The Evolution of Communication Ebook the History of Communication Has Changed Rapidly Since the Dawn of Time

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Evolution of Communication Ebook the History of Communication Has Changed Rapidly Since the Dawn of Time The Evolution of Communication ebook The history of communication has changed rapidly since the dawn of time. From sending smoke signals to instantly having the ability to seek help, communicate with others, and find information, changes in communication have shaped today’s way of living. Pigeon Post In the 5th century BCE, pigeon post was an actual Without progressions in communication, mankind method to use when sending documents, letters, and could still be using carrier pigeons and other basic other important information to another town or nearby tools to get help. Understanding the history of city. Pigeon post used pigeons to help deliver mail— communication through a timeline is essential a far cry from the mail carriers we have today. to grasp just how far we have come as a species. Whether or not you are an expert with today’s To utilize pigeon post, individuals would take methods of communicating and getting in touch, pigeons away from their homes or original nests understanding our past and history is a must when to a destination that required them. Using the moving forward with future innovations, science, pigeons homing abilities, an individual was capable and technology. of sending messages and letters back and forth, as the pigeon always returned to its original nest once the letter or document had been attached. Using Fires, Smoke Signals, and Horns pigeons helped to relieve the use of messengers in (Prehistoric Times) this time to help with delivering messages and must- read documents accurately and in a timely manner. Some of the most common methods of communicating in prehistoric times included using fires, smoke signals, and even horns to capture the attention of others. Hydraulic and Maritime Semaphores Using fires and smoke helped individuals to share their locations and to seek out assistance when they were Hydraulic and maritime semaphores were available in in trouble or looking to be found. Horns were used to the 4th and 15th century. Semaphore tools included help communicate times and important events that the use of containers filled with water, a floating rod, took place within growing communities and tribes. and various codes or symbols. In order to make contact Using smoke signals was also helpful to track when with another using the semaphore, an individual groups were moving from one location to another, would drain the water from the chosen semaphore since they did not have the luxury of maps or the to a certain height—leaving a coded message based ability to search a location within minutes with on the height of the water. Semaphores were most technology like we have today. popular in Greek history and are no longer of any use in today’s world. Signal Lamps Telephone Signal lamps began the move towards using By 1876, the official telephone was available to use technology when communicating. Signal lamps, for individuals interested in contacting others from which were available around 1867, helped to the comfort of their own homes or offices, depending communicate with individuals through the use of on their financial situations. The first telephone light or secret code, often known as Morse Code. invention is debatable, as many inventions from Using Morse Code with signal lamps was a method the 1840s-1870s are often classified as telephone of communicating with other towns, cities, and even communication devices. However, 1876 is when water vessels out in the open sea. A signal lamp was Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. often only beneficial if those who were receiving the signals were capable of deciphering them on their own. Without an understanding of Morse Code, Acoustic Phonographs signal lamps would be highly ineffective for the The acoustic phonograph was developed and used in general public. Today, signal lamps are still used for 1877 by Thomas Edison, leading the path towards more military and defense purposes with soldiers on land electrical means of communication. The acoustic and overseas. phonograph was one of the most influential tools developed and released to assist in the move forward Newspapers with electrical means of telegraph communication. Sound vibrations waveforms were used to help in Newspapers have always been a method of transferring sound and communicating to another communicating, although it is not meant for direct line or phonograph. Using an acoustic phonograph communication from one individual to another. was possible when communicating with others who Newspapers were often published for small towns also had a phonograph and were capable of receiving and cities in the late 1800s, but became one of the messages sent. largest trends in the 1900s for other countries and the United States itself. Even today, newspapers are still useful and many prefer to read newspapers in-hand Wireless Telegraphy rather than online or with the use of a mobile phone. In 1893, Nikolas Tesla helped to form the use of wireless telegraphy with the use of “wireless lightning,” TransAtlantic Telegraph a theory he discussed openly. He also concluded that the produced radio waves were being transmitted—and Since 1838, electrical telegraph communication had the ability to be transmitted—because the waves became popular, and in 1858, the very first trans- were not simply just repeating audio and information. Atlantic telegraph cable was up and running. Having the ability to communicate from America to Europe was possible on August 16, 1858, when the first message was sent. It read: “Europe and America are united by telegraphy. Glory to God in the highest; on Earth, peace and good will toward men.” After the development of the trans-Atlantic telegraph, it became much easier to maintain contact with other countries while working towards more methods of communication for the general public. Transcontinental Telephone Calling Having the ability to call another individual overseas was practically unheard of for individuals prior to 1914. Using transcontinental telephone calling was a major shift in communicating and having the ability to stay in touch with loved ones, friends, and acquaintances who were living in another country overseas. Commercial Radio-Telephone Service By 1927, the very first commercial radio-telephone As wireless telegraphy began to take off, a slew of new service within the UK and the US was released. Having inventions and methods of communication arose. the ability to communicate openly with Europe Although wireless telegraphy became extremely revolutionized the way in which we communicated widespread and known by the early 1900s, it would and shared information. By 1934, it was possible be another century before wireless devices entered to communicate with Japan from the US with the our own hands. Without wireless telegraphy and the use of radio-television services in combination with ability to send patterns, sound waves, and video wireless telegraphy. using wireless technology, it is tough to say where our communication methods would be now. Experimental Videophones Experimental videophones were popularized in the early Radio 1920s until the later 1930s, when they were actually The radio was officially available in approximately 1896, developed and released. In 1930, more experimental although there is a long history of radio communications videophones began to arrive, although they were without and methods of transmitting signals that also date back success. The very first videophone network to be to the early 1800s. The radio became an American released to the public was in 1936, when individuals sensation by the mid-1900s, causing entire families began having the rare opportunity to see television to sit around each evening to catch up on world and for what it is today. Once the very first network was local news. officially established, it was possible to begin planning shows and creating schedules for news and other video- Although radio is used less today as a two-way mode related broadcasts that had been filmed in the past. of communication, it is still popular among drivers and those who prefer to listen to a book or the news versus reading it. Additionally, there is also satellite radio now Limited Mobile Telephone available for vehicles and the at-home listener that Service for Automobiles provides constant streaming of news, information, 1946 introduced the potential of having telephones in and music without disruptions, advertisements, or automobiles, although this trend did not become more promotions throughout the broadcast. well-known and popular until the late 20th century. Using a telephone within a vehicle with the use of limited mobile telephone service is still used today, but mostly in rural areas and towns without as much technology progression of vehicles and communication. Trans-Atlantic Telephone Cable By 1956, the first trans-Atlantic telephone cable was completed between the US and the UK. The telephone cable itself is used underwater to help connect the countries. Using trans-Atlantic cable is still known today, as there are thousands of underwater cables to date that allow networks to stay in touch with one another while ensuring that communications with different nations and countries is still possible. However, this communication is becoming more wireless with time. Fiber Optical Telecommunications Television As 1970 approached, using different materials The first television was completed in 1927, although for communications was all the rage. In 1978, it would be decades before most Americans had fiber optic cables were first installed to create a televisions in their own homes. By the mid-1900s, network system. Having the ability to use fiber most families had their very own black and white optical telecommunications was possible at television set, allowing them to keep up with the this time, allowing for better connections, less latest news or watch “American Bandstand,” one of problems, and an entirely speedier network on the most popular shows of its time. Using television which to communicate.
Recommended publications
  • Communication & Implementation for Social Change
    Communication & Implementation for Social Change: Mobilizing knowledge across geographic and academic borders Krystle van Hoof Communication for Development One-year master 15 Credits Spring/2016 Supervisor: Helen Hambly Odame ABSTRACT In many academic disciplines, there are promising discoveries and valuable information, which have the potential to improve lives but have not been transferred to or taken up in ‘real world’ practice. There are multiple, complex reasons for this divide between theory and practice—sometimes referred to as the ‘know-do’ gap— and there are a number of disciplines and research fields that have grown out of the perceived need to close these gaps. In the field of health, Knowledge Translation (KT) and its related research field, Implementation Science (IS) aim to shorten the time between discovery and implementation to save and improve lives. In the field of humanitarian development, the discipline of Communication for Development (ComDev) arose from a belief that communication methods could help close the perceived gap in development between high- and low-income societies. While Implementation Science and Communication for Development share some historical roots and key characteristics and IS is being increasingly applied in development contexts, there has been limited knowledge exchange between these fields. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the characteristics of IS and ComDev, analyze some key similarities and differences between them and discuss how knowledge from each could help inform the other to more effectively achieve their common goals. Keywords: Communication for development and social change, Diffusion of Innovations, Implementation Science, Knowledge Translation 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CABLE THAT WIRED the WORLD 41 the CABLE THAT WIRED the WORLD Today We Take Global Attractive Proposition to the Cotton Communications for Granted
    INFORM NETWORK DEVELOP NIGEL LINGE, BILL BURNS THE CABLE THAT WIRED THE WORLD 41 THE CABLE THAT WIRED THE WORLD Today we take global attractive proposition to the cotton communications for granted. NIGEL LINGE, merchants and growers. However, it was an American, Cyrus Field (see Figure 1), who on Whether telephoning someone in BILL BURNS 6 November 1856 established the Atlantic America, sending emails to Telegraph Company and sought to raise Australia or simply browsing the Xxxx xxxx xxxx £350,000 to manufacture and lay a web, we accept that our global telegraph cable between Britain and North America. To appreciate the scale of what telecommunications networks was being proposed, 1,600 nautical miles of will make it all happen. cable would be required to cross the Atlantic Nevertheless, life hasn’t always at its shortest width between the west coast been this convenient and this of Ireland and the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The longest year we are celebrating the 150th successful undersea cable that had been anniversary of a significant event constructed up until that time was a mere that proved to be the catalyst for 300 miles in length under the Black Sea, linking the Crimea to Varna on the Bulgarian a telecommunications revolution coast. that laid the foundations of the global connectivity that we all Nevertheless, the Victorian can-do attitude enjoy today – the first fully- prevailed and on 31 July 1857, HMS Agamemnon and USA Niagara set sail from operational telecommunications Figure 1: Cyrus Field (1819-1892), Pioneer of the Valentia in Ireland and headed west towards cable to be laid under the Trans-Atlantic Telegraph Trinity Bay in Newfoundland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Newsletter of the Mashonaland Branch of the Zimbabwe Amateur G
    The News l etter of the Ma shona land Br anch of t he Zimbabwe Amateur g~~!~- ~~~ ! ~~~ Pr esently incorporating: 1 The Newsletter of the M atabeleland Branch anti ~~~ - g~~~9~~ ~!~~~- ~~EE!~~~ ~!-~~~~~ ~ March , 1993 on ••••.••• Volume 27 - No. 4 . Editor Molly Henderson (Z21JE) All copy, information and/or quer ies should be sent to "QUA ", P.O. Box 2377, Har ar e • . C 0 N TEN T S . Page 2- Progr am f~ Mash o na l and Br. QUB Supplement . Info . on monthly meetings Page 13 - Bu l letins June Available to Members July&August QSL Bureau Soci al Function All As ian DX Contest Morse Classes. Mo cambique Ca llsigns. Page 3 - Mash.Br. Meeting Reports UK Callsign r eview January Page 14 - Swazi Hams Co nta ct SpPcemen March Ne ws Snippets: April \ J ARL - 8J9SUN Page 4 - contd. Page 15 - J AS - lb - ~irt h d a y May Ha ms in China Page 5 - Repor ter 1}4 Million J ' s Youth on the Air Uganda on str eam Erratum ZL 1 s j oin CEPT Mutare JOTA 1992 Gift from ARRL Page 6 - SAREX Report Page 16 ' ~ 1992/3 President's Report . A Few Smiles . Page 17 - contd. Page 7 - 1992 RAE (Novi ce)Exam Paper Page 18 - contd. Pag e 8 - contd'. 1993/4 Office Bearers 1992 RAE (Full ) Exam Paper Date 1994 AGM Trophy Awar ds Page 9 - contd. Page 19 - contd·. Page 10 - contd. O' Seas News - Eur opean DX Mash .Br .Meeting Re port Co ntest . October. RA DC O~ on ~S L's MATABELELAND BRANCH NEWS LETTl<' R.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet: Information and Communication Technology
    Fact Sheet: Information and Communication Technology • Approximately one billion youth live in the world today. This means that approximately one person in five is between the age of 15 to 24 years; • The number of youth living in developing countries will grow by 2025, to 89.5%: • Therefore, it is a must to take youth issues into considerations in the ICT development agenda and ICT policies of each country. • For people who live in the 32 countries where broadband is least affordable – most of them UN-designated Least Developed Countries – a fixed broadband subscription costs over half the average monthly income. • For the majority of countries, over half the Internet users log on at least once a day. • There are more ICT users than ever before, with over five billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide, and more than two billion Internet users Information and communication technologies have become a significant factor in development, having a profound impact on the political, economic and social sectors of many countries. ICTs can be differentiated from more traditional communication means such as telephone, TV, and radio and are used for the creation, storage, use and exchange of information. ICTs enable real time communication amongst people, allowing them immediate access to new information. ICTs play an important role in enhancing dialogue and understanding amongst youth and between the generations. The proliferation of information and communication technologies presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of the social development and inclusion of youth. There is an increasing emphasis on using information and communication technologies in the context of global youth priorities, such as access to education, employment and poverty eradication.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities
    Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities Mr. Kevin Galvin Quintec Mountbatten House, Basing View, Basingstoke Hampshire, RG21 4HJ UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is one of a coordinated set prepared for a NATO Modelling and Simulation Group Lecture Series in Command and Control – Simulation Interoperability (C2SIM). This paper provides an introduction to the concept and historical use and employment of Battle Management Language as they have developed, and the technical activities that were started to achieve interoperability between digitised command and control and simulation systems. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper provides a background to the historical employment and implementation of Battle Management Languages (BML) and the challenges that face the military forces today as they deploy digitised C2 systems and have increasingly used simulation tools to both stimulate the training of commanders and their staffs at all echelons of command. The specific areas covered within this section include the following: • The current problem space. • Historical background to the development and employment of Battle Management Languages (BML) as technology evolved to communicate within military organisations. • The challenges that NATO and nations face in C2SIM interoperation. • Strategy and Policy Statements on interoperability between C2 and simulation systems. • NATO technical activities that have been instigated to examine C2Sim interoperation. 2.0 CURRENT PROBLEM SPACE “Linking sensors, decision makers and weapon systems so that information can be translated into synchronised and overwhelming military effect at optimum tempo” (Lt Gen Sir Robert Fulton, Deputy Chief of Defence Staff, 29th May 2002) Although General Fulton made that statement in 2002 at a time when the concept of network enabled operations was being formulated by the UK and within other nations, the requirement remains extant.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORYOF COMMUNICATION in MALAYSIA (1940-2008) Sevia Mahdaliza Khairil Amree Zainol
    1 HISTORYOF COMMUNICATION IN MALAYSIA (1940-2008) Sevia Mahdaliza Khairil Amree Zainol 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Second World War was, in some ways, one of the lowest points in Malaysia's history. Japanese forces landed on the north- east border of Malaya on 8 December 194 1 and, in one month, succeeded in establishing their control of both Peninsula Malaya and Sabah and Sarawak. On 15 March 1942, Singapore surrendered. Singapore was renamed Shonan and became the centre of a regional administrative headquarters that incorporated the Straits Settlements, and the Federated Malay States and Sumatra. Much like the British who had installed residents in the Malay ruling houses fifty years earlier, the Japanese appointed local governors to each state. The only difference was that this time, it was the Sultans who were placed in the positions of advisors. The Unfederated Malay States, Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu found themselves back under the sovereignty of Thailand in 1942, when Thailand declared war on Britain and the USA. Most large scale economic activities grounded to a halt during the period of the War. The production of tin which was already falling before the War stopped almost completely. People turned their occupation away from the cultivation of commercial crops, concentrating instead on planting rice and vegetables to ensure they did not go hungry. [1] 2 Wireless Communication Technology in Malaysia 1.2 HISTORY BEGAN For the telecommunication industry, all activity not specifically related to the war effort came to a stand still. A young telegraph operator identified only as E.R. joined what was then the Post and Telecoms Department in 1941.
    [Show full text]
  • Coms 200 | History of Communication Syllabus
    COMS 200 | HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION SYLLABUS Department of Art History and Communication Studies, McGill University Instructors: Farah Atoui & Liza Tom Wednesdays and Fridays 4:05 - 5:25PM EST Winter 2021 Land acknowledgment: McGill University is situated on the traditional territory of the Kanien’kehà:ka, a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations. We recognize and respect the Kanien’kehà:ka as the traditional custodians of the lands and waters on which we meet today. Contact Details Instructor: Instructor: Teaching Assistant: Farah Atoui (she/her/hers) Liza Tom (she/her/hers) Ann Brody [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Office hours: Office hours: Office hours: Monday 2-3pm Thursday 10-11am TBC COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is a critical overview of the sociopolitical histories of modern communication technologies that shaped the 19th and 20th centuries. The focus is on the conditions that produced these modern tools of communication as well as on their social and political ramifications. The course examines an array of technologies, media forms and institutions—from railway and telegraph networks, to early film, photography, radio and the museum—through a postcolonial lens, and maintains a comparative approach to communication that reads against the idea of Western modernity and technological progress. By focusing on the relation between culture and power, the course aims to shed light on the role played by these technologies and media in re/producing and expanding (colonial) power relations, structures, and ideologies, as well as on their emancipatory potential for various historical contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis of the Media Concept
    Genesis of the Media Concept John Guillory The medium through which works of art continue to influence later ages is always different from the one in which they affect their own age. —WALTER BENJAMIN1 1. Mimesis and Medium The word media hints at a rich philological history extending back to the Latin medius, best exemplified in the familiar narrative topos of clas- sical epic: in medias res. Yet the path by which this ancient word for “mid- dle” came to serve as the collective noun for our most advanced communication technologies is difficult to trace. The philological record informs us that the substantive noun medium was rarely connected with matters of communication before the later nineteenth century. The explo- sive currency of this word in the communicative environment of moder- nity has relegated the genesis of the media concept to a puzzling obscurity. This essay is an attempt to give an account of this genesis within the longer history of reflection on communication. It is not my purpose, then, to enter into current debates in media theory but to describe the philosophical preconditions of media discourse. I argue that the concept of a medium of communication was absent but wanted for the several centuries prior to its appearance, a lacuna in the philosophical tradition that exerted a distinctive pressure, as if from the future, on early efforts to theorize communication. These early efforts necessarily built on the discourse of the arts, a concept that included not only “fine” arts such as poetry and music but also the ancient arts of rhetoric, logic, and dialec- tic.
    [Show full text]
  • Null by Morse: Historical Optical Communication to Smartphones
    Null By Morse: Historical Optical Communication to Smartphones Tom Schofield Culture Lab Tom Schofield Newcastle University King’s Walk Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU United Kingdom [email protected] ABT S RACT Null By Morse is an installation artwork that incorporates a military signaling lamp and smartphones. A series of Morse messages is transmitted automatically by the signal lamp. The messages are drawn from the history of Morse and telegraphy. A custom app for iPhone and Android uses the phone’s camera to identify the changing light levels of the lamp and the associated timings. The app then decodes the Morse and displays the message on the screen on top of the camera image. This paper discusses the artwork in relation to the following theoretical aspects: It contextualizes the position of smartphones in the history of optical communication. It proposes an approach to smartphones in media art that moves away from futurist perspectives whose fundamental approach is to seek to creatively exploit the latest features. Lastly, it discusses the interaction with the phone in the exhibition context in terms of slow technology. Introduction Null By Morse (NBM) is an installation artwork that explores optical communication on smartphones with a media archaeological approach. Media archaeology is a loose term employed to cover recent scholarship that seeks to re-examine the material history of technology to better, or at least differently, inform our evaluations of the present. Alternate histories of suppressed, neglected, and forgotten media that do not point teleologically to the present media-cultural condition as their “perfection.” Dead ends, losers, and inventions that never made it into a material product have important stories to tell [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Morse's Telegraph
    1 SAMUEL MORSE’S TELEGRAPH (The Start of the Communications Revolution) Steve Krar We live in the information age where more and more information is required at all times. There never seems to be a time when information is so readily available, but this has not always been the case. The today’s communications revolution includes radio, telephones, television computers, fax machines and satellites. So fast is the change in communications that we sometimes forget the machine that started it all. The Telegraph The telegraph was born at a time when few grasped even remotely what electric current was, let alone what it might do. The telegraph was a landmark in human development from which there could be no retreat. For the first time messages could routinely travel great distances faster than man or beast could carry them. Samuel Morse In October 1832 Samuel Morse, an early pioneer of the telegraph, on his way home from Europe met Dr. Charles Jackson who asked whether electricity took much time to travel over a long wire. The idea began to obsess Morse and before reaching shore, he had sketched the basic elements of a telegraph instrument and a crude version of a code based on dots and dashes. News from Europe in early 1837 told of the great strides being made in telegraphy; Morse realized that if he did not finish the invention soon, his efforts might be wasted. Finally, in February 1837 Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury to ask for proposals for a telegraph. Morse’s Telegraph Morse thought that if he could perfect the electromagnetic telegraph that he had designed, in 1836, it would answer the government's needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Information and Communication Technology and Its
    3. INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYANDITSIMPACTONTHEECONOMY – 51 Chapter 3 Information and communication technology and its impact on the economy This chapter examines the evolution over time of information and communication technology (ICT), including emerging and possible future developments. It then provides a conceptual overview, highlighting interactions between various layers of information and communication technology. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014 52 – 3. INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYANDITSIMPACTONTHEECONOMY 3.1 The evolution of information and communication technology The development of ICT has been characterised by rapid technological progress that has brought prices of ICT products down rapidly, ensuring that technology can be applied throughout the economy at low cost. In many cases, the drop in prices caused by advances in technology and the pressure for constant innovation have been bolstered by a constant cycle of commoditisation that has affected many of the key technologies that have led to the growth of the digital economy. As products become successful and reach a greater market, their features have a tendency to solidify, making it more difficult for original producers to change those features easily. When features become more stable, it becomes easier for products to be copied by competitors. This is stimulated further by the process of standardisation that is characteristic of the ICT sector, which makes components interoperable, making it more difficult for individual producers to distinguish their products from others.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Science Communication.Pdf
    SCIENCETreise, Weigold COMMUNICATION / SCIENCE COMMUNICATORS Scholars of science communication have identified many issues that may help to explain why sci- ence communication is not as “effective” as it could be. This article presents results from an exploratory study that consisted of an open-ended survey of science writers, editors, and science communication researchers. Results suggest that practitioners share many issues of concern to scholars. Implications are that a clear agenda for science communication research now exists and that empirical research is needed to improve the practice of communicating science. Advancing Science Communication A Survey of Science Communicators DEBBIE TREISE MICHAEL F. WEIGOLD University of Florida The writings of science communication scholars suggest twodominant themes about science communication: it is important and it is not done well (Hartz and Chappell 1997; Nelkin 1995; Ziman 1992). This article explores the opinions of science communication practitioners with respect to the sec- ond of these themes, specifically, why science communication is often done poorly and how it can be improved. The opinions of these practitioners are important because science communicators serve as a crucial link between the activities of scientists and the public that supports such activities. To intro- duce our study, we first review opinions as to why science communication is important. We then examine the literature dealing with how well science communication is practiced. Authors’Note: We would like to acknowledge NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center for provid- ing the funds todothis research. We alsowant tothank Rick Borcheltforhis help with the collec - tion of data. Address correspondence to Debbie Treise, University of Florida, College of Journalism and Communications, P.O.
    [Show full text]