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A COMPARATIVE STUDY of SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE REFORMS AFTER the GOLDEN AGE Jingjing Huo a Dissertati

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY of SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE REFORMS AFTER the GOLDEN AGE Jingjing Huo a Dissertati THIRD WAY REFORMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE REFORMS AFTER THE GOLDEN AGE Jingjing Huo A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: John D. Stephens Reader: Evelyne Huber Reader: Gary Marks Reader: Liesbet Hooghe Reader: Donald D. Searing ©2006 Jingjing Huo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT JINGJING HUO: Third Way Reforms: A Comparative Study of Social Democratic Welfare State Reforms After the Golden Age (Under the direction of John D. Stephens) The dissertation examines the welfare state and labour market reforms under social democratic governments in nine OECD countries across three main types of welfare state regimes after the Golden Age. Using a “most-different-cases” comparative research design, the dissertation makes four main contributions to the literature. First, it proposes a theoretical framework for social democratic welfare reforms. As an “activation” based approach to social justice, the core third way strategies are focused on the expansion of active labour market measures. Secondly, the dissertation contests the “new politics of the welfare state” thesis that path dependency diminishes partisan effects on welfare reforms after the Golden Age. Thirdly, the dissertation argues that focusing solely on the welfare state proper, and social expenditure in particular, is inappropriate for welfare reform studies. Lastly, with regard to theories of institutional evolution, the dissertation highlights the importance of institutional innovation based on political contestation, as opposed to institutional reproduction based on path dependency. iii To my wife To my parents iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by expressing my gratitude to John D. Stephens, my adviser and mentor. During my four years at Chapel Hill, he not only guided me through the research and revision of the dissertation and other projects, but more importantly, helped me find my own place in the field of comparative political economy. For a dissertation of this length, he tirelessly went through its several phases of major revision, page by page. By learning with him, I have gained not only deeper insights about the fundamental political dynamics of social policy reforms, but also the tacit skills, expectations, and the level of discipline or persistence required for scholarship in comparative political economy. His dedication to his students is decisive in making this dissertation possible. Similarly, I would also like to thank the rest of my dissertation committee including Evelyne Huber, Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe and Donald D. Searing. As accomplished scholars, they have never hesitated in offering selfless help for inexperienced students like me. Their help has made the manuscript a better scholarly work, their encouragement has made me more confident about my possibilities in the field, and their modesty has shortened for me the distance between genuine scholarship and being a graduate student. I would also like to thank my wife, Feng Hui, and my parents, Huo Wenhuan and Liu Xiaoping. It is their devotion and love to me that make the whole endeavor worth pursuing, for now as well as for the future. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Table Page LIST OF TABLES………………………….…………...………….……..………….….………….xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………….……………....xiv Chapter I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1 Main Theoretical Propositions...........................................................................................3 Theorizing the Third Way to Social Protection .........................................................3 The Theoretical Framework of Existing Literature....................................................5 The Power Resources Challenge to the Path Dependency Thesis .............................8 The Methodology of Studying the Welfare State after the Golden Age ..................10 Contribution to Theories of Institutions...................................................................11 Main Methodological Issues............................................................................................13 Main Outlines for the Book .............................................................................................20 II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FOR THIRD WAY REFORMS ...............................................33 Denmark ..........................................................................................................................33 Sweden.............................................................................................................................38 Norway ............................................................................................................................43 The Netherlands...............................................................................................................47 vi France ..............................................................................................................................53 Germany ..........................................................................................................................58 The United Kingdom .......................................................................................................62 Australia...........................................................................................................................68 New Zealand.....................................................................................................................73 III EXPANSION OF THE ACTIVE APPARATUS..........................................................................78 Denmark ..........................................................................................................................82 Shift of Paradigm through the Shift of Power..........................................................82 Changes in ALMPs ..................................................................................................86 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.......................................................................96 Sweden.............................................................................................................................97 A Tradition in the Active Paradigm .........................................................................97 Changes in ALMPs ..................................................................................................98 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.....................................................................105 Norway ..........................................................................................................................107 A Tradition in the Active Paradigm .......................................................................107 Changes in ALMPs ................................................................................................109 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.....................................................................113 The Netherlands.............................................................................................................114 Shift of Paradigm through the Shift of Power........................................................114 vii Changes in ALMPs ................................................................................................118 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.....................................................................124 Increasing In-work Incentives................................................................................131 France ............................................................................................................................134 Shift of Paradigm through the Shift of Power........................................................134 Changes in ALMPs ................................................................................................138 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.....................................................................146 Increasing In-work Incentives................................................................................149 Germany ........................................................................................................................151 Shift of Paradigm through the Shift of Power........................................................151 Changes in ALMPs ................................................................................................153 Labour Market Flexicurity Measures.....................................................................159 Increasing In-work Incentives................................................................................161 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................164 Shift of Paradigm through the Shift of Power........................................................164 Changes in ALMPs ................................................................................................170 Increasing In-work Incentives................................................................................175 Australia.........................................................................................................................179
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