used. Them cro the only toots rot i by the DOLaFi5E-Dno Curing lo oom=nly coovod uith thecou c.,f tZtOP 'spray but many y,of000iona bx11tboato are aoetood0 The Department insist° on all our:Tioyed beato boing ofeosi Uy plaotored.

HULL An early °parts finhing boat i1t under OMPW uao sUbooquont 7 mroo7.7.o0. after 1x.1,ing onto roe= and provided two loosens for the ptnir uth. to hull iartureo.Thig craft haa wood bulhhoado bolted to usea groundo uhieb. in tronT:ero throuhAooltod to tho helloAloof, the Twd dockhougo trunl,:fkrg wao throug4-bolted H/4 4

tO th0 000--.0:.°E.DEW; (;172»,f, 72'.7-,T;;(1:724, (1.2'21:-711::,00%1KIO; Van vri?oolag a rhasrJoyco thoohL7'h,oiîì Dboat -taás).0 (-rum .":") "!, C.:k7,:o tt a-0D, .°6sao 7juiLhobs1 a2no :aocbq.5avcd 'hLo al.:1,:gal.-"C(.7,0 L22C'',ZC,Y7.2OCTO:200ia3 7.'.) ;ark ,R.,11) of rocooanao '3 P. 7- 07.,) Ocarec---)or..valcn (7.2 Urr firfov bralrlaca2o tlhoacolvoo fyan Cf7.7]. ov L.oltablo bons,:m.; oa (21'0 `,, ER511t7,-n uhiaT-) ava oo. rr/ì:1. vo:j Closis'ah74..o fCCIttO o'201:'27. 71[1.7):jj CL». Thorr2.472;;017A72.ftto c-wuy'6110S00 oh:bJto to 7/211:2T/717 C-1. 4 13iriCTIDO hAch oac5vo novo tho N)i7-1 *h. &7,7oa.,,o:,,°i00022 to borii-:ih2acITablooTit) botto&UoT3Zonland i'or.'teLoo clod alc.,to 4 011-9Ual tho oonaitice th_cfc, Cul-oc.--ooroa caE2,cat ac.:o. ".;,1 'Jhoao tho 1,2a20.7. concto'ootioau-ith thn bv.kuov/mijZaDC:). Ploo oanr 220FQ o.;) thio congfouotioa 'bnia,,g- that tho ba.krohh '1:ittoI ° Go '%ho yamtca'i boiug emrlotcaoPalotos'i2,3 :d uith tho CDGU_A oL,oiafoTcoaant so tht thn t--)asto-2uuh,Zachuo,o2"7;'6 OC :7)011 thp Lb000ao6);, h-olta,1=1: dotooiol.mtion could ro duo to coa noorc,:,o

00E0MUE-ablO 1107k:/' talh'hohWo oh 02f- ,2(.--,,^r:C7DYY;ball to avoid immot doaaso,,Ion; Za,o3azh 7:n7,)0 cx7eh2,'honnh, 0ourd thio hoconaloy ia tho uoy o2 toaul boha:d lohdLh3 oaohf,c.:ho ihhtio". 000:ih,a o;vold chtclop rliToolaoat3PD3Ka0.3n0 Thooo!hoD;T;bLo to .h:fLD L'coo (2c..=u,Dc

Ptoanaaa .1:aoaootityao'6ho r i; 1f,,t:110 111:1'i.721 (5bc7,,,T-h-0 hou t7,1.0 1,01i L127100 ciato V nt poo'hnn v-c1"..32a nU joopMI;» uoIct:ic2 cna ly2ohhhaip- 00 tho OliatOT our2coo could :7202.0r,G rajl, rrt rOa cf'brLri A 5=7(-7,7T ohotad ant ho ogzmid to arm7,. 1rck(if:1.11.7V!.0 3L'.11'21, to ootn cr.?

Tho ha:12 ena o.acr 0, o ah'ao!°7-3, :iCt aot Crr.'rl. to hffaj: -";hav tho c-co0coo Inn CO0O1o7A °;ho thoh,t boRoc: CI:C(Y.:20 bbonvd cm thn ouoaco m:'aehj thoTod ta 11/2, r20y CYC, tho aont into tho ploota? arS 021) bo c'llf"hoc,:v0(77i.c, "/4

Plate 2 U/4

144'

)27.3000

o pLo :LPL,

t Ri

Plate 3

4111

411I

111

411

upPPOI, ,

Plate 4 Plate5

Plate 6

SEIIMR POR 1:;1 OTTICElla FAO/S ISH MINIM Ok.61aTI OTT srIALL 17,G BOAT. .DELICIT CO TRUCVION Ent obbei, k A 22-27 FGbnnRy 1971

FOR BOAT CONSTRUCTION

Discussion

Contenta:

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e e 0 e0 1

FIB .¡S REI R TIC 5

000 0 0 o 9

AH AGRICULTt ORG TION OF TE a ; N,,, OM, Romo, 1972

MORNI 1"1 SESSION A.P.J. R4LEESS: Do the er mercha ld stooks mod tiMber in

o. PI1-3: Nou thcy do rot0 VE o .raed timboro

A.P.J.TILT. How long in aavso.ono ycrLI ".tavo to order from tiMber merohamts if yon want seRsomediLc

App tely t e

J.A0 GRU20mLPLD: Ubat is tho DP.00eo [-X2,t/IY,tiC,12 "U10 ioNcAaboy inL1101ETGO and possiblo f7.7tir;:o ':;s,0i2n of tiror wtilimt:kuT

R.A. PLUWA701: In tho case of mulllo (i.olzo) this will bo EM70 cc2 E.,c7K) diffiolt 'o get since it is vony Ilue.h in dr,:-.1325, by tlio Rogo4Tdincs szhoganyc tho nr9p1y over tho tcn yo= Tico down bIst :A'tew that- 7.v.) will bravo uo,Tlogny tilLa7ci2Lio c4L;11,in so tho prospeot ;02 EThocaoy in cle:70 &00d,

A.P.J. HOUSg In somo ocuatrios ono , Joden boat d with fish vil Whioh clecos to w.,7)vido s7.1 uzcollont pr000Tro,tion of tho .7.100E7fly tooQ that/j.n in iA lino with .z-lat"; HTc PlrEIVW0timboIt 20000E71OP:110p miAg m oily wodnct io iI2 poioon to the EIMTOD 021.1Sk4f WCA illotcaof using pinto

B.A. PLMTRE: i0 22,01; think that 14int is cosonal aretAsro czoopt for sesthotio reasons cud 3 Inod prorwvati-yo will dofinitoly givo a better protection of the mod.

B. NA ftperience r3/10,cra t!aty; the plrmkin'T of a wooden canoe or boat which iootartly crebmcvsca in Tztor is 1.ss subject to rot than the top-side plaa?tivg.

11. a C oy typo of suitable for pressure-impx 'Lon be ntiliscd in bootbnildin,sT

R.A. P The tiMbeT must also Invo Cr2:UOieff; YC6 .17117.73t bo ororlti bo z'o:kotiLvoly casy to70%t. liana io1 to t1,:o. :7a_mto-iafislr;;i1 uo3.71 arilfi. 'no otablo ohoggins .?y,00 Z7.7)1; to 67,7s. Qoarlitiongo 117,xio io era e ov2to,b10 t.).mboF 11;K-a bun I am cr000 I.7320P0 ohoulq loo r,t1A02:, *;:rp..crio:;i' local ti1713,-(2,- t7)p:3 CITS cz712`,111,7 aztiFfectosWoo Tv''si;b12-0-1:2,7.77000 boL2g,pooc vrith pcoaTuativon. 2

.L.P.J. RO S

R.A. P :47

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PAULUS o ASSIe. . t ,L),k

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B. MA :

SS S S i , i».,'T cS ,y3sT17.?cr..1 (SS r55.

R.A. P r f;OfiL-A,v;;31",'"512.11

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° 51C)5-5J Í IVD

J.A. CELL': Mat ,r'=Ro'F,L'.:77);(1"Alc 7A7? T=A000 of tiffholq:Of t7o-,,oLLO OT c'Lc1:21:n to7-2 0J34-,;a U3=0 othev than bes0K-a'ldol,3cilIt _1:1 mtnbab14 that there will b on inel'oc.pe in tlic :)rtoc

R.A. PL ao n7t CJCO LOV Ti 43 J.)F p,I=obably E,1)2::3 o72Icsothec.;,,TAe7,-al1D:iceiLe,Tca'_oe in the oeuntw.Elol,e7cF2fer eel-e uecdo nocosiL1,17710 QC.0-2 Ei&e bo poPicf!c c.s":",,:77) se c causca by the .r) gb that the fesrit C9-39 yrr:E °;.; K;r3Ono

B. MA04: .18' Daw of the 132tei3.ac:o Vle-,,ea e, t,7,-)e of tiobo2 ()aloft cJ1uLotiubev a:oo ceAd to lase fivejeYI.Do 1:71iJ1-;(, ousici theffiViar,'.2o2)ae a'?,3hc,n0=scr,)

M.A. PLI" ;*1" taken wc,x,o intoTeeting to t:T as te y:T7A00

0. GOLBWIEDS.Issis 000:;b 0120 12CL JO C,71 72_,7,70 boon a Ga,ent sucx'73s the La:e alt;-?er; these eavoes uaz-e 73t=317 -%ho se,s2,o tiLbep as in the tva'Eitional 7ag 7:,7211 ,:]eant thnt tho V!,ge ezpeetaney 7'30 01'o o1-?0 22W: ag tonal canoeso se.e.= that a bettol: IToulel, bee 1.27:73-1Dpi2e,jme;ect3, tiEbor that cloo1c7. Ceff.faitelT .),,nceee the,eT-ctioe 1°:_fe of the O es.

A.P.J. HOLNESS: SupposethatEq6...x.3aTT:,:7tC.ato :72.7.a,:.i.,ar.,oe thaZi, oci?&tioJox.a of ba,_Itbv,:73ctipr7 timberE, uould tc:7.0 t-his i3Tee av.4o.c.2-4.;iIi theiR 10n1741nrso O fcppeTtop Za.,715,',07.Gby plamtins the t¡ype of spceics tb.a".; 67.2' 1:LS,11.;,7C:Eri; for the boatbuildinz indlutyy?

R.A. Ge1012711Yv the -Vo12oD7 DaizZaTtEAC:l:S. 11_2T KY6 ezlourria .vcsorl'ocT, to peyoit 167ousse10 p=11,ant'Lng oi lavo t,o -2weee12t120te en spcoie:3 that eoe mrtacztea oc=eFoia12,7,,i2 tTo .olerea te.;ey9 say muTulep it .c-,uulf:1 teLo bef:o.:Te co egT110ct,,_,7,,?t cutting the timberp a,..1-11 this is a *lonj tLInu elve20 into the frtu,_,70 aaf 11.111 be a:LL:Ievat inev,,pe::0 in. the plez-fni,7s. usthel, say th17.,,tj,e-,Ad be bottup te solet th70e cw12 few' specian of tidbor the;;;v2U2. bo lyaitablo0121.,)c3tbrilelAnatev pnessuoa t2,-entmant_ D.11. 7.7,a7f, co 2TA1,7W be aeotTcl ofa ste2 ,vcopy cO ejthe:E2 cmof:,T,DCA7,C:°:CIF' Mr.) Ca07.2'0 RegaTlius yocor=eiE,22t.on 73.-)3q3;:la(1-3 tidLe2; is sential to inTio-1; °*;7W (73orble o2 I7)(1e, p2C-00E:70, 71/1 OCFC:71 72e-ea2ally incA houoo '0,031:t at °,,east 0,71z, 3,b 1)e2 Ot'v R.A. PUT/IX-Mc 04;4^L.4 1L.sv) T.,;T '; ';',7:c3C2 01..:T.,4C 72;7. cc '4: :If

'44 j.,'.10 oor

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O. ataaPruiPAN: 116-oad :Un ,."f2,3 i."bc,c30

A.P.J. HO ..C3ITJC.,g2LtC''!'`..) 7."'. ICT.:1'6 ' 4o

ho.",.,e',;.)cd.',3 id.Z.:17,1411.:',:.;4.:-':)."4' '2." '474 '";44.4,474-?i444'4 4,

R.A. PL 1-Cif,")»jj. 1:10-)C11 3r :!.2,L7')'1

tp.f.,,,:La'163"'to 121- "` au7.1 7

J.A. CRUP r ELD: "j',17+.::.,,O.2'

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thr_.oC000 C :11°, 72-, fkri "ye'. 1,74`Zr (1;7' Dr,CTfT':o itt.ìc1 Lo tr)3a17,J,Elf,Ir 't11],Q,do;27.:;:2.:11 `.)::,'000.70f6 1),y GIAl2,m;:;2-1.1c,..2'2, 72(1,°i+ '!".1,Vt 0.0.10.9t32.02.'0 02 the 027. f a Z.;2101,,,,i2.,:; bccf ci. t.o 0147.7. T,!;)727.'i.C''''...!-T,1-1`..) CI:t3L.

Bo MA ; EWA °ELL, ITh?St3.3,eR f.:"CCY.:"f o°21:' fc, e 0,0 cro YO JCJ c ocrOlTai)12.1d. .'6%,yLo or"L' ,,E1(712..:, *.:°,,,;'71; 0 II; .«'T,'C',2T'...1 LtCiLYt. Cacy",;7_ st,,071,1,(1 t:g r ",,A,.....,20:20g J,":, :tm 1Y./ 2'1' PAT.:AL :1`,"C,1`"..1:00 cr ,Et3,2't;

7,1

'. 2:`CTT 'O, ". b ocrpc c L. o '12,,1032, :TIT)CoCLr1J2-.2C L.11.7 T.Ci ic T.T,OW ;,-2 7'°L,; LA. PL 131-. 7 i33.-1.33...31, ).

tlao 303:33. »3-.3:33. ;31

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1 ant-GUSH RHINFORGICD P

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D. D. BEACH t Thecrif-3tcf :3537,/

typo of '5,',by3-,,T)y.,(331. -33 . 133 r 27;11.

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1.3033.K.V0V9 0.11(3, '33322:3J. 3, ,3" :31 32.3 3 .7,3', k rIt P.2:14t Lam be)(rt 3-33.3° 3 - 11, i 1:c.;')0 I T37036.(31 ' '1322-3,4

eeeicL "k";,:i3V3.("13,337.3.333:23.,() ,3237 3 4 ",' ' " - "3- r03 ?t.?(-3

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173:37233,(143 Einit(00:13,0,3.37 V ' '2 "f".727 3E4, 23:33"", '333 " 3'37 '3.)01,33:3,Srl

0,2233 03:03.3243,nef "'333_, 33.01277.:,30 "(1372'

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Thiouiiid :2'33;3 ,` '3 - 32'33423 . 3- :333", '3 .C3. 3:31" ,37313:3 ti33 :133 333, 1012:7337).&_;3113,53 t".."E11.1,33' 4, 223 _ 2 7'73'72 V,F0 '7373'0 3' 7 )`..3 .3'33, 1' "3' ) '3" 3t 03010 1133,- 3'74 3.,

2:33- 31 3,"1 ' EE31" 07i33.+33,3321 ,;) 104')

ii33,(.010(2) C.2340.32i.Z.13:3324,2;3 ," 3, "." 432, ") "72,"3.3 ("3320-33:43233'313,0

3i341,,3)1.1 -; 3 3.. (33 3-33,3 so-3.31crs 1 i- 3, , y ;t', :373-

-3:37,-/3.1 " ", 3 6

r When you L'.?;70;30 ;.2,17 ' oclo2, - b.u1'119 0.0-04 9d3 OC,4716. 0'2 - S'l,rill b ;.:2.,.7,:3oziale,

Tsoc,iot:iybu:-; fouv Se-clth Tforea 11_2.j..uZ ntd itomovia 9:,00.:43c7 and ue fovInd t74.10;ii this nn! U0X-0 s(Alst.,Yontleyi criti:, V- boetsv ski:pin '6o oheets be u'oiliseil the i'C'51)don VAG u.otad c.71.1,2 ba , co oc Lv ih only one boat bui?tly Inst :lee-1, cn.Ases is -poss.:I:0.e 1.iso the same moli:Ld o? to 50 boa-boo

VT..0 lay-To -7orl;er abolfc, f 2,50 peT hoix;:;, e.b01.1;:,;IN, 18 pek One ITP boatbuildor deoide, to otevt ::,:v,,-To-coilient boats 11P4 zian into difficulty es Oho ski:Usti siozpi.i.Ted £o I method in .i,he ;ouictea=6.,50 ho7te,D othe-2 paTts orl.' the T.To.,-.1.3 the si ,1_1.72,tion pTobably be ieLLy 1112k,--T7a-i,

0. , o bo,s'oo os,a be built ;',r,p, ;Ample boatoh,Q;%; withor,'Q to-.)miz,.311 7iog,D.:»1 ..orta.,'"oe,-ea,tur,e e.n.d hiisAidity ho,ro9-::71, tLe corot5.-Totien of large:7 177..P IwJ. Trill; in t-lopioal 7?.or-o faoilltins,You recuir,i-e. Owe btaildinr; ;:ale 41-2t fear.o-bement loauler tb.e boetbvildimg tvainin3 centro9 tihich iiaply a shed to give Lonfy.oT,1 the :Ain and z'zia,A simile:e ',Aso boat br.ilo ifib7..ioglassJill 17,7;C_Mil.'Ca an Q:-.711 biLile.LAZS UhiCh Wz.nad, yoU mom° zgroforol of te:aper,:,,tuve and homiflity.The craetio% of lurdslity control le important in tile big3or cir...;otsof,:' the "r,fibreglEza boats.The expenses of providing thc-,ta; faoillties an.C, mezintaininz i;ho control of tsDperature A homidity 17111 shou uo in higher ovex-hesdonToT smaller boai,s tb.o Sesse--typecas.toe built in IC-Onya and the xbot brilt in%Iambi% the quality Tequiroments afe not hig1,1 and less elaborate facilitieso.n be -asea

`724 mentioned by 121.1i,Bus,,011 tbPRP bov'obuilders in the gat appromiNaboly oh. 18 per hoin.i9 ani can menLion that a skilled boatbuilder hore in East Afrioa eaPil0 about; sh0 2pe T houT.This vest deencn labotri coot trill influence to a la-ego exi;ent the choice of con-ituction. roatevial. The main Toeson 1,by FriT 13 ta1ciD3 over in EUXOPe and tu? U.S.A. foTth'Joint:Faction of boats 7...rote 20 it is 'Um :act?,bai; a 1,7r6i10: :a.a.n/12011.TZ to mit togetheT 1-:ooden. boate Qan it doss to oroduce a similar CAZQ PR? boat.Although the basic material COSt TIM ihigher 'for FF/P9 the savingo in the cost of labour soo sufficiently grE a,;G to r-tlre :it economically competitive. The o:iiml,tion 7.1ere in East Vries. Tegcoding labour cost and kr.o.torit-0. cint cliffelient from 1-Etwope alit: the U.SA. 9 and we tlIT-2*6Tql?;i: le good in Errope is aleo sood here munt take caul/ ;Moe; f:1QA-17,ato and analyse carefully tic pcoue7c1 c,ons o'2 each, T.atel-lal A.P.J. HO r

D. D. (If '''' -1(.)

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J.A. CRIMCKET-17.171): Ft?, . s70%-',7Oer.3,911 T:).TC.111,,nts;`:101t., - 130F,' :11'1100 o '

`20F,' :;`""t'far:tr."-7

A.P.J.

26 C rs

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yn-o =2, 1-11-1., LritY,2 274,,t3j1.21,C1 tisiolm000 of, 7/a 1E2(33.:,_ a:ta7, .cy.:10.072otal.7.1. tho,131to 1kri.20-;;;-111 have a hull th,ie::-/c-1,71 1/8 inol2oL-1? °711(i;..,70 oipoz-durlor CYCi33 ?ct1-3.1.o ?"Dca

G. Xt -gaaot%Qc. revr fio12:Ingb000 up to 40 oilf.:VO 111,1:11':;71:1017!,..C7jr.i C.,"E' 7/0`';', 0 1ano!".,,-, boats .1bG:70 11-27o krfil rhai,7177.a.-3+,710i',12o ,,os.on of 1/3 11-2013.e3.

-8 IRA? Soz,,lar.f. L aoorlitz-cy non.--3ta-motion. 11.2o boon t7011. typ 0 0:e 13 03 112.70 Eost27 135-02,t '',..;11.7.1[-J I:).71, 7 7 o,us/o boLtro or2.? firj itboat ov arJ9 0% FA5C1 rj: 7.7):=1:.60 .11C:VO 1)0,71:1 bit? :Kt aleobe' o 'acay rT' 1ic 000eL 2 oz--ation of titoco 7.10,:J "Do

G. 411,1,11-.4 5,?!-1.0 bOr/ Çe cxrroo:o botueoz 25 0,10, 55 '11,c b:::{-2,7:oo-o 132-2_,`"6 Se 4E)';.;'';.; 1"7;- 72.2,7o 3C5,4-t f-2.0hfl,i2r2 boatcìalLO 5,5---C:6 )Cr.f6 2/0 "DOC-21 bu).,1dinc yo,ohto. Uo ivíaloo boon :1z,7017cft 1,1.672 OC==0C2R2A boo:"5 oon.2tAetion .:1:on,s' Em27,9o 1rtì br)a-"c., fin./thoz/v loload, 7.7e brf.lt r anA boocroo. D.C17 ZCIYYLA,L.f19ta,T;470:! 3 06.2 CY.12:Vf,Y!tj LTWG boon 7,g - 11 - II/D

J.O. ACH $1: IR: Mat io the ocalloot sise of '7' 38431 on be built of foorc-oomontT

G. The ocalicat flobino boat wo havo bnilt V:2!'J 26-Ot le IL (moo. all.Xn this boat wo tho pioe framo casotruotion nothodv La foot uo hay() a °cool:Act° pipo frame Eorld bmoca on tho inoido oo thot it can be lif".;cd to t o hull.

J.0. aCZOBAH: I that tho 41-ft:%..V.TC1,--AWITIC trauloo built h000 -plastored Othortsido in oao O.?y.In nio ac00000roj or ono loam jointo in '61e LIra do tho plootoriog 47,VC,E OGVCEZ1 dnyo?

G. UIPIELER: It is deoirable to ao the E,lootorirg on '671e outoide in oca doyv but oTident:iy fez bigGer voocols tho wool: has to 'oo distributed OVOY s000ral dayo. io oosoiblo b57 to ry opozy rooin ia tho joloto to colour° a poofootrolowet bond betuoon old ana nou carter.Uhon plootering for-oo-ccooZ6 boatv it wan preoiouol7 the ouotom iNGU Zoolard to prom tl,.)o cortar Or*m tho inoido through tho mooh cud 13/1.QM 07.zal OE the outsido.Thio Elot7.20a hea 007OF0,1 inoonvoaicn0000 11 tho rortar hao to bo ohiftod to tho iroido ¡of tho boat cl;sZ it io diffiorat to T.TOZt am to tho braoing and sooffoldiag on tho inoidov aui it in difficult to OF,..!3UTO oocroloto ponotocion o.? the E3FtES).D510 to tho t9.11n UCCEIcf3! for oorryiosg tho rortar to tho inoido of tho hu_11 212a 20y0Aw;it ''61117,x,,K,11 tho eoMpleto thidolons of tho ohollv thoro io littlo timo foz fichi Po tho outoiao boforo tho EIU'F.47,0,57 00134ACS.CiTez t7),e last throe to four .:,rears it hao boon usual praotioe to plaoor in two stage-3 Tho mortar is floot Ocw,-3ca through 52YMthe outside to about blalf17,-7 through tbo thiotaassv and it is thoo fiaiohed off ama left to hardon,Somo of tho braoisocao tlooa be tatavow from the inoido boforo tho meoond stago of ploo- toroogindonev that iov Porter io vibrated through tho famo the ixsido to fi/1 uu err poosible void. roo with rgroothat it ir cavontogeom to haw) lou bule-xlIts OD ferro=ocoont fi hin voseolo.It is aloe osoontial to ha7o otrong rubbing otroles in areas 3;12:.;.0aye ov000ptiblo to abrasion shock

LP e had the 1DWO3CiOM thot fooro-oomont will be abloo compote with other oaterials in count:Pico ulth low CPUZ, of labour beoauee he oonotruotion Fothcd ctill in fairiN lobouro intensive.Mat io tho pooition in Uoo Z,oaland in this roopootT

In New Z the good WtatbrIMing tirbor is b000rir,o_; ncooroo and thoro iov tharoforoa trona t0000d other rotorialo. I.Oorool- oomont io ono of th000 motor:131s mid fL7a hoc boon oblo to buila oorcootitivoiy by cooployiwo rrstillod loborr for tho aotool tying of tho mcohyoo-7i,oh io tho bolt oC the oarlo in tho 0000;oroo- tion of a forro-ocmout boot.Ou- porz000rAl 7:31C11: OC2200 :10 L'rj0, tivoly ocall ama for tho plaotoroo; o,o Lox.° a owAract ezIth on ortoido 12

tIo avoz, ol-11cla witia 1:76)), CD of In,21,3 diLono o:2 22.,7",;otyr..) boac.) tfclevo 2.1.'otio boat- btaldizz3 cx-o ov,;rzuora off.o.70 C;703.atá.7.7:,-Ui;L',73Q3o WO ova brius i1,1 ET.12, UAL CZFJOA,C..C.0 t1:20 OaiSti.',Urz.ition of ect bcaki c lie (012 C.4:1:Srl.c7a tc-.),t :kabour that h3LDfai-571-Lot, cqpc..-401.,Q0 triLi1=1,32:.imvii,121.23. Mu fitt'..n out tho breeli) r:%;o*s.,iLi tfOGVE:-;10 c fcmtqao Eiotaa0,z;t1efzoialtc1oaXolt111 vevivca 1)]ly bi c:oolo2 orc, aitod*Wo bolic7oiEry.soatirk3 iiato ootztricotch 112;s70 a Vz-AcrliWza. 2120`thCA-i? i:a3:!10.7;y' ar,VCACT,2,CEA Í.:id thc.) bLX io1lt 1)0 InI.V).; t-Do v_lioroiri11 bo aEzi tcotca o1 32Z1 3c:.70-.);sN,11.7,-,c. to bho noodo of

.7011+.0 O111): Are there Alt.' GoinL,; oricbho in,COCLit 1;141333 t

10,),:tioe tho Dame bal-xio taejLI.n.i.slytoC2'7.) :121 K:4 LT.rnotz.uotion Ezzito 3ith othoz.u.r..:Oarlaio ilik3a.ovo t110 1;0ight OP in5-el8io11

G* LITAN it Thci.,,o to lo't.;ofdovolovDcart wo',.L: being do.aoirFlal. ootratzle:, alz2.Lta 2t-forTo ,,;;JLiisrsht ooe boe6r) hoL bu2.1of trai;icin o2 tz-ginz to uhcToii,o co Enr-.3111C`Z.,,Viellt P17, 001110 Tf:r

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' , ; In , 95 of act7.- are in tho 5-10 hp 1 Of Aliu EZ/1230(4.17., aro primarily intonded by th.o manufaoturars for epor t avid r:Uc/2:20 0Tle..MG :uukt thz aohing of &ake Vietia 'Idoirali4.0Loaded or liaht9 the tralioual OELUO D can bo 1:7vor,el1od at maximum dioplacocent opeod all the tina by these coi,orai; riA91i,!;¡ht9 may OVOE 001-13.ataano improqo onthe displacement opood.That thin op: is r,f value to riohoem:m cannot be denied.Mractlyioo the o 4, JP en of the alev steed diesai advocato fall docaii 11.0orairely cloar.Eocever9 it 19 that the 'Dually b.4, 11.-eovriao propellor iu not toe unositel to tao eaoily wypoIlcd ,t1c11.Evan iu ..'12eica9 time if of Groat value to fiohorseu nad Like all of vagg9 they like ir comfort aa7i the cy retuen hocz lo Groatly to be dooirod.Xf it results in core people 'iiiu thau othorviso could have boon tho oase9 it carnet bo uaid thnt this io an amorthy doeirc.

fally adventagos of tho vatboard have boon given, above9 but9 of courses, tho .. w-. dibly Dimple installation and cam c: romoval aeo moot important.Trice outboard ..4, oirlifios beaching fiohing toosolo9 but oven nhoro lurGor or:72ft 1=z-111y lie afloat9 ao ae Wauseko on Lake Albort9 outboards aro forrod.The hiea puter to weight ratio9 of cours% has ito advantagoo in oca oarryvi,(: capacity9 GO well ao the ewe of tr 'of ower uni:, ;:or reiv ov caintorlanco ce primmry inatallatiaa,fib so% therefor%.!, 17 all the Zlehercon who ohould bo ohnEziag around o Victovia9 their boato and themaelves vib:,:atingo the steady 'olauslp of olowspood diecolo9 are now gaily di:inning along in nt of a htEh-rovving9 arcooly inaFficiont9 but witrocely convenient outboeod coter.

USED noot modern9 low-powoeed outboardo are genevally oimcOar in +notrustidn und perationy and thevo io very little diffueonao botueon them in actual fact.In tho early fiftios9 this uio-the case9onid a naubse of widoly advsetioodandoold cutboa.rde of difforentuakes T;zao oatecAy unzatioEactor2'i0Ono 2-n.V.3011 far the curlew oiinEr6ion in ocl-Je areas today9 whero ono motor aloue lo WCAI d othero 3huanod9 or ono paLvticular make relsolutely refured9 oar be traced to the prematuve irhtroduction of an umatiofzetcry model.flehartn'o memories are 1*)(4: and no matter how much improved and altcred that wwOl now 9 it still cannot be sold.Couvorooly9 whore an early introduction sas oatisfact 9 that barttculae motor may still bz tbo only acceptable make9 doopite at improvouento by ito compatitoo.

ClaT,AL0 Viotoviag :_lci has been oaid9 itinthe An rioan 0.1100. 5-10 hp :,iiel that lo popalca.. On Lake Illbeet9 the eather cavo rwged .,.744,1i: more )peimitive9 horissontallp-oppoo 12 hp K'erJta (Archimedeo) onglr.1inalmost alone in the field.tteir 1 of these x*toro 4D,vo boon cold on Knke abort [Awe 1954.On Lake George thotro in, parhap39 ono of the laot aarviving cooketo of the Ato Dent lapollcr.Lake TreTiba 44Z40 in -bia aada. in much of I:alatri9 tho British SeaGull enzine otando supreme. Law these regictl' `.rvfarenceo can be traced to the original inteoductione by the Floheries Department% to the y.z7-uonce of active and offioiont trado diotributoro.

-XV Dospito all the .ioroG4ug2 the outbcara dtill kotscany faults tlhich it would be idle r.o aony.Thio io not enrroluiac.4 tfalen one is:molders that thoy wore not dociped f tho 1;71-4.1 'UtD they roceiw in tl.-) ithíindmtv,y; nor9 coLlt likel7/2 did the awl owe evatemblato the otanlard of uechanio tlho would attezpt te maintain ac2pair thw. Uvo faults UTO atloo0111101MM oe conotruotion2 the use oftlalc oGlMilMOUS opeeatien9 rouio6t9 and to Zailuro to saard apinot exccoolve vi4Trtion. :7i'ap)lIoe blades soon bosom ohlppod and bont tn opsrationj mounting ozaohDto boocza leaue ''..yro1on9 and vibationo beeTL3 icoveaoingly important.Creator u%s of lank ant% lock cmdleo1.nc 00E3PIRMAG would help9 although It umat be admitted that as 24474 as

;sat 9WOU ipoohui thinc arepair4..)b in the field9 aFay .cnoher14, looing 13,-m o" "72-floo 1J,.n",s--"rAncx..cle 7V7.1, mn,i2A7°11., OV bo LTinno La

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SENLRAR F FM1910 OFFIGE7iS FAO/S SE CLORE o SHaLL FISEING EMT DEBICiT 1 obbey Uganda" 22-27 Febspevy 197

Session III EtirGlIMS S .S a Pape" 111/2

tboard Gigines for inlandv by

HOWESS

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGABIZATIOff OF THE ITHITED NATIMS2 Romeg 1972

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duce no t (*31,-.C.4,,TL,e,..4,4*.:,,,-.!' ,..`z. , ,4.- _ ) 7r all0.eyat.IF./,4,m,:,,,e4:e4:,,e-,--'- :-,,,,,,',e1,., ,,, *" ,13 610r,2M,Ve,77,-,..4,4 0: c._:?,71, ; :* ,,-",-..,-13 ,--,

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7",- **a ' "' cio o :Et dcoo not amcol tho nocepoity of ng a spare se of emer UI io to -oo colloidal:ad° With one 0310122.) bcing 1.0zo0.9 1 io CO 'Goo %night lo oarriedt, there WO

E;11. lo pozvioo ellsogog adL.R ir30110ZPOT 0 a oso t ed engine is ret edcase of an ok-a:-...TGancyv a m-aoh lot:op horoapouer C3Y1 be boughto and kept in w conditiong so that there ioeir little dorzociation Can be kept as a otby foz' a bw of yeas.s.

Tho oavioinm of emtboarJ analmo io moot impo t; if be' need int.t mater 4C the m,tor io lo2t fomy pici the cool° oyotem ohould be flushed out mith freoh tmtcr0

TbsoRmal oeL'vioo inotractions mill not bo mentionodt they vary coa i'llg to enaimoo usc20The abovo Gemeral advioo applioo to meot t,..: a on the kt t.,.i, but it should9 of ocuyoo9 ba uploTotoca that tba m2a402eeturere truetiono jawed uith .,,,,oh individusa Eal:c meet a/go be otriotly at-Moped to aa theoc E-74.tle differ olightlyv one from another° 7," 7 sï cvy

:15-2 71.1

o by

E,R, ICVARAN AND

27D iD01?2,11;=1;:74C, o:a cton ci cr.:;z3,o7pi.E.7e6.2.(r7R1 Lì 1'tocim.:Zquloo zzA r_72q,;'coa ì3 lanr_liFiso E.1."(7:3 r13'10 tFIT79,.joa-A aloarJ 7:no 7,K,M a...°1c2 ag:4712,2c;u2 ìo o 7.213 Z2,22,C=27.0 7TICE7:3?770f;Efe.%37v;OLT.) cLìCya'Orn.0 '1:t2O-0 1:77,5i") cij Ait?3,o Yr71-9 boaa Ca;SIC-:T3, 7.zt orNca tho "Elmo UD7711`1T.:, 2; 21`i)E-Dh?C:72 73;7 la,o-22, 37k3fV21.0 150 arJCM'a "61.0t C-'205-C..3`ki0 fetrE220 0172,S7; 1.;121,-.;(717...fj.77a-Sî.;01-'07,,-E-Elti,i ba 3%.,--ailab1o0 112 bio27,3r.a? 11.1Y, acrirtno tho aafL;t3'11,07,7O,71-2LI'î; co0.:VT:; 'bp Too 1,11 7,-olocr4;.ip73E31 c-laoo of up 'so 35 2:1,Ci7.1f!L:y7

PO (1)Resistance of

ECTC.S. FO Ole- tiel..a.vo a boat thyourz.:2 1:747:27 -oi-Jc,r2./6oovr5maz:::-) Is..E.roAr3 e R;DOiOta1200 8 ZTA0 oanc:ad by tko afgibiF2,.3 c',7k to°Y;(7Do'Flo 7c000l9ciaosC7Pilich co7 ct ilc Mtarja1C0o o co T "7:3 0,_,Ty-31747,-aulf.:2,b10 n-Ea(-A Fonpho/.9 a272 u-:).;77aaT1O2c 3tF:lo '3s7A) riZ;Ca2cS.Z.Frn. oZoT.-.7 ofj-DcAr:3 fo;lotioo, accovato fa:, coot C 2O oo:Acto:no9 at-.1.1;1:1D r;71,7 '617-"D 00(.37=0:12(1 a;c:ay by tho Cl9diVD. a_ZZ..1 raS'1111a72,20,71'by tho of72,7,7C :0517,72Crif3 17,71T3i,T.1.1570 ; MTiiiC;bco.t witb,10 Lo w =AEta:7nw-_A-ioc be -:;o-r.:7oonS1,vo 04722;t9 îi M oo7= £D *4,273 3 GP. C2ii;f!.0S2. (YE Elaot bo cor37".).11Lì V72>V0 A aotailcaOgiii.E.P.11of :!...;mo,.7oc cìo itiaa novo aYG0 aoczont caoniy bo ovt by a ama2 7c1, .ur:,[73[7:".0tIncc1ocíc 7).." mr,itable pm-:av Plant iyy;-;o:3,voo cvoat doal, 7ailoy aff. ED.7:1E1 '3(7):122C,W01-1. op3Rat:1223 cost° lì2v,soQCì2O0 acL v0000loLOnovo,a r;o7.-0:t-z:notc7f1 tho oczYd.cec of a 2.-Ava1 07?.71-72toot (..1136eo tL)o tho oaco ofr.:::,a1.1 faoh-21%; coa:?:ty oupooLlaDy C':,77IG':;f7.11L' L'7";",)';30 1.n often a0000aolv to rp=vDeactl wItiymt any p,cal, Tho. 1C3 i;hcdn boacs P,-(V600»15. :111,7 to c,:i.11..00t 07,t1ofooto:Ty boisn 0.77TDOBLT)' o

BasedOn avaD,ablo OmtaTucof tho TW,)ThçToounlocì1.77:11'!"DC12'51-S DY-.7M7g2 DP7a.) Toor.a.vcd rigaro i contaErn tho cthfaato7o LqQ7,1Kr:y.,20:_ol 137C3.72 Cl 7000010 1121:33.-Vg opseclp h tho boat in 1.;o:,,-,1L.:ovan71 slEoplaa7E-x,-toG3:"2!qo'r42,7 tho okara cr..? tho boa,t iu alcio 'Jac"? E_Mii07 a3A09 ofio thoF,o 2,4;1. g.-7,-;:ro1J der.7-hallAsic coîLì foxn th,o hirfla cm,-vo coa--.2oopoaio' bof::::¡.:y- bC;17 T71/aC.) th0 Oii7V00 apply to LIM:Uahualo wIth a ollaTpbow

7271 01=DO Ln Fj.,700 i a-2AM r7N9 (Chr:Ilu 11K72C-1Fs!Z,UO2) 402±7C2T0a ';30 E101:DVO t3g î3 C010e 0E-207%.7;?c; "C.7.) thAocc MD2 :',VJat the, fact crey:o9 Gtetcd horopourc3z? dol';,..vo'vall bytin 0,72,s,Tarn CE ci'î.5rit-f07-)071,,'72 Ugo_012,;70 tUo tho 1.;ota-1, aclivooal by tao 7-2(3 07-q..Arn ,scaTo 0119, 5oo will bo loocooco th,o ayîi. alp() boar.:A2z2so tho tg.2,7)o thic %Al aTz:1-C3.: 0 Q 5 :Jy-ocos-S1 oa7 bT.,w532o oaza i;t71 'ootlitcq at E. co',030.7.1 mo:o ir.vo P :4:',0 Of ,TDC'tf3 r,7:277. oc47,a to 110 woo:Nat 207,,,,L.t:5,vo 7(3 ciE7Alsr,dooc on tho Fourz, thn clucl ìlorm alo o.3a5p,:;k, Lr_111 i:77.12,YliiT 0:k' 10 77o rootzmil Y,klo'ivAL??..3 tho 2,op000 JZA 7,-,,o(':;:f_oc.72 c,-)m-n bc-,..17?fITC*:.;02`YL-LL3 cii;(51:t, -12fic u.:La ca.7,,cul.aato '31.1K: CID Tso 20-A0:730 s-tc,tc.:1 bhp (1:.;.,7a:1;i 71(.7r3oT7,7,7O, 5.c3 a:j1,Ho 26o02.fle7_77, 1=-0n7..a7.3Y17:72;111 OWI;L03M:7, &-Ity f Elcrt O 3':,)17tn7,:latcctr Th 0[1:iv-:::1 Cke.(-2C7;-sY,Y:,:a7 cac-;1,72 (17,-L-7o2,oy,,J V'T) CL^1`) ,T,LTT1 ,$¡¡r - 6,--"7-`1C0 :1! 7 115

. n -A L''''1,,,T/I7C,:0,33 `ZX rtiCri:3%DI3t3Z.1,) 2.000

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?-> 1CD ::::-/vo.,!f:auTe,e3 bo Liv-Ackw,,,acii.F..?,= a2 Ezoill7.zi.r.i3loL.-1 'at tin increased -;,

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vr, LI, 9 L3 (3f) \";11.41 a ciiicrK,-th of' 8 a ( 26 ft) 71';''. w;--,,17.-)if,.; 4 th1i-3 boa with oitbor a 15 bhp ;?!, 1) 2".rfi il'kj± out Kiaat 0.22Zovars...o thio zakasiZ. occeacmio twaso kitb.g.o i.7.s...11 0:7,1 :,25at u1 ioc..cetuULget trith thzco two '1.10.3,2n 15 bb.9u2.1b vo 13.0 opoodî cor1 6.3 :*Atta titdie 7:411,

#.-)! t,o bo 61.1222)t al; tr:a ioc haa b..o oho-a2it be Si 171-1,o at by 190(30 lavereo cedor foca3olt.1 [1:21Dz1c_!..0-..ot.con to tiAot. bz,..43o y05.0* ;2.6aro. L.D pcee, cnad. ...247:eago NI' fishing trip

V :°!V.!) KY) 4_10F/A 0lrf). itCS9 ana tho 200 tripai

E7hL74Lall f-151,1p *TIDtevA i57 211.0 ''W,11.701 'UDOte 1.3 Oi.1-1 7,INJ 2.86 1ie-Loog oLviag of 0,32 horE:i-J 0.`..V.ID,7 ti-at tho boo,t caa loavo 19 I:stall-40o later osch Lx rbo n,o03.-lbed to ouch 3 0372.113 which ado to tho cooaoi 25 Iry a ablo to coati:al? i'iolainfs 2C,.2 1.1c,1,f3 :5 LIP le.,ttoa-e youool La oblo to speaul 7082-accor2 - fioh (.472 120e ?A's rorro hozo.irs2c U.a2c.) v.1.0 25 hp VOricr.A. ce 820 kg per

"AP QZVil3uos, 31 540 zza (-2, 25 hp orapjaza cooto C.,-,:rT,IUr(r..i4:13,1ií.tz) ,21icAsi;0025 litoo Fr:xii:'1A1PLior-PgamAned 4X7f3t cc-_-_,[s7014:4:54.2. bo et,i>out 2 -1.-,a-Toont tho faol °;)c., 'Uo3,!7, 0.20 -so:v lb1:2,iyitoitanca cooto tri11 tak0/1 61-0 ,4-012.7.2 :kigo ofr.:,,,n of oi yzars ascircad gar both

;

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TZt9.21, 27,.1.1103, '77,7 :14? "I't "$61 IN1`,.Z.,'0:3

16 25 b? cgg;1C rg712Û 503 g7g: 0.12 ,--.17.2,;; 1.`;',54 . 00 2'0 rof-J oi '2 0 i 0.50 105

in00013 Will be°

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Kubpi(x!,-',/ ,gots12

Tc.7Jaa;;;7DE o:725 hp o fEcou6 ;AT:t Iwcc

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F.3t nn nm x:;;;,o ca=pleD uoiukg c2T2 byothel unroclu, .201F31 02 td,(E" bo 27-17,71 f 7fS1Sto710.7200Tt Lo .nk0 7102gt th.73 15 Ap gi'Ln tow C'l'Ktg?,:70 LIS') t7.ni.71 rlt 2.5 LA0tO ic7 iD E".:?L7D:W fm the poUnv.17 fimh 1,GimG thD 25 hn ovc4n3 iD :1,111ta1,o71 aOcin N=or,loo thoy n1,11 2loo tow ,,:7,205 hactcmIJ; tOey bo ablo co12 ncto. LU72ot 3pz,or3zatipn u,) c.cma7n tlY, 7xxs,e1 vAw-xloo cf';îgC CMNDT.71/6 u7.25.10 thn catc4 to cfros,..°1,0 ',;ho saotcCo

rNA%e 0/2 (TAtOLD,-;0 An illfl72'bo 25g19 tn -;-;,N17,1T3 7,1m, VSEVIM? An bn.fiTolliqs; bvn bo 'm 12 ',77,Kr 20a12. Tl-Lc D 15 cluz7"D772,11 213211. to 7I.2 10 LS: T37' "CYCL, 130$030020s,:7,72 2-Z:0 SJWA 25 Z1,77, aTnulc:.k nr,7) bo +42 v7Lv,70 0:1Gs-1 ual oontn yoc,T° vAla be2 11 Loa 25D

Tiy,1 allx:ftex! FA) T,Jtmi8 U.S. U. 2 LJE 25ìrovo o 15 hp °3s:4-1 A2 xc x 200 days 3

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; 124 Reason for net uniF,r, a dionelg his reald "so UK) ri1y if au itt=2 carburottor engine io suitable it reload bo tho coopud choi000ozyn=s,a cDtoTo ,E be r000rved for tho vory largo clasn of oporationo 0.?oro thpy cro superior to tho firot tto typo°.Tho dhow nay apppar to bo me ESRO than au obvious sa,7ostion to uco Cmt io mot suitablep but it deep Imply app-2eaching tho yroblom in the frono cdnd of obtainitho boot rather than. tho dhenpoot poluticub

In comparing tho ealt tive he foil ed for first ectinatenc Yearly Fuel ioating 1:31,71t0Y?_2770 consumption oil ouncumptia 000Gmgy porcontacso of litre po4 hp/hourpnrcontaso of fuel yearn onfA2n coot

Diesel 0.25 2 7 12 Petrol(four-str 0.40 3,1 5 15 Oath 0 0.50 5 3 18

II OFC.; I C (1)Pries nettled tin pioblo39 of pico and typo of ORGIE0 '60 bo usea TTD aro facoe, uith thz 1 tuffi*". problom *f celoctiF2a the noT70 of tho onGlao.Our ecncorn tarauaout is to obtatho boot vairo for the cmoy Suostedv i.00to f7:21x) pur*hnco thich uill gi.uo tho greatoot rot-urn in the 1*;42. run. PAIRLYD GPAEDO for wall craft arc mot enctom built - VD 't7J-.111 v72,01 up purohacing a otauderd Eedol as producod by am ,av or another.72 170 atton0 to opoeify cur requiremo*:te in great detail up nayw up uithci dooaripien of an mg-Am thigh no er,o 02f0P9 GR U3 may bo opecifyinc ono nart ar mato.A rrivatowocor can do just that if he @o decideo.Ifo hotrovm.e tho wrohnse in to bo contrellod by a tendor bcari cr lox bodyp snob doceriptiona uill not bo ooptabley ar& uo will be fooced to state our roquiromemto in onCh a maunsr tha t reasonably froo temloring can bo obtaimod, Tho outcome migt uoll bo thnt uo do 1.*t fool that tho loroot tonlor really roproconto the best las t,al' 'it oomplies uith tho (minimum) opecificatieno. Ix hio case ro d like to be able to pr000nt dome arguneuto for rejooting tho lezoot temdor in favour of ono of the othoro. In follcuingv an attempt io made to G2Toll1 ocmo of tho factern thich ohould bo taken into account in attempting t* compare tho v3lve9 as distingaiohod from pripoo of vari 'an rarino ongmnoo (2) ,,servio kshoD faoilisM coop of E3C ation dopalrds critically on tho ability of tho oparater to Loop thn wow/ in cLiw eitionfor thigh opero parto auft othor facilitioo uill bo required.10 the amppliou of tho ongino-udll aloe bo tho co.,irco of 057.12W parto end porhapo FODBLP facilitiod as to119 ao in very usunlo it in o0 tho utEoot impertenoo that he rauld be -All g 0v:A caenblo of %coping cluganto pooto available OOR iEuodiato dolivory ar at least obtaincible on chort notice.If aplicable) ho ohould aloc hvo adecjanto faoilitiod9 and any doubt on thio score dhould bo oufficiont rencom Ocy net aece ZJA 2 3 lou tonder. c:i17.:) .7:2= AT..?.01? o'71 onzt.zi) u.i 1C-11.Qt LYED CI- 32r 2.,'f:Z?.71 h.00yz,--atitra ti12:71.0 t'7,772:1C6f y:ob1c:2d v.zza7,-,3CC11 cC2C1C, LIPri.129 ,0 02.7,Z 570 P.7::::C31..b1C) )1.0W12` uLTJ-20CV.Z0?-Y.:N10 .003V1:1:-?03 F5.J1!:i0111, 0.-C) tfS''YkY2.. t12 en.71.17.Dr_ay.117,-,7oan cbEzmnalk7 -Z12Q TK) 1CA:2:iiCa FJC: 43 t .727.'t 3 .312 "6Islo ,;ouo2, 1u ar.;42=--A73i' 't 10 heavy 2.1N t; (3)

vt:L:?:1Elticin cliocol '.2u-,Toa,',3 trjsto 1.i72Q21 tiJ`' ;331.1. c4,57.Sti 017teeti ''siCYZ3 iwycdur,-t cy2 FACitCriL '213 bcacaEL:LOO taio pwduot 7..111.(:::.LT, :257:3 3Ci 3N:LCUZ277;-::".o V;a711. 01-Z2E110Yv rti'ealCi;ioLic 135iro(r.; ) Can ;i2()E-on MCVni CTFIjC acc L alowo10-'6ho orpcd. f.autcr.K, '.)(Dt7.Z.7.1 3 czi.) 10 1,!o5 Qsa 150 thz, ickrzo trInt av.o cliou oiniz.00 ti.Ao C200 11:44.1 DrieCao

Alf4).ETe,d. C:47.1j;1ï_76 C::!;Yt C,Y270::).[2!-- :WI '4, ure aaleilta; c,p.;_c}c: Ca1 1011 01:22a07.2'"?f+2.1. 0 L.10 C.,I:305'15'22Z; ti?.DL LiT..).5"; bo 1av ck271. LL,Ja4:::) oTacav.or 1:sv 1f r.xo ou2y inti:Tootc,f1.t ;Lo "Oet1W.° t 110 oagtle ear W.almoct bo 1.1:1c2. -tf5.1r.x.:, lo ci:arla-,!;:2.zz.;n1.1t ooztuftelwiaticr2. thin ../1,13,. 3L iauJ 1 :TC:Wid12o 7,0c2 oiooErY,;...47,:c29 from th0 12-okit og viou n>.o.4.1 03.t ay:41/3o h_a\;,_.)'Ziho alvaatas-ov :;articalarly loox;;:.:411af_3ìcoo c thoare;'ho.To' that Cin tIao 3VOL-'3:0 n7.10 i0 51.1-1 T7.771,23' Enr,;-,oOcr:: 3 211(.0 OrZ;CTIc T7V0:10111:2V1F ;i 1©c1iLc.riZ7v.:611_:[!c.;

tCi Qa27;-..) Tic? cli:rwcnco LD L.171:0Cf.le0 thoçf ittoL(o-2 hAG7:cT ul-no2 C.:aW 47 5 ,,-1:1.72u-aat alJa -117:tco. tho Lik7:11 opoe:1 ii Çio."6:33.1 Sfo CI,V120i3COC7i to bo tho bottzr Okie Ein °Î.11;110:S300 C.: t2;_,E1',AT:iL,2CLI ;L.i aaji.wixd hi,iir,h!D tkio Dpood hc c Lo oc1 cL o '..tYift;c2-2 cliciara jÇjcoaoiar....Red z--.o)atfk-oiy k:13.:.)apngeL i 10 an 'no baal.0 copvl (4)

foz, 0.0,:foLtD0 co'2 LID% anrxEl nzalLj .",;c? axol:Ino likvocAlzr th t;ata,..;% :1.11LOh72.0'boat 5.fa '2,L1 1:30r:ea tZ:00-0,:=72, caco. aiocara,71. (P:o,rboal-r49-, .421.) '411.DfC.10 r,";;-"Z; GED.17,--0 oir=2.3aly 97.4.'32,234,"01'0u 00 ti1340 e.f.2, coli: iu dj...al by of2,:r..l3ti; oohITatez,v 2.0 °cacti by riv,7";' \later°Otau Eit0E2 ZdE:Ca at4.77ant4230 ties.) aortgi31 ..",71zo 051F.ID t oth0 OT.17:03t00 :CT Z2,teX°io 'need 2.02:.o:xp?,.(123,7, L-41.1Citlasy;3 ho 11owoa..7.;c1 boom too Icr auh.lu OP.1100 ''61ao CITLDEJ117.-D i iio i4.37,o12.1y; 210 roo21-:.-,2 or,giax3 ctoolc,A 1.1"';',;C.1 3 tar.i:.10.Z47 t() 2TaflC ioh f-,;.:*Galbutcoo emztary o c.r:LL-).D °,;:1`.;C:D. C77'3:14K0 yitifl hoz-st oaoh3.22.gaT .31111.-3Tx1.12. .049,11. .Oi00,7it.59 Claa She-31:71, .>CL

tha.; goz? ccx):1:22; Wao o2.12,1,3.o."(1,L 23:1:g.o21c-7.:;,,, no 332A thc, 1:6uo100 `211:;..0 i:23-mo "ijo c.T.1 (..,22s2L; ,10:11-1 atIsIoo 1A2o 1-ofxr...) op.5:172or, ifr-oithe gr-Atadv-antac-ie of sicsfylieltu°in r-3 oren boat the [-:701.7 a e)ol:Inr.; air lo as rreblem,In a ,Jraft uith sc.:2) !r2ila of CJV,KD %-'COM tt uill te rDoencry Jide drLtftog ECT the cesling air!, ani .onZeus this ins boon ple74e. nle start soch ducting msyboccfse a conoiderable obotroction°ahauct rsmlfo1do9 siionmerc tord te have a madh norter life on airsoeled onGineo than Q-,1xnriyorralpred F3tor- ocelot/ ones, eo1ed outboards beeeme rather hetv ana L3.71 operator ne:.f.,Lzly in requiroa to sit vite closeto ..4() oaz1v7:; thin lc a disadvanteo,a u-stor of)olin Zt er73 also ead oonsiderably to the fire hasardv if the outboard has a Orel tr_;IL mounted Eiiirest:1,y on the ouginer an is co=on prootice in tho oase ex7 ocallev u.tbesvds,, Air-000ling has 3 definkte advantages, 10 it is neessoary to oreato in heavilv siltod or dirty u-ltor for =tended pericOs°Air-coolik; izsn alsn born rdvoeste';2co 'ace :in Itoreh, larding craft bessuee it is tken possible to start no engLze before lauaohing thohmtc Against this 5.3 the fact that air-cooled ongin's Elc) NaC1 LZfl 1111:ely to coor2.7.a cylinder heed if they chip water uith the engine vumlng° (5)Accessul. liaries

A marine engine to normally :fitted uith a nrmhor of aec*Deopio1.27_1;;A-At al7e soraltk'A orat least desirable for prorsr operation.Tbeoe ìirjzUo tco oueh as a.;..r slumerst, fuel and lubricatik; oil filtersv sea water duppo9 hand str_Ttors!; prronvirs Ga.uglov t3gT3/3-- 1--uotsrs9 speed contro/ levv.woo aLla fittina570 etc, tand vIlity, of accennuries provided with diffelt engine°vary oe,t!y enemnderaticn rheuld be Given ts i,;;Y%rJ paint viben eoiprices of enginon° of the majorb.QG'00E3WiG0 f a marin.:2 o,?.gi7e is the Gc::rbc eh Fey alre 17,70 a reduo ton Gear,Ii ctiamotorisetirm ,nto low iceol:e to elimite tbe gear box es an sconopy meas7tre,Yf the boato r.sooimpTy as a EWM1-.1 of roaehing the grounds ar.(4. transporting the fishy the elimination of the boz EL.74 not impose any great hardc1140Ifhousvorp the engine As te bo coed during the fAsh:lur.,3 tion iteel02 then a clutch and tira11y G reversing gerlr beccue essentialo and omitting neoe items is false econepy, The need for a reduction gear is more liitsly to arise in beato ef a somodvt construction than i% oayp motorised dueoutscA reduction G;-,? poiTlit the uss of a relatively large propeller capable of detelopiaz high thrust sni hi95! effloiency,Ecst outbc9ods ha ve a reductton Gsar built into the cetory but with a relatively mall tion ratio for cases whore the outboard oill be used for totingcEer use on heavy 'atalo no purchase of outboards with an abnormal reduction ratio aileu1i be considcocd9 despito the added corA, tho accessories are relatod to the oporatien of th.Q oi t0014 auxiliaries are provided for the purpose of fillinr; COEZ otho4, mo0.9 al2t2:h ao lovovLdirks. electricity on board,If the engine is to bo used for 1oivir3 a Ploce of weipi:..art ouch as a uinch9 some moans of transferring the TPWQY tO wincik 3 y,,,13mm take-off -.All be) required°SG= engines lord thePselves readay te the fittin3 of a /ower '60.1)D-on on others thio may present a major problem.Xt does n,..4t ray te mak-J a slight acv...i.g :111 the purchase coot of the engirep only to ilafl that a 1TI,Gap eztva orfondi'noo may be needed in order to gz:YZ, the fall benefit of the ongne by drt7trc come auziliPoy s9u4-0.-37*, Men the details of this auxiliary ;raohirgay so tzmuzi in adv.:me:192:6 c-2,7 be adviva,ble tr) obtaKlu quotations from the potential angins fnpAlors for ..?1,74G:iy...E:::11,057,3;;;W: options/ eztras

SEMIAAR FOR FISO OFFICERS FAO/SWEDISH TRA1IWe 015V1RA ON SMALL FISHING BOAT EUSIGN CO ' r CVION En-t ebbs U 22-27 Feb 1971

Session III ENGINES FOR SIIALL CRAFT Paper III/D

Discussion

Contents:

OUTBOARDS AND DIESEL ENGINES 0 1

PROBLEMS WITH SERVICE SPARE PARTS 06,000 *0000O 00 0 o 0 0 0 4

FOOD AND AGRI " r*fORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED RATIOS? Rome, 1972

AND DIESEL I= D.G.L. RI

SoL S 131:n 7- , far aa 4.J e Pn

111 )77:i Onat,4,22, '7,Ati 4 (tuel 1276 0,T, Li'. ' !'" coe 0 TIOC"..1 P,1; G, Poco oie",.;47, 1.n.",-?.: 'Ai:132617'6LA,",,Of",G2,2,

J. LATH: Wo la]

D.D. BEACH: In (,),D j."6 tirm-3 ro o " 71.,T4C, r'zTa matcn :146 !',Tbl- 71k"' 77(

c". `2.

ilfcce ' ELUIN

7.2pyilnf1 OG tllo -7 i ° .", ' ipstalliDgfPe lona5;7,, 0 Cja P )C31( ,Fs: '),1 fzu' Pc

`Z sta:t,:'70

One porr c 1 b Ir niU boe6s ovi; oi lv742 1;',2, o2LLJ LC P' 4.11 -.. I Po bk1c;e, P-.0P 3 10';', r.-;C- (1. Ttnt 'It-t yc nr, qupVtiQoic a faiz9y loo -b.lnrcoble arDc-7,- boa& boat lauotp *!..,:s1L77.'72.;;C:2Thp Po cv 0:7%*.lzr ma(--,Ta by 7D0-1,u1 t3tatps thnA oan J.7-700.. 0000 cm1;,T174:.c Jc mrst be oomid,rz6) Jo q,,nicae

In Japan a lar.?u,,' C7'0 P5,,*;;e0. tribojTa aieeei o Of 112 +60.1.10 shaf.1; tr) "?,Va'312611,0,1. iihe cr'..:7.117;4;,-"E octoiivb 7,7,11-Thcr.:2, Pae 03+, 77, 't`t l't%tt (7771; °7;b0:, oc'2106211 20.):., 702:T 'W'PO0L DOGO Noo

E.S. L -

A.P,Jo HOLiIDSg

LS.

A0P.J, EPO

» `, (

J,A,

M.M.

A.P.J. HO :

*Lt

N. 01

:=?^. 3.A. ; Outboava engines in the Auhery u7 Paut ;:,,reQ tu extentyoperatedîiypeeels who have.?4) teehaioal bael:urf and uho ha7e never opened au cl/scatinr; L3anr.2.10Tho outboavi, motor Quut mulergo an iverediblo a'noimec of abuse in the ha2-3 of those aamperwnoed o.9eratoes may utilly we Oind that tb.cr are rAving a seticfactory neevioeQ5.'clz.L14, into 0,000W'6;110 fact that in any casino *Lore must bo u 00ExT0E11.NO between the first cost and dapenilabilityy X tire; the ou0aoard enrAnu io doin7 very well.

D.D. For a n'b*t of years I have 1 Involvcd with tho u of outboard enginesin t7to UJO Theue owsines arc2,EiL:axily designedrOPtho iuuplCEITAT20boa Ear;zet, 7t that u on viso bqys an oboara a',Aor19WO ',";UOpoatiO5au of the throttloy wide open deva stop thero iu r_oth17,2E in bet LW, He g..erallyi(00700tbQ E:aintonanee; ho ignoreu it to the extenttivabe ne7ar e.,en opeal tkeougine uhen oomething goes Irronz. An outboardLazi1510u(1001p.aaoYUL,i000 h at close to full trottley u,thrn ivtut7-ouble.Por

fishermany i 000 h oE uolrorrpe:Az-7, latm:.11.7OF.Q0.9to one year'u operation.

Compared with iabol.c-1 diesel engine7 the outboard motor iu considerably ligllter. A 10 hp outbor2z'd motor may wei:-;;z arev2a 30Iwintlea smaller pis° diesel eu-ino will weighrly0ALA 250 kg Thio savir*; in ueigt will aloe meaa un inul-caue in the speed of the bout cry if the namo oy;oed la maintained9r), larger amount of not o7,,other :.'1,Q3V12,3 ger can be oeis, ir:a. Alternativelyy a smaller outboard er5ins oan bo 9ox.sencd to give the same speed uith the nume out a042,1, as inboaro- powered boats,

A S It:417been mentioned that one advantege oE outboard mechanization is the poosibility of rcAivcing the grow. from 4 to 2 men. myexperience, ho -ery is that co-i an outboardpowered canoe Jae u crew of4aten ia order to be able tohaul the : #W.olear out tho -nets unfficiont4 feet. I therefore doubt that outboard mechanioation will load to a reduction in the nuMber of fiah on the zoe.

IT FUTINANI: In many parte of the uarldI have own fiuhw:men oar erngines in their boats fitted with meine reverse reduction

g . It ecis1.4 to me a vor, solutiony and it rite satisfactorily jmany placzu.

D.D. BEACH: A high percentage of the fi: 77 on the east ooast of the U.S.A. aro fittisoar ouglneey conveod for urrine useinto thetr boato and. it io inpossible to find a P)Ye 00021=40 001MtiOn

*"4 The use of a car en7Tino in a boot will oortaiwly problema with colon of the cooling rustem. D.De BEAG112 .":72120 311:> 12C: .*21.1 031

P. PRO T-;-Ye1f.1 tLo si,ze in used..There ovc. sovcasoc: :;L-o:;:,,epi../ev is eequired goy '0%;:aulci,,! t.,'¡-6-alet, Iv., ,2,(j;.; iqicYji.. 0ì trawl L.+ pcart aith 2eb.,)c'c.dc:2er;br,-,ted, parbiealarly C4oz,zml,yo.1,6sults c%.;.: the t'.7-Raliirz iry ,Tir_jr).., it se(r:lis t c;4e)-r_ tLo opoc-t 2.Y kliots ur.:1, this :117'f'.1.;.:A., local oonditionsv 13.10oL of.rs) cr Lc7,esults so far Li:It 'o7.12,ti10 o :ralat7.-,..1.".A1 as large ao uc C7X!, Gat L'OVìvL

PROBT.,Th- ' VAR.

5.'he 7,-;efotif4-, C12 pl'nj heee hictL'o e..;:s: the cloe.,1CS 1;4; 1:0cp z, anrynai. c:t 'jag;ebi.1%'e:3nt 01);I e-oc.0 ,W.1!1(71,,":7:1aybc ableo e: L21. this isSO.

DOACP One reason for. thef....,horta, of sPary»o parts the) cbanze

th(zi azid types wc,:/ C_Qf 'øi

J RI)Z. 't+ 01' S 1,0 '..z.oc.9 IA.; a eozle4x..... tn.',7.,tio:a seìthor.i. :.-a-o_10. be maoh tO onsvre a Gti.r:iply of alp::,,Ye

kl1CAY 0JOUVI'1E...12:Zr \.1'12r.71,70 b befoY-e obtain/11z oer'vajK.,, 1.).±(1 e eoz.h-k. .For a f ishozazil thLuoult: (7!, GP-AD`Z.,-i; loss to oould not fis1i13 î1i h/s el.!aie-to CY' O CL'LO:)- *:10 aLIVQ: mvw laRes Qicr.f6 ot b-;,.t'It is oorailon to e.,13 t.be7.i that r..0.1`0 -11Z.1--t; Kit0:,40:,:t.:1,,-LIJI,D 1000,ty Lc1To_syrUt /(;:30r.ftis erhin2go72/13,,::: our out board meenanisSGion proe6;s avd9 iticLt ZatlurevavA ).-.7ov3d r2.1317. C.47 ex.!;i53s..) eopz- q:ve here t o tell 113 110W t ocIr 1)(5

DeA9 I think t`.1.1:-) you tf) 'Zive di2ferent FrhoLi o2' ovitbc7n-.1, aoz:Znes ¡Aga, iacoe afefficallt bo *C/621. ciZ eo3ines IQ 11.;V:1 Sio3s not ore:Irt : 1opnT; D.G.L. HI The problem of srare parts smply is-. 1osc13; oonested ulth numbor of engines oí a certain r.2:1L oporat;ieno ao engine representative 12111 carry fanr, L:eviws spares in steels but if nere are onlv o Tow enginen o2 a eerein v.ke in thin area9 it is not a ce1:1-aercial .¡,reposition CUT;Ttf 100 pey:con spar e part stocks to ou,:or all

0. CRIB 11+N. One o unaerstand the ong2ne peprenotrtativo'n point of 71su that to keep a full utoot of °pare pert° for e liotcd nur.ber of sACnes is not a eocaucn-,-)ial. wo.poctionI think a practioal solution to thin proh1e7.1 rould be a ce7tain ,Ita5dardicatioa of .tho makes of engines to bo in projectnoneuM it be posible for the Pisheries Dpe7,:toont9 on 44ey have decided what type and horsepower o'e cwillo they Oesirov to Go out for tenaer and ce,11 bids ..7rom o.,11 into.:TN,qtea engineopvc- sentativesiInstead of bnTin; ton enncu fivo difforont manmfacturarsp one could 7,;;T fifty 21.:m ono amvfectnrer. It would be ouch easier to enon.re catUiteic.lt spare ..3arts end afterealon service if .11.10 in doaofcAditional adventago nould be that the bulk order will o-iY,on )11:1 TrAcoo

S.14 SULA: One cannot expeot that the enr;ine dealer uill be ebloo 1-)ey a visit to every fishing viliago la X,'1.07ki 0D01.WO that tb.0 Eingiir30 axe proporly me,intainea enr.2 repaea.Holie,ver2 are several big fishing oentres olnA cnv Per emnIciplov Wanne17.e ou Lake Albert.In this village tha..') in a cm-Adorable nuuber of outboard onginesv and I PM 0-,WC' 11r.)t,k/ fryin[; pe74,10aiG. ViOitO to this fir41thng ceneep it ioil bc poseiLle ?op the encino dealer to fird o e eRgluo 7aeroa113, needs repairJ "o wijust the spu: stook accordiM7. In thin Layv he will One anoura -t7,.7,16 the an7ino DOA is being operated and is making a profit foe tho ,fohar9en2 uniob uill result in the purchzuing (7.,aove ontlioard an4nn0

Outboard engines aro 7077 aagy to 0(4,71.00.You do not need a mechanic uith a grest deal of i,eohlii70 1)ao1 rovAd, and I think it is this factor th:A Llde tho crca e71es a success in the fishery.1 do ant th-L I efil urong in neying that there are aot MX17/ fioAL2g vil1a:3es in 73:411,Aa iiithou: car mechanics,uho can do a top e7erhav1 en, a f%rix ard chantrle a geer box.This In a nuclous tha4 uov ee îihoi,eooploemt bvild on.Mot is requirci for furt'ier aoten in nore specific training in the repeir and, maintevax)e oí oua000d engineo

P. MOUE: I think that the DepartmenLs of Tishories in the tbree ra,lt frican countries are J71)0 taking a M07:1 .7V307.20iblO C.tUtV.420 toward training in ma,,inor-2,2eo vaa rc.7)air ei the ficherEup,,o outboard engines.Thcy aro CAD )100 q'raininc,; courscs for outboard cn7,ino mechunicn.,9 ocot pK'ebably more efficient than '62:5rinf to tcseh cw,7.7.1y finhnrman how to renal' hie 0i7r;IDO, T. aeW 11-- the cutbc(x1 Ci32.12.0 O iOOaany coe fnseuory tvained. mzhy villo3. clav., a CJOZZLicioble amber outl)osa-d ti20 ahaLIT.,-4y-po ITratched tho ,-;J.1,00E1LL throut tho curf; uìwould szab the outboard fiy.:ettoi,ho sido oítd.10 canoo2 take it on his lap and LAI; tLobottor: t.,1,7) e-snlouorevent dr.:-,m-ge to the motr-7- rams onto the 'beach. ;.3oon 2.:3 the cano on tI:o o7rzy thetoon his chouldor 1.1.p the 1,e2c.11 amt tv_rn thr.) ovor to th.e outboard mochanic.rifil0 :lee/lards woold do tuo *1.1:i.nrsoshe woad tri.po ,it off on the ow,side pv.t it into a 50-3alloi drum filled with Yozater and I'm the onsino for cevelea at:autos.In this y :oui,Ct.¡J..?..:3;A off tin,sat from tho 0:e the ongine auql drjrf from tho- otztsiden is very interesting ;,..7,to thvA' pekrolC lit':;11 1 it t t CO/1101 C.23. bc?.C317,-ST01.1M1 0711. piok 1,7:9[Jo Claiday 'f5110har-4:7".004 ofgood i'Laintonance oí oi.Ntboo.rd. Theor 12...rwo probably oaue mio'oakeE,.. once o:e twice but ther3e Taste- will not be 17speated.

E.S. 14 Arc z.v6,roer3e-nts statinz, y r,-z?..uueacrQui.e5.-s ave :,'eov,oncible for: 2.-zeep.ing sparo parts after the make has Gono out oDP.leluotion?:,le are opma:Jing launches , Ar4 sooe of the',.:hìo il old engt.as9 aad ie7or.1.01, for how ,i3O7,1'.; a 1j...120 °Zia trill be assurel spar° pavto for Lhece engines.

D.B. BEACH: e.re concerns:11 the answer is ono,,, A oo.apaLT,. ti_u.74;L.?..nt(i.°0,otuTesL, pvz.:iluct and rto to stay husineFls 5,,y111,,;Jztv.:ro,2,1,v 1-7, Cri:70 ¿rounuï cpvres. Lo c4eztol io likelihord of :.Lniling ope;r0r2 beeoriou E.,,hd less.'P.I5.-1.7o is no law In the .that hcxy iczrc yero a :?:.,jatifC.1,01;1PGr,t,' ObligCA '.LA) toep op.ares to :F.-Cain rì:zçgonc ovi; of produc'tion, only gooll bacinn,3s that '6ele Uhe companies to keep spv-res oi...odvs.)t1.!, a man hiyc Noduc.:4 at CainCot get spari)s he %rill LA30:2 17,,,IAr to azioth(.4.-:.,oozr

J. LAU.: The assooiation ofongi.,-3,(,:! 1.;1?,:.1.-4,7.,,ctur.ers in the U.K. has this matter ve' much 132adel, con:Adel:at ion; brfz; it is up to oach con4p, concer.md,,,ttneLotiati.:1,3 iong-te,:5-4 contracts; to state oyactly hew a time thcsy tr.%11 assure :Tare parts. r.i.'ho company I ari .vo-presenting it: at -orosm.t aegoticsr,f,,wz contracts to ClOSVO0 OraO pa.:ts 2w,. at lea.itt, thS no.1:;;ir(-:P. years. think it is Very impu at this point ir brovht 'Into the negotiatic.of:: re:3aEdirftk$ cloltet5 because not only aill the 1,10er of tte ei:Ln o for hou lovg ho oan be -moo of getting spz,ves9 bu: the dealo-i;, bill also -alow hou much otoek he should l:QOp UTia no will Imop :h(.9Q cp.,70,T,0; bus will be re2loctoCtith(.; Qcst of Pull Lo..1, big oo-,:vanies; and 129 11C1. t32:;j: bill ,.:anago to stay in business for long,2 do rot.,.,77c pc:rtsg but it must be stat.c,? 1,7ao (IC nreo,a7i.r.G. a loTv.--i.,erm contract. ..:Iso otatetaloye; ',A.10 coat ra,..ri; ,:.;sEFtiri13,3 uI Lo lacchl ,.)1?2ke of 01^"1.7-71:12.7.1 7)C' LWO,j-Labl,G3 44VDZ: 47:1(3 10,72C.',0 tL0-,!?;-;-",K1 t7112 aloe lic th poriod.

oi-;,c,n (:1 31"-40 "ocm, contracto vivr?. iaL'.1%;z3 423iin C1 ro 1).7.Trt? , onl:.icipated /'243 011,::71,31-Dvffi (Y.)701,.-; nr/i

SEDIgAR FOR HEETIIII=3 GITIOE-21-1 FAO/ EIT GE= snALL 17.1HTTIU MIAT 19,U-YCOLÌD .obbev U3arysla9 fbby:JL-Av

r.suadon IV BOAT IV/1

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ODUCTION

The otablie int of a nau boatyard uhich io to undortaho eeriouo production vocal° eful consideration ardstudy, In developing countries ono oí the biggest probleus io availability of capital to finance such a vonturo.

This be overcome by ere harged loan from cc oroial bomkv a loon from the gove ni or an ivid ,# * is in a po iti to be ablo to f,,o. cufrioient capital from his own resourcos.The needs of the fishing industry aro of prime importanco when setting up a boatyard.A number of factors must be conoidored oithin thio imadotry before any plans are finalized. Obviouslyv sizeo of oloicting boato have to be conoidercolv together with the develnwont programme for the country Which will be oerved by the boatyard.It is far better to have a yardbicgso than the immediate domondo roquirov if yolAare certain that the sizeorthecraft are goingto incoaa0o0 6 should it bo found that there will be no need for lar boato than arealroadyootablishodv then to build a biggor yard with more space thanit:3neceosary would be a waste of very valuablo capital.

Men ths above factors have been consderod and a oanofulotudymode lating to the abovev the size of themarlin:4d yardCrIrlbe estim13,ted with cocuraj0

ATION

LocationCTsite now beoomas the most ion:tor-tent i'actm20 Once again a otrily shoold be e of a nuMber of points.A few examolos way well be uoofnl at thia pncttt.em (a) location - it wd be unwise to establish a which uato not eaaily aocoaaiblo by eithar road or rail or both.This is of particular impontanco 2ot o ifen tho atecky easy flow of materials neededto r the boatyard oucoosofullyv but also ZOP thO ansportation of the finishedoor'aftvif and whon the need avicoo; (b) availability of materialsv be they of local content or importodeIdoallyv the yawl should havo a power supply although thio is not absolutelycosoary.Tho availability of pol,--ev e1d machines cuts the cost of labour charges on a wooden waft by bot000n 10-15 percent0

BO S 11,,

The ho element

A b t '11 only be oessful if the Skill of its personnel is of a_high

Here in U a four-year course in Yacht- and Boat'buildi io offered at tho Fisheries TrainingInstitute. There are other methods of obtainios poneonnol when a boalbuilding industry has boen established in a particular oountpy.To mew junt twac the training of apprenticos under a well onganized r000galoodappventiceship pohcze uithin the industryg and seoond/yg taking oarpentoro who avo filiar with the noo v.'s" hand tools. Thooe can and have beon readily adaptad to tho bootbnilding trade!, an emample of thio boing in Ghana when the Fiohorioo Dapartmont thoro oubabliáhod thoir first boatyard.

The course in: covers a poriod ofEelEPyeaTnLI-KT2the ptanod o ao:;cv the boatbuilding trainoe otudonts in U io from otudonto who haw ocnplotca thoi ppimary education. A *teatnumbor of those have had littloor no ozporionoo in the vno el: any typo of toolo connectod with the boatbuildins profouoion.

. average of some5s 00 etudenta apply annuar7 O pls whioh Teeineee are geoupod into yenre firet year second year, third yeareL*4fourth year, During the firut yeer they ara ta ht the banjo uses of tools the more wee:ea joents telet are used in the field of boatbuilding. In the second year, the eeeeente etart the actuel peactice of boatbuilding. They mork on very simple types of oonetruction,mainly of hard chino form with a skin ofp od. Thio gives them the beeie eeouledge of the problema which they ere likely to encounter when constructie a boat end also the need foe ecearaoy and cure. i(Lv.ing the third year the trainees are oeeeled in more advanced typee of construction, eeoele roved bilged fore and dlinker or carvelconstruction. T4e5e craft are in the uiee ef 18-20 ft overall lengeh are fitted out ready for launching, and arepceered eeieio by outboard engteee.It is clueing the third year that they are also given the eLeeee teseo aed practico the &ills which are needed to produce a high quality finish0 ehee ie done by buildine a email feet rue-about type hull. the fourth year, etineAee iu placed on the oouetruction of the more advanced typo of craft. This includee the eeeeteuction ane fitting of componente for an inb*e.::,e, powered oraft.It is during thie ee.ov that the ereminetions are held. neer_feee

In maAy of the eeveloping oountriee the climate does not require an elaborate shed and an open workshop on al/ four sides has uerved a voey useful purpose,

The yard ehould be as uolf-contained as possible and have as ny amenities t ,tf all peeeie. A goce emooth floor spaea is of ereat importance. Thiel ehould be of rd eeehee earth or con tu Air oiroulation and ventilationmuot also be considered, even if the yardio ceeined.Should the roof of the yard be too low the teeerature mill, 6_u!;i12; the het 'tine ee the year, be almoet unbearable end eill, without doubt, reflect OA the eoreine efficiency uf the warkeen. Security meet aloe be taken into consideration, and if an open-sided ehed is used the storage arca meet be eade thief-proof.The timber shed should be constructed in such e eeeeee that theec iu air eirculation throughout.This improves the air masoning :,gotwitlal; but proteetion from the direct rays of the sun also rain meet be incor- poeated.,Th sise oO the eimber otore, like that of the yard,will be determined by size and number of boate to bo constructed within the workshop.The establisedent of tLlereee type of beat-yard involves moro detailed utudy planning, in tioular eeen etetioneey eleotric power wachinee are to be wed,

TWQexamplee may be of so use rel. bengcostings: a boatyard of very simple eeehewith a coacrete floor, corrugated iren roof : a store with weld mesh.or e ing ooto.1 eeolosiee the eerkuhop for a Glee of sole1 500 ft2 of floor epace would cost, at WiAQ peeueut eihne,epeeeeteately Uganda 6h0 10 s A largorZO,more sophieticated eaveof uowe 8 500 ft2oefloor epees( would cost approx eta's, Sh. 320 000. The Yard chieh hue been quoted as emoting Sh. 10 000 tould be jaet a covered Waco/ eith a daily iseue ¡Awe, bat nothine eloe.Wheroae the y.ee eeich io mulcted at Sho 320 000 woeld inelude a larger meuld loft, machine ehop (the cost of machines vould bu an exera)ztiebee etere, &few foe steff, toilete machine facilitiee, eleo6rieicetione for eoeee geed light, and overhqae eeetries for three building beye. Thie yeed uould be eble to copo with boats of up to 5L ft overall longeh and eeuld be ideal teom the coesiteuetion of vemele in most of the oonventional ,nt4eials that are available at thA-.) timo. Tee eeell. vìPdumtiu. IN:olt,46 be 0:&0 auited to timber coeetruetion but could, with o'l ineveeee ee eeet be eedified for the purp000 of oonetrecting in other typee of but it iu debutobee if this eodieication meld be imitable foe the production

, elaee e r?..iocduot - for eLenele, glum reinforced ptioe. nr/i

One very important point 'which must be reEpHbered t-ftth a ya7, jsuch as the one in question of some 8 500 ft2 of floor spacey accom2odatiag be:to c)f nn te 50 .A overall lensthy is the actual physical problem of moving the finished craft from the boatyard to the oator0 The size ard weight of this craft would moessitato tho proryisicil of a olipway Eor enq also slipping for r*pair or refit0 To install a slipway of this nature would ruouire a coLTJideatle increase in capital ezpanditure.A sliix-ay could be construsted from timbpri altheug7A it uyald be far more effective and lasting if it bOre constructed W.' concrete.

',f:TslyoaLs #

Ideallyy, theme machines ah d consist of the following:ha] 4aouer/thicknesser.

Great ce must also be ezercised in the citing of theueoEaohine upaco mu»Ji; be L.uffioient between each machino to avoid iliterference to tlx,) op7lraterE12022 the Eachinx) are in use. Safety factors must be considered at all tives:ubeththe yard icoen-sided or enclosedysafety factors which not only includelthe oevuonn31 but02.e, bnilding itselP. It is here tbm.t a very important item of worLchon equiput mi ght .i3ove to be tho E3Ot dangerous if not properly placednamely9 the steam bo:: omd boiler°Fire is a vavo hazard when working with materials uhiCh are inflp7Tabley fmch e:3 sIKAT2D,r,p2 of2-3rtsv painty etc. The steam boz should be positiened so as to be c.oatal co that it is convenient for ell the craft in the yardv but for r6aoeno alros.f!y cal-tiolKd the beiior must be kept iel1 olear of the machia2 shopy tivber store and daily louLle s'Goreo A mould loît is an oa ive V6 is an imostct t itom if yéAl conmtructing the ]ara type of crafty eogov 'Zn the rauso of 25 26 a7:0_, above.PcF:' the smaller type oi crafty a mould loft is net a ecuertial L:ol,t of thn yaw].It Ins booll founi that to lay off full oiso9the plan ayd elevz\tion ooetioin coo 124Nt really nocaomyy fov oraft no mAer oounidereGiono HavdLomM erdpa,ytm3asklc.xt oo27vo tho piR?Iwo admivably for the t2anevopco motiono of the hulloThis beaalpeither by laying a. sheet of hardboard OT plywood onto the 1-xpLcho-p .klcorv or en. the %Tg.P.k benches OP hovoocio Haua tool '0?eqx15.,,wents °Tow oenoaeTobly ulth tho t,vpe of crat bo:137 oeaDtKlactca c.vik Intwiale mea. A liot of suasontea hand tools fer 1.,-5:07.1e:e. in J.VOD. b010110The aY.0 spaaalized hae toolu cfm be olucified as wrìhoct az?. a cAlfgestell Aist aleo given below.

(i) too);

t- inch ealzscity olectric erill 07;x, -nE.3 Bench sallders eithez. dios or orbital JiawPcrtable olectric circulacau '0_L,e1r.; (2)Issue of tools to boa1ij etudes: aeua ITA7v 6 point - 24 illcAt Panel 031,1v10 pokl-it - 18 - 6 TOA0A wvc; lx,n1E3r 1-.!aol; Ratchet braco tji) Mald d?ilin Yvw tJA?7?.7)s - 12uoh Smoothin lane stool - 2 1/4 inch Go.Fyylo 1v/1

Screw drivers (cabinet) - 12 inch Chisels, bevel, ed. 1 1/4 islet, 1 inch!, 3/4 inch, inch Noe-Lice chisels, inch, 3/4 inch Cutter bits 1/4 inch,3/8inchr inehr 3/4 inchr 5/8 inch,1 inch planes, otee]. Cid.13hammer ritual) bobs 6pirit leveler 12 ineh Spoke sb.aver flat Adze Countersink bits 3/8 inch 1).i nifc drills, 3/32 inch to 1/4 inch 81,jd.ing bevel squares

13.311..1 cutters, 10 inch Pai;tf knife SpiihAB012a`vOlirous.d Gouge chisels

rEIVBIT BY .0IFq-NTLIES

This assistance,gl.ven durii g. the starting-up period,i of vital im t nee. In Ugantla, this ins been meried out by the Fisheries Department.The Regional Fisheries Officees have been of great assistance during tb.is period,.Without their e,ssistancer the establishment of the boatyards in Uganda vioti/dr WOfeel, not have been as successful as they bz-rim proved to be

One of the vain ututilbling blo in the runni 4of a boat is tb.ebusiness iinenoiLl sid4. Uosting-s kayo proved to be the bi.:;4at problem.Here#:,1,in,help ie 3i.ectuired. This has also been do by the officers already mentioned. It is so easy for a vrorkshop that Lao vcol,a, 07 0c.1 VLrorkra:na who can produce sailable craft to f that they are in financia/ trouble csimsly because net enough attention has been gi...n to the actual coutirw0'the I:Wished craft. This needc3 careful consideration v . without establishing thi,L.J,...,,11bus' se HnagocntP4aocurate costing facilities, the ya,r-d, no tter how well ecrai2needwith n)ower . chines' will never show a hwhil working profit. Figure 1, Floor Plan of Boatyard Costing Approximately Sh. 320 000

I /---,.---, 1 9 1i i1 i frameinWeld steel mesh E I 1 ' .1wlcnicp, t_ _ .1 1._ _., El, =1 I I MAI N I WORKSHOP --F- -0 1 t,", 1 0. -17 I 1 I F-1 I E-1 -... 1i ci i 1 I 1 z I .i. I._I /I- - J L. _ II iti I II FLOOR PLAN - SCALE 1/16

IV/2

SEMINAR FOR FISAN iro OYVIC FAO/SWEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Entebbe, Uganda22-27 February 1971

Session IV BOATYARDS AND BOATBUILDING Paper IV/2

Pricing a ne oat by A.F. HAUG

Contents: INTRODUCTION .. 900 9 900 00 90 9I A SIMPLE METHOD OF PRICE CALCULATION .... 1 CONCLUSION...... 3

FOOD Á AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF TRE WhITED0 Rose, 1972

INTRODUCTION

Calculating the price of a new boat is a tad,: in whichanyboatbuilder will be involved. Any boatbuilder training should, therefore, have this included in its programo as a supplement to the practical training.

A boatyard can only exist as a commercial activity if theinoc-ne lo sufficient. The most dangerous mistake in thisoonnexion,therefore, is to take too lo w a price for the boat. There willnot be sufficient coverage for the expenoes and the boatyard will ran at a loss.

However, being too expensive is also dangerous, especially if there is cpetition from other boatbuilders. The activityatycease due to ladk of orders.

Pricing may be subject to acertain strategy, oh axis

Keeping low prices in the firet years of operation to get into the o gradually increasing the prices as ti o Je2e by; Taki advante of a fitineboomn increasing the priceu when the d for boats is high; Underbidding a competitor to catch an important ouster, etc.

We will, in the following, consider the normal case, whore the parpose is to arrive at a price which gives sufficient coverage for all the exponeoe and a justified amount of profit on the investment.

A SIMPLE MOTD OF MICE CALCULATION

A simple but correct procedurefor calculating the price of anew boat will beII follows:

1 Materials and sapplies ...00000000000000000000000000000 2 Labour ...... 0000000000000000000006000090 3 Other direct costs ...... 0 00000000 0 000000 00000 0 0 00000 00 Sub-total direct costs0 00 000000000000000 000006090 000000 Overheads 0 0000000 000000000 0000000000000000000 0000 00 Production cost Profit

Selling price

Obviously, the calculation will be more aeeueete if it em be earriod out artor tho boat has been built, but often it is necessary to fix tho rice at thel_me of centrmot, In that case, all the above iteme will be estia4tes, based on wetexejemo from Reee1aup bent°. We willassume that the boathas been built alnoady aad that thure io aoceento ini'orrntion about suppliersl invoices, materials that have boon taken out of Lteek, time caeda, oto., to the extent this is neces .0 Materials and supplies

Add together the coet to yourself of all materials, nails, bolts, paint, glue, engine, sterngeav, winch, etc.; all the different bits and pieces that have gone into the boat. Make subdivisions for different materiale like timber, steel, hardware, etc., or subdivide according to the parpose on board, like hull structure, deckhouse, outfittilee propulsion machinery, etc., whatever is found convenient, Give each job or boat a name or number, and keep a record as items aretaken from stock,Any substantial expenses, like freight oharges, ieuurred in connexionuith the nurchaze of equi exit, especially for this boat, must ale* be iaoluded,Interest Should be calculated on expensive eviesent Which is kept in stock for a long time.

For complioated boats, it is almoet impossible to rememberall items unlesstheyare claesified according to a sysem that can be ueed for all boats built at the yarde TWO methods for breaking downcosta are proposed in Piehi Boate of the World: 2, 1960, pp. 328, 3292 330,

Lebour.

salaries and social expenses for work onthe boat iteelfzA.the production of and equipmentlas well astheir inetallation, bolo here. Launching and preparation for launching Should also be charged directly to each boat.

If more than one boat io built at a time, it may be neceeeary to introduce a time Sheet syutem. Time uheets will also help in keeping adivision betweenSkilled and unekilled labour, i.e. different salary ,eroups,Time eheets may be comeleted by labourers or foremen.

All work of administrative naturethat oannot beconveniently charged to any 4, 4,cific boat ie charged to "Overheade". (3)Other direct coto If the boat in queetioa iu a R1 boat, being produced in an execeneive 2ould, eadh boat's &aye in the mould emzeneee Should becharged is a direot °out. In theeo r,. e way, 9 if oae peyinalilae lioa'6 model has had an expeneive development, uith prototype oonetraction and toutine2 theoe expensas meet be reooifered by entering one boat'o ehare of the initial investmeet in theprioe calculation.

o Mieoellaneous expenses iv oennexion with the sale : delivery aleo belong here but are often difficult to seeaeate feem the general administrative expntas andeoould be recovered through "Overheads"(, (4)Overheads Overheads are related to time and are eh. fore convenientlycaloulated as u penoentaee of the Labelle cout Overheads are all the costo and expenses in oonnexaon with the workthat is neceueary to keep the boatyard running, but not visible on the boat itself. The safest method ie to add up the overhead emote in a repreeentatjve period, asyv one yeae, and then compare them with the labour coots in the Eawe period, to find the percentage to be applied. 3

Overheads are sach items as electricity bills, telephone bills, stamps, paper, offioe equipment, er's lary (if not charged directly to Labour), salaries of secretaries (ifany),cleaners (if any),drivers (ifany),sales etaff (if any), as well as depreciation of buildings, chinery, hand tools, slipuay, cranes, trucks, etc°

Overhead charges may be different in the different toctions of the yard, They be different for building of a boat and for a simple repair or tenance job.

If the market is seasonal, like the pleae.ne boat m et, but production continues over the whole year, a considerable amount of money can be ti d up in finished boats in atock° Interest costs on this capital mast be divided between the boats in one yentr's production and recovered through "Overheads" or "Other direct Costs".

The percentage to be applied for "Overheads" c considerebly from as little as 10 percent for a simple onemanandahelper boat d to 150 percent for a boat factory with much machinery and a big administration.

(5) Profit

Profit is normally calculated as a percentage of the pi-eduction cost. The purpose of it is, however, to give the owners a return on the capital invested. This eeturn can be taken out or invested ee:ein by e ding theactivity or 17 developing new products. Capital is invested inbuildings, tools, materials, ctc, as wel] as personnel (training). One guideline could be thatthe profit on one year's production Shouldbe at least as big as the amount the same capital llould earn if invested elsewheee or pilt in a bank. However, market situation and competition from other 7patbuaiders may reduce the anticipated sales vplume in one yeaP and thereby affect the nrafitabili%J°

CORCLUSION

Items Mg (2)/ (3)tIA (4)added together are the prodnetion cost ofhe best. this money will be paid out again to cover invoices from unpnliers, bills and salnry charges. When item (5),Profl1 has been added, the calculation is complete°

It is most important that nothing is forgotten in the price oalumlation° Therefoee, a certain system or pecoedure should bemaintained fromone boat to another. UithEgLikM and order in the boCks price estimates for any new designs will aleo be facilitated.

The price calculation is particularly difficult in the beginning of a boatyard's life, but it will be easier to carry outLs!!..i,:d probably more accurate aften come years of onerntion0

IV/3

SEUINAR FOR VISEORMS OPPIOERO FAof TRAINING METRE OE anka PISE/NG DOLT 117-191PE "YriD CONSTIOCTI Entebbeil Ug2nda22-27 Fabru9xy 1971

0,,?wioal IV T-0.1 S JILD Pc.o If/3

6ImpPie° sma[ hng boat cons., by DAVID D. EACHA

Contents:

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, A CU",:aKfil ORG ION kW- _ION '9 1972

IV/3

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rjeUSTRAT bSIGNS

Having defined what the simple construction characteristics arem it becomes necessary to determine how beet to illverate them in email fiehing boat desi7. It would appear, that eince thiseminar has as ita objecte tho demonetrating of construction techniqves and the consideration of better ways to produce boatu for the catching of fish, some good boat typeo should te disoussed.

(1) For the initial boat "X have provided the basic drawinge for an 18-f (5.5m) outboard powered model. Thie iolooed on the siegle hended gillnetter used on the mat Lakes in the United Stateo,

The fiehermen who were the Great Lakes equivalent of the email artisanal fisherman in oeher perts of the .or]4 evolved a speeific of boat which bears some study. FigureNo0 i hows the baeic type that wee once quite numerous on the Wisconsin shore of Leae Miehiaan, Thie craft ia appeoximately I8-ft (5.50 in overall hulllength, and dietleaeished by the net hatainz roller set atop the stem,These poste could easily eaara eat four short boxee of nete, eachbox containing about 600 ft (180m) with f1eato and weights.The small boatfisherman set his neto in reasonably shallow water of 30-75 ft (9-230,but thie ocoald veTy dependingon season and speciesof fish being oeaehe, The nets were noxmally oast over the mide but were retrieved over the bow. The uoonfoynd that the neto were eaeier hand hauled over the bow than over the foreaed quarter or sideA;i:.4the otexii roller wae adopted to the bow.The outboard motor would obviouslyprevent akyaotion over the transom.To aid in picking the catch from the mesh of the net, a tree wee built on the eheer of the craft aft of the roller. This was carried aft far onoueh to peeait the net to be picked and set back into a box for a orbeequeet resettieg.The catch wav tooeedafea catchewell that was simply a set of teaneeeree bulkheade eat aealest a pair of aide frames, approximately amidships0 liteequently, thoE;e oatch-11,,3 uere lloodA ard the early catch would survive in the water circulating thronh drilled helee Li the boetom.Simple cleated planks woeld shade the catch and an occaeioeel baeke ai oold lake water hold the temperature in the non- iueulated well to about that of the lake,

These boato provided many individual fishermen with a livelihood, almost until the decline of the fish ponulatioevirtually brought commeroial fishing to a halt.

While maay of the umall eillnettoees,.-7,z;built by professional boatbuilders, a lar proportion were built by Vae fioheeaen taemeelvos.A nuMber of conotruction variations should benoted, and eefeeence ir3 made to Pigure 2.Thiu drawing is made in the sane type as I ueed a decade age, and itpeovideo the essential informationwhereby a boat can be

built. All detalle - nee comeleeely mentionede but the information consideredimportant io shown.

The egency considering a boat of this type to be built as an evaluation prototype, would have little difficulty inconstructinga first boat.The writer, with a longer exeerience in deeignieg small recreational craft for amateur builders than in being concerned with mall artisanal fishing craft, has adopted the basic philosophy that a drawing can often be more informative than a photograph. The careful preparation of quential conetruction drawings in ioometric of perepective projection are invaluable aidu to the builders.The cia..aujavs9together with the explanatory notes as guidance, should eoint out all he inZoemation ehyt the builder neede to know, Which would not be obvious from the .einal aesemh,ly deawinez of Figure 2. The amateur builderveakilled or not, ohoyld be provided with otep-by-step discussion of the construction procese in the most deeeil p000ible0my own personal view io that the detailed conetrection ieeenseetion sbould be carried down to the eize of the pilot holeo for acrew or leabol;; fzetenineee! Thie oame philosophy is applicable, perhaps even more so, in the infoemaelon provided for small fiohing craft. iv/3

Ile learned, long ago, in the boatbuilding indanteyg thai: enektlied bntenthneieeee bnilders would undertake vast pro jacta with only hal? vaut Good dnauenen2,11 proper referenoes to potential problems yeenait unskilled Onildero te develop considereble oraftmanShip in the building of even a "simplified canstruotion" oreft,

Returning to the drawings it is rather eaey to denonstnei;e1 thiu ora- meto the general definition of "simplified construetion".All env elekes, o ennensiee ;eends $teaiexi;BeCtiOnep DDrabbets and simple bevelsall capable of be worked oat on the erected fres. The planking can be lapped or bttted (if heavy enougL)2or can be seam battened. All of these techniques on a boat of tha ections, aee not enduly diffienit.

In performance on the water of the Great Lakes? t1. cemft proved adequate fop their intended perse The dory style hull was fairly easily driven with outboard motora of 12-25 hp, even While laden with wet neta end perhaps 500 lb (220 ke) of lake fish,The bow transom under normal trim was not so full as to impede program-3 in vinees. Tt did provide a resenee of buoyancy that held the boat up when the net une being lifted from the bottom and hauled over the roller. Some had more sheer than the drawings indicate, often being a bit more fine forward.

It is considered that there iu a degree of merit in the type to warrant serious consideration by project officers concerned with the development of outboard gilinet fisheries.

(2) Another basic type which enjoyad a oonsiderable poppleei 71 fishing craft provided an adequate incomeis the garrej, Thie type, c21- fletbottomed athwartshipen was modified, as power and speed increased, te ineeeenrete a slighly veed bow, This was to present a less hard pounding forefoot to the news oí ;he watere on which it worked, The garvey hull is, in west renpects, a cii,p1Q cenft to beild.

The drawings of Figure &illustrate a boat having en entrevely esefel cooknit aeon? maintaining its width for its entire length. Because the chines de uet tuck tut° the centreline of the boati it has a full watenplane and io, thereforequite stable transversely, This es it adaptable to side last setting and heuling.

An inboard version of the modified gezevey is shoc n? and thin qualifieeQEJ construntion" in most respects. It has one Pnoblem veaa ara the generally nsed colvtion for that problem Das long standing%We). The nareey has oonuideneble 116; to Len okinee and centreline keel. In heaey scantlings? theoedenot nendi4 bend into obane,, FUuTi4g- Will not soften a3inch chine enough totakethe lines shman so i,he techniqre ie slit the chine forward into three smaller planko, perhaps ee Alen 'it 5Thjs technique is only that the chine is firot eawn to i;he mookednen we-1secl demanonnn zov full length, then run through the saw az long as neede&rhlie doee not out the ohine ¡nee full stripsbut does produce e structural member Vnat iG one nection at one end and three at the other.The erected frames are notched for the ohine wheel 1s otarted ;role As the installation proceeds forward, the top stein is liee7; bent dad festened, theo seconde and then the third.Each is glued and edge fastened, with *he boetow feetenings countersunk to clear the bevelling tools used.This technicone enoUncee wbet ie, essenially? a laminated chine.It is not beyond the cepabilities of tie eemieekil)ed builder, oaee he learns it. Again, it conld be Jointed out that a sc7,?jor) yvi.W2p0 luemetvie clearly illustrate the eaehnique of sawinig and fiti;inc seen n ()nine lw.e to e lelet, construction sequencee-e, ,e of drewings ?or tus navvey huU etnOt1 be n meet eennenetn exercise when one oould watch the relative ,tt; of stndy that ',Lcy eeuld be compeanad tohe more oonventionel building 0, ee. IV/3

The gareay isCT030planted on the bottom afty and with a slight "herring bone" forward. The elenking is full width afta but foruard it is butted on the centreliney without rabbets. Garveys ara often built with bolted frames and nailed planking.The typical construct ion was npoide down, and the skege74fitted atop the planking butts on the centreline.The skag and keel construction112Sheavy and throughebolting was sUbstantial.

Although many of the east coaet gerveys were provided uith uheel type steering where the wheel was mounted on the cockpit coaming of the after decky the more traditional steering was with the tillermounted amidships to one side or the other. Other characte- vistics of the basic type are included in the drawingy which is informativo.

(3) The leet type which is reoommended to thestudy of those attending this Seminar is the launch shown in Figures 7 8. The boatillustrated is a 24 footer (7.3 m) and is fairly narrowy having a beam of 7 ft (2.10,It is an open crafty having only short decked ends and a box enclosing a small engine idahips.

Thic meets our definition for e craft of simplified construction in all respectsy even coneiderirg its length., The construction features are applicabley without problems, to craet exceeding 30 ft(9m) when the scantlings should be increased proportionately.

All here is straightforward and the dresings are adequate for the knowledgeable boatbuilding expert to vispeliss the proble s he would have in teaching this type of coneteuction. There ara only a few points that should be mentioned in this type of craft. Of thesey the most important is shown on the section at Frame 10Note thaty because there is no rabbety the deeply vee'd frames require that the bevel includes both the heel batten and theknee.Thiswide landing permits ample fastening of the diagonalpleelkieg. Aleo note that the plenking on the bottomy uhich laps over the side planking at the chine canuot be featheead forward of Frame 2.Por the forward 3 ft (1 m) of the chiney the side and bottom clanking ere butted on the chine centreline.

As boats gat largery the eetions that are available for the builder in the matter of details beceme greater. All the writer of a panor of this type can do is to suggest those options.Horavery it is hoped that them illustrations willstimulate come consideretion of the features shoen.

CO 0-,1;s3I0k,

While no strong conclusioe can be reachedrOgard' the "simplified" features shown in theseveral deauings prenaeed for thisdiscussiony itis thought likely that a czee c be made for the herd chinedcraft for small boatfisheries.

eff:OO

1. Beach, David D09 Commercial Outboard AMAA:Craft, Fishing Boats of the World, 1960 Velma 2.

2. Colvin, Thomas E., Gillaot Fishing, Dock Design ent, Fishing Boats of 1960 the Woeldy Volume 2. 5 IV/3

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT VIEW drawings show alternate planking le by 6 OUTBOARD BOW HAULING GILL NETTER oplions. choice to be lo sult the based an Groot Lakes perch and loke trans boato, available rnaterials, tools and shills. drawn by David Gooch, Chicago for FAO-UN. 1970,

FIGURE 1 iv/3 6

Bow roller 6" diorneter

OUTBOARD PROFILE

Sido boards

Soot b.rds rnay be fixed except for access to cotch NIIIMAII1111111.1 35 27" w-w-7 /plonks 112111=1

4 1110M1 hag. r no

4 24 2,4" 2 24" 24' 24" 24" le"

Tronsom transom CONSTRUCTIÓ RROFILE rail cap ofI" thickness .7.7'

Note, underlineddimensions are heights obove baseline at chine and underside of rail cap otNor. hood. 2,74;

ctbniboe dross center keel botten " by 3" both e I" by 4" notched eel te be setinto into bottom trames b. tronsorn frames, set ttorn tramen butt sido obd bottom chines into keel, Ion chifle only tronzan clinch waded

chino I-IA} by 2-1/2" beveled attar fitting LINES a CONSTRUCTION PROFILE In place. side Nanking to lop or extend post end groin of fronson cross strokes. banal sida traman with land Mane after all are in place, before battens or chin.. this boat rows well with lino soto of approximately B' oars, set row locks sida boards b extend about or thetas to suit. 4-6" abone top of set pull troy. shape front end to it set rallar.

catch well, dril& opte te 25 h. at angle to aid / can be off c'P.t'r11 I T circulation. wedth to suit, wilhoutI te suit smooth oil edges, set all fastening problems. 1 tr reduce set sna .,in..

Il loneta after teal o sell motor opera soot boords, or net t.kiniguo 10 suit

bow not roller to be /,,li about 6" diameter in main spool section.end lips te wit. z.. *or to roll freely on pipo or rod, set on 16' by 6' Outboard gow'haulinq flot-bor support, mounted on sfructuro. ARRANGEMENT. Gill net Fishing boat. d b.1970. FIGURE 2 7 IV/ 3

'trame assembliesto be marked with centerlines on bottom tramo and co temporary crossthwart,

locoto some a QUM. 67096 temporary cross brocing tkraort silvan Ogee co each locoted on trames with top 22 above end of building platform forblifg base tino. C/ string fa tarnte topof longitudIndslocated for ...... / set erection platform Contortion. building convenience, oolorohimote on building floor or on stakes firmly imbedded le...above flooror ground level. in ground. platform to be square and level.

base line guide blocks lo be set co tongitudinals, square off ciorifof lino, apocad to locate trames co en construction profile

inclined support to anglo of bOW transom,secure ends of Iongitudinals with chocks, blocking, ond diagond bracing, os required. ERECTION ASSEMBLY FRAME FOR le by 6' OUTBOARD GILL NETTER d.b. 1970.

FIGURE3 IV/3

troonasto he notched for centertina knot batten, not at groMh into fmme in chow nand plum co ohavAndo bsvel.g of bottom Ramos for flantang.

to tat chinata into frontage, Bret Icrawarntity taelen frothing batten on frame to mare Ifroet chute too. rot into Remo with taw ang due& to &oath required for hovels chino rot ant° notched tramOS ond Coro 10000003 v,nlil43310000ga into WO V. structural manotere.

tot O&M fastening? Clow wool caarface lo 0=0 W.. CItending tar gleam strum.

notch fromes far battensto owl meth of available Gontung. no1 Nos them 5 Oakes nor mare /non 5 Por osam-bottonad or ICe lOpp00 Wakes noICA mi

WM:" emotion platform not china shown, to woad showing eantwoahe

oar details. WM in to remain co 946311mnI until GI plankmono DO lino et tapot uppor Grano.

fitlongitodalal moments on bath GOO oduolly and alternately, to insert) a minimum of structural FRAMING ASSEMBLY FOR Itie by 6' deflection. chock Ammont have OUTBOARD GILL NETTeR driving accOring PoStonlogs

FIGURE 4 9 016. iv/3

allow ton swelling of bottom blanking.

bottom plonking may be fitted fore-ond-of t or fronsversly , on beveled chine and lower stroke. net bottom planking in best available bedding compound. stagger ond ongle drive nods into longitudinals. t70,4Zlit /77:tankingstrokes preferably to be full lengthshorter lengths should be butted on butt blocks obout 5"

bow ond stern transoms 0,17:;:tee: buion'it:tedbfrloectmukl; b2:orp:oeednioapSc:e"nrit.srrotkeens' cross plonked with P strokes not over 8" in width.fitted otter sides, to lap over ends of sides.,,..

boot may be entirely fastened with nails structural members and planking best assembled with corrugated shark nails in minimum dionsater drilled pilot PLANKING ARRANGEMENT FOR holes use bedding compounds or best avoiloble adhesives. 18 by 6' OUTEI'D GILL NETTER db 1970,

FIGURE 5 IV/3

_ 12" wood cleat on centerline

steeringtiller.

'k...... ""-.../ OUTBOARD PROFILE boatwill trim bow high when light, camber of deck normalloading of gear, catch rforward. beams I 3" in 7' -0 ".

,,,,I0TIIT rill glifilliss. top of covering board , otside 1i , "._ b , -kr en- 1,7 b 7\ e- transom v c ino bottom by. I 11111iLis \I al st \mil\ i In1 lMr 10

111 1111111=Mili 1°1°' if. base linetongent ___ _ e 2,Iii IISIMIIIIIII11.11.1111.1. to bottomot Ri 5 24" 24-V e 24" -35-1/i' r 43-, " 46-1,2" edge al side. . .i, 48-5,tif LINES _ OM PI-AN ' _v...4- _,L. k _ t.13.4.' a 4 r, r 25. tin- r* $.oN P, ,,..r - ' oh I," lit

igoo __--._ seng swingew ,.,.,I

tillerton rope andpulley steering cleatsthou-bolted i.,,,,,..--;--to be poet0, 5/lid to suit net handling to center batton.

, ' -klinwil cooming,34" by 6... 1 .-irooWogfor AlIAM,11 keel protection 2"die pulley extends to on mounting o _AMr deekline. 00 kti bV e.

414.111 ... Nalf,W haavy heel continuation24f..; 1#1141 --"-fr- -.se 1 II a ---"...--rill inep...... nail a wede,4gbonedto ingseel MI II III SI baseline rudder1-bf,"thk -- flo."bolts thru bottom framesto CONSTRUCTION An Agestock \\,,I seeringt tilerl topivot on inner heal PROFILE skegto bewith mmum parts, bigt thru noodle with strappivot hinges ---. single and base, chines fonvord affy 4may be in bedding,set bolting dear ofshaft plate gussets large washers onbolt head, nut slitto bond to chopo,glueSeedge fasten. alternately,hollowbasing ton shafting, Coo_rnilig/ bolted . I 4.thick sawn ,e,r imp 000000to , cover 000nd. - standprovol--' 070, "by2/ - ,,,.,-,,-7 shoerguard of deck114Z Iiilrofn coolant into II \ guideson exhaust pulley/ I- It"by3",set \ neoprene f ot deckedge arid nake It rivenkin all sideframes shift .ictkoboartopdZbbydf Shapedtowit. transomfrome . yI"thick,tapered 1- by 3"holf fuel --___ sidaplonkingfore 3" at dockto 4" / lapped atchine tank fPal \frames, rolled. andoft strokes at chine. - kick boord and deck,notch jammmilal l tilY I-;bfallthiCk. for ionsitudrools. e doubler on cutout tonk chocks, strapstosuit Fr7 Millilli I by 3verticd stiffenors, \ ...F.cbottamplanking to Fr8, . . chines fastened .. with Fr2,looking notchedover fra mes, / prop.dionn pitch to keel-shagto be obout3-1fi into notched 0. frames Fr.3 forward. nailplanking. outer wanking wIdo of hull, strokesfull width .k/betosuit engine. to ba fitted with screwsto battenI- 1/4"by 2-Vie" . lOokingNod, Transomf rom offerplanking,bolted in bedding. Cid. fi...,.., Oftof ths, and buttedon forward Fr.10,looking aft Or bolt centerlineon one framesforward. side planking s r clorni CONSTRUCTIONPLAN I chinest'by3 .1111Abi I tiller ropeis So `,... slopetop for , ' bow transomto tank continuous lb, drainage be conatroolod , around boot bevel frame as stern. --) cutout t innerkeel of _,:_-_:_--- fa' 00100batten/o bosoP'lb000kil'is ton ru b!"'" -- II P ' ti lier M:OrT. - dock bottens34 I 1 II fuel 1

1 1 i I fill soilengine bods,becrers J._ 1floorboards to -. t-- PLAN r st, locate tillero te --i- - 1 . i handling side --w. kickboord plankl6 pipe...... -1

I Idecking i AL l-- - _I l___ ' 3 -- - --s ...... _-, - 23' h1ODIRED sh eer guardm itered "... GARVEY and roundedat transom tiller coeloingo for FAO-UN, EntebbeSamInar. BEACH,1971.

FIGURE 6 centerlinefore and cleats aft decktostern suit glarelight clearances polereduction. height and steering tiller. 119a.bass combination - OUTBOARD PROFILE - heightPknesternlight to type suit lite rsalirlIONnummi to shall log. hen l'obui rea' 61 sq. It cockpit deck working oreo fillfuel cap. cockpit decking, rondan width -ARRANGEMENT PL.:.r1- length over all 24' -0" covering boor tors A)boards suit an fore dock builder. capping center line of shaft keel 3-1/2" 18-34" base is tdogent base line lo bottom deck at side 40" 393/; 40 38-3/4 o 8.14" 3944' 41' 4' - LINES PLAN.- planking between frames 5,6. 44 1/4' onddimensions chine are along hdights deckedge aboveseline at stalions. 2-'4' 3/8" centerline. 1. 9" FIGURE 7 9" 2' 7" calmingstern ¡ghf, ond portabb socket pole cn cockpitin bracket on sole. combination (red-green) fuel tank 12" by 48" under steeringta rudder quadrant with suitably tiller lo be connected Oil lamp bow light. 28" long after deck. arranged pulleys and cable. on rubbine strop, obxrt bracketsvertical stiffeningen each side lackbisord on sidefiames 6" fastenings.countorsunt 2" to ta 611sd cnd of keel,decktransom centerlhepiale batten piece, rudder and on knee nosinghorn on 12" plonking pa-k, 3-V2.ends. thk. slotted stock thru-balting countersenk, a holdstif on board for iamb IceJung -CONSTRUCTION PROFILE - toeberwas set wiboard fuel dock fill ruddertronsverse quadrant eupport en carve deadwood fairing 0 0 ; enginemachinery enclosure to forprovide or cooled for or flow as 0 bolting lsanded iron rod boa Me. for tostavng to sheer ciemfu rudder stack. rieres. k-ri... -"°---to suit. fit brackettiller , for ,.., spacer_ manufacturers astructions 1 P sheercovering clamps bapard I" by 2-..T4". sown /", onirp oil side traen sheerFit" guard bi 3" gland 6" kick 'fia fitbou ode cutlet wood or full3/4" marine grade sae planking of strokes. stringersckpit deckingoc end rizers. to lend en o 5" at chino.aperadpieces 4" at1-1/4" dec thk. knee,side frome, cross floorsheerttom I" plankingt) to butt -Frome 12- lubricationfit scoops for bearing - Frame 11- -Frame 9- 111floors 1-1,2" fit 11)W1 substantial braclat where -Frame 7- -Frame 6- limbers on oh -Frame 3- bolts, thru lapped trames -Frame 2- bevel tunee far chine, toed 3' about. ng on mil of -Frame I- removableprovidebearing slotted brier to permitond/or rudder dropping rudder. fair oft end of skeg to improveflow to prop., shown 16" dia. \ fttru boded engine installation cuts frame. frames at keel. iftlagoolow erecticntrames beveled ond when after chine and decking.fordeep cockpit floor - FRAMING plank landing. CTIONS- transen framing half- sheer clamp in place lappeddeckby 2"stock,at battens.corners, notched of 2" for chinesfairstem, and landingstem, bevel sheer tunee ofueing clompsbottom and bolksne chine. plankingnotched ta insure intoan keel, coverstem planking nosing ends, shaped te to fitknee at deck 2" by 8" corear cockpit flooring, .75 thick plywood o rosdom planking on beams,risers and as req'd. batten,notch 2° bolt by thru8" shaped stemhead. breasthealf for deck 1P take nob strap. forblocking inner clampat cockpit and coverends board. 1111111111111111111111111111Em CONSTRUCTION PLAN- "MP 24' by 7' OPEN FISHING LAUNCH of simple construction, for L ENTEBBE, UGANDA FAO-UN SEMINAR 3-22-71. FIGURE 8 sheet heo, db TV/D

SENIPAR POR DISETRIU FAO/SUMISR TRLIDIEU OZETRE OU SiLLITIMIN DOLT RBIGil TRUCTION EkAciab*UGaada22-27 Potv.vaw 1971

Un IV O TT BOATBUILDING Paper 17/D

THADITIO BO.TBUILDOf:e. US Ai BOATBUILDOM.

EST;LISHI eeee00000600005

A RIC ORGARIZATION OF THE I: TIO nu% 1972

IV/D

TRAMTIONAL BOATBUILD t 31BOATBUTOTI. .7. .0 MIA.8.1.0111107.FERWA9PMECT

FUJINAKE° I onderstand that a sehool for the training of boatbuildeve has been operating in Uganda ror the pant 15 yeena7 eith approxi- tely 20 studentz penyean being geadunted,This mates, altogether, more than 300 boatbuilders ove.' the hole period, 11, I I ronder Whether all these people at peent aeo ennaged in building boats. The course ro)oatbeildees secne to be very pomace.- canoe you have more than 500 applicants pee yean and only about 30 of them can enter tho course.Been thin iudicate that boatbuildine is a very attreetive business in Uganden7

B. MACHUMIRWAI Even though the boatbnilding Hrbart with aro LI! 20 students, after a 4-17r neniodthin neniber is reduced to around 10 to 122 so VI° nuMben of grednate utudente is Dot co high era Mr, Fujinami eetimates Of the studente graduated from the beatbuilCee course, come are employed in Nombeeen two or theee tn the East African Railway and terbours, one is eoceiving training afa a deek officer in a coastal port.%eye ie a tremendo= pnessure on any kind of educational inetitveion in Ugandal; co that you get a large nudber of epplicento foe every poseibilityor runther education.Mary of the utelea ppyinLor boatbuildieg training heve nevee been neae to a 11.ce end do not oven know what a boat loots lile.The oeuential thiee is that they want to acquire a training, they neat to &equine etIll Whieh will give thew an opportunity to get ausy rwou ferndDe,Sinee a trained boatbuilder is aleo dble to do oarpentey a neMber of et-mien:Le have aleo gone into the building teseae oe frenituve patine.

S.N, SEMAKULL: Training of boat/mildews io feirly yeeant development in Uganda and, althoegh some new tepee Cl' boato have been built by these boatbuild it not been a avecese in the Victoria area.It bes only buen 51=0MERV2 at Lake a new boat type hez been keilt in a lange number.AlborWheeThe reason for the failune in the Leke Victonia area ie maitay due to the big difference in coot,A 28-ft modified Besse canoe built by trained boatbuildere eosto eh, 3 0007 while a beaoh boatbuilder in the Besse Iolands might knock together a similar size boat for oh, 600-000.The fiehoenen haee not jet been convinced that the inereaecd ovality and lonvv:07 og the modified Besse oteee is worth the extra (wet. I once ed a fieheeman wiey he did tot by a modified type of Sesos canoe cooties eh, 3 000.Re eeswered that for that erice he mould be able to bny tre loore4y built eames end have both of them equipped with oai t ir evidenthixt, unden those oonditions, the fichenmem rilwarner:: to Au with the simpler and cheaper built locel-type °Limes,gles teaineee boat- brilders, therefone2 eill have to cencenteeto on b-milding biggen boas e"ch C lore ekill ILc conetnuetion,Those boatel nill have to be oneratea by the PJ::L indeetrione rioheemon and fiehermen's ooupenativern IV/D

s.r. SEMAIULA: The oRabaleaa,l-type of beat built by boatbuildere in Wanseko, (continued) Lake Albert, haz Te n succesefol because the fishermen of this lake were ineed of a bigger and more suitable boat.This boat can ceeeey mora nets and arablethe fishermen to fish in the middle of the lake.Thic uould not be possible eith the type of boa built by the beeeh boatbuildeFaoThe cost of the Ka_balega boot ranges between 3 500 and4000 ehillinzso

RA I do thai comeercial boatyards will be able to build Sesse- type canoes at a oomoetitive DYiee.In Ikanda, a commercial boatyardewhich has to bny its timber from commercial sax-mills and pey the woehers a lazed oalary and social security pna on top halve vazious averLeade, will produce canoes that are considerably more expensive than the once built by the beach boatbuildera situated in the fishing villages.The beach boatbuilder sets his timber by cutting it himself in the forest or straight from a local lumberer without going via the sawmills. He will charge himself relatively little for the conetruction of these boats or he will employ labour at a very low salary. Eis overhead costs area practicallyzero his nrofit is minimumc, The result is that he can build a 26-ft Sesee canoe forsho 600-8009while a commercial boatyard will require sh. 3 000 for the same size canoe. Admittedly,the ouality build for the establiahed boatyard is higher, but one can hardly blame a fisherman if he judgea that the difference in quality and loneueity is not sufficient to warrant the great differenee in the cost.IdoUbt that it ja a oommercial proposition to establish a boatyard to produce canoes in ooroetition with the beaoh boatbuilder. Rather, the commercial boatyard will have to ooncentrate on bigger'boats or on a type or siso that the beach boatbuilder is unable to conatruct. I think that the Kebelegeaatype boat on Lake AlbertiBsuch an eeample.Thia boat is much bigger and has considerably more earryirg moacity than the existing traditionaltype of craft. The development of a trawler fleet on hake Victoria isanother potential market for the commercial boatyard, and I think that eetablishment of boatyards at Lake Victoria should rather be directed toeard constructing boats that will satisfy the requiremento of the trawl fishery,

o One difficult problem in the Lake Victoria area isthat ofthe oonershio of the land ard trees that stand on this land.The emer can fell theae trees after conoultation with the Forestry Department and he can hire pit-sawers to roil the trees and eau them UD ihplanks, and foo him the timber can be much cheaper thae buyihe it commereially,partly because he does not have to eay soles tax.The beach boatbuilder gets his timber from the landeenerana, consequently, ?eye very little for it. This is one of tho reseons why the beech boatbuilder is able to construct oell000 very cheaply. There were aboot sixsmall boatbuildihg yard% being operated by our cxlearalento. SUMO-of them hed to close down after a short peried of aetivity became of a laok of management ability.They 170-2e not able to aaee their boats properly and eold them at a ices, or they We5:9 unable to adept themselves te the revuireaeena of the fishermen. H.B. KIB We have experienced in the paet that the boatbuildee oe hove trained duriyee our £o'year ecoiose have been unable to compete with the beach boatbuilder beoaeee the beach boatbuilder is eeyloying inferior materials, foe eeeemple ordinary oteel wire nailsy while the trained boatbliilder is using ex-pensive copper nails.Some of the traihed heath/Aldo:es found that their boato became too ONDODEira .!x-o the fishermenand they riere obliged to start using steel DOTOUS a:ad edooe naLls in order to cut down the uost.This is the noeblon o» areuoagainst.Ue teach the boatbuilders to neo no/Doer mateolalo but the oarket forces them to build with cheao mateoiale.

A.S. °BUM: fe have to go to the root of tbc poobl(oLl competition between the beach boatbnilder end the 1;Klak3j. boatbuilder.Ouless ue manage to conviace the nohezmeh thet the boato builtby thD trained boatbuilders are better and lehoey lasting than the traditionally built boatsy we will het °mooed.This might take a lot of demenetratioh tort aud eowiheing from the Fisheries Departmearte.Viroty howevee, it is eseential that the Fisheries Departments aoe eeeeineed that they have a better boa t to offer the fis4ermen0Ue hae.e bed eeeamoles ih Nenyo Where boato built of plywood M.4,2(.3 inteeduced to the fishermen and they were ueelose in less than a year.This hao created distrust from the fioher:ou11 cìvv it oil! be more diffieult to conuince the same mep tho heet time uo yto intoedhoe a new type of boatoIt is, therefore:: eseehtiai before introdueing new boats that they Lee tveeeyelo tooted by theFisheries Departments.

ASSI: It will be voy diffieult to eeoeleee ficheemen OIL:It he should pay three te four timos es ere01 Zoo a canoe built by trained boatbuilders without UOM giiog him advantages in higher catches.The boatboildiog ieavetey Fft3t be guided by uhat the fisheimn requioe and eet Ls veis elshful about what the boatbwilders thiek iu the best boat.In the last instancey it is the floheoao himeeli oho pare out the money that decides what type oi boato ehould bo built. Some time age, our boatyayduiuÑ.lsome smell fishiog boats of the dory type about i7 ft lee,o and puweeed with a 4/5 hp out board motor°Ve eauld eell th:ls be 'we around sh. 2 0002and we went round to the fining villages to inquire whether any fisherman was willino to try this beet outv GlYen ti'OeCI of charge.The result wao hegatieu, hene came forwaod to take UD our offery and I thietk this neemple illysteetes en imooitaht point that we must fleet nua at uhet tho fiehernLan tanto to have and what 100 ean afford 1C) :ea7 foo it berTo7oe we otart establishing a bootbeildihg 3ndretre.

EN: The fisherman is net as eteeid eo r3C41eeeole believe.He may Ø. GULB uot be able to roed er teeite but he eeetahnlycrin leunt money. It might take time to eeleene,: t uishereeen aboat the new type of boaty raid whey ean bleie him foo heiog COIFJOYVVO in investing the little oencT ho hoe iote a hew type of boae oe gearoOUP exoerience gooh;yoheee hee uon that the momehl, you manage to va't: 'boha t to roua beeor Guar eill cj.Je him more eatobo theo 3,0,1 Y.-(112,2,1n7, and sgtele the F:Xt7,: :i'071711)U-h)240 IV/D

D. ODXDO: In Kisu we bught some beach boatbuilders together and gave th some assistamoe in the form of tools and materials. These boatbuildersbuilt an improved type of boat t t the fishermen liked and they are coming back to this boatyard for neworders.

One of the ways that the Fisheries Departments can assist the beachboatbuilders is to make iteasier for them to obtain the vight type of mateoials. All the boats built bythebeach boatbuilders at arasont are fastenedwithordinary iron wire nails. Galvanized nails would, no doubt, prolong the life of the boats at very little extra expense. However, it is almost imoossible to obtain galvanized nails in comuerce. There are, however, firms who dogalvanizing; for example, in Kampala, one firm is producing galvanized nails,and the FisheriesDepartments could place a sufficiently big order with this firm to produce the size and type of nail that is suitable for the boatbuilders and assist in distributing it to these boatbuilders.SimilarlY, it would be possible for the Fisheries Departments to e good wood preservatives more easily available to the boatbuilders living far away from the big commercial centres.

A.P.J. HO There have been several attempts to introduce Europeant,ype boats bn's thcsokv,vebesn unsnoceseful. The fishereaaa coellains thet he canirct sporate thia type of boat alone; they are too enpensive in injtial cost andthe repairs are difficult and exoensive he uifleorefer a boat built by the beach boatbuildey oosting from sh. 21;0 to 600 and lasting maybeal-to 4years.

A beachboatbuilder will be able to improve his boatsbybeing StIOTYX1 betteoeays of building them.He cannot afford to leave his home ard his family to attend a boatbuildingcourse,but he Ydllbe quick to pick up new ideas When he is convinced that it willproduoe a better boat. The beach boatbuilder is doing a great service to the fishing industry, and he needs to be assisted oather than restricted in his work.

B. :IIRWA: In Lake Albert it has been possible to arrive at the standard boat design shich has become popular among the fishermen, oamely the Kabalegz.4ype of boats which are produced in three basic lengtho, 24 ft, 26 ft aed 28 ft.The Kabalega boat has been built in a number of three to four hundred since it was introduced. It has not been possible to arrive at the standard boat design Ion Lalee Victoria in spite of several attempts. If suoh a stanflard design should be developed, it would greatly faoilitate the ordering of materials and constructing boats of the standard oatteYno

A.S. OBURU: In Lake Vieteria, fishing is carried on with gillnets up to 10 miles rore the chore, with traps and neta close to the shore aud with beach seines on the shore itself. It will be difficult bo stcWzy-cliso o, design thzt will satisfy all these types of fishevy. A.P.J. HO I do not think :;.t is tno12 to leek at only the type of fishing

gearti the tree of fishing arcou iu ezder to decidíD on a suitable type of craft.One has aleo to take into consideration the people and their social level and background.I have found that in Kenya there are three 0,-ottin of fishermen. There is the beach or village fisherman.

There is alio'tednuMber of f'-' who are ppared to buy an outboard engine and thene are cinoms of fishermen, rathelr than individuals, who can a:CI:era to onenate bigger boats on more distant finhing grounds. Ono cannot force a centain ;vple of boat or type oE fishing gea)r on fishenmen vho are not pnepaved or not willing to depart from their traditional v-an,cf fishing.

The first gnoup mentioned are individual fishermen ouning a small canoe.They usually have big familias and are not vieh byargr standard.Pishing is done tIn or three months, while the rest of the year is utilised for cultivatingthein little farm. These peplo ane happy with span boats, and it will be useless to try and fence on them a,. bigger type of boat than utzt they think they will be able to operate. The second r.,!,:-#up contains the individaal fisherman who is eager to improve his eonditionv tootori5o bis canoe, go furthen away, catch mora fish0fie is a 'rey important man in the fishery, sunplying the m2in bull of the fish to the manket. With some assistanoe, he might Pnve no among te third group of fishermen.

The third group will oun the biugen tnanlens and the bi er inboard powered boats in theft.7%,,

ESTABLISHING NEW BOATY

W. ASSI: What size of boat she facilities is Mr. Holness referring to in his paper?

A.P.J. HOL I am referring to an onea shed ,mprolmately 60 :z 60 ft, ffoich can I.,..:41e three boats being brOlt at o- same time. It rill have a concrete floor ami the uhole shed will be simple enough to be built by the local contractons.

S.N. S I think the figures for ChG eocof the boatyard montioneA by Mr. Holness in his pz,,ner are unde-nentimated.We have recently made an extension of a bootyard inencevdng the area by PO x 60 ft, and this will cost sh. 60 000,iocloAing the concrete floor.

ASSI: It has beenOup 31:00ï.,i0nou that agocd , ity b 3hed will ooSte,pp2Ozia9:telyoh0 30,47t2.

A.S. OB The investment In3 GX(it'l lq-UVON'e.VOA11,,ICOOSajlaybe suh- tial,aal I Loador whe.6her it voci.d :1(4 u a. good i(te to tu concentrate on TnnUding GOAL-*k bovìtl ow of 1,1)c) thnee coo:Aries arounq Le -Aethoo it ie oca Pannonia on Uganda. In this tny no111:4N o bo be sufficiontlyh n j.152y Jrvollito;5.% 72,1'41y) 3.Pcw,A, IV/D 4027

B. MACHUMIRWA: For e Victorialit would probablybe a goodidea to have one boatyard for all three countries since the transport of the completed boats to their destinations would not presentany problem, and they could be easily towed fromtheboatyard to anyplace along the lake. The coastal ,:Aers of Kenya and Tanzania presentdifferent problems, and if any boat development wereenvised here,a separate boatyard wouldhave to beestab- lishedto cater for this need. When supplying boats to the other lakes in IT;te,the problem of transporting materials or finished boas must be taken into account.Sincemostof the sawmills andthe timbermerchants are situated in Keulala, it would facilitate thetransport of materialsifthe boatyard was situated in Kampala or nearby. However, the completed boats would then have to be transported for long distancesandover partly rough roads which mightcause damageto the boats, so the question isWhether it is best totransport materials or the finished boat.

A.S. OBURU: The construction of canoe-type boats could be specialized in one yardle.the construotion of, say,30 ft boatel in another yard. Each boatyard would then be able to specialize in one type of craftpH.,by getting sUbstantial orders,they would be able to plan their supply of timber and the work in such a way that the coot of construction could be reduced.

N. (ZERO: BeZoro investing,schsh. 500 000 in a boatyard, it is necessary to have e clear idea about the size of the market, that is, What treeof boat will be built and in what nuMber. Any boatyard development will have to be based on some estimates on the need for fishing boate over the next five yes and the financing available from private or Government sources.

A.P.j. HOLNESS: I do not think116should get side-tracked in discussing establishment of big boatyards or boatbuilding industries. It is move na4ural to start with establishing smaller boatyardsaround ami in the main fiehing centres that are owned and run by individual boatbuilders.

S.N. SEMAKULA: The idea about centralization of boatbuilding yarda is not very practical. There are already boatyards established in main centres around Lake Victoria, a one cannot stop these boatbuilders in order to centralizthe construction in one big boatyard. So faz, canoes built by commercially established boatyaa. have been much more expensive than the ones built by the local boatbuilders in the fishing villages, and I do not think one would support the fishi industry by giving Government assistance only to fishermen who want to buy boats from commercially established boatyards. If a fisherman o.enct afford to sh. 3 000 for a oanoe from one of these boatyards, one eaould not prevent him from going to the local beach boatbuilder and acquiring a canoe for sh. 500. IV/D

One important point to considorwhenostablishing a new boatyard for the coustz.uction o: larger vessels is that oily boat- yolk.9besides building now boatov is also ocouoied with repairing old boats9 and that the boatyard muot be situated in such4way that the conotruction of a slipwooy or smy other means of bringing boats out of the water is facilitated° The boatyard should also be situated °loco to tho hace of a fishing fleet so that the fishing vossols donot have to travel long distances in order to carry out ropairs or regular mointeaance.

If you conside ospociallyhcommorcial boatyard Oome to popular centres like Mompalay Entobbo9 or Jinjav you will often find that the planying board or the ton counoil will not pormi youto put A*the boatyard on tbo location tbst is roat suiable for it from the aspect of aocass9 eleotricity9 consi;ruction of s1ipway9 etc. We run into t is nroblcm9 and the sito chosen is the bost we can find but not ideal° Ne will have to spend a considorable amount ofEODW; tO 00IntniOte slipwoy because in our pariacular area we have to go out 75-100 yards into the lake to achieve sufficient dopth Zor i;he boaLs.

In Konya there are scieral boakriardo, situated far from the lakes orODthe west -which shov that the problem of trans- portation of the boato is not too serious°Howeverv the boots they are producing are small aid oiridentlyv Caen coming up to the sise of trawlers Zor Lake Viotoriag it is advant;ogeous to have the boatyard situated athe lake itself°

If I weragoing into the hoatbuildiyg booiness I would star.69 first of ally wtth a mcdost buildiog shod aimed at attracting repair work as much as new construction. One ofton finds that there is re money to earn on repairs ti. on new construction.

New boats can be all eim1y designed which do not require power tools. No reecatly constoTKAud in Digeria a 40 ft flat bottom boat in a shed that rasi5 50 ft, and all the work was done by hand te had no power tools at all. IC later development was justified and tbo proM of tho bootyard is sufficientv then the boatyard cch be amanded and power tools added as you go along°If you start un with a big ana expensive boatyard9 yorocanital costs be vory high While tbe market for boato is notyet doveloped. It is beUor o start small and develop the boatyard in a000rdanoo with tho market.

Who should runthe ccAuercial bocokvaodo?Should itbe the ant, cooperatives or eiv,s;;o

It ismydofimito opinion thotL)ootycoods shonid be "L'Ilaby individuals and not by OcAy.os,nwntc0 el) not tIliph hio io a -Ftola whore) tho Crovole-:zranto shouldb000noinvolve:19 and it haz been demonstratod hore in Uganda thot privoto individuhls are quit° capable of Imnning thoiv ovin blniaam citenpyol)Gyaytrained0Tho Govornmont's role ip o'nido ard o,ouitit pooplov but toot toPOD tho business thomsoltoo.

v/i

SEMINAR FOR FISHERIES OFFICERS FAO/SWEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN fl CONSTRUCTION Entebbe? Uganda22-27 February 1971

Seesion V FINANCING BOAT DEVELO Paper V/1

Experience with credit schemes by JAMES A. URUTCHFIELD

Contents: INTRODUCTION...... 000000 000 O p i EAST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE WITH VESSEL FINANCING... 1 SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES00000000. 00003 TBE NEED FOR GOVERNMENT FINANCING. 00000004 SOME KEY PRINCIPLES OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT..00005 CONCLUSION. 00000000000000 00 8 REFERENCES .. ..0 00.00000000000 .8

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF TE E UNITED NATIONS? Rome? 1972

WS/D5117/5

v/i

aiRODUCTION

The emphaais in this seminar series is on practical aspects of "how to do it" with respect to fishing veseel construction, ownership and management.This paper, however, is oriented more to basic business and economic facts of life with respeot to financing capital aspects particularly fishing vessels in the fishing induetry of developing African nations. Particular emphasis is laid on the uses aad abuses of grants, subsidies, and loans at subeconomic rates of interest as devices for accelerating inveetment in fishing vessels and their sUbsequent operation. Special note is taken of the different kinds of problems that may arise where fishing activities are carried on under different institutional arrangements: that is, by private individuals and enterprises; by cooperatives; by government enterprises; or by some mixture of these.

EAST 'AFRICAN EXPERIENCE WITH VESSEL FINANCING

There are many present at this meeting who are more familiar than me with details of credit operations in East African fisheries; this section presents in general termsmy impression of the successes and failures of these credit schemes, in the hope that subsequent discussion will provide a fuller evaluation of paat experience.

General

In general, it seems that government credit schemes for the acquieition of fishing boats and gear have not been a spectacular success. In Uganda,efforts to introduce new types of fishing gear and outboard motors in the fifties and sixties were tied to relatively liberal credit fromethe Uganda Credit Savings Bank, with recommendations from the Department of Fieheries as the principal device for channelling credit to deeerving fiehermen (Semekula,1970). There is nowayof knowing how much of the rapid growth in modern nylon gillnetsandoutboard enginese.now permanent features of the relatively modern and efficient small boat operations in Uganda could be attributed to this liberal extension of credit. The record seemstoindicate that a great deal of difficulty wasexperienoed with defaults, resulting from failure to run fishing operations efficiently, expenditure of borrowed funde for purpoees other than the purchase of fiehing gear, and outright dishonesty.

Losses were so heavy that ultimately the implicit subsidy of the loan scheme was abandoned. The Uganda Commercial Bank became the only source of loane, and then only on normal commercial principlee with a requirement that sound personal credit and oecurity for the loan be demonstrated.

I am less familiar with similar attempts to modernize small boat lake fisheries in Kenya and Tanzania, but it seeme likely that the samegeneral type ofexperience was common in these countries as well.Attempts to have local governments provide loan guarantees and channeMing loans through cooperatives (many of them virtually forced on groups of fishermen) did not appear to produce materially better results.

Coastal Fisheries

Neither Tanzania nor Kenya appears to have had much success in using 14vernment credit as a means of breaking the power of middlemen over coastal fishermen (Rhodes, 1966).The traditional reliance on marketers by coastal fishermen, not only for fishing supplies and r but also for other credit needs as well, is part of a culture that goes far back in history. It could hardly be expected that the seestem could be permanently 'altered bya simple change in methods of financing purchases of eqeipment. Over the long run, it seems clear that the "tajiri system" has a strong tendency to perpetuate a rather unsatiefactory status 21121 and that it must be replaced if any real progress is to be made in improving the productivity and economic welfare of coastal fishermen. This will require, however, v/a.

a broad-based attack onn7nnien7 of problem inadequate coastal receiving facilities; poor wholesale and retai'i mnto; lack of knowledge about the distribution.nnl7ield onpabilities of the vanioue 0.4oc1:n anni2.ablo to coastal fichenmen; and thn innilopment of vessels and gese aantod to the onDlcitnion of thone ntocIno. (inndit is only one element of eaoh a programme. and pnobnbiy not the moot imporeant. It in hcrdV surpristhg? therefore, that credit schemes in tho coastal fisbE,rinn l'ave no-% rehieved spectacnlar success? though they have contributed' ) thn introduction of cOme improvedypes bf gear (e.g., modern nylon nets in the sharkeiehony).

The really interestion oftheEast nfrican experience iu that the fisheries have managed to anhieve nLnnlient rate nf »nonihr at least on the fresh water lakes. As pointed out in an earlien nrticle (Stone-meal, 1967), government oredit onn account for onl:, a small fraction of the total invnnment in ovtboard engines, modern Kabalega-type canoes, and nylon nets no wIIEGrlen tlw lakes lq 'Uganda finharmeno Tbe same tnue, in varying degrees, in the fresh water fiohries of Kenya an4 Tanonnin, Y%inhing does seem to genonnto suffinion prtnatc eapitiil to Tn;ruit Lrlj oneedy adopjon o:TI.AY of boat or gear that proves to be naally profitable. Whether this :,;:ype of funding would be available for largar and much more enpenst,na boats (of the type required o trawl fi:ehery on Lake Vietonia, for example) in more questionable, but it containP,y should be expected to supplement an- 7,1noniin

(3) West African E;:nenir,

The nxoerience (,11z,,Dc,laf4i be no.ch in,hie connenion, The Chnnsian Govern,- mea:, developed a nombcn 30 20 ft bnni, nillblo for Leal cencnneun, seemed well ndaptad to hainsbonD ncenn whi6(1 nould oncii:6e ìuei.L:C,V0officiently tlian the beach canoen of the :17.t then nndeool: ennntd up ndoption orthe new boato tnroozh a onhelinn Th ceiotlzQ1'te lczne Lent in many differentaiV,X,ti0)125 cudChe veseis; mann mistakes owL- maCe in seIcIction of bonnowern; and a IT,inw ci):Or:on gynl-nament ocspital .na.t1 Over i;ime, ho.,ever? a resenvoir of vnivi-tbLe fishing' en7crienco and 77now1ed, nnen.airlanc and harder working and abler skippers and crews began to earn excellent incomes with the new equipment. TherenfCen, the f:117,11a73,- enpand apid17, but largely on °%he basis of private frnding. Even in the aloe of a govennmentnoncythat tended to disnovrao private fishing openntion in favous of a ;:n-nTeniam;rr:; cnnpnraion and cooperatinRo,te nnAn.:n of privately financed boats coutinvnd to g:ow (Lawuon, 1969:1.

It would be ilinminatng heve cnro2ul otlidy ofasactual fnnd' that underlie the rapid,3T0,711in n,:lvateb onned fishing boa%s in boil) Dinn Lfrica. A preliminary analysis of Che Uhanaian exeonience, by Kwai and naal-Jon(1969)indicates that most of the money invested in the moder.iood small boat fishery carne from small African businessmen who had aocupluAW6nd funde invanionschore-basedventneen, including but by no means limited tofishmarketing. This is not surprieing.Even n the U.S.A. - a nation with highly developed capital markets - a surprisingly large nronortion of the money required to finance fiehing vessels comes from direct investment by individuals? both outside and inside the fishiAg industny, nathen than from commercial bnal-or other financial institntions,There is eveny .1:canon to encouraga the tancieney in East Africa for men who make suoceosful investments in vcad trvAepovt, for example, to use some of the proceeds of those investments in financing skilled fishermen who can use batten equipment profitably.In addition to the self-nenenecinc naire of this kind of invesimient activity, it involves a clnser relationnhip betwaor borrower and len:ker, and therefore a much smaller proportion of bad debts then must pnblic lone ochemem aehieve.A private lender is likely to do a much more searching jC) of evaluating iilshermen as borrobers than a government loan administrator or even a government or commercial bank. v/i

This is not tosaythat government should avoid participation in providing credit to an expanding fishing industry. It does suggest, hovever, two important considerations. First, government fundinee should beundertaken in a waythat doea not discoureez an expandiAl4, flow of private capital at the same time. Second, the experienceinboth East and West Africa suggests that even where government aid is required to shift fishermen to a radically new type of leve], of investment in fishing vessels and gear, the ultimate objective can and should be self-eustaining internal investment once the industry h,; become well established. These points are developed below.

(4)Coo eratives as Financiniejlansial

I have not had sufficient experience with cooperative fleshing ventures as a vehicle for administering loan funds to comment on them withanydegree of confidence , It is perfectly poesible, in theory, that the cooperative could serve usefully as an intermediary between a government loan programme with money but no e rt knowledge, and groups of fishermen with no money but with a ranll of fishing experience and knowledge. Nhwani(1969)etressee this aspect of the cooperatives. The important point ie that the cooperative must be able and willing to subject its potential member-borrowers to the discipline of reeponeible, honest, and efficient use of borro d funds. If it can perform that difficult rationing function, while retaining a close personal contact with the operati fishermen, it may be a good choice to handle vessel financing along with other service functions essential to the development of a new and more modern type of fishery (e.g., freezing and storage facilities, processing plants, vessel and engine repair facilities, and marketing capacity - outward for finished products and inward for raw materials and supplies). In fact, control over loan capital is a natural adjunct to some of these other activities. I cannot stress too strongly, however, the fact that these are difficult functions to perform, and that the cooperative is inherently a difficult type of business organization to manage. If it works well it works very well indeed; if it werke badly it can be disastrous.

SONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES

The importance of going behind the financial aspects of fishing vessel construction and operation to more fundamental effects on physical and economic productivity io peculiarly important in the setting of developing African natione. From a purely strategio point of view, the fisheries are not as important as agriculture or as dramatic in developmental impact as manufacturing and foreign trade. Thus, the political weight of fisheries in most developing countries is not likely to be very great. It ie therefore all the more important that fisheries programmes presented to governments by the departments of fisheries in East Africa be thoroughly documented.More apecifically, it io simply inadequate to demonstrate that a programme involving commitment of capital funds to the development of new vessels or other equipment would pay for itself in terms of fishery output alone. It muet also make clear that the impact on the overall economy of the country (or on a particularly hard-pressed region) io more favourable thananyother use of the funda requested.

(1)apitalAllocation

The reasons for these words of oaution are rooted in the basic economic problems of all developing countries. They are, above all, short of capital - physieal and human (in the sense of trained personnel in whom governments have invested large amounte for education). Any programme that places additional demande on government budgets actually requires cutbacks in coneumption Standards or in other investment in private or government projecto. v/i

Even if fuading cen be obtained from internationei eourceo the debt onet ultimately be repaid; tho burder is oimply ehifted in time. Mile eome of the physical and human capital may be provided withoet000tby international or bilateral aid programmes, even theue giSte place demende on the reoouroos of the recipient country for raw materials, associated equipment and counterpart personnel at the required educational level.

The typical functional organization of goeornmento conceals the disreptive effects of investment in ons sector on potentially more productiee aotivitiein another. Thus, loan or other credit eohemes must be evaluated within the broader setting of the national and regional economies affeced. One could mole a good argument that sound fishery programmes in Africa may nave been sever0yrestrictedbecause of suboidized expaneioninagriculture and some manufacturing enternriees, butishenes are not likely to gain much by trying the same tactics in reverse.

(2) Interest Rato Subsidiec

Zero (or very low) interest rates commonlyeesociated with credit echemee aimed at development of a particular type of economic activity can be a particularly dangerous kind of suboidy if improperly %teed. Firet, this technique tends to encoueageinvestment in larger mite or lareer numbere of unito than the borrvwer is really equipped to man since the cost of capital is made artifioally low.Perhaps more serious, the effect of a new type of fishing activity financed through interest-,free loans may be seriously detri- mentalRta laieee perind Alen governm:et uichee to withdraw and transfer the activity to the pite sector or to occpaeativee.An indaetry buile up on the basis cE a eubsidy of this type may prove to be a flat failoee when the subsidy ie withdrawn, and the subsequent shock eiffect mey hurt fnture development for a long period of time even where the underlying efficionoy of the neu type of eeeeel or gear io perfectly eelequate to justify its uee. Finally ehe use of very low inteeest ratos for goverement loenz makes it extremely difficult to encourege peivate inveoement in4heindustry oven -ftee the basic technolee4 he e beea Tgeewd out amd the new methode have been widely adopted 5y 11.ebetter fishermen. Private nuanceal resourcee eimply will not be attracted at ratee lower than theyC*711receivein otheeeentnreeof roughly the eeme degree of riek, anduncertainty about the length of time in which agoveemmentesubeidized loan echeme will be in operation always depeesses privaeo participation.

Y1M FOR GOVERAPRW FINANCING

If the introduction above eounde somewhat negativo, bear in mind that alleconomist seem to be sbmeuhet gloomy as a matter of professional pride. We turn now to the legitimate reasone for eevernment partieipation in financing thedevelopment and use of no w types of vewselsand gear in fieheries like those of East Africa. There are a number of perfectly acceptable economic arguments for doi so.

(1) Poor ization of Financial Kaeleete

Even in the highly developed market-oriented and socialistic economiee, the assumption that private or government capital io automatically allocated to the highest and most productive use by market forces or deeailed government planning is atbest a rough approximation.Barriere amoug varioue capital markets may be severe indeed, and wide differences in rateo oeeturnare anything but uncommon.In less developedcountries, the absence of sophisticated financeal institutions for Mobilizing savings, coupled with the fact that the majority of the people are simply unfamiliar with banking and other savings inetitutions, makes it even more important to assure, through government action, that high47 productivo opportunities for investmentare not paseed up.This is peculiarly important with reeeeot to the fisheries, since the industry typically operateson the "fringe" of both economic and social activities of most countries. Both the opportunities and the problem of investment in new types of fiehing veusels and gear are often rnfamiliar to enterpreneurs in other industries with capital to invest.

External Benefits

In both developed and less developed countries, government participation in financing new types of investment, such as fishing vessels,maybe deeirable because of the existence of what economiete call "external economies"0 in plain English, the development of a highly productivo fleet of small trawlers, to use an appropriate illustration, may make possible a fundamental reorganization of processing and marketing systems in the Eest African countries, with major economic ,ins at each stage. But eince these new profit opportunities lie outside the activities of the fishing enterprises themselves, they are not likely to be recoized and taken into account by private investors ighing the desirability of investing in new types of productive fishing geer. Moreover, maay of theassociated kinds of investmentneeded in order to make the most profitable use of the new type of equipment wouldbe in public facilities:improved access roads to landinge, construction of cold storesavailable to avariety of users, construction of proper docking facilities, etc.

4ishRisks

A closely related reason for government participation is the reetrictive effect of high risk on investment by private individuale or by amall units of government with limited funds. Fishing ventures have always been reeeeeed as rather high risk borrowere, even in highly developed fishing nations. The riske are multiplied if the credit proge eamme iu deeigned to speed the adoption of new types of boats and gear with potential operating problems that cannot be fully foreseen. Under these circumetancee, it ie perfectly possible, even with a generally favourable forecast of the reeults to be obtained by moving more energetic and cempetentfirehermen intobetterequipment, thatthe individual risks involved are too great toattract private investore (or the limited funds that might be available from cooperatives or local government sourcee).In effect, the central government can, in accordance with the principio of lar: e numbers, spread the riske efficiently so that the favourable outcomes will more than offset the occasional disastrous one.

Credit Control by Marketers

In interior East Africa competition for fish at the landings is sufficiently vigoroue in moet areas so that the problem of middleman control over the fishermen is not very serious. In the coastal fisheries, on the other hand, the middleman so dominates financing and all other activities of the fishermen as to present a real obstacle to modernization and development of the fishery (Crutchfield,1959). In cases like this, provision of government lending capacity may be essential if aay important chanez in traditional fiohing methods is to be achieved.As indicated above, breaking the hold of the middleman calls for much more than the elimination of his position as creditor to the fishing community. But that position is crucial tohiscontrol, and no broader development programme ie likely to make much progress until it is eliminated. This might well require that credit be made available by vernment at low intereet rates (and with eubstential losees) for an extended period.

CAE KEY PRINCIPLES OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT

If we accept these reasonswhy vernment credit programmes; may be neceoeary under some circumetances, what principles should govern the extension and adminiotration of credit schemes to finance the purchase of new types of fishing veesele? V/1

Beenhmie,T_easeby The firet principle, general in nature? is that the loan programme as a whole should meet the test of ecenomic feenlbility,Thnt in? the additional catohes generaed by the new boats, minustocosto or eonstruoion end equipmentshould yield a net economic return as attractieo ae any alernatiee ehat mjght be considered.It follows that if this condition is met it be poosibleo charne a reasonable interest rate on the loane? and the overall payment oapacity of the borrowers should be sufficient to make the programme completely selfljoyidatine.In other words, the loas should be repayable within the useful life e tha ecraipmeet vith ae attractive preit remaining for the avereee borrower. edministrative

The experience with 1i of every fishing nation developed or developing emphaeizes the need for tight c i 07177administration and collection procedures. I offer no magic formula for so3eaion of the difficult problems involved.Fiehermen aro, by nature, highly indjeidrelletic, veita wide eange of ability and energy, aud a rather high degree of mobility (pareieular).y when thiugn begin to go bedly rinancialle).Under the ,very best of circrmeeneeel? there are bound to be high losses in any loan scheme involving large outlays for long poriode of time (ne eould always be involved in financing the puronano ef a vessel thee oau acz inboaeel eevae efficiently aud handle modern equipment, such as a traul).Pishing irIthereetlh n etehe ocoupatioN eith. meey ineteeal hazards and a enviety of additional market eeobleme leeesed by the perishability of the product.Any credit scheme must therefore be peed o nsnume a fjlr Liga failaee rate, at luaet in the early stages, and eveey cieoet meee be ezeited to minihdze 'yeses to the progenmme from outright fraud or diphonentetPnilere et peovide rigoroue coWeeol ovee ochedeled repnyment of prinoipal aad ieteres*,3 az?,C. 7)( -.T..1 fonds simply io an open invitation to failure of tho associated ,eeloleent 2?.2 Unnecessarily high losuee :'eum diaeonest or irn eeeneible fishermen ne eee the amount and quality of the help th,a:; cen be /I:coy:Wed to fieheemen who could make g eninely good use of it.

There is no single way teii::-Vc iie kied of tight control. One 'vr that can definitely help is to tie the to the fishing licence.:Li long as the fisherman has a loneeteem inte,act in fisuing, he will have a strong incentive to meet the conditions ofhie loan agreemenL in order to retain his licence and his right to eng in the fishery.On the other haudj the greatest trouble is likely to come from fishermen Whose inabilityeo repay loanand cerelessness about maintaining equipment purchased with borrowed funds makee them indifferent as to whether they losea licence or not Incentivo It is critically impoetane that loan conditions be written to provide meezimum incentive for repayment. In general, this reqeinee teo things: first, a down paymene lurgeenough to guarantee that the ounee'c equity wili alwaye maloe it desirable for him to continue paymentorather than to abandon the equipment;second, that the term of the loan belees than the expeoted usefea life of the equipment. Under these circumstances, the original borrower stands to lose enbsteneially more by failing to mnintain the boat and gear (or abandoning it) than by coneinuing to mate peemeats.If he should find it impoesible to continue fishing, his equity should be aufficient to make it attractive for other investors to buy the vessel and assume the balance of the loan.It is also essential that the loan conditions include a renoonable degree of control over actual fishing operations.This is necessary to assure Ulet the vessel will be operatedin a way that provides fundsfor repayment (and, in the process? the best return to the owner).In addition, if the loan WAD v/i

programme is tied to a moreaneral programme of fishery development, control over credit arrangements frequently can be coupled with a requirement that the borrower keep recorde that will be of direct assistance to the department of fisheriee. This is no particular burden, since the kinds of recorde that would be most uyeful for that purpose are likely to be equally useful to the vessel owner himself - for example, records of fishing effort, location and catch compoeition.

Emper Definitionof_OptimalVessel e

Probably the single greatest cause of casualties among government credit schemes for fishing vessel development is inadequate analysis of thephysicaland economic setting within which the new boate will opera-Le. There is a universal tendency to equate, uncritically, "bigr" with "better" and greater physical catching powerwithbetter economic performance when dealing with fishing vessele.

Unfortunately, neither .zeneralization is necessarily true. The purpose of eny fishing operation is, of course, to maximize the difference between value of catch and costs of operation (including amortization of the coet of the vessel and its equipment). Larger vessels, with more powerful engines and capable of using larger and more varied types of gear, will usually catch more fish. What is less obvious is that euch veesels may impose unneceesarily high costs on a country in which capital is a very scarce and expensive factor, while labour, even with a reasonable degree of skill, is typically cheap and abundant. In addition, oven though the vessels may be locally built, the engines aad other opecialized gear required to make them into efficient fiehing unite are certain to impooe an additional demand for foreie4 exchange. The "optimal" vessel for a given typo of fiahery must be designed with a careful eye on the size and composition of the stocks to be exploited and their location, and with duo attention to the effect of the new type of equipment on traditional fishermen. For many fisheries, small boats using cheap outboard or inboard enginee and relatively large amounts of labour, are still the most efficient units.

The point -Lo be emphasized is that a loan, grant, or suboidy scheme aimed at promotiug the use of a particular type of vessel gives it a significant advantage over all other types. If the programme is worthwhile, it will have substantial and perhaps permanent effect on the structure of the fishing industry, it is vitally important that the right kinds of vessels be selected for promotion, and that a careful economic analysis justifying thatselection,together with a study of the impact of the new leer on existing fisheries, be undertaken as the first stop in preparing the programme.

Relatioh of Credit Prorainmes to Overall Development

must take this opportunity to hammer again at an old theme.Boat financing programmes usually mean growth and change, not only in the equipment used, but in the average size of landings, the location of primary markets, and the ultimate coneumer markets to be oerved. Assuming that the proponent of the credit scheme has done his homework well, can make a good case for improved efficiency and long-un profitability of the new veesele, the department of fisheries must make equally certain that the programme is integrated with other elements of its development activities. Ache leof aley real magnitude in the kind of fishing effort exerted by the industry is almost certain to require additional invewtment in landings., marketing facilities, docking and repair facilities, and similar adjuncte of the fishing industry. Nothing is quite as sad as a successful scheme for promoting additional catching facilities for which no adequate market or eupportfacilities exiet.

In general, the East African countries deserve high malice for their attention to thie broader view of fisheries development. The work now going on in all three Departments and in the 'MP project to expand fishing development on Lake Victoria are4.od examples of integrated planning that ties increased production to appropriate ecalin -up of marketing and support oapability. Newfoundland offers an excellent example of the conse- quences of an incomplete (and often politically motivated) prot-amme in which loane and grants were a principal element (Copes,1969). 8 v/a.

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Orutchfield, j 17.01 rohc o dnya 1959 RoportJ-10 996 t",',7o-i. end Agriculture Organization of the Unil:ed Fat ions,

Kwei, E. and R. Lawson.:,The ftsheries of Ghana(unpubli'shed mannsa.ript). 9,69

Lamson, Rowon 1609 Cri-;o2Aa cx Int ernat ional 1969 Confor'anoD on 7.°1,, 9 Nhwani, L.B., fa wis,,,evi intornai;ional C.;onf.'erenoe on 1969 Inver, i:ment Fte!3.4e1ALter. Rhodes, D.H. the C o' Volz:ra on oisherles .111o,)me,4t 1966 ROD37- W :1 and Avioultnre Org.,.%11.1:.;a:;ion).F: the Unitod Nations. Semakula, S. personaa comunication, November. 1970

Stoneme.,r, jo "Inverr;7m. Floh,),T Industry inte/ 1_ Conference 1969 on Inveritmef,;; (ris1'Dri.w.:2 Rome, Septembo. SEM AR FOR FISHELLIFB OFFICERS FAO/SMEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGNA1JCONSTRUCTION Entebbe, Uganda22-27 February 1971

Seseion. V FINANCING BOAT DI,VLLOPMENT Paper V/D

Discussion

Contents:

FISHERMEN, TRADERS AND COOPERATIVES .

LOAN OR C. 4

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1972

V/D

FISHERMEN TRADERS COOP

A.S. OBURU: We must develop Gome hind of systemnetpermite classification of the fishermen which will provide a basis for planning our assistance. In the past, too often the fishermen have been lumped togetherinone group and the assiGtance has been dietri- buted to this wide gro up without a clear specification of the objectives one wanted to achico with this aemistance, We will be faced with two groups of fishermen0DLake Victovia, namely the industrial fishermenoperatingtrawlers and the artisanel fishermen.These two groupechould not be mieccd together ie one When weare talking about fisheriem development in the future. Each group has its specific probleme and musaebe trted separately.

P. PROUDE: It is imperative to ¡cow your fichermen, to know tbeiee habts, Where and how they live? how well they fish, how reliable they arevand be on good terms with them so that you nan eeloot right people. It is no good having an anplioation from a men 50 miles away and saying "letuTgive hima loan", You must know the man you are dealing with so thet yon arc enre tonet your limited resources in the night bashets.

C.C. TAIT: Over a period ofsever. years, fisheries %rainingT.= wederte1.7en on Lake Kariba in Zambia. Pisheemen -acc) breugbt into traieing courses lasting two weeks to one month. Notes nere medeOUthe various qualities and abilities. Out of these fimhermen? two were selected initially for an advannedCOPETTand giren inetnne tion in running en otrtboard engine, meentire their ow) note, etc., and they were aubaequently given a loan for beat anci equie ment worth approximately X. 500. Thesei;UOfishermen ¡lore ene- cessfol intheiroperation and managed to repaytheir loane. There is no reason why zomething similar could not be done 'cith the introduction of larger fiehing boatm on Lake Victeriee

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: There should be a close link between any loan scheme and au sociated training scheme. Often, fisbeemen have 7acen e:,eeen equipment Which they had not the faintest idea of bou toQTICIMI;0 properly.

J.S. MUMBA: The problem of the middleman Weing a large part of the reeefit from fish distribution con probably best be solved by organieing cooperatives. In the paste there have been some failures witb these cooperatives due to badmanagement, bit I believe tt, with assistance from the Government in training coopstive managers, this problem could be overeome.

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: The oredit schemes alone will not improve aSitUSIMO. %be middleman or somebody else has complete control of '41c mareleetine facilities.Loan schemes will not removethe fishermen from the dependency of this kind of control. Whether 000perativesC'.70 the besttwto do it might wellbe an open qoestien.In Nenya there are two eztrome situations. Leize Rudolf is a place .1.dealln suited for a cooperative,where tbe ZiGh can be marketed wtthe.0 V/D

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J.A. cRuTCHFIELD: the fisherman really wanted.I do not believe that it is (oordinued) possible to use the compulsion techeigne in order to get a cooperative to funetion.On Lake ardolf there has Inen a clear demenstration that the cost of au operating cooperative is more than weighed by the return to the fishermen in thet area.If that is not the case, and you reetriet tito Ziphermen to sell only to the coopera4ive, then you aohieve only one thing; you oreate a whole nee' scet ofvere efficient Afrieen fish traders who will take the fish around the cooperative in spite of the prohibition. Age.in, it either eeye iteTelyin return to the fiehermen or. 14 doee not sad, if it does not then totry to force all theP;14711 marleeting into the cooperative is going to lead to economic waste.

N. MEMO: A fisheries cooperative with landing facilitiee sae establish in Port Victoria.The cooperative had an insulated van that could. transport the fieh from For Viooria to the moee populous areas aro loe Kisumu.The fish arrived in a very frech eondition and, after the initial noerticiem, tho enstemeee starSed to prefer the fish that wee broveht from Poet Viotoria No-sever, the middlemen did not like this developnen cma created problems for the000pWati700 I he futere weV,V5q;ensuro that somehow the middepon are bresei-lt inohe seheme soiset oae getstheircooperation,

J.A. CRUTCHTIELD: I do not know Whether env of ue prepoee en alternative to ;,he large nuMber of fish dealere .t, operate eseenel Lake Vietorta. There is a realesseer in nadereetimetive tike rIfficiency with which these dealers moe-e lego grentitiorr) fish to newly a lot of people in a very eubstaotial esea. The problem on Lake Victoria is part of a karger¡QOM. Even thovgh the catching units on Lake Victoria are rather small and the production per unit ie also small, the fiehiesede iteelf is fairly efficient and highly sophieticated. end I woold be very reluctest to See a vessel financing scheme tied up with restriotions that prevent the fish going to placea where it would fetch the highest prices for the fiehermen end ['or the0012:lutes-as well. I think that one of tho reasony Por the emcee= of the fisheey development on Lake Viotoria Ilse been the T.:.?y- whioh the traders were able to sell different speoies c fieh prepared in different waye on iseel:etswhere they weremost needed. Maybe more improvemente could be intvodueed, aot by forcine. these fish dealers, but by offorieg them a bettor alternativo in the form of, for example, more centralized landing.

N. PUJINAMI: In many countries the fisheemee's cooneratiese provide real benefits for the ficeermen in i-410 form of re:loped prices in engines, fishing gear snd even clothes e;s, shoes.This is possible by bulk purehasee through the fieheriee cooperativee. Unless the cooperative iu able to give'ale fishermen social advantagee, I think it ic hopelose to tee to orgemise them into cooperatives. V/D

j.A. CRUXONPIELD: There are a couple of reaeone for the rather limited sucoess of cooperativos in fishery.One is tu do with the attitude of government -envies that are in business to form cooperatives, and the wuccese of theee agencies ie meaeured in how many pooperatives they are able to start, regardlees of whether they are need,. or not. In some cases, fisheries 000peratives were formed because somebody said "my have not done enough in the field of fishery so let us start up eome cooperatives". The second point ie that access to Lake Victoria in most areas is very good and the concentration of population within short distances of the lake shore is very heavy, and anybodythat has vieited the shore landings will agree that there is vigorous demand for fieh in moet of the Lake Victoria area.You are not witnessiel a monopolistic problem of the type that is so serioes on the coast.The 000perative is often an expensive and difficult type of business te maintain, requiring good management and a high degree of personal loyaltyamong its members, and these are very severe requirements,

I have neverbeen oonvinced that societies of peoplethat did net know how to operate fishing boate wiff do better than indie. viduals who do not know how to operate boats.If the peopri-- )Aivolved are efficient and hard-working fishermen, I think they will work well within the society and also as individuals.If they are inefficient and dishonest and if they are not able to judge the effectiveness of the boats and equipment available to them, you will not change that very much by organizing them into sooietiee.

LOAN OR S SIDY

A.S. OBURU: When studying loan sobemos that have failed, one often dienovers that this is often due to lack of underetandingof what the loan scheme is intended to do. Quemight have cases where the loan scheme itself has been a failure, but it has areated so much interest and it has demonstratedpossibilitiesWhich has attraoted capital from different sourcem, and the total result has been development of fishery. This Whole aspect must be taken intoconsiderationWhen judging the ouccess of loanechemes. The loan eohemee might be considered as a direct contribution to the industry rather than intended to create a revolving fund.

In Xenya, I have had personal experience of newboatsbeing introduoed withouta prior testing of the life expectancy of the boat.I wasp myself,involved in such a case with a private fishing boat Which turned out to bea failure.Too often it ie the governmentthathas to carey the responsibility in aueh leasers. Private induatey often looks en the government servicee as an institution totest their new products and caveats that the governmentwill bear all the costs of making these experiments. Nhen failure then comes, the government receives all the blame.I think that in the future, if private industry is interested in introducing a new type of boat, it should be requested to bear past of the coste of the experimen- ting, rather than piling it all upon the government.Another V/D

A.S. OBURU: experievae from loachemes ie that one ehould not introduoe a (continued) new type of boat without asimilanintrodeet'ion of a moreeffi- cient gear.The new boat will be more expenzive than the traditional craftu te fisherman uill not be able to pay tho increased expense ueleoe he hasu at 4he samo time, moro teUlcient gear.Introduction of new boat typosehouad, thorefooeu be coupled with improving the efficiency othe fizhi In the gillnet fishery on Le Victonia, it will be veny diffionit to convinoe the fisheymar to invest in a ueu typo of boat if he is continuing to use tho ereeent type of gear.

N. ODERO: One problem we run into tenet trying to peevede bettor boeto and equipment for the fisherman is that the fishermnn bu1f oeally cannot afford to put UD the money required fon ti e onvehaee of these items.Oftenu it is the riohen people thet will beer new boats gear. It ie also importeethat oquApaiont7 aTo cro:0.1 tried out by the fiedoeia dt;c bofoz.o tJvr aro paso(74 on to the fisherm througb a loan wohc72o.Yon vr1.1l ivavo t'acoc fishermen come beak after E,olio:,7,t tiro TiAth 1.1cT.tc aiuoy that thqy will not continue to pay tJ,K3 bmt has been asaaesd.

J.A. CRUTUUVIELD: There ie often a tendency te fieenne :;77,7)fikGU5V°,1110 fishing community as something uedeeirahle. Ir.111.-avt.-Jee anything wrong in getting ievestoes that have earned monqy on road transport or other business investing thein money on nea boon;s as long as VAS doee ro ied .¿;(,-) an p2x3,12.0,::cyrktvol ove7,he fisherman's life.The eneeeseilug of the fteneey hy fieeeeeeo from sources other than the fizhery is something to be vecomed.

S.N. SEMAKULA: Uganda haz had a relatively long experienee beth schemes and subsidies for fishermen.The prehleee eeeeorneeoed with the loan schemee easleet it is clifflor2t to oontnel the fishermen and to assure a negolae payh)ent lfom hjra Yol: Give him a loan, he goes fiehing and yon aAght not moot him egain. He might not be unwilling to nepny the loan, but there aro also many other things he would like to uee his aeney for.He wonld like to build a house, take the kids eo sohool or have a occond wife.Due to these difficulties, we have a:I:vet np the loan soheme approach and we have gone over to a sUbsidyacheme Which is purely and eimply an ineentive.The preblem then is that the funds are continuous/y drained and some Not of remedy has to be created to compensate for thiz. We have had a couple of cases where the (Loupe and fishing gear that havebeen grantehavasimply dieeepeeved and alzo the fisher-- man that owned it has: disappeered0 nnant frem that, our experience has be good. It is olear that as yonr unit of operntion beeones biggen it i.e easier to control loone.Por the eanne fie:here/nee, houeveru it is difficult to adminiater the loaale eavtly beenuno he bea not sufficient secuoitiee. Wp000 the not po7iDg baekv you would eeQ and eey to oeeze ZOPe o is rai;;,1o9 blxt v/D

S.M. &MAXIMA: you would find he had sold off most of it orthe animals had (continued) died of some disease° He might have put security in his hOuie? but by the time you come and want to seize, it is halfway to fallile down.

J.A. CRUNDFIELD: I think this is an illustrationof a case Where there is no single answer to a specific question. From my own personal experience inUg-,44-.2providing straight-out grante will cost you no more, cost you sUbstantiallylets, ifyou are prepared to terminate it once you have made your point,that the gear will make monee and that it is a good workable proposition for fishing.

However/ it seems that the proposed tr Wier project for Lake Victoria will have to prove itself as a profitable venture without sUbsidy.If this cannot be done then you are indeep trouble.

P. PROUDE: As a field officer, I was once involved with revolving fund loan schemes for inboard engines, new boats and new fishing gear, etc. Eventually, we ran out of funds the money had to be written off because the fishermen would not pay back/ but I believe the impact theca projects had on the fishery development resulted in a tremendous surge from the private sector in further mechanization. The dealers brought inthe neWtypes of fishing gear at prices in reach of the fishermen, and the pUblic N2sassured of a more regular fish suPPly. The total amount of money that wes invested in each development by the Fisheries Department was about D.S.$ 25 000, Which is a fairly small amount of manse-, taking into consideration the following development anzi the increases in the total catches of fiah. j.A. CRUTCHFIELD; This example, I think,demonstrates a case where an initial sUbeidy or outright grant was jestified, thatis, provided you know beforehand t'zt thetype ofgear, engine or boat you introduce will lead to increased catches and increamed revenue for the fishermen. Extension work is fine if you know whatto extend, but if the type of boat or the type of gear you introduced had not been the right ones forthe local conditions, you might haveended upwith U.S.$ 25 000 spent without having anything to show for it.

O.GULBEANDSEN: I know of several cases where loan schemee failed because it was impossible to control the landings of the fishermen and thereby assure a regular repayment of the loans. If the fisherman knows that he can get a better price by landing on the open beach or even selling his catch to other boats at sea, he will do so, whatever measures are taken to try to force him to land at a certain point.This is one of the reasons that small boat mechanization achemem are so difficult to manageond maybe a better formula is to give outright subsidy co selected fidher- men for buying new equipment and boats. V/D

In Ur' the sUbsidy schemes hene suooeeeed in providing new boats and outboard engines ar.f,.. nee gear for the fishermen and/ even though this iee been dono by esing taxpayera' money/ I think the result has juetified tho cepenze.The evcoees of the scheme can be measured by the large number of applicants for new boats and engines.

When you reach the point where yon have started the snowball rolling and you 0,e aauhetantially higher number of well qualified applicants than your funds allow for/ then I think there is an indication that it is time to stop the subsidy scheme. In Kenya/ we have eenerieeeed that fisheries 3oen schemes have/ in general/ been move sencesefel than loan schemez in other areas of the economy.In spite of the inherent di:Meaty in obtaining payment-3 from a fisherman/ there have been fewer cases of defaults in payments in fisheries loanschemes than in agricultural loan schemes.

On Lake ftivasha the income of the fishermen lie:; been quite good/ and most of them have beee able to eepay their loans. However/ we find that the earniese fvom the .-'iehery ere often invested in areas oetniqe ne fishing irdestee such as new houseep shops/ etc.In this way? the fliixindustry ie drained for capital Which ohould haee been utilieed to purehase better boats and better eqniement.

I find it frightening that some of your oountries have borrowed the worst type of ageicultural sUbsidy schemes from the U.S.A. Agricultural subsidies are likely to be large enough in coverage and to involve a sufficiently largo nuMber of people that once they are established theyare extremele difficult to got rid of. We are still snbsidizing in py country crope already in eurples supply that cost es millions of doilarv to store.Subsidies of this sort are far lese justified than the type of subsidies you normal/y find in fisheries.I have no other explanation for this other than thatonce a large nuMber of people beoome involved/ the political attraction of doing this becomes very great and hard to getrid of. A point which has come up repeatedly in the disouswion is the mere fact that a loan scheme or subsidy scheme involves/ for a shorter or intermediate length of timo? nonrecoverable eash outlay by governineirts.Thia means a reaponsibility on the government's side in picking which of the several ways you can obtain the broader social gain/ and there ia no justification for using an inefficient w4y of doing it When a more efficient one with better economio analysis can be selected.

VI/1

SsgitiTEZ ITOR 11-L`..-7.-119-1/TIES FAO/SWEDISH TRA114174 0:021/13 OCTSIII.kt3, -.7'IS-Y.DIT'r EOM' Eutobbos, UtTL.'clav22- 1271.70bYT.27,..-y197

Session VI FUTURE D Paper VI/1

African fishing boats by

$6,1T, SEMAKULA

Contents1 ITITROMOTIGN 00,00.000000000000

FI NG BOAT DEVM,OPMETT 0V000000, 1

BOATS OF THE O .4) Q 0000p Q Q ears 4.

:U...c.:TTITZALS FOR BOATEITILDIITG 0 00(100 .17,E4.1NCE V00000000001,0VG0,00

FOOD AZO AOQU1fIITUR7 CRT CV raT °7'::;72

wo/D5117/6

v1/1

IWIRODUOTIOU

Fiehing in East Africa hasp for a long time, been an importeet eeaapation of the people living in the coastal and lake-shore areas. It haep however/ been a ample operea tionp carried out in rudimentary rafts' logeboate end du'out OUDOOO Ogvarious kiedee Tao fishing hae been mainly of a eUbsistence eaturep and coneumpeion hoe been romeeicted tothe coastal and lake-shore areas. Fishing activitien havop at meee tineep boon partaticep earl. levels of investment in fishing veeeels have been17477lowe Recendo. lopeente in fishing industry/ homeverp have c*Anza.e.the pattern of coreeemption and the ecele tic.% and fishermen now need to equip themselveu vith a defferenteapeofVaE/P00

FISBING BO AT DEVELO

Traditional vessels Fishing boats used in East Africa have/ for a very long timep ranged from refte to °awes of various types. ,,neoeut oanoes of up to 27 m ill length have been recorded e:Ui1ora,4 it ie probable that tbese laree oanoes were only usedin varfarep,hilo thoee of ue to9 w, in length were used mainly for fishingeTheee veeeelo wore propelled by paddle° or Ioaa poles, and their operations were limited to the inshore-7.:E;2since they eere unetable and net capable of withstanding severe stoems.The cost of theme cenceoV.33.ootimtofl at only about Sh. 300-500. Dugout canoes/ hoeever, eero of long life ehleh ftxthov reduced the amount of money involved in the initial inveeteant. Al loan ayetem exieted te enable fishereen to acquireboatel, butp in many ceeeep the on'tiee amount of weney for qa, purchase of such boats did not necegsarily have to be in cashp as thie could be off-eet by other items such as food in lieu of oashp or tbe Wearing of the catch between the beat- builder and theoanoe ownerp whenthe boat had etereed operating.

The Sesee canoe

fishing seread to the open waters of laLeop a more otable hylx, of woe?)WZO required. The fleet etages in the modificateon of thew tneditioealalnOUt G217002 the introduction of the Sesse-type canoe'whiohp in ite or:1.0.nel feria, uao eade ap plankep attached to the redimantany kee3aa traditional ceaoec, Agaleath:).00 T7.00 VCW cheat) boatep the fastoninge being mede of vaffie palma reed the labour :exe building .11rOU aot necessarily having to be raid for in oashe Theee canc-oT;VCI Crg WOZtOTetebiliey eat carried a larger catch tasla the traditional dugoutc7,Jpflwhichp th fore/ el wider fiehing activities by thefiehernen.

Introduction of newfishieeateaae:e (mtbe2,-, pfrtere

With the coming into existence of the Reeherieo Depeetaeetp the eechnical of the thee. Game Fisheries Departmentp now type@ of fiehing poo eere intneduceel ia tho :Ccwla of flax gillnetsp Which were folleeed by rylou gilleeee at latee date. T??, ..e Innervation encoureled greater exploitatioa of fieeey resourcee iots i 'ion, As communications opened up more distant encee of laleesp neei merlmes taro neteblinhca and extended fishing aotivitieo -re etimulatedeRoeevorp the ineilure enters of lakec appeared to be in immediate daeger ofdepletion, aed the Oonoo-r'oypa cnami uz.,rn aodified in order that they should be able to bravo Oe mozo AlutE),Tit K3UT00

At thie timep outbo motors were inbredeeed aei it oae A:locoweed that tllo 09.MOOwas eaeily adaptable for meohanization; Nate only enquired theeutting eff of eee of the pointed ende of the mime te form a tranoemp oat° ohieh eoeXd be inetalled outboard motor. ' lliitErr,..C.i Vt'T.C.41 LVL 'IC. ,;,,;1. Q(7E0001,iit),2 L:. :3E; tilr.,tht,D ltabe.-.1oga r T' J CE-Eft it or, I;e1.4:7- -;' 1lo3otypcotiïco Q

*3,-;* 3wo l4114E.E. 7.:0117.111 t.T02at `LOX;

riot po,(-,teirio *2,1*,;;!,r3 tlaim beeii. noted Z.1.11,,Y.,. 3,, tTE, EsEl'.4 ;.:(74 tkt..(1,..:t.t.'citcd!oe of f 11ch.,,Theoe tveg.r.).0 í ;,-,,i); ;0 CL a.v'').,-;,-;% 431--;,,}cieric I;:oacti Ile;;;;),J, do:» f"*C.T.11 7,-;.:7'.:QC.: roc 2 1.7(JenEt14.0E'EE's.2thtElt°O.V.A.3tf51600!.= r co, Irv; 17.1.71;;*) ,t17 Et o7F0.0.003,. ar.,11 J-zb, :Lc (4:.***..iii:lait; i,;,:.?("irl.3",,f;EL.r.i\j0 ';'6,10:EL, 51'2tE.00Qtfit-61E03 ; Y7.37;) ^ 1;r3".2.7.1 Cti oi 1 2-1 6 n

be; noted *"(;1;;;; isc), ;;;;:..;:pco2 the i p1ioy of the , *".%12_irs ?.2 open

- ; 3,7-

1oI o?[1,*11-.),.7.2bor;;;r3L14.7*.r3., ¡Aug° in L;Qit,":11 r 4, ,,,na.;:. f=2.7.14,07)Z *KJ.' .lood 1.41 G.PiLlaal;zint21.57ira ", `!'1)" hecy! t12* ortbeez,:d . ; 1970,

'. El t-"L' 0:21'

' s ` 0;23 %Ft:7giFtfl.t,

, ,`"" .,:n "t701.2E) t; E.3.]' t.t-E'101tOf(.CA...r:C309 't -2,

t 2.r1, . 7; 7. '7, 2 .557 ; . .7r, tz..* , , 'Co": 0:;f: 1.-E7.;'60t);i'l'ESCrtEL-, 102;8 zasza 15 n 3.e7aL,-Ah? -3`,1i121L;, c :E.:; bc) -jrie:ddt.; bu,"6 ilaVo 17! r.eb.n;,,T odc(**"(,ooqit nat3 not ; , ".1 -tt." 5,:*4-Jo3,* aloe "..;1;7; o flo7e-,7":;.*J1"p :01F.!, *1.,1 0.C; Yc C20 27?,-) Icoogji*(1,13.-.;?,,-,3 of1::1 !,*-ce."01,0 (if tootzsteog .; orrE;.*_;(, tJ,;*%-ecd,:/r,t'vo 'a"*,raisai*: I °S 9 n 7,9,rii7,1,1 0%-n t/crn Liz.4.raTJ cc!, ".**7;.,,*(;;;ip ;1; :LC' 71

,-)1.;:zet Cir41 ,Ltiç SA 0 :IL: 44i;'iiOUO 2;? !Al Vi: )1.3.1):1 iisr'; V)3 rltd, i:."; ar.)1)042-43 j.".4 t',X4 ,.4o01-:5 P''''Acr.:?(:) .;,()f)o to While on this stibctil it in rtant to ".trz;; involved '7,z the prcinction of these hit-3 1s7 ;Ind (vi? of ';;isOC.»,C,CJEVo ffsteriala,Uhile smaller boas have beer: succeusfuay comtr-coto 'oÒo b.n.i.:14ing of larger boats creates puroblomta tht r Tould last fnY e oviTiciently long rer1;.od Qfi in nr7d;:.P to row,7 il4volve3..In Bast Africa9 the best troa a tilkor for rlo!!,4 traao7.'0Iy Gh3orophorc, emculua).Bbraverv this typo of t.7..iher io12.(Rf07,7 2y6 nin T.7.'ob1er!in buildinz the larGor boat:3v a:paxt f77.cm tho tnio witicly used in the manni'avturo of high-olaso f1,14.1 e c14 (7),' bcat somewhat prohibitive.Etpzriments are being onzricd out uith cthur types of t:IFIr;., auch ae Malay. (g.topAyllum rE.-eoulchrun) and 17Vningn (7'6cooca.? ny.1:10725i0, r7313, serious consideration io bein3 givon to the vse If pronnri mpT-ocotlAimbol? bpt no no conclusivo resulto have boon obtained° .n.fti4e ptypijx,t), FT5. settlements are vapidly onsroaching un n,;; cnT,r1 from tiMber would no therefore? appoar to be Tevy "LITOt It is for this reason that must 7.00k to materials for construction of these boa-toy and two F,s-LThilitieo OC7,:71 JE: -J51,7:,nly to m.j.rd feero-cementoVibreGlass has the 1ttifToriT5. PX115::;Wx6.2 abt oZ this material will lo.e'c almost forever, H01.777Z7.2 E.,Tencyt 'T2e Ifrican region have"6.be Tequiro intensive training before the boato 09R0-11.QCao ThO of fibreglass boats is that the materals °:euld tnwele1:1,7 tc be fm7:tczl. ov&D- eeaa7 Which would raioe the coot of each boat bs7entl tbe 2caoh r*ot Zlnhov.mwl, Boats constructed from ferro-ceunt would to n,.7(7.-4, cement ia locally available -within Baot Lfpio a:u3 c42:;7 572:7'70:Leas 70-024 ILIMOt 0 be impo-,;,--t ;.:(n-';f3r q70,19:1'7, FaCiC ."'V" ç alrto have .,he ffoTAva.::,6a,see bzino cz,niAp1Qtc)::4 1,4,!0770,7! necel to be e!pz,oifJc:aly twAncd in ;.,hio tyl.;e of loraty-nc,iclic

jr-.!7CF, A discussion of new types of boats anfl. t)),e, :oryntre.cf: uer2d he ..ftploto r2= lrysi-f,n to ,:?,ocytzira1eo 1T)13 1)05v4:30 Az mentioned eEr3ior ho1lUrtMric lo c'. 1 bc"1.-4A't, bis .2un V00003, lcc coc a7:t:in O' the O'Lo he ,"" te uoe'6 borDen F.;h9 NO ana UASh,, 5000 Tle :P:A7 bo wi4Io CCDtoIMF), 100 09T3 0%»1N10:1", 7)0 7"; : ./VJ ;;11,7) pocn' iîituldapjtmv :110 re,sion coad prcduco oaficieut cash to ar:qtvioo

Dve to the fact that fishing in Bast Africa h._ _ - aciv has been d:-!,:iff.loult to :',QE3065S the octr..7a uc,:o a 6;, 04:D 3/W.20 T:aio Fuldo it alr,-,ot imrousilAo to no-Z7c'Y1inhr), ZO2 '6hemoel7;e29 tkrtm enfolfialf, a 0,27,:aniva ç> 5at ''Jhr),7.1 iov thel.efo-,N)7 ihIpat-teaA a.;,17 2gotomo an.:110if3 :4,-,10647zt,..A0 07 1c2no or credit facilitoo °mid be eztoLdcd AQ.17,77:J n,11( .;i:10Fc to cwlw n7/cem7 j:-osrlto yarchaoo thump IczT;77T It ;:hc,ald almo be vs-0.773ed that MGS'i; of theme fisherman are simple p3cp1e7 who ladk a 1T..nowledge of business ..D.binistrationelcuartence in 3M13 Eamt African countries ham 7;71v,-,1 that where arrAit facilities ta7re been e:L.-bends,d to file:hems% they have failed to recay the loa rot necessarily becsoe their fishing businesmem could net provide Fraaicient cash for the ree¡pents bu t simply because much businesses ha been 13r administex'edu, and ay wofit obtainnd used for their parmonal satisfaction, One possibility of enabline at least a few progressive fishermen to own the larger types of boats would be thoug7.1a iubeidy scheme much am that oparatck in U g a fisherman im assiR. with a oubsidy to the emtent of one third of the total cost of the boat9 to enable t.o acquire an imrroved vessel° VOR FISEERIES' r712FIOVIU; FAO/WM-ESN TRAINING OTE'RE ON SMALL FIST077,,:; E052 DE,....(f4 Entebbe9 Ugandat,22-27 c jr971

Seezion VI FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PapeVT, 2

cyf li,Eu 41ric 0.,)a S by JACKSON

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OFMANIZATION 02 I., 1972

The reed for co tructing lareer fishing boate, as ememplified by the(lilir7OD.G0 this Training Centre, carried with it many implicationo9not least of wbich io-12c)neon- nition of the necessity for larger boats end more efficient methods of fishing then have been carried on in the paot. It implies almoot a nevolutien, with peobleme ineettable nith all industrial revolutions.TheIndustrialRevolution whieh teet place in Eanone 150 neere ago brought with it problems, both human and sooial in the moning of large eecteee of.'t22e populations Crom rural to urban arcas, and technical in dernioing the new machinery aed methods needed for the new eraIn the sama way, a fishing nevolution, in the eetchien of fish by mechanized methods, will bringboth eocial and teehnical problemo erid,h

In the paste while several methods of fishing have been teed in African feeah weteee, only three to date have been of real commercial importance in meet areso. Theo() eresill- netting,longlini*:e and beach eeining, and ofthese gillnetting io9in African "Ween general, by far themost ieeortant, accounting :or more than 90 percent of the °etch77,21.1,e. This is despite the facttt unlike longlining and neining, uhich are uach older methe0m, being for example already in existence on Lake Valawi (Nyasa) when Livingetone the Lake in18599gillnettingess first intrcduced into Afnica ao recently as1503 (Jackson, 1971). Gillnetting is a simple method of fiohinf;, eany to learnand reqaeng only a small investment in equInelent and gear.On the othon handy mechanized Z'ishing Which may bedefined as fiohing where ths gear is hauled by powened winch instead of hy hand) is costly, requiring a lar inveoUent in boats and landingfacilities andinreach more difficult to learn, Because of its simplicity it has been peesible for very largo numbers of people te establish themselves in the trade of fishing using gillneto9 oeiree aed longlineo, on many lakes, Late Victoria for example, thene are fiohing eillaneo oe fith lauding beaches being used at very short intervals, there being often only a feu miler between each along the 1 e shorelines.

To discuss the advantages disadventagee of these F.I.L'thcappit can firo.te anbe said thatadvantages are quite considerable.This is due to the eheapmeos and rimplicYty of the gear, and Which concerns uo more at this Bastbuilding Centre, the inherent advantagee asimple canoe-type fishing vessels.The two great advantagee ofIniVn CanC-71Pare low first cost axed their ability to be beaehed on landing.Thin facility mateo fen numerous small landir s simply on the beach, theee reeed.ingDOeently capital coree'Leenetioe. such as wherveo or jetties. Even access VrlaanFTC`ntOGOOIA'Ialv P11°61/6) °eta,eihen freoh or dried, can be transported by headeaoad or bicycle. Sveh omall-ecale no mentioned above, repeat themselves innumerably enound the ehceelire of meny leton, their simplicity militates againnt meeohanioed craft entening tbe gillnet fiohery. Te:7=11 gillneto by powered drummeans' much greater capital coot of woro). aud frAcilitiom eneure profitabilitythe catchmuot be high, requiring e lerne nonoel whioh in1,1wil requires the largo cost of a jetty to lie o,longside9asolclooro tosw)oev,retholoo:,g until oold en procesoed, and a gocd acceso noeu to erahie ernenn to bning in rivElp:Uo teanoport the catch. It io very probable thet the meohanieed gillnetten oennet pnefitaba compete against the canoes. Thuo9 because of the low eotablioheent cent the ci117,1oV,-- /inalcanoe fishing techniaue provides a livellhoed formany thoacende el' othewmT-77 unemployed people, an advantage which, for eoonomie reesore if no other, is vmai01,7 '4() be eliminated by large mecnioed gillnettersTPOM a mait tin' peint o: view9'ol3o r717,em also has its advantages insofar as the widely ecattered poino ef lending gz'octlyfn(7,0,i- tate ths distribution of the catcheo to COAZUTii3r0 in the neighbeuning hinterlanf ufa2gm'; the necessity for elaborate and oostly roan oyetemewith garacee, refueling pe,syto vehicles, bridges, etc.

It has been said above that a meohanized gillnetten OMEAOt pnefitably compete r.',OLDO'i, the canoes end When the above additional adventeneo of o, c7,7w7) fLib,oyjr ore eonoiacz,oC.2 may be tempted to wonder rhother it io in Zaet receomera oja (22.?.93,7.: ouch rA ow-'7=37 satisfactory systemoHouever9 the syotem has ito dieedeantagen ae well. lb;-- ar,(i larga an inefficient method of finhingD ie ueing 7.eAurT520 ilv)horc,, oholts7:,s0, 7,7oosaso ef this At !:-2y--c. the throe, of 7-,-or-rishing of certain sl,o(Jioo, partioulP-21,7 Tilapi beeatue it tlaco rac,7-_° siroondo,Above all it caLme in beies oE rai,er of any CiE:g0 02 dOrAhl yie1(1 by ci1h..e.,4`verr;, ef 7,hish the 7,7tor io Tbe CanG30 seaworth7 GLOP-A 00 go out faz .engu,gh, sr_d 6,1 not b7?ing loadk ly2g cnoufa catches°Roavh seiniug teo in ineMoient in elsoiting only the iyiteciiate shoreline a7oP,k l\la at, the mall,e 1:L!;707.7 1,;trzon,°%al to a Tjlo,oia almos°!: the most comT,'-oroL0.15, val7.',able of all n' es of tbP region a-,A inshore fieh uith am elabo.kate breeding behairieur, ec-castship displays C7,17.C3 tT;r7ce.astnietion of often elabseate 7-2Z.)ar.C.0 in thich.c peav the yevw!,c_,; in the early srtaf,es. 7ine 1,ot iir-4 Laterforo -;Jith this zeosAisc by dragging over ,71ataning ilEruSv interr:erinTp:th T:re-Toleeding couotJliip bohnionr taking, broodiag females with sE4,go marl. Za-'y in the ktouth,There is consideable evidence that may re&vetion iî beach seining, such as cllsor in t'r..e last deearls in mo:si. African lakes due to io:,0e(;,:lettedly high rises in lal:c 1i1 floodivg ths seine beaCricso has proveel beneficia/ to th,.TilatlE fishery.7707: these reasoas iir desirable to .11trodne mechanised fishj-ng ij iZgor boPts, but tile difl!iculties thst the meohanAsc,!:' fiohsry is wo palvU-- culaly in the early stages as sAitliued a1.ove2 hlYA be cl: 'toce if the ventua,s te be a success. While the mechanized Aillnotter emnet, C3 ppsvdously ov49proMably =innate av.inst tb3 canoesa trawler er purse EC)j. coatste.This is because: it °All in a shr7,77 time, and from Curther aay, 0:oatly a:7.Cc3A. the catch of c largo number of 'canoes w:7w1P ellnoto ec-,rollre oats o: olyçctsimat,ily /4 bo4,2ro to Iz"in2: in verzy mach omaller catches° urords, the p:vesent mt',3cds of fishing (*!nkA yiel6Lwy samb De.r man-year. Gm t7:717,: -Jith7L crewofthrc,:c R11 catch,on -Cho:ore.ge, about 6 tozooffirL top Nom'o 7Ath modern. mt.hoac, thi,s is ve,Py iarlecd.A mern fishing, ts

'79(.;31 consideraion ir.*;ical on Lake qf.cto7ia whert? ion,' ias-',:all&j,ions such tt:..cscold stores; 5.G,7 YY:':)17,0Y4 This womptea JUDP(0)/FAO Leo Victoria Oisberies Eesoarch Project tc ealcu2.ato tnat the mini3aue craft, mere effieiontly 2nr1 economically to catch a signifjcvntl7,7 larr;or CIT,111:6 of present cano' elovit 11-12 in iD overall 1)af6h v7ith ninsulato/ about 10 o3 to hold atv?o:imtely 5-6 tcns of fish ut a -:Atioidealljr? BUCII a crev:7 Of 257AV ,-A" ;V7:0 i.t C tono et' fioN Lt 4cA,,vn continne ;2:tF,1ia2,s'ooti. 7 60 hok,,,s prE.eticza sea tim).Usins the 6lata -of niting en average vlail,T oatch c,-;L:16 37,,,3 by one-satl p:xler craft cc.:?yin's 60 311I-sieto no° jd hlorj lenf,-,:th in 2riLO coreuractical DCC,tiplo, it would tal7e aptronigr,7'r,o1y 125}i],,,rc_c with g crew of 375 E )21o u2teh this quantity of :flishinifin OL-nt:D'13 iPZ 0 They I. Jowever, neefl no jotty o.o 6 te' 6f fin 02,D be handled by bicyclo cuhsaez-loal 120-o2noe fishing in two ,7,171,a a halZ: dyi 'aacw ne3nooci no ice pl!3nt or ocId .°ory.s:( AC, 0,0CCOM road,s, ',Ybeos c7,iteria emeurago t'ho belief that9 conaitions9 tho onazt 5:130 -1y,' tho native canois s vousel o flongeD'othig in betuoon is ocemmically Th'isable in the first otagoc eL a ba-oolzthze),oa into mse,=ice thoro aPo9 oL (:20.9 other consider3tiorsD tao moot Imr.,72tAlt ef -;;71:o to tr.-± IT-3(Ya or.eni catches to prov7;,do aKition,11 f:JOLIg tdLoiriblate it E*1»:, wicleay sod to )nora.se its TAality.For thio reason ,771coto of -,7ouut15-20 tawlors as being eoo-nowiollv -ck;blo 'nits for icaLr- 0C.4) fish ffit) tvg-, per annum oach) to tho of GOU a, the T:nsontly faciliios esoenti.,71 te:.' The trawler of approximately 12 m in overall length whioh is bete; eonstruotedE,e; t:ete Centre follos very largely ao a result of the above eonsidereticee, It ie aloe'7.10 result of otherconsiderations, some of them human,i.e.,to dowithilhe02^ST-7to run herpead technical in regard to thedetailsof construction and equipment, Kromthe personnel side it eas necessary,as is usual in many developing countries,that theveseel itself inGOWDWAQ and its equipment and gear should be as simple as possible to operate in view of the preseet lac1 . of expertise in any field of mechanigeed fishing or of larGer vessel constmletion. From the economic standpoint, capital costs should be kept an low as possible. From the technical viewpoint, it was desirable that such vessels, of Which this may hopefully be the prototype,could be constructed locally in Africa.To import fishing vessels for a mechanized fishery enterprise from well establiehed boatyaeds overseas would haee the disadvantages both of having to pay foreign currency for tae vessels ad to lose employment, job and skill oppoxtunities that the establishment of localboatyards uolold provide.Because such ships are to be built locally, similar considerations enjoieed -het local materials be used as much as possible.This ruled out ths pee of Glass reinforced Plastic as a construction material since it would all have to be purdhased overseas. The present high cost of timber, due to its relative scarcity and its increasingdo1772120,fco use in the building and furniture trades together with high incidence of dry rot,militated ae,ainat the use of this material. Because of these factersp ferrooement was finally decidedupon as a building material due tothe fact that both cement aed sand are locany available and much of the reinforcing metal work is alsc lecally msrmfactured. Other papers deal vith technical details of maneîacture o2 this eype of vessel; let it suffioeto saythat with its very large bol its simple wiroh and gamttypo gallaursuch a eessel as thisholds outevery opportuni'(,7orproviding611() medium fer the reu breakthrough into mechanizedfishing on a1,.=sascale in Afeicse lates.

Rif CES

Jackson, P.B.N., The African Great Lakes Fishorie t Present ard xc o 1971 Itmaydrai010Ficherics (in presa)

Whiting, P.S., Costing Study of a Karua Tilania-- Gi:UnottcT ctori FRO Ann. 1969 Rep0.1968. E.A. Community Peinter, ffoirobi

SEMINAR FOR FISHERIES OFFICERS FAO/SWEDISH TRAINING CENTRE ON SMALL FISHING BOAT DESIGN CONSTRUCTION Entebbe, Uganda22-27 February 1971

Session VI FUTURE DEVELOPMENT, 7aper VI/7)

Discussion

Contents:

TRAWLERS AND INFRASTRUCTURE . . . . .

INTERMEDIATE STEPS IN BOAT DEVELOPMENT ...... 4

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Rome, 1972

VI/D

TRAWLERS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

J.A. CRIPITEFIELD: fit thie carly stL,se of cle70.or_lexi,í Pc io17.17on Lake Victoriait is desircic! to 47 tho 3roun1work for very close cooperatou at every 1,a;ve amouT the three countries

involved. F(..) to be a tremand in having the rilt of a belonzinE,,'4o one of the countries to 5and the catch in of the other conzltries. There are goof:, -:'oason,3 tc do s,% - mz4:et All flactuate and th:=T.-:might be a stronger demand in one countrytlic7in another.

Thre are many a'.1.7aDtoes in 7.,),-ardjzv; Lhe Lke . rhole for production andmarklt:44groar, but eolutions 'the cwblems mus"1; be plannsd "or oov.

S.N. SEMAKULA: There is generally a good ouopertion onong the three 111E". AfrAcan countries in this fielo but there are some instFi'19 where '.he cooperation could be better. A citizen from U:.7uda takes out one type of licen citizen from another country will have to have a =limvent'6ypeof licence. Yhen we go fishing in bake VictoTA d7,do not know where the boundaries between Ugonda Iserç aud Tanzania are and we hear from time to time about fightLIE on the Lake between7: ,1y011 fishermenandudaper Tan5ernm :ishermen.As far asi know, there aro no r.':,:rietiono i:oue7'diag the landings. U fishing boatInt,'; 1r1r,1lea catch ia Ugandaand there sc)uld be no restrictions regarding land;:o3c in vny of the coltorioq. This should only be directed bz- the flow of the movzst. Xf necessary, it can be decidedL4E3the vessel paye a certoin landing charge for the facilites'chear7 used. He might, however, foresee problems when it comes to the establishment of shore facilities for the new development in a reF;Lonel project. Somedeci!7i0v, lth-;-ye to be taLen on viir:fr facilities will be inctlied, least in.11.e initial and herenational prids will come into play.If each of three countries:77.-nt thesame facilqThs then weRO have any regional projectwe may :¡m;, os well have naticnal projects.

P.B.N. JACKSON: What is required er on Lake/ %qtoria is some kind that meets regalo71N- and direl, 77.,roblems avd. trios to, ecide on a me.71: poliey that 9or37.1)10, uuiform rules for the rialuisement o.r thrTAfte,Sach a commfraton Lo deal with pzE.o'Aorl.3 m'oblemc ftz tw,lf,7)mnnt of 74,%c)

not exist at ti* qement. 'jr'; l:vr Tjeel Tz'sshw,,tor rishies Research Or,ization is limited to research and is therefore not the right medivm

N. FUJINAMI: Has any eutimate beela made va h'ï m?ny trawlers could operate on Lake Victoria?

P,B.N, JACKSON: ThellWDP/PAO e riotoria, Fisheries Tron Project in Entebbe has made a vca;.-' thorough investigation by biological surveys F.B.I.'. JACKSON: e70 ;5;',.-5E "ACC _ ,e-:-.7,5,7"5510 have (contimed) 57;e21'..1 '",5 '15755 7i(34575 aaaa555a1A7:35-a,-":; -" t1; 1;'x' ICyliC;2 .7,fard' delft-Airs ::57,a7,5E:ezt0;7:05 7,31,, .b775 0,(10 p°55x,eri1e55:75 nhoLai00170.°¡',;2i0C ITIze9 iu a-aDrod 5:74.)"°5 of ttioll aongitly3 Ot iiiiy-130721,:pD4c1, IdnIlltof: -:;iw Lam:ease" in '1W!!!!)OC!!60!!'!, Al!. '1'1;-,(!: ',1J000.0ZiOi1,Of 1corpj :;T2C'L bt:17, ',7:1Z11,16!".'1,1; Y143 sebotan:3iaTi -noaos,;: a L,L155ss Et Las t7.een clea5-521,y deacestr:.-,il;Jed aai aOff:LA(4A iaathod fea oat-chins; 5,hia55,-_,p5.5:5 of fiale, 77,7"7:'7,a5o5i3 ',.'5.55.c5e''),...5t.ic;Ait haz

1;;;ltio) (.1.1:',131312 1,10171S`f,:!,-V.; Can bo A,73:3of-aaboc ferzan, Rei7,7 `LT.3.VG ET:3 ¡gat ¡CMS showed tbat tTa.7sfl a 5yeat deal of raad baihs- f'mpnrted. !.no ;hroo corntaisa forZoadiw; e',2715-2?-ana,79 cattles, picx...9 etc° Appro:kima,:z55,1;;' I COO -- 500t fi,entÌLOI+3011:1c1 La avail:). sold in i5jr,anc)..7a alora, tee ire a-,00:a5rdr.iately 'I 500 t fraab. fis17 -"Gei acal- 0-45 WOrad.

OE:n;(3hanprealani:-55-517,e 5100 kg ce15' i5: bow:, -,A-Fophing 220 dx5ys po-`;°-,7,v°e372 giving' `,:otal oÇ am?-...a.drretto3.7 500 t pca- year.If diaidei 500 Lj500 r. 15 bop;,;i, o Th3 of fho trael:e7-e-a, -7iiahoag on 1,55:e Victoola -e`,'75e.animad aevaloy,s,sht O. the marlzet.

A.S. OBTJRU: 5co-:bougu't; .JI11d_ r 0'06 Zaij*Mt of the

trawlers, COe.Leje ahee.a Ltuocr:)cr,, private iLeaotmantc ".i.2 and nigh."1 iao°;,11? dceolora-,ent OxJ.1(., the fisae-eAaFi teira e.aoef'.sea va:ey lit ne 01,5of whole bnsinesoUncontr'.311,A 31-iva'Gr; devol000nt wight aloo 1Fee':', te eve-ef",.N g Jf

P.B.N. JAC ON: I de-57,5aA.5:55.57:0:t5-e- :51"o ind.arsi-ecy LeLf, Arloileela ftr.:231; be 5eala.,,,31.

"al. o57eTva..1., ,51 .1-,e °1-2e. r.,±61-tt

c "5:5L1 r3 Ifle5aOne "thing

in r3 a. a) e - !!!,35;`o 72.(1,ablfa 0171 ts,b; Al , 25,,'75.o,'r,'.55.25-5.- 7 IA!' lrye 5-o- '°:5 dLl` n r..1.7702.»a o al !! ';t7,10f!,$71:. t!, :k7.-.;°;;Or:?.".,)

eb"..5. 5 5,,e P.,. 'Ts:" o 02 î>2:',.!?.:;i1!5:57s,ss tliJ chonici fich fin).a con,.0raetnn area. Theca 15.71.112 to a 3avg,75,a.a.";.e.ai-5d depend e.),1 hea efficient tbis trawler is in cc:Jail:hag 52-1,E"715 T.`15b:a one thing cia,a of 17.5.bo Loai. is not yet deteooviined une.1 only cart,er t.3,7.7.k.a.,2: oat -variove WO be obb-°5",o (5545-",a5r,akae nio1i oO ir' The "Graining- orowe far tha ',II-I:Aldo:es',rill]be, o.f c.tr,Leat ir.r.ertanca for., COOG1O, hs devaion35.-a-,55,5a7,..',1; ia i3hia íloir b.ens are already bein"..2 35.¡1Lfio bo oc oaa,.-0351si -a a:ell:5er?fUrtra.,A7ler f ia:ee75. Lyon c, k.TL.sat a wao(5.5-at s aa.-.5..71ving vary soon to 3.00k

into thf,,b Exattor 'ant!, 15575.:5) ave.,a..c.r,5.i.ng 137,5.el, '13e2.-,ncl financing osa be icrç. wi bo fi: so 1.'30f,:y.',Ap, aef,e..1 recitdred, iezi%1 v

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: In most fiehing Countries of the world, F. brTh 747 catchif3brought aretore by a reeativelv nmeee bye eeeicent number of operceore, nsieg largetypeveeneee while eho eeet of the catch ic contributed bn n /ergo ermbon of emali,er fishermen. in any fishery deveeopeent ene1,^Vi tOteen both groups of people into consideration ande referring to the situation in e Victoria, I en cure also tie:J. need ror protein created by the incroanin7 yopulntion send; eoaehow be brought into the pictnro. Thirty trewiere on Lake Victovia, just taking a number/ will employ noMVOthan 150 poople directly involved in einhing, and moybe 250 enons,ned on the ahors. Thie is a -eery email number of neople in reintion to the total number oe fiehermen on Lako Vioto7jz 11/,e contribution these people will to the enpply of much needed protein by landing thouseede and thonnands of tone of fish is going to be very aUbetentiel.

D,D. BEACH: The problem of providing ilWraotruntnre for now fiehing feeet development has beenmontionee by severo/ participantc, and I would like to draw attention tohe technology thatinused on the Pacific northwest coasi, oe the U.S.A. and Canada. Almost all of the fiehing fleet, which is comparable jn eize to the email trewlers yon are tolhing about-here, 13 eereeced from the type oe flontinn dock veioh i¡KA.° out of concrete. By floating dock X simply mean a soriee-produeed bere me of ferro-cement.ConetrPotIon of ench n barge involvee bauicelly the same method ae weneed for the 41-et tenwler built he in Entebbe.Thise e ranch more economic colneion then eonstencting jetties and is perfectly eatiefeetpey for the size of fishing boat-in question.This poesibility ie certainly woeth further investigation.

P.B.N. JACKSON The ferro-eement eloeting barge in ae ieteeeeting eo3ation to the problem ofeindinn Two AJPthe teawlerrelent.Aliniennh we do not have n probeom of tidce, thcee are long-4erm fluctuations in the Loke. In19eil,hako Viotorie and noet otber lakeo in the region decided go lenbe around 12 fe and as a result all the old jettiee mode by driving pelea oe logs had to have an eetra 6 on & rt zeded on eo thou.Good floating docks might well be a very deeirable and economical method of dealingwith this kind of problem, providing the infrastructure is an important part of developing the new fishery.For largor boats, jeteioe will be required. You cannot anchor a 40-ft boat off the beach and transport the fish by canoe to the shore.Thie would be much too timeaconsumeen Shore facilities will often be of help to the eishermen fore long period of time, and it isF.bit hard ;:o requeet nechene like the one we are contemplating on Lake Victoria to repay theee ehore facilities over apeneod ofeay,10 years.However, in10 yearstheboats might wellbe on the bottom of the nee but shore facilities might last for eeetter 100 yealni.Previojon of shore facilities is a field whe Government partioipaeion should come in etrongly. VI/D

G 15Mt coue.nt on Axe Jackson'm etatement, I might eaplain how AO is currently evalting harbour conntruotien ochemee in India. The te , contrive', to find out the most euitable location for the construction of harbours, utilizing a cost/benefit analyeis. The benefit of the harbour scheme is the entimated value of the fieh eeported from this harbour and the fish con- al by the oons era, In the ee of ehrimp, this is the export price; in the ce of fish locally con4.0ed, it is the market price.

The costs are the direct costs to the country excluding taxes, and the evaluation is doneover a period of 20 to 30 years, with a rate of intereet of around 6 peroent.The schemes I have seen so far have quite good returns on capital invested ranging from 30 to 50 percent. This is before the tangiblebenefits, like employment, health, eto., have been taken into consideration.

There must be a close coordination between the harbour conetruction and development of the fishing fleet and the market. If this ie hot done the benefit of the harbour will not accrue f:Natas it could have done.

t31,1'" IATE p 111 ATnumor7pt.

CMER From the papere and the following discussion, I have the impression that there iu.0neral eement ontheone hand that the canoe fiehery will continue toplayan important role in fisheryin the next ten years. On theother hand, the new development seems to be mostlyrepresented byfairly large trawlersoperating in the offshore waters of LakeVictoria. In the firet casewe have an investment of around ah, 1 000, whichmay be inceowed to around eh, 4 000 if an outboard motor iu used, In the oecond case, we have an investment of ah. 150 000. I would like to ask the participants where they thiak there might be an intermediate step between these twoinveetment levels. It is posible that an inboard-powered boat, fishing with gillnete and representing an investment of eh. 15 000, could profitably be ployed in the fi hery at LakeVictoria,or should thie alternative be discarded and the conclueion be made that there ie nointermedia-te step for the fishing boat development on Leke Victoria betueen the canoe and the trawler in the 40 to 50-ft range?

P.B,N. JAC I think there is room for an intermediate boat that would be a lot cheaper than the trawlers we have in mind at the moment. Such a boat would not fish with the same gear and on the eame ounds as the canoes. It will have to 'catch more fieh to cover the increaeed er..nees and it would have to operate offshore and will need shore facilities such as quays, cold stor oto, do not think that a [scheme consieting of, say, boats around 25 ft with an 8-15 hp engine, will justify the expenses of establishing these facilities. The trawlers, however, are catching fish in aufficient quantity and onawafficient scale to justify expenses of the infrautraoture, but, once the facilities have been aetablisLed, there io no reeuni why they ehould not also be utilized by smaller boats and I then foresee a development in small boat fiehing, operating on the eame basin aa.the trawler-3. S011, ERMAKULA: If a shore base for the trawlero Toere eotableohod lo ?ort Doll. I certain this would otimulato Invootmene alit° tho fiohory from people in the Kampala area and they E730.0. probably 20c) 3 development of a. variety of fishing beats, not only toawlers, but alo gillnettera operatinr from thio pora,

1"A. CRUTCHFIELD: Boate fixhing with gillnete wil/ havo to opeoate 9.12 iaohoiN.) finning I connot ow, that ouch a boat will eioh eor ploohromis in offohore natere.A new fiohing boa operating with gilinets will therefore not come as an addition to the canoe but more AA a phasing-out of tho °moo :hen the time has cooe to do 304,This is probably going to happen in alroas ol000 to the main cities whore coot of lOoror uiliv maybe in1-10 next ten years, rise to a level whore it will make the peeoont 'qpe of canoe fishery unprofitable,

N. FUJINAMI: As I mentioned before, half a dentury there were about 400 000 fishing vesoels in Japan.Today there are otill almost the same number of fiohino vessele.Thio lo in opite of the development toweee biggoe mite] and high-zea f'Lshing operation,The main reaaon is that the men practising flailing did not have any other opportunities for work.Over the last 10 years, howevee, the industry has aboorbed a greatee pert of the labour force mainly from agoecnituro and fishery.Ten aoars

, about 40 peroert of the Japanese population was engaged in iculture, inoluding fioheriea,Today, the percentage io lees than 20 percent.This ishoeevor, only a recent development and fer a long tithe main problom of the Finhories agency hadebeen to pretect the poor fichermen and it. wee well known that this was not an economic.probleM but mainly a social one Fifty years eoe the fiehing fleee conoioted of a voey omall 'craft not much bigrer than the conoeo that you are vsj.ng on Lake Victoria.The first etepo eoward development eore meohanj- zation with inboard enginee.The fuothee ineroduction ef e t equipment made it possible to build largor boato and .tt ha'/ead to today's big factery trawlere,A lot of devolopMene duo to support o2 the Covernment,Capital has been concentrated and 30 percent of the japanese fiohing float ie ownod by a few lar :o companies,However, thio Jevelopment left; a largo nnmber of poor fishermen.Uhloss the induntry ls oO)lo to abnorb the lar ge amount of labour in Eaat Africa, you will havo eor along period the problem of the poor canco flohermen, which is not really an economic problem but mainly a social one.

N. ODERO: It muot be remembered that there has already been a development from the present type of canos toward biuger craft.Tinto wo can Ewe on the Kenya aid e of Lake Victoria ohere the fiehermen are now utilizing bigger boats, and their main problem is in what way they can fit an inboard diesel engine to theoe boats to extend their nadiue of action.Here we 1-,E natural development which is snpported by the Fishereee.Department. VI/D

P.B.N. JACKSON: The Kenyan fi ahormen are already now ,;nturieg out in some Qn water and setting their gillnete outside Hfavesan Ieland. They are returning to ohore and maybe picking up eho gillnetewo or three days later with the oult that much of the fish has gone rotten. We have come across lots ofcatfiuh floating on the surface, killed by the gillnets and so thiu ie obviously a wasteful method. This is an area where a mechanized gillnetter with crew asco *,etion to stay out for several d could operate, and there are aleoother places where an offshore gillnet fishery could be established.

P. PROMO: The question of what will be the futuro fiehin vessel for Lake Victoria should be kept csen for one very eiod reason: bottom trawling hazbeen demonstratedto work but we still have to find out what fish can be ca stin mid-mater and near the surface. This work, I hope, will be carried on by theFisheries Project in jinja if we have the anticipated extension of the project. Wecannot, therefore, at this et.ee, lay down what is going tebe the ideal deck arree;ment for a fishing boat on Lake Victoria.We may have to have combination veueele which will make possible trawling and puree seining or trawling and gillnetting.

0. MID Do you know aleykhere else in the world where such a combination boat is used for gilInettinand trawling:

P. PROM: I believe on the great lakes in Canada a peculiar type of coMbination gillnetter/trawler was utilized. However, I do not thinkwe should copy thedeck layout of these boats as they were designed to operate in a different climate and conditione.

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: Altho t we have many examples of combination trawler/purse seiners, I do not know aboutanycases here gillnetting and trawling are done from the stee boat.

D.D BEACH: In the coastal waters of Florida small inshore vessels around 30 ft are trawling for Shrimp part of the year and gillnetting for therest.The number ofthese boats is very.limited.

C.C. TAIT: Gillnetters should have the wheelhouse aft so that the helms- men have a clear View of the hauling operation and thehauling is carried out with the vessels going slowly ahead. Since the ideal layout for a trawler is with the deckhouse forward and clear working deck aft, it'seems that it is difficult to achieve a eatisfactory deck arre4etment that will suit both trawling and gillnetting.The deck layout.for a combination of purse seinir /trawling is easier to achieve, Ø, GULBRANDSEN: From thediscussion I think we can a, no wz combination gillnetter/trawier don t 0 1,0 prosa]. for Lace Victoria and in the fv.,:tku :.11J be either 100 percent trawlers, mbo ii a possiLilit-s o° purse seining, or 100 percent Gil)neto.

Can the past experience indicH;o appl.v.77.1mc,telyqbc. '6751,7 of improved gillneboat ill beTc.i.h)..1 ?.OF 71c;torv:? Experimental fiohingha boen donk., ¡TIM 32;:tallITAJA11,1 illnetter from Cana fitted m.th aTAydraulicany aviven drum. What has the experienor boor r.lo uith 1)0E"%':

S.N. SEMAKULA: The 32ft aluminium gillnetter was intended for cohing Ha,/ochromls with gillnets. This did not 7ri,L=out 11 ecause the gal2c24021.2 uot untangled in ne much time was wasted in clearin,,3 tho neto ,:Then z. Even though the note can be cot out very quickly, operation took a very longtime.Lao trajliii proved tobe a mote efficient way of J)atchi. -..)1.ohro

C.C. TAIT: The deck layout of the 324t mechanized gilinetter could be improved. Tkw hydraulic drum is placed too far ef.% ard is notenoughworking space between the drum and "&ho the boat.

Personally, I do not think th:t sp2ficient ozoorieylec gained with mech.:_mi-wpd gi3.3netoil: on Lake VicofiE, long lengths of uet

GULBRANDSEN: Even though the3c*, 32ft mechmiz,4 ::;tter has not been sucoeo3fu7.,,w.r;LAcr?anyindicat5.eno that nized gillnetinr; could b table on Lake Victoria .)n any of the other at Afrio:,i1

J.A. CRUTCHFIELD: Since the fieh caught by gilluets are mainly foutdif waters, I fear that a mecbeli;:o6 7dAl in competitionT7ithinphore0CY,10G i.E311RW4C11.., X0,i) .7uch that, on the oostba9i2,ouchmechc»li,:,od oLoI116 able to compe'i.e with canoe fiO tng into u the very .high investment neededfor -. mechanized hauling equipment.

P. PROMS: I think this might be true for Lake Victoria blicfor lees exploiterl10:erJthBe.6 '(hey might wovIJWY-3,Tell indeed. However, competingODthe ;,..ame iohing rovudo r_,nd in the same markets as the celee ::ishormen might cause social problems.

M.M. MAIE: The mechanized gilinet fl a rather big and expensive craft. Is of bri:16iLlg boat within thefinancial of lie ill fichei.m.711? A.P.J. HO SS I ao io it;IN;; this bo:,,t me,vot for fisherman; it uould have to be r-on by r000pao-oOloes or comDanies.

C.C. TAIT: There is no doUbt that tho gillneto ntilioed by the fiehermen hereon LaLe Victoria could be improvod upont,Thzse nets are not very efficient.

A.P.J. HO HS: It is m7 impreso'Lon that 'rho gillnets utiliFed by the fishermen on Lake Viutor:i.a areair1y efficient and I do not think that any ez:port on gillnetting would be able to improve on th,.. construction ond the hanging of t.:le ?lets.I think that the catches are very high in relotioa to the amount of fish - available in a cootain area.

C.C. TAIT: I would like to take Mr. Holoess do wn to the nearest fish landing en d show him that tho-oo ora obvious faults in the construction of the gillnete atilizedc,The weights for ele do not give an efficient hanging of the webbing, These things definitely can be 1roved upon.If you han your weights froo 4 to 5 m aoart you are bound to have en uneven hanging aol therefore an inefficient netaOn the aver , the netm ?:PO not mal.otTined very well, but this probably duo to 00000m4...o conoiderations.The nets are made of vary fine twine ao,d are therofora cheapit might be move economic to uoc the -1_,Gt; until it Le worn out and then replace it with a new one.

I think wc mnot malze a distinction between the inshore gillnet fiching and the type of gilLlet fiohing wa aro talking about now, namely, mechanised fishing in offshore aatorswherenets as long as 3IAwill have to be oat and hauled0 this type of odo,onocd goar it uili be ne000sary, forexomple, to replaco stoneo wl.th leed.Th000 neta will also have to be maintained no-opeoly.At the moment the fi,:hormon are not doiug any ospairing of their neto at all. -They set their neto oven Oontheyaro full of gapo ene. holes.

P. PRO The typo of doer_ 1,--/Tattfor tiflnet f.hin )'9es Proposod by Mr0 illyL;aoon aad ?la'. Tait, would undoubtedly be a great stop ?orward from what is generally practised in this fishery. Even thougi) it might seem radical, I believe tho:6 this dook layout or something very similar will be used on future gillnot fishing vesuclo,I believe that once wa can get the right type of vesool hero on Lake Victoria, it would be rclatively easy to demonstrate the possibilities such a boat has in offshore gillnet fishing,

J.A. CR 2r IELD: at kind of ooml000mioo in t;.00 genewl arrongment of ginnet fishing boas will bo nocesoayy to make ipossible to aleo perform a gmeral tg or flofoing? VI/D

C.C. TAIT: 4 a is a question which ie difficult to enewer without knowing cifically what alternative fiehinG goer would .t.; utilized, how much of the year one would fieh with a different type of fishing gear, etc. It is the opinion of Mr. Illweeon and myself that for Leke Victoria the idea of havingeeillnet fishing boat arrezed also for other t s of fiehing ehould not be pureued.

J. LON: In the U.K. it ie normal for a trawler of around 40-45 ft to be

operated with a crew of 3 men. . It would amply not be economical to have more people on board0

C.C. TAIT: I think the level of ealariee in Eet is such that it allows us to have a crew of5men on bo

P, PROUDE: Tou can either go in for a highly aophisticated operationwith

'" 4 much mechanical or hydraulic equipment as possible and thereby reducing the number of cre, or you can try to keep the amount of mechanical equipment to a minimum and go, rather, for more labour-intensive methods. I think that we should follow to a certain extent the eecond line in the trawler development on Leke Victoria having regara to the countries' need for higher employment.

C,C, TAIT; Does the Fishery Research Unit in Jinja have on its programme _project for experimentinwith smaller fishing boats and types of gear other than trawling and puree seining?

P,B,N, JACKSON; We have not done very much in thie field aince we have mainly been worki4e with exploratory fishinover the whole Lake area. We have experimented with a two-boat trawl, 2 canoes fitted with outboard motore emd thie worked very well provided that the bottom was smooth and the operators poeueused the requie-ed 11,

C0C, TAIT: It is all very well to soy that in 1980 there is going to be on one sido e canoe fishery and on the other side a highly developed trawl fishery. There muet be room for some inter- media-te dev;lopment awoy from the present canoe fiehery which is very restricted to inshore waters toward eomewhat big, r boats and more sophisticated gear. Pilot projecteshould determine what type of , ar and what type of boat this could be.

egt.

yartici ants in Seminar for Ntah2ries Officers (22 to 27 February1971)

KENYA Holness, A.P.J. Oburu, Assistant Director of Fisheriee FjEtevies 02:"1Qov Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife WiniEri.ry V.T.72:;'ir,, and Wildlife P.O. Box 241, Nairobi P.O. Bo:- 106, Oc-onn Mumba, J.S. O(;ef'e; n, Fisheries Officer Director of Fishees Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Minly of Tolly. .m:nd Wildlife P.O. Box 12, Malindi Pe0 BOX 2419 -.TLA:::q)i

NIGERIA Achobah, J00. Counterpart Boatbuilder Lake Kainji Research Project c/o UNDP P.O. Box 2075 Lago E

SUDAN

Ibrahim, AliHassan Game and Fisheries Debvrtment Ministry of Animal Rezourcos P.O. Box 336 tl-hartoum

nyike, B.S, Malo nior :Fisheries Officer .::iaaistry of Artimal Industry, Game Anj.ma /ndustry, gamo and Fisheries c,,a0 P.O. Box 4, Entebbe P,O. Box 227 LvIs Hakoro, J.T. H7lkitbi, D. Fisheries Officer R,Jgion:1 -J'j-:-.ov..1.-e* Officer Ministry of Animal Industry, Game !):r f!lawial Industry, Game and Fisheries anC FtclioaoJ P.O. Box 274, Masindi P,O, Dio635Q 9orqAt%

Baligeya, S.K.M. Gomba Marines and Contractors Ltd., "0::.f41017%00 Training Institute

Beach, D.D. Pc Naval Lrchitect, Boating Industry Assoon. ),op 333North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60601, U.S.A. Bjarnasorr S.S. Mavessi, U. Chris Paulus Mc.er Boatbuilder Comba Marines and Contractors Ltd, Fisheries Training Centre 1.1,,t. da P.O. Box 72 Hangochi, Malawi Mehta, J.S. Dalgety (U) Limited U Crutchfield, Prof. J.A. Del)artment of Economics E,:ida, Dr. L. Universi4 of Washington Makere University Settle, Washington 98105, U.S.A. Department of Perestry Kampala, U da Engstreibr J.E. FisheryEconomics and DevelopmentBranch Plumptre, R.A. Daps.rtmsnt of Fisheries Forestry Department (lig da) FAOrRome, Italy Proude, P. Fujinami, N. Fishing Gear and Methods Branch ChiefrFishing Vessels Section partment of Fisheries Fishery Industries Division FAO,Rome, Italy Department ofFisheries PLO, Rome, Italy Rigby, D.C.L. Perkins E nes Group Limited Crpinger, D.A. Peterborough naTshalls (LA.) Limited Engld Nairobi, Kenya Semakula, S.W. Gulbrandsen, 00 Chief Fisheries Officer Fishing Vessels Section Fisherie. Department Fishery Industries Division Ministry of Animal Industry, G Dartmont of Fisheries end Fisheries FÍO; Rome9 Italy P.O. Box 4 Entebbe,Uganda j,7o.koon, P.B.N. 1)::03sot TI azager Stevenson, J.W.S. li-cto-r.ia Fisheries Rese ch Project Gomba Marines and Contractors Ltd, P.O. 3nx 343 Uganda Jinja, Uganda Tait, C.C. Ta,.. 2M? A. Fishery Officer Gomba Nevines andContractors Ltd. Fisheries Training Institute UgaDda P.O. Box 124 Entebbe, Uganda Kibego, H.D. Fjoherie Training Institute Tts: lor, C.R. Entebbe, Uganda Delta (U) Uganda L.7712 Jo Po4torsLteou H ble Zeke9 P.L. 0 Fisheries Training Institute Entebbe, Uvaida Ilahumil-va, B. Pi2113TiCT,Training Institute Entebbe, Uganda

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