Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

The homecoming of religious practice : an analysis of offering sites in the wet low-lying parts of the landscape in the Oer-IJ area (2500 BC-AD 450)

Kok, M.S.M.

Publication date 2008

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA): Kok, M. S. M. (2008). The homecoming of religious practice : an analysis of offering sites in the wet low-lying parts of the landscape in the Oer-IJ area (2500 BC-AD 450). lima.

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UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 list of figures

Figure 1.1 The Oer-IJ area situated in the Netherlands. Figure 1.2 The different elements that are of importance for the performance of an offering.

Figure 2.1 Map showing the 100 sites used in chapter two. Figure 2.2 Classification of offering sites by Behm-Blancke, after Behm-Blancke 1957, 134-135. Figure 2.3 Classification of offering sites by Geißlinger, after Geißlinger 1967, 87-124. Figure 2.4 Classification of offering sites by Jankuhn, after Jankuhn 1967a, 121-141. Figure 2.5 Classification of offering sites with pottery by Becker, after Becker 1970, 147-164 and 1971, 33-49. Figure 2.6 Possible questions and answers put forward by Stjernquist, after Stjernquist 1973, 23. Figure 2.7 Classification of offering sites by Stjernquist, after Stjernquist 1973, figure 29. Figure 2.8 The presence of specific ontological categories and subclasses of tool per site used in chapter two. Figure 2.9 The number of offering sites with a specific ontological category. Figure 2.10 The number of offering�� sites with a specific number of ontological categories. Figure 2.11 The number of offering sites with a specific subclass of tool. Figure 2.12 The number of offering sites with a specific number of subclasses of tool. Figure 2.13 Offering sites with one subclass of tool and no offerings from other ontological category. Figure 2.14 Bukkerup: T1 deposit of leg bones, rope and small vessel, after Becker 1971, figure 17. Figure 2.15 A collection of artefacts from Forlev Nymølle, after Becker 1971, figure 20. Figure 2.16 Mutilated weapons from Nydam, after Engehardt 1865, plate XI. Figure 2.17 Illerup with each line connecting fragments of the same artefact, after Ilkjær 2000, 28-29. Figure 2.18 Large oak boat from Nydam, after Müller-Wille 1999, figure 54. Figure 2.19 The use period of the offering sites of chapter two. Figure 2.20 The number of offering sites with a specific time span within the use period of the separate depositions set against the number of separate depositions taken place within the offering site. Figure 2.21 Schematic representation of Varbrogaard, after Becker 1971, figure 14 and 14a. Figure 2.22 Käringsjön with the wooden objects explicated, after Carlie 1998, figure 4. Figure 2.23 The number of offering sites with a specific topography. Figure 2.24 The remains of a wattlework fence at Oberdorla, after Behm-Blanke 2003, plate 6.1. Figure 2.25 The number of offering sites with structures arranged per country. Figure 2.26 The pit with offerings covered by a stone heap at Skaevinge, after Becker 1971, figure 12. Figure 2.27 Location of the depositions at the offering sites. A segment represents one deposition with a known location. Figure 2.28 Skedemosse and its surroundings, after Hagberg1967, figure 34. Figure 2.29 Schematic representation of the locations of religious sites in relation to settlements in South-Scandinavia, after Fabech 1991b, figure 11. Figure 2.30 The distribution of the different sets of offerings at Bukkerup Langemose, after Becker 1971, figure 16. Figure 2.31 The pair of figures made from oak from Wittemoor, after Hayen 1991, figure 7.

Figure 3.1 Oer-IJ area with the modern topographical names. Figure 3.2 Ideal transect across the Oer-IJ area as used during the winter as proposed by Brandt and Van Gijn, after Brandt and Van Gijn 1986, figure 7.4. Figure 3.3 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around 2500 BC, legend in appendix 1. Figure 3.4 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around 1500 BC, legend in appendix 1. Figure 3.5 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around 1000 BC, legend in appendix 1. Figure 3.6 Water levels through time as measured at Heemskerk-Broekpolder in metres NAP, after Vos 2000, table 3. Figure 3.7 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around 500 BC, legend in appendix 1.

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Figure 3.8 The canoe of Uitgeest-De Kleis in situ with the peat lumps as dark blocks underneath it (2003). In the back are Jan de Koning (left) and Peter Vos discussing the stratigraphy of the sedimentary deposits. Figure 3.9 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around 0, legend in appendix 1. Figure 3.10 Palaeogeographical map of the Oer-IJ area around AD 1000, legend in appendix 1. Figure 3.11 Summary of the geological developments in the Oer-IJ area. Figure 3.12 Schematic representation of the dune vegetation through time with the old geological terms on the right side, after Zagwijn 1997, figure 1. Figure 3.13 Location of the Neolithic and Bronze Age sites mentioned in the text. Figure 3.14 East-west profile looking north at Akersloot-Klein Dorregeest, after Vos 2005 appendix 2. Figure 3.15 Cattle enclosure at Velserbroek-area-2, after Therkorn 1987c, figure 7. Figure 3.16 Houses at the southwestern part of Velserbroek-Westlaan, after original field drawing. Figure 3.17 The plan of a three-aisled house at Velserbroek-Rugbyveld, after Brandt 1988, figure 6. Figure 3.18 The golden coiled rings and bronze axe from the warrior grave at Velserbroek-Westlaan, after Bosman and Soonius 1990, figure 3 and 4. Figure 3.19 Some pottery from the Heemskerk Pottery Style Group, after Van Heeringen 1992, figure 64. Figure 3.20 The sickles from Heiloo-Kromme Laan, scale 1:2, after Butler 1990, figure 24. Figure 3.21 Location of the Early and Middle Iron Age sites mentioned in the text. Figure 3.22 Plan of the house at Assendelft-Q, after Therkorn et al. 1984, figure 2 and 3. Figure 3.23 Schematic plan of the main features at Velserbroek-Hofgeest, after Therkorn 2004, figure 51. Figure 3.24 Some pottery from the Assendelft Pottery Style Group, after Van Heeringen 1992, figure 64. Figure 3.25 The lower jaw of a young man placed in a ditch at Beverwijk/ Heemskerk-Broekpolder. Figure 3.26 Schematic representation of the trans-humance cycle, after Brandt et al. 1984, figure 5. Figure 3.27 Plan of the house at Assendelft-L, after Therkorn 1987b figure 10.6. Figure 3.28 Some pottery from the Santpoort 1 and 2 Pottery Style Group, after Van Heeringen 1992, figure 69. Figure 3.29 The location of Late and Roman Iron Age sites mentioned in the text. Figure 3.30 Plan of the wall-ditch house at Uitgeesterbroekpolder-54, after Therkorn et al. 1986, figure 5. Figure 3.31 Velsen-Hoogovens potstack, after Verhagen 1985, figure 28. Figure 3.32 Plan of the features at Castricum-Oosterbuurt, after Hagers and Sier 1999 (all features plan, fold-out).

Figure 4.1 Reference points of the offering sites in wet low-lying areas. Figure 4.2 Location of the offering sites situated in peat/marshy area on or next to (former) coastal barriers and old dunes. Figure 4.3 Axe from Uitgeest-Achteloet (13 x 6.7 x 5.6 cm), original photo ROB. Figure 4.4 Saddle quern and rubber of Limmen-2. Figure 4.5 Plan of the main features at the southeastern part of Velsen-Westlaan, after Besselsen 1996, figure 3.1. Figure 4.6 Detail of pit 547: the skull of a bull with a basket stuck on its horn. Figure 4.7 Axe from Limmen-Zuideinderweg (scale 1:1), original photo ROB. Figure 4.8 Bronze socketed axe from Velsen-Noordzeekanaal, after Van Heeringen 1992, figure 28. Figure 4.9 Ruinen-Wommels vessel from Limmen-1. Figure 4.10 Plan of the main features at Velserbroek-B6, after Therkorn 2004, figure 37 and 39. Figure 4.11 Artefacts recovered from the dug channel at Velserbroek-B6. Figure 4.12 Bronze neck ring of IJmuiden-Duinvliet, after Van Heeringen 1992, figure 30. Figure 4.13 ‘Streepband’ vessel from Limmen-Dusseldorpervaart. Figure 4.14 Location of the offering sites in the large peat areas in the eastern part of the Oer-IJ area. Figure 4.15 Twelve cm long carved wooden leg from Assendelft-42, after Helderman 1969, 44. Figure 4.16 Location of the offering sites in creeks. Figure 4.17 Plan of Assendelft-N phase 2 and 3, after Van Gijn 1987, figure 7.2. Figure 4.18 Plan of Uitgeesterbroekpolder-18 phase 1 and 2, after Therkorn 1989, figure 8.

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Figure 4.19 Plan of the main burial features and creek at Uitgeest-Dorregeest, after Abbink 1999, figure 3.1, De Koning 2000, figure 83. Figure 4.20 List of the main artefacts from the creek at Uitgeest-Dorregeest. Figure 4.21 Some of the Roman artefacts found within the creek, after De Koning 2000, figure 31. Figure 4.22 Plan with the main features of Assendelft-56, after Therkorn et al. 2006, figure p.85 and plan 1. Figure 4.23 Plan of Krommenie-21,�� after Mooijman and Van Roon 1983, figure 1. Figure 4.24 Plan of Krommenie-14, after Helderman 1971, figure 11. Figure 4.25 Location of offering sites in the borderzone of the Oer-IJ. Figure 4.26 Features and a selection of artefacts at Uitgeesterbroekpolder-18-2 used for offerings, after Therkorn 2004, figure 42 and Gerritsen 2000, figure 3.9. Figure 4.27 Plan of the Roman fort and harbour at Velsen, after Morel and Bosman 1990, figure 15. Figure 4.28 Schematic overview of the Broekpolder with the three offering sites indicated by their number, after Offenberg 2003, figure 7.1. Figure 4.29 Plan of Broekpolder-1 with the NAP levels indicated. Photo shows the landscape towards the east just before excavation, after Offenberg 2003, figure 7.8. Figure 4.30 List of all the artefacts found at Broekpolder-1. Figure 4.31 Plan of Broekpolder-2. The offering site is situated east of the small embankment, after Therkorn et al. forthcoming. Figure 4.32 List of all artefacts from Broekpolder-2. Figure 4.33 Map of Broekpolder-3. The offerings are deposited in the dark coloured features, after original field drawing. Figure 4.34 Number of offering sites per landscape type. Figure 4.35 Use of specific landscape sites through time of the different offering sites. Figure 4.36 The location of the star pattern Horse in relation to the offerings in wet context at Velserbroek-B6 and Uitgeesterbroekpolder-18-2. Figure 4.37 Use periods of the offering sites. Figure 4.38 Embankment at Broekpolder-2. Figure 4.39 Impression of the wavy bank looking towards the dug channel at Velserbroek-B6. Figure 4.40 Flask with herbs from Uitgeest-Dorregeest, original photo ROB. Figure 4.41 A white stone and red tile deposited at Broekpolder-1. Figure 4.42 Well made of a potstack with the pedestal bowl found inside at Castricum-Rietkamp, after Mooij 1996 figures p. 21. Figure 4.43 Some of the pottery from the pits of Assendelft-8. Figure 4.44 Assendelft-F ditch 50800 with a selection of artefacts, after Therkorn and Abbink 1987, figure 8.24 and Meffert 1998, figure 14 and 15. Figure 4.45 Assendelft-27 five-sided enclosure with the wood species specified, afterTherkorn et al. 2006 figure 20 and 26. Figure 4.46 Anthropomorphic wooden figures from Assendelft-27 (4 on the left) and Oberdorla (Germany), after Therkorn et al. 2006 p.105-106, Behm-Blancke 2003 Fototafel 44. Figure 4.47 The relative amounts of the different artefact types of Broekpolder-1 and trench 49 with Roman Iron Age settlement remains, after Kok 2005, figure 8.3. Figure 4.48 Model of the offering sites in the Oer-IJ area.

Figure 5.1 Fourteen questions in relation to the predictive model. The horizontal positions within the table indicates in which area of interest the question belongs. Figure 5.2 The number of archaeological monuments (AMK) and the number of findspots per period. Figure 5.3 Evidence for prehistoric peat-cutting at Limmen-De Krocht. Figure 5.4 Prediction of probable locations of offering sites around 2500 BC. Figure 5.5 Prediction of probable locations of offering sites around 1500 BC. Figure 5.6 Prediction of probable locations of offering sites around 1000 BC. Figure 5.7 Prediction of probable locations of offering sites around 500 BC. Figure 5.8 Prediction of probable locations of offering sites around 0.

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Figure 5.9 Combined predictions of offering sites within the Oer-IJ area. Figure 5.10 Remnants of a possible embankment at IJmuiden-Rijn / Vechtstraat. Figure 5.11 Three christian holy wells and their position in relation to the landscape as reconstructed for AD 1000. Figure 5.12 Water taken from the ‘Runxput’ with the cup used for drinking the water as it is still practiced. Figure 5.13 Island representing ‘Water snake’ at the ‘vinex’- location Broekpolder. The grassy area on the left is the edge of the archaeological monument.