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Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information Transfusion Microbiology © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information Transfusion Microbiology Edited by Professor John A. J. Barbara, MA (Cantab), MSc, PhD, FIBiol, FRCPath Formerly Head of National Transfusion Microbiology Laboratories, National Blood Service, UK Emeritus Consultant in Microbiology to NHS Blood and Transplant Visiting Professor in Transfusion Microbiology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK Dr Fiona A. M. Regan NHSBT and Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK Professor Dame Marcela Contreras, MD, FRCPath, FRCP, FMedSci, DBE Royal Free and University College Hospitals Medical School, London, UK Formerly Director of Diagnostics, Development and Research, National Blood Service, UK © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www. cambridge.org/9780521453936 # Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Transfusion microbiology / edited by John A. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan, Dame Marcela C. Contreras. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-45393-6 (hardback) 1. Bloodborne infections. 2. Blood–Transfusion–Complications. I. Barbara, John A. J. II. Regan, Fiona A. M. III. Contreras, Marcela. [DNLM: 1. Blood Transfusion–adverse effects. 2. Blood-Borne Pathogens. 3. Disease Transmission–prevention & control. 4. Infection Control–methods. WB 356 T77291 2008] RA642.B56T73 2008 615’.39–dc22 2008006740 ISBN 978-0-521-45393-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this publication. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr David Dane and Dr Colin Cameron who, together with Moya Briggs, in 1970, identified the infectious agent of hepatitis B and who for the next two decades worked to advance all aspects of transfusion microbiology. Dr Colin Cameron Dr David Dane Moya Briggs © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information CONTENTS List of contributors ix Annexe: Testing for prions Foreword David J. Anstee and Gary Mallinson 148 Roger Y. Dodd xiii Preface xv Section 2: Selection and testing 153 Acknowledgements xvii Glossary xviii 10 Blood donor selection and qualification Virge James 153 Introduction: Transfusion-transmitted infections, then and now 11 Current serological methods of testing and John A. J. Barbara and Roger Eglin 1 automation Peter D. Rogan 159 Section 1: Agents 9 1 Hepatitis viruses 12 Confirmatory testing and donor Denis M. Dwyre and Paul V. Holland 9 re-admission Alan D. Kitchen and Brian C. Dow 173 2 Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen Joan O’Riordan 25 13 The strategy for applications of nucleic acid testing 3 Herpes viruses Paul R. Grant and Richard S. Tedder 183 Eleftherios C. Vamvakas and Gary E. Tegtmeier 35 14 Nucleic acid testing: general view 4 Retroviruses W. Kurt Roth 193 Brian C. Dow, Eberhard W. Fiebig and Michael P. Busch 59 15 Nucleic acid testing: the US approach 5 Parvovirus B19 (human erythroviruses) Susan L. Stramer 203 Kevin E. Brown 67 16 Nucleic acid testing: the UK approach 6 Emerging viruses in transfusion Roger Eglin 209 Jean-Pierre Allain 75 17 Quality in the screening of Annexe: Respiratory viruses: SARS and influenza donations for transfusion-transmissible John A. J. Barbara 83 infections John A. J. Barbara and Alan D. Kitchen 217 7 Bacterial contamination in blood and blood components 18 Microbiological blood testing and new Carl P. McDonald and M. A. Blajchman 87 technologies Juraj Petrik 227 Annexe: Syphilis Brian C. Dow 110 19 Processing and components: leucodepletion and pathogen 8 The protozoan parasites reduction David A. Leiby and Silvano Wendel 117 Rebecca Cardigan, Chris Prowse and Lorna M. Williamson 239 9 Prion diseases Marc L. Turner, Patricia E. Hewitt, Moira Bruce 20 Fractionated products and James W. Ironside 141 Peter R. Foster and Carol Bienek 259 vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information Contents Section 3: Surveillance, risk and regulation 305 25 How to assess risk: prospective studies and calculations 21 Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT); Kate Soldan and Katy Davison 329 haemovigilance Elizabeth M. Love 305 26 Risk management Arturo Pereira 341 22 Investigation of post-transfusion infection Patricia E. Hewitt and Chris Moore 311 27 The regulatory environment in Europe Virge James 363 23 Notification of donors with significant microbiological test results 28 Blood safety in developing countries Patricia E. Hewitt and Chris Moore 317 Jean-Pierre Allain, Elizabeth Vinelli and Yasmin Ayob 369 24 Researching the natural history of transfusion- transmitted infections: the UK hepatitis C (HCV) Index 381 national register Helen Harris 323 The colour plates are situated between pages 140 and 141 viii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45393-6 - Transfusion Microbiology Edited by John A. J. Barbara, Fiona A. M. Regan and Dame Marcela Contreras Frontmatter More information CONTRIBUTORS Jean-Pierre Allain, MD, PhD, FRCPath, AcMedSc Rebecca Cardigan, PhD Department of Haematology Head of Components Development The Division of Transfusion Medicine NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge Cambridge Blood Centre Cambridge, UK Cambridge, UK Katy Davison, MSc David J. Anstee, PhD, FRCPath, FMedSci Scientist (Epidemiology) Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences Immunization Department NHS Blood and Transplant Health Protection Agency Bristol, UK Centre for Infections Colindale, London, UK Yasmin Ayob,MD National Blood Centre Roger Y. Dodd, PhD Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Vice President, Research and Development American Red Cross John A. J. Barbara, MA, MSc, PhD, FIBiol, FRCPath Holland Laboratory Emeritus Consultant in Microbiology to NHS Blood and Rockville, MD, USA Transplant and Visiting Professor in Transfusion Microbiology University of the West of England Brian C. Dow, BSc, PhD, CSci, FIBMS Bristol, UK Consultant Clinical Microbiologist Head, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Carol Bienek, BSc, PhD National Microbiology Reference Unit Protein Fractionation Centre West of Scotland Transfusion Centre Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Glasgow, UK Edinburgh, UK Denis M. Dwyre,MD M. A. Blajchman, MD, FRCP(c) Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology Canadian Blood Services and McMaster University University of California Davis Medical Center Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Sacramento, CA, USA Kevin E. Brown,MD Roger Eglin, BSc, MSc, PhD Consultant Medical Virologist Head, National Transfusion Laboratories Unit Head, Immunisation and Diagnosis NHS Blood and Transplant Virus Reference Department Colindale, London, UK Centre for Infections Health Protection Agency Eberhard W. Fiebig,MD London, UK Associate Professor/Vice Chair UCSF Department of Laboratory
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